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Naumenko N, Koivumäki JT, Lunko O, Tuomainen T, Leigh R, Rabiee M, Laurila J, Oksanen M, Lehtonen S, Koistinaho J, Tavi P. Presenilin-1 ΔE9 mutation associated sarcoplasmic reticulum leak alters [Ca 2+] i distribution in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 193:78-87. [PMID: 38851626 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in ubiquitously expressed presenilin genes (PSENs) lead to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), but patients carrying the mutation also suffer from heart diseases. To elucidate the cardiac myocyte specific effects of PSEN ΔE9, we studied cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) from patients carrying AD-causing PSEN1 exon 9 deletion (PSEN1 ΔE9). When compared with their isogenic controls, PSEN1 ΔE9 cardiomyocytes showed increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak that was resistant to blockage of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by tetracaine or inositol-3-reseceptors (IP3Rs) by 2-ABP. The SR Ca2+ leak did not affect electrophysiological properties of the hiPSC-CMs, but according to experiments and in silico simulations the leak induces a diastolic buildup of [Ca2+] near the perinuclear SR and reduces the releasable Ca2+ during systole. This demonstrates that PSEN1 ΔE9 induced SR Ca2+ leak has specific effects in iPSC-CMs, reflecting their unique structural and calcium signaling features. The results shed light on the physiological and pathological mechanisms of PSEN1 in cardiac myocytes and explain the intricacies of comorbidity associated with AD-causing mutations in PSEN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Naumenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi T Koivumäki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olesia Lunko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Tuomainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Leigh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mina Rabiee
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jalmari Laurila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Cooper F, Souilhol C, Haston S, Gray S, Boswell K, Gogolou A, Frith TJR, Stavish D, James BM, Bose D, Kim Dale J, Tsakiridis A. Notch signalling influences cell fate decisions and HOX gene induction in axial progenitors. Development 2024; 151:dev202098. [PMID: 38223992 PMCID: PMC10911136 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The generation of the post-cranial embryonic body relies on the coordinated production of spinal cord neurectoderm and presomitic mesoderm cells from neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs). This process is orchestrated by pro-neural and pro-mesodermal transcription factors that are co-expressed in NMPs together with Hox genes, which are essential for axial allocation of NMP derivatives. NMPs reside in a posterior growth region, which is marked by the expression of Wnt, FGF and Notch signalling components. Although the importance of Wnt and FGF in influencing the induction and differentiation of NMPs is well established, the precise role of Notch remains unclear. Here, we show that the Wnt/FGF-driven induction of NMPs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) relies on Notch signalling. Using hESC-derived NMPs and chick embryo grafting, we demonstrate that Notch directs a pro-mesodermal character at the expense of neural fate. We show that Notch also contributes to activation of HOX gene expression in human NMPs, partly in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Finally, we provide evidence that Notch exerts its effects via the establishment of a negative-feedback loop with FGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Cooper
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Shona Gray
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Katy Boswell
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Antigoni Gogolou
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Thomas J. R. Frith
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Dylan Stavish
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bethany M. James
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel Bose
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jacqueline Kim Dale
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Saito J, Dave JM, Lau FD, Greif DM. Presenilin-1 in smooth muscle cells facilitates hypermuscularization in elastin aortopathy. iScience 2024; 27:108636. [PMID: 38226162 PMCID: PMC10788461 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation is central to the pathogenesis of elastin-defective arterial diseases, including supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). We previously demonstrated that elastin insufficiency activates Notch signaling in aortic SMCs. Activation of Notch is catalyzed by the enzyme gamma-secretase, but the role of catalytic subunits presenilin (PSEN)-1 or PSEN-2 in elastin aortopathy is not defined. Genetic approaches reveal that endothelial cell-specific Psen1 deletion does not improve elastin aortopathy whereas the deletion of either Psen1 in SMCs or Psen2 globally attenuates Notch pathway and SMC proliferation, mitigating aortic disease. With SMC-specific Psen1 deletion in elastin nulls, these rescue effects are more robust and in fact, survival is increased. SMC deletion of Psen1 also attenuates hypermuscularization in newborns heterozygous for the elastin null gene, which genetically mimics SVAS. Similarly, the pharmacological inhibition of PSEN-1 mitigates SMC accumulation in elastin aortopathy. These findings put forth SMC PSEN-1 as a potential therapeutic target in SVAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Saito
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jui M. Dave
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Freddy Duarte Lau
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Daniel M. Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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5
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Serneels L, Bammens L, Zwijsen A, Tolia A, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, De Strooper B. Functional and topological analysis of PSENEN, the fourth subunit of the γ-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105533. [PMID: 38072061 PMCID: PMC10790097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complexes are intramembrane cleaving proteases involved in the generation of the Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease. The complex consists of four subunits, with Presenilin harboring the catalytic site. Here, we study the role of the smallest subunit, PSENEN or Presenilin enhancer 2, encoded by the gene Psenen, in vivo and in vitro. We find a profound Notch deficiency phenotype in Psenen-/- embryos confirming the essential role of PSENEN in the γ-secretase complex. We used Psenen-/- fibroblasts to explore the structure-function of PSENEN by the scanning cysteine accessibility method. Glycine 22 and proline 27, which border the membrane domains 1 and 2 of PSENEN, are involved in complex formation and stabilization of γ-secretase. The hairpin structured hydrophobic membrane domains 1 and 2 are exposed to a water-containing cavity in the complex, while transmembrane domain 3 is not water exposed. We finally demonstrate the essential role of PSENEN for the cleavage activity of the complex. PSENEN is more than a structural component of the γ-secretase complex and might contribute to the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Bammens
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tolia
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Gao Y, Sun Y, Islam S, Nakamura T, Tomita T, Zou K, Michikawa M. Presenilin 1 deficiency impairs Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities of ACE. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1098034. [PMID: 36875692 PMCID: PMC9981673 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1098034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with amyloid β-protein 1-42 (Aβ42) accumulation in the brain. Aβ42 and Aβ40 are the major two species generated from amyloid precursor protein. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts neurotoxic Aβ42 to neuroprotective Aβ40 in an ACE domain- and glycosylation-dependent manner. Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations account for most of cases of familial AD and lead to an increased Aβ42/40 ratio. However, the mechanism by which PSEN1 mutations induce a higher Aβ42/40 ratio is unclear. Methods We over expressed human ACE in mouse wild-type and PS1-deficient fibroblasts. The purified ACE protein was used to analysis the Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities. The distribution of ACE was determined by Immunofluorescence staining. Result We found that ACE purified from PS1-deficient fibroblasts exhibited altered glycosylation and significantly reduced Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities compared with ACE from wild-type fibroblasts. Overexpression of wild-type PS1 in PS1-deficient fibroblasts restored the Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities of ACE. Interestingly, PS1 mutants completely restored the angiotensin-converting activity in PS1-deficient fibroblasts, but some PS1 mutants did not restore the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity. We also found that the glycosylation of ACE in adult mouse brain differed from that of embryonic brain and that the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity in adult mouse brain was lower than that in embryonic brain. Conclusion PS1 deficiency altered ACE glycosylation and impaired its Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities. Our findings suggest that PS1 deficiency and PSEN1 mutations increase the Aβ42/40 ratio by reducing the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sadequl Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Culig L, Chu X, Bohr VA. Neurogenesis in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101636. [PMID: 35490966 PMCID: PMC9168971 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the process by which neurons are generated in certain areas of the adult brain, declines in an age-dependent manner and is one potential target for extending cognitive healthspan. Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and, as lifespans are increasing, these health challenges are becoming more prevalent. An age-associated loss in neural stem cell number and/or activity could cause this decline in brain function, so interventions that reverse aging in stem cells might increase the human cognitive healthspan. In this review, we describe the involvement of adult neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases and address the molecular mechanistic aspects of neurogenesis that involve some of the key aggregation-prone proteins in the brain (i.e., tau, Aβ, α-synuclein, …). We summarize the research pertaining to interventions that increase neurogenesis and regulate known targets in aging research, such as mTOR and sirtuins. Lastly, we share our outlook on restoring the levels of neurogenesis to physiological levels in elderly individuals and those with neurodegeneration. We suggest that modulating neurogenesis represents a potential target for interventions that could help in the fight against neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Culig
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xixia Chu
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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8
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Greenough MA, Lane DJR, Balez R, Anastacio HTD, Zeng Z, Ganio K, McDevitt CA, Acevedo K, Belaidi AA, Koistinaho J, Ooi L, Ayton S, Bush AI. Selective ferroptosis vulnerability due to familial Alzheimer’s disease presenilin mutations. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2123-2136. [PMID: 35449212 PMCID: PMC9613996 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMutations in presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) cause autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). Ferroptosis has been implicated as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in AD since neocortical iron burden predicts Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. We found that loss of the presenilins dramatically sensitizes multiple cell types to ferroptosis, but not apoptosis. FAD causal mutations of presenilins similarly sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. The presenilins promote the expression of GPX4, the selenoprotein checkpoint enzyme that blocks ferroptosis by quenching the membrane propagation of lethal hydroperoxyl radicals. Presenilin γ-secretase activity cleaves Notch-1 to signal LRP8 expression, which then controls GPX4 expression by regulating the supply of selenium into the cell since LRP8 is the uptake receptor for selenoprotein P. Selenium uptake is thus disrupted by presenilin FAD mutations, suppressing GPX4 expression. Therefore, presenilin mutations may promote neurodegeneration by derepressing ferroptosis, which has implications for disease-modifying therapeutics.
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9
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Hur JY. γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:433-446. [PMID: 35396575 PMCID: PMC9076685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. One of the characteristic hallmarks of AD is senile plaques containing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-secretase and γ-secretase, and the polymerization of Aβ into amyloid plaques is thought to be a key pathogenic event in AD. Since γ-secretase mediates the final cleavage that liberates Aβ, γ-secretase has been widely studied as a potential drug target for the treatment of AD. γ-Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2, which are sufficient for γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase cleaves >140 substrates, including APP and Notch. Previously, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were shown to cause side effects in clinical trials due to the inhibition of Notch signaling. Therefore, more specific regulation or modulation of γ-secretase is needed. In recent years, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed. To modulate γ-secretase and to understand its complex biology, finding the binding sites of GSIs and GSMs on γ-secretase as well as identifying transiently binding γ-secretase modulatory proteins have been of great interest. In this review, decades of findings on γ-secretase in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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10
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Hernandez-Sapiens MA, Reza-Zaldívar EE, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matias-Guiu J, Cevallos RR, Mateos-Díaz JC, Sánchez-González VJ, Canales-Aguirre AA. Presenilin mutations and their impact on neuronal differentiation in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:31-37. [PMID: 34100423 PMCID: PMC8451546 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2) are mainly responsible for causing early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, harboring ~300 causative mutations, and representing ~90% of all mutations associated with a very aggressive disease form. Presenilin 1 is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex that conducts the intramembranous proteolytic excision of multiple transmembrane proteins like the amyloid precursor protein, Notch-1, N- and E-cadherin, LRP, Syndecan, Delta, Jagged, CD44, ErbB4, and Nectin1a. Presenilin 1 plays an essential role in neural progenitor maintenance, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synaptic function, neuronal function, myelination, and plasticity. Therefore, an imbalance caused by mutations in presenilin 1/γ-secretase might cause aberrant signaling, synaptic dysfunction, memory impairment, and increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, contributing to neurodegeneration during the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the neuronal differentiation dysregulation mediated by PSEN1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of Alzheimer's disease-induced pluripotent stem cells models in analyzing PSEN1 mutations implication over the early stages of the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis throughout neuronal differentiation impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Hernandez-Sapiens
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edwin E Reza-Zaldívar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Jorge Matias-Guiu
- Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Ricardo R Cevallos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
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11
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Song XW, Zhao F, Yang J, Yuan QN, Zeng ZY, Shen M, Tang Y, Cao M, Shen YF, Li SH, Yang YJ, Wu H, Zhao XX, Hu ST. Cardiovascular-Specific PSEN1 Deletion Leads to Abnormalities in Calcium homeostasis. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:475-487. [PMID: 34939719 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of PSEN1 have been reported in dilated cardiomyopathy pedigrees. Understanding the effects and mechanisms of PSEN1 in cardiomyocytes might have important implications for treatment of heart diseases. Here, we showed that PSEN1 was down-regulated in ischemia-induced failing hearts. Functionally, cardiovascular specific PSEN1 deletion led to spontaneous death of the mice due to cardiomyopathy. At the age of 11 months, the ratio of the heart weight/body weight was slightly lower in the Sm22a-PSEN1-KO mice compared with that of the WT mice. Echocardiography showed that the percentage of ejection fraction and fractional shortening was significantly reduced in the Sm22a-PSEN1-KO group compared with the percent of these measures in the WT group, indicating that PSEN1-KO resulted in heart failure. The abnormally regulated genes resulted from PSEN1-KO were detected to be enriched in muscle development and dilated cardiomyopathy. Among them, several genes encode Ca2+ ion channels, promoting us to investigate the effects of PSEN1 KO on regulation of Ca2+ in isolated adult cardiomyocytes. Consistently, in isolated adult cardiomyocytes, PSEN1-KO increased the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ and reduced Ca2+ concentration inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) lumen at the resting stage. Additionally, SR Ca2+ was decreased in the failing hearts of WT mice, but with the lowest levels observed in the failing hearts of PSEN1 knockout mice. These results indicate that the process of Ca2+ release from SR into cytoplasm was affected by PSEN1 KO. Therefore, the abnormalities in Ca2+ homeostasis resulted from downregulation of PSEN1 in failing hearts might contribute to aging-related cardiomyopathy, which might had important implications for the treatment of aging-related heart diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Song
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qing-Ning Yuan
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Feng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ting Hu
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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12
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Li X, Gao Y, Tian F, Du R, Yuan Y, Li P, Liu F, Wang C. miR-31 promotes neural stem cell proliferation and restores motor function after spinal cord injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1274-1286. [PMID: 33715531 PMCID: PMC8371310 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221997071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether miR-31 promotes endogenous NSC proliferation and be used for spinal cord injury management. In the present study, the morpholino knockdown of miR-31 induced abnormal neuronal apoptosis in zebrafish, resulting in impaired development of the tail. miR-31 agomir transfection in NSCs increased Nestin expression and decreased ChAT and GFAP expression levels. miR-31 induced the proliferation of mouse NSCs by upregulating the Notch signaling pathway, and more NSCs entered G1; Notch was inhibited by miR-31 inactivation. Injection of a miR-31 agomir into mouse models of spinal cord injury could effectively restore motor functions after spinal cord injury, which was achieved by promoting the proliferation of endogenous NSCs. After the injection of a miR-31 agomir in spinal cord injury mice, the expression of Nestin and GFAP increased, while GFAP expression decreased. In conclusion, the zebrafish experiments prove that a lack of miR-31 will block nervous system development. In spinal cord injury mouse models, miR-31 overexpression might promote spinal cord injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yuantao Gao
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ruochen Du
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yitong Yuan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal and Animal Model of Human Diseases, Taiyuan 030001, China
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13
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Flexible and Accurate Substrate Processing with Distinct Presenilin/γ-Secretases in Human Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0500-20.2021. [PMID: 33608391 PMCID: PMC7932187 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0500-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes (PS1, PS2) have been linked to the majority of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although great efforts have been made to investigate pathogenic PS mutations, which ultimately cause an increase in the toxic form of β-amyloid (Aβ), the intrinsic physiological functions of PS in human neurons remain to be determined. In this study, to investigate the physiological roles of PS in human neurons, we generated PS1 conditional knock-out (KO) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in which PS1 can be selectively abrogated under Cre transduction with or without additional PS2 KO. We showed that iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) do not confer a maintenance ability in the absence of both PS1 and PS2, showing the essential role of PS in Notch signaling. We then generated PS-null human cortical neurons, where PS1 was intact until full neuronal differentiation occurred. Aβ40 production was reduced exclusively in human PS1/PS2-null neurons along with a concomitant accumulation of amyloid β precursor protein (APP)-C-terminal fragments CTFs, whereas Aβ42 was decreased in neurons devoid of PS2. Unlike previous studies in mice, in which APP cleavage is largely attributable to PS1, γ-secretase activity seemed to be comparable between PS1 and PS2. In contrast, cleavage of another substrate, N-cadherin, was impaired only in neurons devoid of PS1. Moreover, PS2/γ-secretase exists largely in late endosomes/lysosomes, as measured by specific antibody against the γ-secretase complex, in which Aβ42 species are supposedly produced. Using this novel stem cell-based platform, we assessed important physiological PS1/PS2 functions in mature human neurons, the dysfunction of which could underlie AD pathogenesis.
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14
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Zhang H, Xie J, So KKH, Tong KK, Sae-Pang JJ, Wang L, Tsang SL, Chan WY, Wong EYM, Sham MH. Hoxb3 Regulates Jag1 Expression in Pharyngeal Epithelium and Affects Interaction With Neural Crest Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 11:612230. [PMID: 33505317 PMCID: PMC7830521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis depends on proper migration of neural crest cells and their interactions with placodes and other cell types. Hox genes provide positional information and are important in patterning the neural crest and pharyngeal arches (PAs) for coordinated formation of craniofacial structures. Hox genes are expressed in the surface ectoderm and epibranchial placodes, their roles in the pharyngeal epithelium and their downstream targets in regulating PA morphogenesis have not been established. We altered the Hox code in the pharyngeal region of the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, in which Hoxb3 is driven to ectopically expressed in Hoxb2 domain in the second pharyngeal arch (PA2). In the transgenic mutant, ectopic Hoxb3 expression was restricted to the surface ectoderm, including the proximal epibranchial placodal region and the distal pharyngeal epithelium. The Hoxb3Tg/+ mutants displayed hypoplasia of PA2, multiple neural crest-derived facial skeletal and nerve defects. Interestingly, we found that in the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 was specifically up-regulated in the ectodermal pharyngeal epithelial cells of PA2. By molecular experiments, we demonstrated that Hoxb3 could bind to an upstream genomic site S2 and directly regulate Jag1 expression. In the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, elevated expression of Jag1 in the pharyngeal epithelium led to abnormal cellular interaction and deficiency of neural crest cells migrating into PA2. In summary, we showed that Hoxb3 regulates Jag1 expression and proposed a model of pharyngeal epithelium and neural crest interaction during pharyngeal arch development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Junjie Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Kam Hei So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Kui Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jearn Jang Sae-Pang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Li Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Lan Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Elaine Yee Man Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mai Har Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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15
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Contino S, Suelves N, Vrancx C, Vadukul DM, Payen VL, Stanga S, Bertrand L, Kienlen-Campard P. Presenilin-Deficient Neurons and Astrocytes Display Normal Mitochondrial Phenotypes. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:586108. [PMID: 33551720 PMCID: PMC7862347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) are predominantly known as the catalytic subunits of the γ-secretase complex that generates the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the major constituent of the senile plaques found in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Apart from their role in γ-secretase activity, a growing number of cellular functions have been recently attributed to PSs. Notably, PSs were found to be enriched in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) where mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interact. PS2 was more specifically reported to regulate calcium shuttling between these two organelles by controlling the formation of functional MAMs. We have previously demonstrated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) an altered mitochondrial morphology along with reduced mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis in PS2-deficient cells (PS2KO). This phenotype was restored by the stable re-expression of human PS2. Still, all these results were obtained in immortalized cells, and one bottom-line question is to know whether these observations hold true in central nervous system (CNS) cells. To that end, we carried out primary cultures of PS1 knockdown (KD), PS2KO, and PS1KD/PS2KO (PSdKO) neurons and astrocytes. They were obtained from the same litter by crossing PS2 heterozygous; PS1 floxed (PS2+/-; PS1flox/flox) animals. Genetic downregulation of PS1 was achieved by lentiviral expression of the Cre recombinase in primary cultures. Strikingly, we did not observe any mitochondrial phenotype in PS1KD, PS2KO, or PSdKO primary cultures in basal conditions. Mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential were similar in all models, as were the glycolytic flux and NAD+/NADH ratio. Likewise, mitochondrial morphology and content was unaltered by PS expression. We further investigated the differences between results we obtained here in primary nerve cells and those previously reported in MEF cell lines by analyzing PS2KO primary fibroblasts. We found no mitochondrial dysfunction in this model, in line with observations in PS2KO primary neurons and astrocytes. Together, our results indicate that the mitochondrial phenotype observed in immortalized PS2-deficient cell lines cannot be extrapolated to primary neurons, astrocytes, and even to primary fibroblasts. The PS-dependent mitochondrial phenotype reported so far might therefore be the consequence of a cell immortalization process and should be critically reconsidered regarding its relevance to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Contino
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Suelves
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Devkee M. Vadukul
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valery L. Payen
- Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterial (ADDB), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serena Stanga
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Alzheimer Research Group, Molecular and Cellular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Neuroinflammation-Mediated Cognitive Deficits through Inhibition of NLRP3 in Presenilin1/2 Conditional Double Knockout Mice. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8814616. [PMID: 33505459 PMCID: PMC7806385 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8814616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered as one of the crucial pathogenesis in promoting neurodegenerative progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As complementary and alternative therapy, electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation has been widely used in clinical practice for anti-inflammation. However, whether EA promotes the cognitive deficits resulting from neuroinflammation in AD remains unclear. In this study, the presenilin 1 and 2 conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice, exhibited a series of AD-like pathology, robust neuroinflammatory responses, and memory deficits, were used to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of EA at Baihui (GV 20) and Shenting (GV 24) by behavioral testing, electrophysiology recording, and molecular biology analyzing. First, we observed that EA improved memory deficits and impaired synaptic plasticity. Moreover, EA possesses an ability to suppress the hyperphosphorylated tau and robust elevated NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in PS cDKO mice. Importantly, MCC950, a potent and selective inhibitor of NLPR3 inflammasome, has similar effects on inhibiting the hyperphosphorylated tau and the robust elevated NLRP3 components and neuroinflammatory responses of PS cDKO mice as well as EA treatment. Furthermore, EA treatment is not able to further improve the AD-like phenotypes of PS cDKO mice in combination with the MCC950 administration. Therefore, EA stimulation at GV 20 and GV 24 acupoints may be a potential alternative therapy for deterring cognitive deficits in AD through suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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17
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Chami M, Checler F. Alterations of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Calcium Signaling Molecular Components in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122577. [PMID: 33271984 PMCID: PMC7760721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained imbalance in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry and clearance alters cellular integrity, ultimately leading to cellular homeostasis disequilibrium and cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Beside the major pathological features associated with AD-linked toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), several studies suggested the contribution of altered Ca2+ handling in AD development. These studies documented physical or functional interactions of Aβ with several Ca2+ handling proteins located either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), considered the major intracellular Ca2+ pool. In this review, we describe the cellular components of ER Ca2+ dysregulations likely responsible for AD. These include alterations of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors’ (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors’ (RyRs) expression and function, dysfunction of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and upregulation of its truncated isoform (S1T), as well as presenilin (PS1, PS2)-mediated ER Ca2+ leak/ER Ca2+ release potentiation. Finally, we highlight the functional consequences of alterations of these ER Ca2+ components in AD pathology and unravel the potential benefit of targeting ER Ca2+ homeostasis as a tool to alleviate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4939-53457; Fax: +33-4939-53408
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18
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Escamilla-Ayala A, Wouters R, Sannerud R, Annaert W. Contribution of the Presenilins in the cell biology, structure and function of γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:12-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Jiang H, Pederson SM, Newman M, Dong Y, Barthelson K, Lardelli M. Transcriptome analysis indicates dominant effects on ribosome and mitochondrial function of a premature termination codon mutation in the zebrafish gene psen2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232559. [PMID: 32658922 PMCID: PMC7357760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) is one of the genes mutated in early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD). PSEN2 shares significant amino acid sequence identity with another EOfAD-related gene PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1), and partial functional redundancy is seen between these two genes. However, the complete range of functions of PSEN1 and PSEN2 is not yet understood. In this study, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the zebrafish psen2 gene to generate a premature termination codon close downstream of the translation start with the intention of creating a null mutation. Homozygotes for this mutation, psen2S4Ter, are viable and fertile, and adults do not show any gross psen2-dependent pigmentation defects, arguing against significant loss of γ-secretase activity. Also, assessment of the numbers of Dorsal Longitudinal Ascending (DoLA) interneurons that are responsive to psen2 but not psen1 activity during embryogenesis did not reveal decreased psen2 function. Transcripts containing the S4Ter mutation show no evidence of destabilization by nonsense-mediated decay. Forced expression in zebrafish embryos of fusions of psen2S4Ter 5’ mRNA sequences with sequence encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) indicated that the psen2S4Ter mutation permits utilization of cryptic, novel downstream translation start codons. These likely initiate translation of N-terminally truncated Psen2 proteins lacking late endosomal/lysosomal localization sequences and that obey the “reading frame preservation rule” of PRESENILIN EOfAD mutations. Transcriptome analysis of entire brains from a 6-month-old family of wild type, heterozygous and homozygous psen2S4Ter female siblings revealed profoundly dominant effects on gene expression likely indicating changes in ribosomal, mitochondrial, and anion transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yang Dong
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Galla L, Redolfi N, Pozzan T, Pizzo P, Greotti E. Intracellular Calcium Dysregulation by the Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Protein Presenilin 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E770. [PMID: 31991578 PMCID: PMC7037278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Even though most AD cases are sporadic, a small percentage is familial due to autosomal dominant mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes. AD mutations contribute to the generation of toxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and the formation of cerebral plaques, leading to the formulation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD pathogenesis. Many drugs have been developed to inhibit this pathway but all these approaches currently failed, raising the need to find additional pathogenic mechanisms. Alterations in cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling have also been reported as causative of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, Aβ peptides, mutated presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2 (PS2) variously lead to modifications in Ca2+ homeostasis. In this contribution, we focus on PS2, summarizing how AD-linked PS2 mutants alter multiple Ca2+ pathways and the functional consequences of this Ca2+ dysregulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Galla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
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21
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McIntyre B, Asahara T, Alev C. Overview of Basic Mechanisms of Notch Signaling in Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:9-27. [PMID: 32072496 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway associated with the development and differentiation of all metazoans. It is needed for proper germ layer formation and segmentation of the embryo and controls the timing and duration of differentiation events in a dynamic manner. Perturbations of Notch signaling result in blockades of developmental cascades, developmental anomalies, and cancers. An in-depth understanding of Notch signaling is thus required to comprehend the basis of development and cancer, and can be further exploited to understand and direct the outcomes of targeted cellular differentiation into desired cell types and complex tissues from pluripotent or adult stem and progenitor cells. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the molecular, evolutionary, and developmental basis of Notch signaling. We will focus on understanding the basics of Notch signaling and its signaling control mechanisms, its developmental outcomes and perturbations leading to developmental defects, as well as have a brief look at mutations of the Notch signaling pathway causing human hereditary disorders or cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cantas Alev
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Kim S, Lee M, Choi YK. The Role of a Neurovascular Signaling Pathway Involving Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Notch in the Function of the Central Nervous System. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:45-57. [PMID: 31484285 PMCID: PMC6939687 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurovascular unit, the neuronal and vascular systems communicate with each other. O2 and nutrients, reaching endothelial cells (ECs) through the blood stream, spread into neighboring cells, such as neural stem cells, and neurons. The proper function of neural circuits in adults requires sufficient O2 and glucose for their metabolic demands through angiogenesis. In a central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as glioma, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, damaged ECs can contribute to tissue hypoxia and to the consequent disruption of neuronal functions and accelerated neurodegeneration. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the contribution of oxygen deprivation to CNS injury, with an emphasis on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways and Notch signaling. Additionally, it focuses on adult neurological functions and angiogenesis, as well as pathological conditions in the CNS. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HIFs and Notch is demonstrated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Jiang H, Jayadev S, Lardelli M, Newman M. A Review of the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus PRESENILIN 2 and Its Relationship to PRESENILIN 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1323-1339. [PMID: 30412492 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) and PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) genes are loci for mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the function of these genes and how they contribute to fAD pathogenesis has not been fully determined. This review provides a summary of the overlapping and independent functions of the PRESENILINS with a focus on the lesser studied PSEN2. As a core component of the γ-secretase complex, the PSEN2 protein is involved in many γ-secretase-related physiological activities, including innate immunity, Notch signaling, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These physiological activities have all been associated with AD progression, indicating that PSEN2 plays a particular role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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24
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Abstract
Animal models are indispensable tools for Alzheimer disease (AD) research. Over the course of more than two decades, an increasing number of complementary rodent models has been generated. These models have facilitated testing hypotheses about the aetiology and progression of AD, dissecting the associated pathomechanisms and validating therapeutic interventions, thereby providing guidance for the design of human clinical trials. However, the lack of success in translating rodent data into therapeutic outcomes may challenge the validity of the current models. This Review critically evaluates the genetic and non-genetic strategies used in AD modelling, discussing their strengths and limitations, as well as new opportunities for the development of better models for the disease.
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Abstract
Notch signaling regulates a multitude of cellular processes. During ocular lens development this pathway is required for lens progenitor growth, differentiation and maintenance of the transition zone. After ligand-receptor binding, the receptor proteins are processed, first by ADAM proteases, then by γ-secretase cleavage. This results in the release of a Notch intracellular domain (N-ICD), which is recruited into a nuclear transcription factor complex that activates Notch target genes. Previous in vitro studies showed that the Delta-like and Jagged ligand proteins can also be cleaved by the γ-secretase complex, but it remains unknown whether such processing occurs during in vivo vertebrate development. Here we show that mouse and human lens progenitor cells endogenously express multiple Jagged1 protein isoforms, including a Jagged1 intracellular domain. We also found that pharmacologic blockage of γ-secretase activity in vitro resulted in an accumulation of Jagged1 polypeptide intermediates. Finally, overexpression of an epitope-tagged Jagged1 intracellular domain displayed nuclear localization and induced the upregulation of endogenous JAG1 mRNA expression. These findings support the idea that along with its classical role as a Notch pathway ligand, Jagged1 is regulated post-translationally, to produce multiple active protein isoforms. Summary: The Notch pathway ligand protein Jagged1 undergoes multiple catalytic cleavages, regulated by Adam proteases and the gamma-secretase complex, during mammalian lens development, similar to Notch receptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Azimi
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Banerjee R, Rudloff Z, Naylor C, Yu MC, Gunawardena S. The presenilin loop region is essential for glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) mediated functions on motor proteins during axonal transport. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2986-3001. [PMID: 29790963 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons require intracellular transport of essential components for function and viability and defects in transport has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). One possible mechanism by which transport defects could occur is by improper regulation of molecular motors. Previous work showed that reduction of presenilin (PS) or glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) stimulated amyloid precursor protein vesicle motility. Excess GSK3β caused transport defects and increased motor binding to membranes, while reduction of PS decreased active GSK3β and motor binding to membranes. Here, we report that functional PS and the catalytic loop region of PS is essential for the rescue of GSK3β-mediated axonal transport defects. Disruption of PS loop (PSΔE9) or expression of the non-functional PS variant, PSD447A, failed to rescue axonal blockages in vivo. Further, active GSK3β associated with and phosphorylated kinesin-1 in vitro. Our observations together with previous work that showed that the loop region of PS interacts with GSK3β propose a scaffolding mechanism for PS in which the loop region sequesters GSK3β away from motors for the proper regulation of motor function. These findings are important to uncouple the complex regulatory mechanisms that likely exist for motor activity during axonal transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zoe Rudloff
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Crystal Naylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael C Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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27
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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28
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Lara-Ramirez R, Pérez-González C, Anselmi C, Patthey C, Shimeld SM. A Notch-regulated proliferative stem cell zone in the developing spinal cord is an ancestral vertebrate trait. Development 2019; 146:dev.166595. [PMID: 30552127 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates have evolved the most sophisticated nervous systems we know. These differ from the nervous systems of invertebrates in several ways, including the evolution of new cell types, and the emergence and elaboration of patterning mechanisms to organise cells in time and space. Vertebrates also generally have many more cells in their central nervous systems than invertebrates, and an increase in neural cell number may have contributed to the sophisticated anatomy of the brain and spinal cord. Here, we study how increased cell number evolved in the vertebrate central nervous system, investigating the regulation of cell proliferation in the lamprey spinal cord. Markers of proliferation show that a ventricular progenitor zone is found throughout the lamprey spinal cord. We show that inhibition of Notch signalling disrupts the maintenance of this zone. When Notch is blocked, progenitor cells differentiate precociously, the proliferative ventricular zone is lost and differentiation markers become expressed throughout the spinal cord. Comparison with other chordates suggests that the emergence of a persistent Notch-regulated proliferative progenitor zone was a crucial step for the evolution of vertebrate spinal cord complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lara-Ramirez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | | | - Chiara Anselmi
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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29
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Alabi RO, Farber G, Blobel CP. Intriguing Roles for Endothelial ADAM10/Notch Signaling in the Development of Organ-Specific Vascular Beds. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2025-2061. [PMID: 30067156 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vasculature is a remarkably interesting, complex, and interconnected organ. It provides a conduit for oxygen and nutrients, filtration of waste products, and rapid communication between organs. Much remains to be learned about the specialized vascular beds that fulfill these diverse, yet vital functions. This review was prompted by the discovery that Notch signaling in mouse endothelial cells is crucial for the development of specialized vascular beds found in the heart, kidneys, liver, intestines, and bone. We will address the intriguing questions raised by the role of Notch signaling and that of its regulator, the metalloprotease ADAM10, in the development of specialized vascular beds. We will cover fundamentals of ADAM10/Notch signaling, the concept of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions, and how these might govern the development of organ-specific vascular beds through angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. We will also consider common features of the affected vessels, including the presence of fenestra or sinusoids and their occurrence in portal systems with two consecutive capillary beds. We hope to stimulate further discussion and study of the role of ADAM10/Notch signaling in the development of specialized vascular structures, which might help uncover new targets for the repair of vascular beds damaged in conditions like coronary artery disease and glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolake O Alabi
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Gregory Farber
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
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30
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Dhaliwal J, Kannangara TS, Vaculik M, Xue Y, Kumar KL, Maione A, Béïque JC, Shen J, Lagace DC. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis occurs in the absence of Presenilin 1 and Presenilin 2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17931. [PMID: 30560948 PMCID: PMC6299003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes (PS1 and PS2) are a major cause of familial-Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Presenilins regulate neurogenesis in the developing brain, with loss of PS1 inducing aberrant premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells, and additional loss of PS2 exacerbating this effect. It is unclear, however, whether presenilins are involved in adult neurogenesis, a process that may be impaired in Alzheimer's disease within the hippocampus. To investigate the requirement of presenilins in adult-generated dentate granule neurons, we examined adult neurogenesis in the PS2-/- adult brain and then employ a retroviral approach to ablate PS1 selectively in dividing progenitor cells of the PS2-/- adult brain. Surprisingly, the in vivo ablation of both presenilins resulted in no defects in the survival and differentiation of adult-generated neurons. There was also no change in the morphology or functional properties of the retroviral-labeled presenilin-null cells, as assessed by dendritic morphology and whole-cell electrophysiology analyses. Furthermore, while FACS analysis showed that stem and progenitor cells express presenilins, inactivation of presenilins from these cells, using a NestinCreERT2 inducible genetic approach, demonstrated no changes in the proliferation, survival, or differentiation of adult-generated cells. Therefore, unlike their significant role in neurogenesis during embryonic development, presenilins are not required for cell-intrinsic regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Dhaliwal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Timal S Kannangara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Michael Vaculik
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Yingben Xue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Keren L Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Amanda Maione
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Béïque
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Diane C Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, and Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.
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31
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Liu Z, Thakar A, Santoro SW, Pratt KG. Presenilin Regulates Retinotectal Synapse Formation through EphB2 Receptor Processing. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1171-1190. [PMID: 30246932 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the catalytic component of γ-secretase, presenilin (PS) has long been studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease through cleaving the amyloid precursor protein. PS/γ-secretase, however, also cleaves a multitude of single-pass transmembrane proteins that are important during development, including Notch, the netrin receptor DCC, cadherins, drebrin-A, and the EphB2 receptor. Because transgenic PS-KO mice do not survive to birth, studies of this molecule during later embryonic or early postnatal stages of development have been carried out using cell cultures or conditional knock-out mice, respectively. As a result, the function of PS in synapse formation had not been well-addressed. Here, we study the role of PS in the developing Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, an in-vivo model that allows for protein expression to be manipulated specifically during the peak of synapse formation between retinal ganglion cells and tectal neurons. We found that inhibiting PS in the postsynaptic tectal neurons impaired tadpole visual avoidance behavior. Whole cell recordings indicated weaker retinotectal synaptic transmission which was characterized by significant reductions in both NMDA receptor (NMDAR)- and AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents. We also found that expression of the C-tail fragment of the EphB2 receptor, which is normally cleaved by PS/γ-secretase and which has been shown to upregulate NMDARs at the synapse, rescued the reduced NMDAR-mediated responses. Our data determine that normal PS function is important for proper formation and strengthening of retinotectal synapses through cleaving the EphB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Amit Thakar
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Stephen W Santoro
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Kara G Pratt
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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32
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Azimi M, Le TT, Brown NL. Presenilin gene function and Notch signaling feedback regulation in the developing mouse lens. Differentiation 2018; 102:40-52. [PMID: 30059908 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins (Psen1 and Psen2 in mice) are polytopic transmembrane proteins that act in the γ-secretase complex to make intra-membrane cleavages of their substrates, including the well-studied Notch receptors. Such processing releases the Notch intracellular domain, allowing it to physically relocate from the cell membrane to the nucleus where it acts in a transcriptional activating complex to regulate downstream genes in the signal-receiving cell. Previous studies of Notch pathway mutants for Jagged1, Notch2, and Rbpj demonstrated that canonical signaling is a necessary component of normal mouse lens development. However, the central role of Psens within the γ-secretase complex has never been explored in any developing eye tissue or cell type. By directly comparing Psen single and double mutant phenotypes during mouse lens development, we found a stronger requirement for Psen1, although both genes are needed for progenitor cell growth and to prevent apoptosis. We also uncovered a novel genetic interaction between Psen1 and Jagged1. By quantifying protein and mRNA levels of key Notch pathway genes in Psen1/2 or Jagged1 mutant lenses, we identified multiple points in the overall signaling cascade where feedback regulation can occur. Our data are consistent with the loss of particular genes indirectly influencing the transcription level of another. However, we conclude that regulating Notch2 protein levels is particularly important during normal signaling, supporting the importance of post-translational regulatory mechanisms in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Azimi
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy; University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tien T Le
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy; University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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33
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Favarolo MB, López SL. Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos. Mech Dev 2018; 154:122-144. [PMID: 29940277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Favarolo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia L López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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34
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Presenilins as Drug Targets for Alzheimer's Disease-Recent Insights from Cell Biology and Electrophysiology as Novel Opportunities in Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061621. [PMID: 29857474 PMCID: PMC6032171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause underlying familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mutations in presenilin proteins, presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). Presenilins are components of the γ-secretase complex which, when mutated, can affect amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing to toxic forms of amyloid beta (Aβ). Consequently, presenilins have been the target of numerous and varied research efforts to develop therapeutic strategies for AD. The presenilin 1 gene harbors the largest number of AD-causing mutations resulting in the late onset familial form of AD. As a result, the majority of efforts for drug development focused on PS1 and Aβ. Soon after the discovery of the major involvement of PS1 and PS2 in γ-secretase activity, it became clear that neuronal signaling, particularly calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling, is regulated by presenilins and impacted by mutations in presenilin genes. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling not only controls the activity of neurons, but also gene expression patterns, structural functionality of the cytoskeleton, synaptic connectivity and viability. Here, we will briefly review the role of presenilins in γ-secretase activity, then focus on the regulation of Ca2+ signaling, oxidative stress, and cellular viability by presenilins within the context of AD and discuss the relevance of presenilins in AD drug development efforts.
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35
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Critchley BJ, Isalan M, Mielcarek M. Neuro-Cardio Mechanisms in Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Physiol 2018; 9:559. [PMID: 29875678 PMCID: PMC5974550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Huntington's disease is generally considered to be a neurological disorder, there is mounting evidence that heart malfunction plays an important role in disease progression. This is perhaps not unexpected since both cardiovascular and nervous systems are strongly connected - both developmentally and subsequently in health and disease. This connection occurs through a system of central and peripheral neurons that control cardiovascular performance, while in return the cardiovascular system works as a sensor for the nervous system to react to physiological events. Hence, given their permanent interconnectivity, any pathological events occurring in one system might affect the second. In addition, some pathological signals from Huntington's disease might occur simultaneously in both the cardiovascular and nervous systems, since mutant huntingtin protein is expressed in both. Here we aim to review the source of HD-related cardiomyopathy in the light of recently published studies, and to identify similarities between HD-related cardiomyopathy and other neuro-cardio disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan J. Critchley
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Isalan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Mielcarek
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology of Rare Diseases and Neuroepidemiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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36
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HOP-1 Presenilin Deficiency Causes a Late-Onset Notch Signaling Phenotype That Affects Adult Germline Function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 208:745-762. [PMID: 29242286 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally redundant genes present a puzzle as to their evolutionary preservation, and offer an interesting opportunity for molecular specialization. In Caenorhabditis elegans, either one of two presenilin genes (sel-12 or hop-1) facilitate Notch activation, providing the catalytic subunit for the γ secretase proteolytic enzyme complex. For all known Notch signaling events, sel-12 can mediate Notch activation, so the conservation of hop-1 remains a mystery. Here, we uncover a novel "late-onset" germline Notch phenotype in which HOP-1-deficient worms fail to maintain proliferating germline stem cells during adulthood. Either SEL-12 or HOP-1 presenilin can impart sufficient Notch signaling for the establishment and expansion of the germline, but maintenance of an adult stem cell pool relies exclusively on HOP-1-mediated Notch signaling. We also show that HOP-1 is necessary for maximum fecundity and reproductive span. The low-fecundity phenotype of hop-1 mutants can be phenocopied by switching off glp-1/Notch function during the last stage of larval development. We propose that at the end of larval development, dual presenilin usage switches exclusively to HOP-1, perhaps offering opportunities for differential regulation of the germline during adulthood. Additional defects in oocyte size and production rate in hop-1 and glp-1 mutants indicate that the process of oogenesis is compromised when germline Notch signaling is switched off. We calculate that in wild-type adults, as much as 86% of cells derived from the stem cell pool function to support oogenesis. This work suggests that an important role for Notch signaling in the adult germline is to furnish a large and continuous supply of nurse cells to support the efficiency of oogenesis.
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37
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Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: emergent role in cell signalling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1185-1202. [PMID: 29079648 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor signalling events including those initiated following activation of cytokine and growth factor receptors and the well-characterised death receptors (tumour necrosis factor receptor, type 1, FasR and TRAIL-R1/2) are initiated at the cell surface through the recruitment and formation of intracellular multiprotein signalling complexes that activate divergent signalling pathways. Over the past decade, research studies reveal that many of these receptor-initiated signalling events involve the sequential proteolysis of specific receptors by membrane-bound proteases and the γ-secretase protease complexes. Proteolysis enables the liberation of soluble receptor ectodomains and the generation of intracellular receptor cytoplasmic domain fragments. The combined and sequential enzymatic activity has been defined as regulated intramembrane proteolysis and is now a fundamental signal transduction process involved in the termination or propagation of receptor signalling events. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for a role of the γ-secretase protease complexes and regulated intramembrane proteolysis in cell- and immune-signalling pathways.
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38
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Song XW, Yuan QN, Tang Y, Cao M, Shen YF, Zeng ZY, Lei CH, Li S, Zhao XX, Yang YJ. Conditionally targeted deletion of PSEN1 leads to diastolic heart dysfunction. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1548-1557. [PMID: 28617969 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, PSEN1 has been reported to have mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy pedigrees. However, the function and mechanism of PSEN1 in cardiomyopathy remains unresolved. Here, we established four types of genetically modified mice to determine the function of PSEN1 in cardiac development and pathology. PSEN1 null mutation resulted in perinatal death, retardation of heart growth, ventricular dilatation, septum defects, and valvular thickening. PSEN1 knockout in adults led to decreased muscle fibers, widened sarcomere Z lines and reduced lengths of sarcomeres in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovascular loss of function of PSEN1 induced by Sm22a-Cre or Myh6-Cre/ER/tamoxifen also resulted in severe ultrastructural abnormalities, such as relaxed gap junctions between neighboring cardiomyocytes. Functionally, cardiovascular deletion of PSEN1 caused spontaneous mortality from birth to adulthood and led to diastolic heart dysfunction, including decreased volume of the left ventricle at the end-systolic and end-diastolic stages. Additionally, in a myocardial ischemia model, deletion of PSEN1 in the cardiovascular system first protected mice by inducing adaptive hypertrophy but ultimately resulted in severe heart failure. Furthermore, a collection of genes was abnormally expressed in the hearts of cardiac-specific PSEN1 knockout mice. They were enriched in cell proliferation, calcium regulation, and so on. Taken together, dynamic regulation and abnormal function of PSEN1 underlie the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases due to ultrastructural abnormality of cardiomyocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diastole
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Ischemia/genetics
- Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism
- Myocardial Ischemia/pathology
- Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- Presenilin-1/deficiency
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Song
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ning Yuan
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Feng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Hai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - SongHua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Schedin-Weiss S, Inoue M, Hromadkova L, Teranishi Y, Yamamoto NG, Wiehager B, Bogdanovic N, Winblad B, Sandebring-Matton A, Frykman S, Tjernberg LO. Monoamine oxidase B is elevated in Alzheimer disease neurons, is associated with γ-secretase and regulates neuronal amyloid β-peptide levels. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:57. [PMID: 28764767 PMCID: PMC5540560 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Increased levels of the pathogenic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), released from its precursor by the transmembrane protease γ-secretase, are found in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. Interestingly, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity is also increased in AD brain, but its role in AD pathogenesis is not known. Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the increased MAO-B expression in AD brain starts several years before the onset of the disease. Here, we show a potential connection between MAO-B, γ-secretase and Aβ in neurons. Methods MAO-B immunohistochemistry was performed on postmortem human brain. Affinity purification of γ-secretase followed by mass spectrometry was used for unbiased identification of γ-secretase-associated proteins. The association of MAO-B with γ-secretase was studied by coimmunoprecipitation from brain homogenate, and by in-situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) in neurons as well as mouse and human brain sections. The effect of MAO-B on Aβ production and Notch processing in cell cultures was analyzed by siRNA silencing or overexpression experiments followed by ELISA, western blot or FRET analysis. Methodology for measuring relative intraneuronal MAO-B and Aβ42 levels in single cells was developed by combining immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy with quantitative image analysis. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed MAO-B staining in neurons in the frontal cortex, hippocampus CA1 and entorhinal cortex in postmortem human brain. Interestingly, the neuronal staining intensity was higher in AD brain than in control brain in these regions. Mass spectrometric data from affinity purified γ-secretase suggested that MAO-B is a γ-secretase-associated protein, which was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and PLA, and a neuronal location of the interaction was shown. Strikingly, intraneuronal Aβ42 levels correlated with MAO-B levels, and siRNA silencing of MAO-B resulted in significantly reduced levels of intraneuronal Aβ42. Furthermore, overexpression of MAO-B enhanced Aβ production. Conclusions This study shows that MAO-B levels are increased not only in astrocytes but also in pyramidal neurons in AD brain. The study also suggests that MAO-B regulates Aβ production in neurons via γ-secretase and thereby provides a key to understanding the relationship between MAO-B and AD pathogenesis. Potentially, the γ-secretase/MAO-B association may be a target for reducing Aβ levels using protein–protein interaction breakers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0279-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Mitsuhiro Inoue
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden.,Present address: Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Drug Development Research Laboratories, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lenka Hromadkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yasuhiro Teranishi
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden.,Present address: Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Drug Development Research Laboratories, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Goto Yamamoto
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden.,Present address: Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Drug Development Research Laboratories, Osaka, Japan
| | - Birgitta Wiehager
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University in Oslo, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
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40
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Qin X, Wang Y, Paudel HK. Inhibition of Early Growth Response 1 in the Hippocampus Alleviates Neuropathology and Improves Cognition in an Alzheimer Model with Plaques and Tangles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28641077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A sporadic form of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia share many risk factors, and their pathogenic mechanisms are suggested to be related. Transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1) regulates various vascular pathologies and is up-regulated in both AD brains and AD mouse models; however, its role in AD pathogenesis is unclear. Herein, we report that silencing of Egr-1 in the hippocampus by shRNA reduces tau phosphorylation, lowers amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, and improves cognition in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Egr-1 silencing does not affect levels of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, protein phosphatase 1, or protein phosphatase 2A, but reduces p35 subunit of Cdk5. Egr-1 silencing also reduces levels of β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) and BACE-1-cleaved amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolites (secreted APPβ, C99, Aβ40, and Aβ42) but has no effect on presenilin 1 and presenilin 2. In hippocampal primary neurons, Egr-1 binds to BACE-1 and p35 promoters, enhances tau phosphorylation, activates Cdk5 and BACE-1, and accelerates amyloidogenic APP processing. Blocking Cdk5 action blocks Egr-1-induced tau phosphorylation but has no effect on BACE-1 activation and amyloidogenic APP processing. Blocking BACE-1 action, on the other hand, blocks Egr-1-induced amyloidogenic APP processing but does not affect tau phosphorylation. Egr-1 regulates tau phosphorylation and Aβ synthesis in the brain by respectively controlling activities of Cdk5 and BACE-1, suggesting that Egr-1 is a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xike Qin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yunling Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hemant K Paudel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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41
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Abstract
Notch signaling is evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to human. It plays critical roles in neural stem cell maintenance and neurogenesis in the embryonic brain as well as in the adult brain. Notch functions greatly depend on careful regulation and cross-talk with other regulatory mechanisms. Deregulation of Notch signaling is involved in many neurodegenerative diseases and brain disorders. Here, we summarize the fundamental role of Notch in neuronal development and specification and discuss how epigenetic regulation and pathway cross-talk contribute to Notch function. In addition, we cover aberrant alterations of Notch signaling in the diseased brain. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into how Notch signaling works in different contexts to control neurogenesis and its potential effects in diagnoses and therapies of neurodegeneration, brain tumors and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runrui Zhang
- Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Engler
- Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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An Evolutionarily Conserved Role of Presenilin in Neuronal Protection in the Aging Drosophila Brain. Genetics 2017; 206:1479-1493. [PMID: 28495961 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Presenilin genes are the major genetic cause of Alzheimer's disease. Presenilin and Nicastrin are essential components of γ-secretase, a multi-subunit protease that cleaves Type I transmembrane proteins. Genetic studies in mice previously demonstrated that conditional inactivation of Presenilin or Nicastrin in excitatory neurons of the postnatal forebrain results in memory deficits, synaptic impairment, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. The roles of Drosophila Presenilin (Psn) and Nicastrin (Nct) in the adult fly brain, however, are unknown. To knockdown (KD) Psn or Nct selectively in neurons of the adult brain, we generated multiple shRNA lines. Using a ubiquitous driver, these shRNA lines resulted in 80-90% reduction of mRNA and pupal lethality-a phenotype that is shared with Psn and Nct mutants carrying nonsense mutations. Furthermore, expression of these shRNAs in the wing disc caused notching wing phenotypes, which are also shared with Psn and Nct mutants. Similar to Nct, neuron-specific Psn KD using two independent shRNA lines led to early mortality and rough eye phenotypes, which were rescued by a fly Psn transgene. Interestingly, conditional KD (cKD) of Psn or Nct in adult neurons using the elav-Gal4 and tubulin-Gal80ts system caused shortened lifespan, climbing defects, increases in apoptosis, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Together, these findings demonstrate that, similar to their mammalian counterparts, Drosophila Psn and Nct are required for neuronal survival during aging and normal lifespan, highlighting an evolutionarily conserved role of Presenilin in neuronal protection in the aging brain.
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43
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Gerakis Y, Dunys J, Bauer C, Checler F. Aβ42 oligomers modulate β-secretase through an XBP-1s-dependent pathway involving HRD1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37436. [PMID: 27853315 PMCID: PMC5112606 DOI: 10.1038/srep37436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aspartyl protease β-site APP cleaving enzyme, BACE1, is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the production of amyloid-β peptide, which accumulates in both sporadic and familial cases of Alzheimer’s disease and is at the center of gravity of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. In this context, unravelling the molecular mechanisms controlling BACE1 expression and activity in both physiological and pathological conditions remains of major importance. We previously demonstrated that Aβ controlled BACE1 transcription in an NFκB-dependent manner. Here, we delineate an additional cellular pathway by which natural and synthetic Aβ42 oligomers enhance active X-box binding protein XBP-1s. XBP-1s lowers BACE1 expression and activity indirectly, via the up-regulation of the ubiquitin-ligase HRD1 that acts as an endogenous down-regulator of BACE1. Thus, we delineate a novel pathway by which cells could compensate for Aβ42 oligomers production and thus, associated toxicity, by triggering a compensatory mechanism aimed at lowering BACE-1-mediated Aβ production by a molecular cascade involving XBP-1s and HRD1. It thus identifies HRD1 as a potential target for a novel Aβ-centered therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Gerakis
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Julie Dunys
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Fréderic Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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44
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Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Dynamic self-guiding analysis of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14092-122. [PMID: 26041885 PMCID: PMC4546454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a self-guiding evolutionary algorithm to initiate the synthesis of the Alzheimer's disease-related data and literature. A protein interaction network associated with amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and a seed model that treats Alzheimer's disease as progressive dysregulation of APP-associated signaling were used as dynamic “guides” and structural “filters” in the recursive search, analysis, and assimilation of data to drive the evolution of the seed model in size, detail, and complexity. Analysis of data and literature across sub-disciplines and system-scale discovery platforms suggests a key role of dynamic cytoskeletal connectivity in the stability, plasticity, and performance of multicellular networks and architectures. Chronic impairment and/or dysregulation of cell adhesions/synapses, cytoskeletal networks, and/or reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions, which enable and mediate the stable and coherent yet dynamic and reconfigurable multicellular architectures, may lead to the emergence and persistence of the disordered, wound-like pockets/microenvironments of chronically disconnected cells. Such wound-like microenvironments support and are supported by pro-inflammatory, pro-secretion, de-differentiated cellular phenotypes with altered metabolism and signaling. The co-evolution of wound-like microenvironments and their inhabitants may lead to the selection and stabilization of degenerated cellular phenotypes, via acquisition of epigenetic modifications and mutations, which eventually result in degenerative disorders such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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Abstract
Notch controls skeletogenesis, but its role in the remodeling of adult bone remains conflicting. In mature mice, the skeleton can become osteopenic or osteosclerotic depending on the time point at which Notch is activated or inactivated. Using adult EGFP reporter mice, we find that Notch expression is localized to osteocytes embedded within bone matrix. Conditional activation of Notch signaling in osteocytes triggers profound bone formation, mainly due to increased mineralization, which rescues both age-associated and ovariectomy-induced bone loss and promotes bone healing following osteotomy. In parallel, mice rendered haploinsufficient in γ-secretase presenilin-1 (Psen1), which inhibits downstream Notch activation, display almost-absent terminal osteoblast differentiation. Consistent with this finding, pharmacologic or genetic disruption of Notch or its ligand Jagged1 inhibits mineralization. We suggest that stimulation of Notch signaling in osteocytes initiates a profound, therapeutically relevant, anabolic response.
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46
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Murata A, Hayashi SI. Notch-Mediated Cell Adhesion. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010005. [PMID: 26784245 PMCID: PMC4810162 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch family members are generally recognized as signaling molecules that control various cellular responses in metazoan organisms. Early fly studies and our mammalian studies demonstrated that Notch family members are also cell adhesion molecules; however, information on the physiological roles of this function and its origin is limited. In this review, we discuss the potential present and ancestral roles of Notch-mediated cell adhesion in order to explore its origin and the initial roles of Notch family members dating back to metazoan evolution. We hypothesize that Notch family members may have initially emerged as cell adhesion molecules in order to mediate multicellularity in the last common ancestor of metazoan organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Murata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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47
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P. Hurst T, Coleman-Vaughan C, Patwal I, V. McCarthy J. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis, innate immunity and therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Luxán G, D'Amato G, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL. Endocardial Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development and Disease. Circ Res 2015; 118:e1-e18. [PMID: 26635389 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is an ancient and highly conserved signaling pathway that controls cell fate specification and tissue patterning in the embryo and in the adult. Region-specific endocardial Notch activity regulates heart morphogenesis through the interaction with multiple myocardial-, epicardial-, and neural crest-derived signals. Mutations in NOTCH signaling elements cause congenital heart disease in humans and mice, demonstrating its essential role in cardiac development. Studies in model systems have provided mechanistic understanding of Notch function in cardiac development, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration. Notch patterns the embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valve and chamber formation, and later regulates the signaling processes leading to outflow tract and valve morphogenesis and ventricular trabeculae compaction. Alterations in NOTCH signaling in the endocardium result in congenital structural malformations that can lead to disease in the neonate and adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Luxán
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.).
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Zhu H. Forkhead box transcription factors in embryonic heart development and congenital heart disease. Life Sci 2015; 144:194-201. [PMID: 26656470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic heart development is a very complicated process regulated precisely by a network composed of many genes and signaling pathways in time and space. Forkhead box (Fox, FOX) proteins are a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of an evolutionary conserved "forkhead"or "winged-helix" DNA-binding domain and able to organize temporal and spatial gene expression during development. They are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism and DNA damage response. An abundance of studies in model organisms and systems has established that Foxa2, Foxc1/c2, Foxh1 and Foxm1, Foxos and Foxps are important components of the signaling pathways that instruct cardiogenesis and embryonic heart development, playing paramount roles in heart development. The previous studies also have demonstrated that mutations in some of the forkhead box genes and the aberrant expression of forkhead box gene are heavily implicated in the congenital heart disease (CHD) of humans. This review primarily focuses on the current understanding of heart development regulated by forkhead box transcription factors and molecular genetic mechanisms by which forkhead box factors modulate heart development during embryogenesis and organogenesis. This review also summarizes human CHD related mutations in forkhead box genes as well as the abnormal expression of forkhead box gene, and discusses additional possible regulatory mechanisms of the forkhead box genes during embryonic heart development that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, 1 Denggao Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China.
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50
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Ramkumar N, Harvey BM, Lee JD, Alcorn HL, Silva-Gagliardi NF, McGlade CJ, Bestor TH, Wijnholds J, Haltiwanger RS, Anderson KV. Protein O-Glucosyltransferase 1 (POGLUT1) Promotes Mouse Gastrulation through Modification of the Apical Polarity Protein CRUMBS2. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005551. [PMID: 26496195 PMCID: PMC4619674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Crumbs family proteins are apical transmembrane proteins with ancient roles in cell polarity. Mouse Crumbs2 mutants arrest at midgestation with abnormal neural plate morphology and a deficit of mesoderm caused by defects in gastrulation. We identified an ENU-induced mutation, wsnp, that phenocopies the Crumbs2 null phenotype. We show that wsnp is a null allele of Protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 (Poglut1), which encodes an enzyme previously shown to add O-glucose to EGF repeats in the extracellular domain of Drosophila and mammalian Notch, but the role of POGLUT1 in mammalian gastrulation has not been investigated. As predicted, we find that POGLUT1 is essential for Notch signaling in the early mouse embryo. However, the loss of mouse POGLUT1 causes an earlier and more dramatic phenotype than does the loss of activity of the Notch pathway, indicating that POGLUT1 has additional biologically relevant substrates. Using mass spectrometry, we show that POGLUT1 modifies EGF repeats in the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CRUMBS2. CRUMBS2 that lacks the O-glucose modification fails to be enriched on the apical plasma membrane and instead accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum. The data demonstrate that CRUMBS2 is the target of POGLUT1 for the gastrulation epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and that all activity of CRUMBS2 depends on modification by POGLUT1. Mutations in human POGLUT1 cause Dowling-Degos Disease, POGLUT1 is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells, and mutations in the EGF repeats of human CRUMBS proteins are associated with human congenital nephrosis, retinitis pigmentosa and retinal degeneration, suggesting that O-glucosylation of CRUMBS proteins has broad roles in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Ramkumar
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Beth M. Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Alcorn
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy F. Silva-Gagliardi
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Jane McGlade
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy H. Bestor
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S. Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn V. Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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