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Marcec R, Likic R. Using Twitter for sentiment analysis towards AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:544-550. [PMID: 34373343 PMCID: PMC8354810 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A worldwide vaccination campaign is underway to bring an end to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; however, its success relies heavily on the actual willingness of individuals to get vaccinated. Social media platforms such as Twitter may prove to be a valuable source of information on the attitudes and sentiment towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination that can be tracked almost instantaneously. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Twitter academic Application Programming Interface was used to retrieve all English-language tweets mentioning AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in 4 months from 1 December 2020 to 31 March 2021. Sentiment analysis was performed using the AFINN lexicon to calculate the daily average sentiment of tweets which was evaluated longitudinally and comparatively for each vaccine throughout the 4 months. RESULTS A total of 701 891 tweets have been retrieved and included in the daily sentiment analysis. The sentiment regarding Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appeared positive and stable throughout the 4 months, with no significant differences in sentiment between the months. In contrast, the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine seems to be decreasing over time, with a significant decrease when comparing December with March (p<0.0000000001, mean difference=-0.746, 95% CI=-0.915 to -0.577). CONCLUSION Lexicon-based Twitter sentiment analysis is a valuable and easily implemented tool to track the sentiment regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It is worrisome that the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine appears to be turning negative over time, as this may boost hesitancy rates towards this specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marcec
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Likic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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Yogev O, Weissbrod O, Battistoni G, Bressan D, Naamti A, Falciatori I, Berkyurek AC, Rasnic R, Hosmillo M, Ilan S, Grossman I, McCormick L, Honeycutt CC, Johnston T, Gagne M, Douek DC, Goodfellow I, Hannon GJ, Erlich Y. Genome wide screen of RNAi molecules against SARS-CoV-2 creates a broadly potent prophylaxis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.04.12.488010. [PMID: 35441162 PMCID: PMC9016640 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.12.488010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the arsenal of prophylactic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 is of utmost importance, specifically those strategies that are resistant to antigenic drift in Spike. Here, we conducted a screen with over 16,000 RNAi triggers against the SARS-CoV-2 genome using a massively parallel assay to identify hyper-potent siRNAs. We selected 10 candidates for in vitro validation and found five siRNAs that exhibited hyper-potent activity with IC50<20pM and strong neutralisation in live virus experiments. We further enhanced the activity by combinatorial pairing of the siRNA candidates to develop siRNA cocktails and found that these cocktails are active against multiple types of variants of concern (VOC). We examined over 2,000 possible mutations to the siRNA target sites using saturation mutagenesis and identified broad protection against future variants. Finally, we demonstrated that intranasal administration of the siRNA cocktail effectively attenuates clinical signs and viral measures of disease in the Syrian hamster model. Our results pave the way to development of an additional layer of antiviral prophylaxis that is orthogonal to vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Yogev
- Eleven Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Battistoni
- Eleven Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Bressan
- Eleven Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Adi Naamti
- Eleven Therapeutics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Myra Hosmillo
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lauren McCormick
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C. Honeycutt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Johnston
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J. Hannon
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, United Kingdom
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The non-pharmaceutical interventions may affect the advantage in transmission of mutated variants during epidemics: A conceptual model for COVID-19. J Theor Biol 2022; 542:111105. [PMID: 35331730 PMCID: PMC8934756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, genetic mutations in SARS-CoV-2 emerge, and some of them are found more contagious than the previously identified strains, acting as the major mechanism for many large-scale epidemics. The transmission advantage of mutated variants is widely believed as an innate biological feature that is difficult to be altered by artificial factors. In this study, we explore how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) may affect transmission advantage. A two-strain compartmental epidemic model is proposed and simulated to investigate the biological mechanism of the relationships among different NPIs, the changes in transmissibility of each strain and transmission advantage. Although the NPIs are effective in flattening the epidemic curve, we demonstrate that NPIs probably lead to a decline in transmission advantage, which is likely to occur if the NPIs become intensive. Our findings uncover the mechanistic relationship between NPIs and transmission advantage dynamically, and highlight the important role of NPIs not only in controlling the intensity of epidemics but also in slowing or even containing the growth of the proportion of variants.
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Zhao S, Lou J, Cao L, Zheng H, Chong MKC, Chen Z, Chan RWY, Zee BCY, Chan PKS, Wang MH. Real-time quantification of the transmission advantage associated with a single mutation in pathogen genomes: a case study on the D614G substitution of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1039. [PMID: 34620109 PMCID: PMC8495436 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious threats to global health, and the emerging mutation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes, e.g., the D614G substitution, is one of the major challenges of disease control. Characterizing the role of the mutation activities is of importance to understand how the evolution of pathogen shapes the epidemiological outcomes at population scale. METHODS We developed a statistical framework to reconstruct variant-specific reproduction numbers and estimate transmission advantage associated with the mutation activities marked by single substitution empirically. Using likelihood-based approach, the model is exemplified with the COVID-19 surveillance data from January 1 to June 30, 2020 in California, USA. We explore the potential of this framework to generate early warning signals for detecting transmission advantage on a real-time basis. RESULTS The modelling framework in this study links together the mutation activity at molecular scale and COVID-19 transmissibility at population scale. We find a significant transmission advantage of COVID-19 associated with the D614G substitution, which increases the infectivity by 54% (95%CI: 36, 72). For the early alarming potentials, the analytical framework is demonstrated to detect this transmission advantage, before the mutation reaches dominance, on a real-time basis. CONCLUSIONS We reported an evidence of transmission advantage associated with D614G substitution, and highlighted the real-time estimating potentials of modelling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingzhi Lou
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lirong Cao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marc K. C. Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Pediatric Excellence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Benny C. Y. Zee
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 and has since morphed into a global pandemic claiming over 2.4 million human lives and severely impacting global economy. The race for a safe and efficacious vaccine was thus initiated with government agencies as well as major pharmaceutical companies as frontrunners. An ideal vaccine would activate multiple arms of the adaptive immune system to generate cytotoxic T cell responses as well as neutralizing antibody responses, while avoiding pathological or deleterious immune responses that result in tissue damage or exacerbation of the disease. Developing an effective vaccine requires an inter-disciplinary effort involving virology, protein biology, biotechnology, immunology and pharmaceutical sciences. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the pathology and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which are fundamental to vaccine development. We then summarize the rationale for developing COVID-19 vaccines and provide novel insights into vaccine development from a pharmaceutical science perspective, such as selection of different antigens, adjuvants, delivery platforms and formulations. Finally, we review multiple clinical trial outcomes of novel vaccines in terms of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gautam N. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Chak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sathy V. Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Pilkington EH, Suys EJA, Trevaskis NL, Wheatley AK, Zukancic D, Algarni A, Al-Wassiti H, Davis TP, Pouton CW, Kent SJ, Truong NP. From influenza to COVID-19: Lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines at the frontiers of infectious diseases. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:16-40. [PMID: 34153512 PMCID: PMC8272596 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination represents the best line of defense against infectious diseases and is crucial in curtailing pandemic spread of emerging pathogens to which a population has limited immunity. In recent years, mRNA vaccines have been proposed as the new frontier in vaccination, owing to their facile and rapid development while providing a safer alternative to traditional vaccine technologies such as live or attenuated viruses. Recent breakthroughs in mRNA vaccination have been through formulation with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which provide both protection and enhanced delivery of mRNA vaccines in vivo. In this review, current paradigms and state-of-the-art in mRNA-LNP vaccine development are explored through first highlighting advantages posed by mRNA vaccines, establishing LNPs as a biocompatible delivery system, and finally exploring the use of mRNA-LNP vaccines in vivo against infectious disease towards translation to the clinic. Furthermore, we highlight the progress of mRNA-LNP vaccine candidates against COVID-19 currently in clinical trials, with the current status and approval timelines, before discussing their future outlook and challenges that need to be overcome towards establishing mRNA-LNPs as next-generation vaccines. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With the recent success of mRNA vaccines developed by Moderna and BioNTech/Pfizer against COVID-19, mRNA technology and lipid nanoparticles (LNP) have never received more attention. This manuscript timely reviews the most advanced mRNA-LNP vaccines that have just been approved for emergency use and are in clinical trials, with a focus on the remarkable development of several COVID-19 vaccines, faster than any other vaccine in history. We aim to give a comprehensive introduction of mRNA and LNP technology to the field of biomaterials science and increase accessibility to readers with a new interest in mRNA-LNP vaccines. We also highlight current limitations and future outlook of the mRNA vaccine technology that need further efforts of biomaterials scientists to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Pilkington
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Estelle J A Suys
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Danijela Zukancic
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Azizah Algarni
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hareth Al-Wassiti
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Fix OK, Blumberg EA, Chang KM, Chu J, Chung RT, Goacher EK, Hameed B, Kaul DR, Kulik LM, Kwok RM, McGuire BM, Mulligan DC, Price JC, Reau NS, Reddy KR, Reynolds A, Rosen HR, Russo MW, Schilsky ML, Verna EC, Ward JW, Fontana RJ. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Vaccines to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection in Patients With Liver Disease. Hepatology 2021; 74:1049-1064. [PMID: 33577086 PMCID: PMC8014184 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this document is to provide a concise scientific review of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines and those in development, including mRNA, adenoviral vectors, and recombinant protein approaches. The anticipated use of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplant (LT) recipients is reviewed and practical guidance is provided for health care providers involved in the care of patients with liver disease and LT about vaccine prioritization and administration. The Pfizer and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are associated with a 94%-95% vaccine efficacy compared to placebo against COVID-19. Local site reactions of pain and tenderness were reported in 70%-90% of clinical trial participants, and systemic reactions of fever and fatigue were reported in 40%-70% of participants, but these reactions were generally mild and self-limited and occurred more frequently in younger persons. Severe hypersensitivity reactions related to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are rare and more commonly observed in women and persons with a history of previous drug reactions for unclear reasons. Because patients with advanced liver disease and immunosuppressed patients were excluded from the vaccine licensing trials, additional data regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines are eagerly awaited in these and other subgroups. Remarkably safe and highly effective mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are now available for widespread use and should be given to all adult patients with CLD and LT recipients. The online companion document located at https://www.aasld.org/about-aasld/covid-19-resources will be updated as additional data become available regarding the safety and efficacy of other COVID-19 vaccines in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren K Fix
- Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneWAUSA
| | | | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA.,The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jaime Chu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark W Russo
- Atrium HealthCarolinas Medical CenterCharlotteNCUSA
| | | | | | - John W Ward
- Coalition for Global Hepatitis EliminationDecaturGAUSA
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An X, Duan L, Zhang YH, Jin D, Zhao S, Zhou RR, Duan Y, Lian F, Tong X. The three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicine study during the recovery phase of COVID-19. Chin Med 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 34099015 PMCID: PMC8182732 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), first broke out in Wuhan, China, in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 develops many types of mutations (such as B.1.1.7), making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Although we now have a preliminary understanding of COVID-19, including pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and treatment measures, we also face new difficulties. The biggest problem is that most COVID-19 patients might face sequelae (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, pulmonary fibrosis) during the recovery phase. We aimed to test six Chinese patent medicines to treat three major abnormal symptoms in COVID-19 patients during the recovery phase, including cardiopulmonary function, sleep disturbance, and digestive function. We launched the "three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicines" randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial on April 10, 2020. The results showed that Jinshuibao tablets and Shengmaiyin oral liquid significantly improved the cardiopulmonary function of recovering COVID-19 patients. Shumian capsules, but not Xiaoyao capsules, significantly improved patients' sleep disorders. This might be because the indication of Xiaoyao capsules is liver qi stagnation rather than psychological or emotional problems. Xiangsha Liujun pills and Ludangshen oral liquid significantly improved digestive function. Our research provides a guideline for treating COVID-19 sequelae in patients during the recovery period based on high-quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong An
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liyun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yue Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - De Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shenghui Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong Rong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yingying Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Sun Y, Dong W, Tian L, Rao Y, Qin C, Jaramillo SA, Settles EW, Ma S, Zhang J, Yu K, Xu B, Yan J, Ma R, Li Z, Dadwal SS, Barker BM, Keim PS, Feng P, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. Dual roles of a novel oncolytic viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: preventing COVID-19 and treating tumor progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34127971 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.07.447286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Cancer patients are usually immunocompromised and thus are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in COVID-19. Although many vaccines against COVID-19 are being preclinically or clinically tested or approved, none have yet been specifically developed for cancer patients or reported as having potential dual functions to prevent COVID-19 and treat cancer. Here, we confirmed that COVID-19 patients with cancer have low levels of antibodies against the spike (S) protein, a viral surface protein mediating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, compared with COVID-19 patients without cancer. We developed an oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 vector-based vaccine named oncolytic virus (OV)-spike. OV-spike induced abundant anti-S protein neutralization antibodies in both tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice, which inhibit infection of VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and wild-type (WT) live SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro. In the tumor-bearing mice, OV-spike also inhibited tumor growth, leading to better survival in multiple preclinical tumor models than the untreated control. Furthermore, OV-spike induced anti-tumor immune response and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response without causing serious adverse events. Thus, OV-spike is a promising vaccine candidate for both preventing COVID-19 and enhancing the anti-tumor response. One Sentence Summary A herpes oncolytic viral vector-based vaccine is a promising vaccine with dual roles in preventing COVID-19 and treating tumor progression.
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Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, Simmons R, Cottrell S, Roberts R, O'Doherty M, Brown K, Cameron C, Stockton D, McMenamin J, Ramsay M. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. BMJ 2021; 373:n1088. [PMID: 33985964 PMCID: PMC8116636 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the real world effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S vaccines against confirmed covid-19 symptoms (including the UK variant of concern B.1.1.7), admissions to hospital, and deaths. DESIGN Test negative case-control study. SETTING Community testing for covid-19 in England. PARTICIPANTS 156 930 adults aged 70 years and older who reported symptoms of covid-19 between 8 December 2020 and 19 February 2021 and were successfully linked to vaccination data in the National Immunisation Management System. INTERVENTIONS Vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were polymerase chain reaction confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, admissions to hospital for covid-19, and deaths with covid-19. RESULTS Participants aged 80 years and older vaccinated with BNT162b2 before 4 January 2021 had a higher odds of testing positive for covid-19 in the first nine days after vaccination (odds ratio up to 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.77), indicating that those initially targeted had a higher underlying risk of infection. Vaccine effectiveness was therefore compared with the baseline post-vaccination period. Vaccine effects were noted 10 to 13 days after vaccination, reaching a vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% confidence interval 59% to 78%), then plateauing. From 14 days after the second dose a vaccination effectiveness of 89% (85% to 93%) was found compared with the increased baseline risk. Participants aged 70 years and older vaccinated from 4 January (when ChAdOx1-S delivery commenced) had a similar underlying risk of covid-19 to unvaccinated individuals. With BNT162b2, vaccine effectiveness reached 61% (51% to 69%) from 28 to 34 days after vaccination, then plateaued. With ChAdOx1-S, effects were seen from 14 to 20 days after vaccination, reaching an effectiveness of 60% (41% to 73%) from 28 to 34 days, increasing to 73% (27% to 90%) from day 35 onwards. On top of the protection against symptomatic disease, a further 43% (33% to 52%) reduced risk of emergency hospital admission and 51% (37% to 62%) reduced risk of death was observed in those who had received one dose of BNT162b2. Participants who had received one dose of ChAdOx1-S had a further 37% (3% to 59%) reduced risk of emergency hospital admission. Follow-up was insufficient to assess the effect of ChAdOx1-S on mortality. Combined with the effect against symptomatic disease, a single dose of either vaccine was about 80% effective at preventing admission to hospital with covid-19 and a single dose of BNT162b2 was 85% effective at preventing death with covid-19. CONCLUSION Vaccination with either one dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S was associated with a significant reduction in symptomatic covid-19 in older adults, and with further protection against severe disease. Both vaccines showed similar effects. Protection was maintained for the duration of follow-up (>6 weeks). A second dose of BNT162b2 was associated with further protection against symptomatic disease. A clear effect of the vaccines against the B.1.1.7 variant was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lopez Bernal
- Public Health England, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Public Health England, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary Ramsay
- Public Health England, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Banoun H. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2: Review of Mutations, Role of the Host Immune System. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:392-403. [PMID: 33910211 PMCID: PMC8247830 DOI: 10.1159/000515417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the reporting of the first cases of coronavirus in China and the publication of the first sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the virus has undergone numerous mutations. In Europe, the spring outbreak (March-April) was followed by a drop in the number of cases and deaths. The disease may have evolved into a milder form. The increase in PCR-positive cases in late summer 2020 did not lead to the expected increase in hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths, based on the severity of the disease in the spring. This difference in disease severity could be due to factors independent of the virus or to the evolution of the virus. This review attempts to identify the mutations that have appeared since the beginning of the pandemic and their role in the temporal evolution of the pandemic. There are a cell and humoral type cross-reactivity in a large part of the population to common cold coronaviruses (HCoVs) and SARS-CoV-2. Evolutionarily important mutations and deletions have emerged in the SARS-CoV-2 genes encoding proteins that interact with the host immune system. In addition, one of the major mutations (in viral polymerase) is logically associated with a higher frequency of mutations throughout the genome. This frequency fluctuates over time and shows a peak at the time when the epidemic was most active. The rate of mutations in proteins involved in the relationship to the immune system continues to increase after the first outbreak. The cross-reactivity on the 1 hand and the viral mutations observed on the other hand could explain the evolution of the pandemic until the summer of 2020, partly due to the evolution of the virus in relation to the host immune system. The immunization campaign began in December 2020: concerns are emerging about a possible escape of the circulating variants vaccines in early 2021. These variants could also escape immunity acquired through infection with the 2020 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Banoun
- Independent researcher, Former research fellow at INSERM (French Institute for Health and Medical Research), Marseille, France
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12
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic. Recent Findings Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines. Summary In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.
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13
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Wang A, Chang SH, Kim EJ, Bessich JL, Sabari JK, Cooper B, Geraci TC, Cerfolio RJ. Dynamic Management of Lung Cancer Care During Surging COVID-19. Front Surg 2021; 8:663364. [PMID: 33898509 PMCID: PMC8059638 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.663364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of patients with lung cancer continues to be challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the increased risk of complications in this subset of patients. During the COVID-19 surge in New York City, New York University Langone Health adopted triage strategies to help with care for lung cancer patients, with good surgical outcomes and no transmission of COVID-19 to patients or healthcare workers. Here, we will review current recommendations regarding screening and management of lung cancer patients during both a non-surge phase and surge phase of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Wang
- Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie H Chang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric J Kim
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamie L Bessich
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joshua K Sabari
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Travis C Geraci
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert J Cerfolio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Widera M, Mühlemann B, Corman VM, Toptan T, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Kohmer N, Schneider J, Berger A, Veith T, Pallas C, Bleicker T, Goetsch U, Tesch J, Gottschalk R, Jones TC, Ciesek S, Drosten C. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Frankfurt am Main from October to December 2020 Reveals High Viral Diversity Including Spike Mutation N501Y in B.1.1.70 and B.1.1.7. Microorganisms 2021; 9:748. [PMID: 33918332 PMCID: PMC8065810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International travel is a major driver of the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM To investigate SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in the region of a major transport hub in Germany, we characterized the viral sequence diversity of the SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Frankfurt am Main, the city with the largest airport in Germany, from the end of October to the end of December 2020. METHODS In total, we recovered 136 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nasopharyngeal swab samples. We isolated 104 isolates that were grown in cell culture and RNA from the recovered viruses and subjected them to full-genome sequence analysis. In addition, 32 nasopharyngeal swab samples were directly sequenced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found 28 different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 circulating during the study period, including the variant of concern B.1.1.7 (Δ69/70, N501Y). Six of the lineages had not previously been observed in Germany. We detected the spike protein (S) deletion Δ69/Δ70 in 15% of all sequences, a four base pair (bp) deletion (in 2.9% of sequences) and a single bp deletion (in 0.7% of sequences) in ORF3a, leading to ORF3a truncations. In four sequences (2.9%), an amino acid deletion at position 210 in S was identified. In a single sample (0.7%), both a 9 bp deletion in ORF1ab and a 7 bp deletion in ORF7a were identified. One sequence in lineage B.1.1.70 had an N501Y substitution while lacking the Δ69/70 in S. The high diversity of sequences observed over two months in Frankfurt am Main highlights the persisting need for continuous SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using full-genome sequencing, particularly in cities with international airport connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Victor M. Corman
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Tuna Toptan
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Julia Schneider
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Talitha Veith
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Christiane Pallas
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Udo Goetsch
- Public Health Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (U.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Julia Tesch
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Rene Gottschalk
- Public Health Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (U.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Terry C. Jones
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (T.T.); (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.P.); (S.C.)
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 60596 Braunschweig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (V.M.C.); (J.B.-S.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (T.B.); (J.T.); (T.C.J.); (C.D.)
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, 60596 Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Moyo-Gwete T, Madzivhandila M, Makhado Z, Ayres F, Mhlanga D, Oosthuysen B, Lambson BE, Kgagudi P, Tegally H, Iranzadeh A, Doolabh D, Tyers L, Chinhoyi LR, Mennen M, Skelem S, Marais G, Wibmer CK, Bhiman JN, Ueckermann V, Rossouw T, Boswell M, de Oliveira T, Williamson C, Burgers WA, Ntusi N, Morris L, Moore PL. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.06.434193. [PMID: 33688657 PMCID: PMC7941631 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.06.434193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants, as has been observed in the 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) variant, has impacted the efficacy of first generation COVID-19 vaccines. Here, the antibody response to the 501Y.V2 variant was examined in a cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in early 2021 - when over 90% of infections in South Africa were attributed to 501Y.V2. Robust binding and neutralizing antibody titers to the 501Y.V2 variant were detected and these binding antibodies showed high levels of cross-reactivity for the original variant, from the first wave. In contrast to an earlier study where sera from individuals infected with the original variant showed dramatically reduced potency against 501Y.V2, sera from 501Y.V2-infected patients maintained good cross-reactivity against viruses from the first wave. Furthermore, sera from 501Y.V2-infected patients also neutralized the 501Y.V3 (P.1) variant first described in Brazil, and now circulating globally. Collectively these data suggest that the antibody response in patients infected with 501Y.V2 has a broad specificity and that vaccines designed with the 501Y.V2 sequence may elicit more cross-reactive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Donald Mhlanga
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E. Lambson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arash Iranzadeh
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Deelan Doolabh
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Tyers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lionel R. Chinhoyi
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert Marais
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jinal N Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko Ntusi
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
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16
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Tong P, Gautam A, Windsor I, Travers M, Chen Y, Garcia N, Whiteman NB, McKay LG, Lelis FJ, Habibi S, Cai Y, Rennick LJ, Duprex WP, McCarthy KR, Lavine CL, Zuo T, Lin J, Zuiani A, Feldman J, MacDonald EA, Hauser BM, Griffths A, Seaman MS, Schmidt AG, Chen B, Neuberg D, Bajic G, Harrison SC, Wesemann DR. Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.10.434840. [PMID: 33758863 PMCID: PMC7987022 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.10.434840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cell reserves can generate protective antibodies against repeated SARS-CoV-2 infections, but with an unknown reach from original infection to antigenically drifted variants. We charted memory B cell receptor-encoded monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 19 COVID-19 convalescent subjects against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and found 7 major mAb competition groups against epitopes recurrently targeted across individuals. Inclusion of published and newly determined structures of mAb-S complexes identified corresponding epitopic regions. Group assignment correlated with cross-CoV-reactivity breadth, neutralization potency, and convergent antibody signatures. mAbs that competed for binding the original S isolate bound differentially to S variants, suggesting the protective importance of otherwise-redundant recognition. The results furnish a global atlas of the S-specific memory B cell repertoire and illustrate properties conferring robustness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian Windsor
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noah B. Whiteman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G.A. McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J.N. Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Kevin R. McCarthy
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Christy L. Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. MacDonald
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony Griffths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Redd AD, Nardin A, Kared H, Bloch EM, Pekosz A, Laeyendecker O, Abel B, Fehlings M, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. CD8+ T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals target conserved epitopes from multiple prominent SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.11.21251585. [PMID: 33594378 PMCID: PMC7885937 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.21251585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether CD8+ T-cell responses from COVID-19 convalescent individuals(n=30) potentially maintain recognition of the major SARS-CoV-2 variants. Out of 45 mutations assessed, only one from the B.1.351 Spike overlapped with a low-prevalence CD8+ epitope, suggesting that virtually all anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize these newly described variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, Iketani S, Luo Y, Guo Y, Wang M, Yu J, Zhang B, Kwong PD, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Chang JY, Yin MT, Sobieszczyk M, Kyratsous CA, Shapiro L, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Ho DD. Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.25.428137. [PMID: 33532778 PMCID: PMC7852271 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has ravaged the globe, and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, continues to rage. Prospects of ending this pandemic rest on the development of effective interventions. Single and combination monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics have received emergency use authorization1-3, with more in the pipeline4-7. Furthermore, multiple vaccine constructs have shown promise8, including two with ~95% protective efficacy against COVID-199,10. However, these interventions were directed toward the initial SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in 2019. The recent emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 in the UK11 and B.1.351 in South Africa12 is of concern because of their purported ease of transmission and extensive mutations in the spike protein. We now report that B.1.1.7 is refractory to neutralization by most mAbs to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of spike and relatively resistant to a few mAbs to the receptor-binding domain (RBD). It is not more resistant to convalescent plasma or vaccinee sera. Findings on B.1.351 are more worrisome in that this variant is not only refractory to neutralization by most NTD mAbs but also by multiple individual mAbs to the receptor-binding motif on RBD, largely due to an E484K mutation. Moreover, B.1.351 is markedly more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma (9.4 fold) and vaccinee sera (10.3-12.4 fold). B.1.351 and emergent variants13,14 with similar spike mutations present new challenges for mAb therapy and threaten the protective efficacy of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj S. Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maple Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Y. Chang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael T. Yin
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Sobieszczyk
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Gorman MJ, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhu A, Atyeo C, Pullen KM, Loos C, Goez-Gazi Y, Carrion R, Tian JH, Yaun D, Bowman K, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, McGrath ME, Logue J, Frieman MB, Montefiori D, Mann C, Schendel S, Amanat F, Krammer F, Saphire EO, Lauffenburger D, Greene AM, Portnoff AD, Massare MJ, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G, Alter G. Collaboration between the Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M™ vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.05.429759. [PMID: 33564763 PMCID: PMC7872351 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.05.429759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently approved vaccines have already shown remarkable protection in limiting SARS-CoV-2 associated disease. However, immunologic mechanism(s) of protection, as well as how boosting alters immunity to wildtype and newly emerging strains, remain incompletely understood. Here we deeply profiled the humoral immune response in a cohort of non-human primates immunized with a stable recombinant full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein (NVX-CoV2373) at two dose levels, administered as a single or two-dose regimen with a saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M™. While antigen dose had some effect on Fc-effector profiles, both antigen dose and boosting significantly altered overall titers, neutralization and Fc-effector profiles, driving unique vaccine-induced antibody fingerprints. Combined differences in antibody effector functions and neutralization were strongly associated with distinct levels of protection in the upper and lower respiratory tract, pointing to the presence of combined, but distinct, compartment-specific neutralization and Fc-mechanisms as key determinants of protective immunity against infection. Moreover, NVX-CoV2373 elicited antibodies functionally target emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, collectively pointing to the critical collaborative role for Fab and Fc in driving maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that a single dose may prevent disease, but that two doses may be essential to block further transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. HIGHLIGHTS NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine elicits receptor blocking, virus neutralizing antibodies, and Fc-effector functional antibodies.The vaccine protects against respiratory tract infection and virus shedding in non-human primates (NHPs).Both neutralizing and Fc-effector functions contribute to protection, potentially through different mechanisms in the upper and lower respiratory tract.Both macaque and human vaccine-induced antibodies exhibit altered Fc-receptor binding to emerging mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Alex Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yenny Goez-Gazi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute. 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute. 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dansu Yaun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Marisa E McGrath
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James Logue
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann M Greene
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Reuschl AK, Thorne LG, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Bouhaddou M, Obernier K, Hiatt J, Soucheray M, Turner J, Fabius JM, Nguyen GT, Swaney DL, Rosales R, White KM, Avilés P, Kirby IT, Melnyk JE, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Shokat KM, García-Sastre A, Jolly C, Towers GJ, Krogan NJ. Host-directed therapies against early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 retain efficacy against B.1.1.7 variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.24.427991. [PMID: 33501437 PMCID: PMC7836107 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.24.427991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide and massive societal and economic burden. Recently, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, known as B.1.1.7, was first detected in the United Kingdom and is spreading in several other countries, heightening public health concern and raising questions as to the resulting effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic interventions. We and others previously identified host-directed therapies with antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Less prone to the development of therapy resistance, host-directed drugs represent promising therapeutic options to combat emerging viral variants as host genes possess a lower propensity to mutate compared to viral genes. Here, in the first study of the full-length B.1.1.7 variant virus , we find two host-directed drugs, plitidepsin (aplidin; inhibits translation elongation factor eEF1A) and ralimetinib (inhibits p38 MAP kinase cascade), as well as remdesivir, to possess similar antiviral activity against both the early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.1.7 variant, evaluated in both human gastrointestinal and lung epithelial cell lines. We find that plitidepsin is over an order of magnitude more potent than remdesivir against both viruses. These results highlight the importance of continued development of host-directed therapeutics to combat current and future coronavirus variant outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Reuschl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy G. Thorne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco,CA 94143, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jane Turner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M. Fabius
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gina T. Nguyen
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kris M. White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pablo Avilés
- PharmaMar, Research and Development Department, 28770 Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilsa T. Kirby
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James E. Melnyk
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ying Shi
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J. Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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