1
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Chen YC, Martins TA, Marchica V, Panula P. Angiopoietin 1 and integrin beta 1b are vital for zebrafish brain development. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1289794. [PMID: 38235293 PMCID: PMC10792015 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1289794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angiopoietin 1 (angpt1) is essential for angiogenesis. However, its role in neurogenesis is largely undiscovered. This study aimed to identify the role of angpt1 in brain development, the mode of action of angpt1, and its prime targets in the zebrafish brain. Methods We investigated the effects of embryonic brain angiogenesis and neural development using qPCR, in situ hybridization, microangiography, retrograde labeling, and immunostaining in the angpt1sa14264, itgb1bmi371, tekhu1667 mutant fish and transgenic overexpression of angpt1 in the zebrafish larval brains. Results We showed the co-localization of angpt1 with notch, delta, and nestin in the proliferation zone in the larval brain. Additionally, lack of angpt1 was associated with downregulation of TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial (tek), and several neurogenic factors despite upregulation of integrin beta 1b (itgb1b), angpt2a, vascular endothelial growth factor aa (vegfaa), and glial markers. We further demonstrated that the targeted angpt1sa14264 and itgb1bmi371 mutant fish showed severely irregular cerebrovascular development, aberrant hindbrain patterning, expansion of the radial glial progenitors, downregulation of cell proliferation, deficiencies of dopaminergic, histaminergic, and GABAergic populations in the caudal hypothalamus. In contrast to angpt1sa14264 and itgb1bmi371 mutants, the tekhu1667 mutant fish regularly grew with no apparent phenotypes. Notably, the neural-specific angpt1 overexpression driven by the elavl3 (HuC) promoter significantly increased cell proliferation and neuronal progenitor cells but decreased GABAergic neurons, and this neurogenic activity was independent of its typical receptor tek. Discussion Our results prove that angpt1 and itgb1b, besides regulating vascular development, act as a neurogenic factor via notch and wnt signaling pathways in the neural proliferation zone in the developing brain, indicating a novel role of dual regulation of angpt1 in embryonic neurogenesis that supports the concept of angiopoietin-based therapeutics in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Zebrafish Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomás A. Martins
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Zebrafish Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valentina Marchica
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Zebrafish Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Zebrafish Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Meng X, Yao D, Imaizumi K, Chen X, Kelley KW, Reis N, Thete MV, Arjun McKinney A, Kulkarni S, Panagiotakos G, Bassik MC, Pașca SP. Assembloid CRISPR screens reveal impact of disease genes in human neurodevelopment. Nature 2023; 622:359-366. [PMID: 37758944 PMCID: PMC10567561 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of cortical circuits involves the generation and migration of interneurons from the ventral to the dorsal forebrain1-3, which has been challenging to study at inaccessible stages of late gestation and early postnatal human development4. Autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have been associated with abnormal cortical interneuron development5, but which of these NDD genes affect interneuron generation and migration, and how they mediate these effects remains unknown. We previously developed a platform to study interneuron development and migration in subpallial organoids and forebrain assembloids6. Here we integrate assembloids with CRISPR screening to investigate the involvement of 425 NDD genes in human interneuron development. The first screen aimed at interneuron generation revealed 13 candidate genes, including CSDE1 and SMAD4. We subsequently conducted an interneuron migration screen in more than 1,000 forebrain assembloids that identified 33 candidate genes, including cytoskeleton-related genes and the endoplasmic reticulum-related gene LNPK. We discovered that, during interneuron migration, the endoplasmic reticulum is displaced along the leading neuronal branch before nuclear translocation. LNPK deletion interfered with this endoplasmic reticulum displacement and resulted in abnormal migration. These results highlight the power of this CRISPR-assembloid platform to systematically map NDD genes onto human development and reveal disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Meng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Yao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kent Imaizumi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Noah Reis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mayuri Vijay Thete
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arpana Arjun McKinney
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shravanti Kulkarni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Ellero N, Lanci A, Baldassarro VA, Alastra G, Mariella J, Cescatti M, Giardino L, Castagnetti C. Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 1: Healthy Foals Born from Normal Pregnancy and Parturition. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090451. [PMID: 36136667 PMCID: PMC9504588 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during the perinatal period, is now emerging. Through their functional activities of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, they play a key role in the final maturation of the nervous and vascular systems. The present study aims to: (i) evaluate the NGF and VEGF levels obtained at parturition from the mare, foal and umbilical cord vein plasma, as well as in amniotic fluid; (ii) evaluate NGF and VEGF content in the plasma of healthy foals during the first 72 h of life (T0, T24 and T72); (iii) evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at parturition in relation to the selected mares’ and foals’ clinical parameters; (iv) evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and the thyroid hormone levels (TT3 and TT4) in the first 72 h of life; (v) assess mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and BDNF and their cell surface receptors in the placenta. Fourteen Standardbred healthy foals born from mares with normal pregnancies and parturitions were included in the study. The dosage of NGF and VEGF levels was performed using commercial ELISA kits, whereas NGF, VEGF and BDNF placental gene expression was performed using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. In foal plasma, both NGF and VEGF levels decreased significantly over time, from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0066 for NGF; p < 0.0001 for VEGF) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0179 for NGF; p = 0.0016 for VEGF). In foal serum, TT3 levels increased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0058) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0013), whereas TT4 levels decreased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0201) and from T0 to T72 (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found in the levels of NGF and VEGF in foal plasma at each time point (p = 0.0115; r = 0.2862). A positive correlation was found between NGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and lactate (p = 0.0359; r = 0.5634) as well as between VEGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and creatine kinase (p = 0.0459; r = 0.5407). VEGF was expressed in all fetal membranes, whereas NGF and its receptors were not expressed in the amnion. The close relationship between the two trophic factors in foal plasma over time and their fine expression in placental tissues appear to be key regulators of fetal development and adaptation to extra-uterine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ellero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alastra
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Giardino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Moderate Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Mice Results in Altered Sex-Specific Gene Expression in Brain of Young Mice and Embryos. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051051. [PMID: 35268026 PMCID: PMC8912750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fortification and increased vitamin intake have led to higher folic acid (FA) consumption by many pregnant women. We showed that FA-supplemented diet in pregnant mice (fivefold higher FA than the recommended level (5xFASD)) led to hyperactivity-like behavior and memory impairment in pups. Disturbed choline/methyl metabolism and altered placental gene expression were identified. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of 5xFASD on the brain at two developmental stages, postnatal day (P) 30 and embryonic day (E) 17.5. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or 5xFASD for 1 month before mating. Diets were maintained throughout the pregnancy and lactation until P30 or during pregnancy until E17.5. The 5xFASD led to sex-specific transcription changes in P30 cerebral cortex and E17.5 cerebrum, with microarrays showing a total of 1003 and 623 changes, respectively. Enhanced mRNA degradation was observed in E17.5 cerebrum. Expression changes of genes involved in neurotransmission, neuronal growth and development, and angiogenesis were verified by qRT-PCR; 12 and 15 genes were verified at P30 and E17.5, respectively. Hippocampal collagen staining suggested decreased vessel density in FASD male embryos. This study provides insight into the mechanisms of neurobehavioral alterations and highlights potential deleterious consequences of moderate folate oversupplementation during pregnancy.
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5
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Byrne AB, Brouillard P, Sutton DL, Kazenwadel J, Montazaribarforoushi S, Secker GA, Oszmiana A, Babic M, Betterman KL, Brautigan PJ, White M, Piltz SG, Thomas PQ, Hahn CN, Rath M, Felbor U, Korenke GC, Smith CL, Wood KH, Sheppard SE, Adams DM, Kariminejad A, Helaers R, Boon LM, Revencu N, Moore L, Barnett C, Haan E, Arts P, Vikkula M, Scott HS, Harvey NL. Pathogenic variants in MDFIC cause recessive central conducting lymphatic anomaly with lymphedema. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm4869. [PMID: 35235341 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central conducting lymphatic anomaly (CCLA), characterized by the dysfunction of core collecting lymphatic vessels including the thoracic duct and cisterna chyli, and presenting as chylothorax, pleural effusions, chylous ascites, and lymphedema, is a severe disorder often resulting in fetal or perinatal demise. Although pathogenic variants in RAS/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway components have been documented in some patients with CCLA, the genetic etiology of the disorder remains uncharacterized in most cases. Here, we identified biallelic pathogenic variants in MDFIC, encoding the MyoD family inhibitor domain containing protein, in seven individuals with CCLA from six independent families. Clinical manifestations of affected fetuses and children included nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF), pleural and pericardial effusions, and lymphedema. Generation of a mouse model of human MDFIC truncation variants revealed that homozygous mutant mice died perinatally exhibiting chylothorax. The lymphatic vasculature of homozygous Mdfic mutant mice was profoundly mispatterned and exhibited major defects in lymphatic vessel valve development. Mechanistically, we determined that MDFIC controls collective cell migration, an important early event during the formation of lymphatic vessel valves, by regulating integrin β1 activation and the interaction between lymphatic endothelial cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix. Our work identifies MDFIC variants underlying human lymphatic disease and reveals a crucial, previously unrecognized role for MDFIC in the lymphatic vasculature. Ultimately, understanding the genetic and mechanistic basis of CCLA will facilitate the development and implementation of new therapeutic approaches to effectively treat this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B Byrne
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pascal Brouillard
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Drew L Sutton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Genevieve A Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Milena Babic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, 5000 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter J Brautigan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, 5000 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa White
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Genome Editing Facility, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra G Piltz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Genome Editing Facility, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Genome Editing Facility, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher N Hahn
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.,ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Christoph Korenke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christopher L Smith
- Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen H Wood
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah E Sheppard
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Denise M Adams
- Vascular Anomalies Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disorders Centre, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, PA 02115, USA
| | | | - Raphael Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynette Moore
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, 5000 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher Barnett
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics Unit, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, 5006 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peer Arts
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, VASCERN VASCA European Reference Centre, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, 5000 Adelaide, Australia.,ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, 5001 Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
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Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. The Embryonic Mouse Hindbrain and Postnatal Retina as In Vivo Models to Study Angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2475:275-287. [PMID: 35451765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2217-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a fundamental process for organ development, exercise-induced muscle growth, and wound healing, but is also associated with different diseases such as cancer and neovascular eye disease. Accordingly, elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiogenesis has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets to stimulate new vessel formation in ischemic tissues or inhibit pathological vessel growth in disease. This chapter describes the mouse embryo hindbrain and postnatal retina as models to study physiological angiogenesis and provides detailed protocols for tissue dissection, sample staining and analysis.
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Rinaldi C, Donato L, Alibrandi S, Scimone C, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080767. [PMID: 34440511 PMCID: PMC8398978 DOI: 10.3390/life11080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept that clearly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The components of the NVU, comprising different types of cells, are so interrelated and associated with each other that they are considered as a single functioning unit. For this reason, even slight disturbances in the NVU could severely affect brain homeostasis and health. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress on the neurovascular unit and the role of a single cell type in the NVU crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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Rampino A, Annese T, Torretta S, Tamma R, Maria Falcone R, Ribatti D. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136093. [PMID: 34216717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which acts as an angiogenic and neurotrophic factor, is involved the regulation of cerebral blood volume and flow in Schizophrenia (SCZ). Several evidence indicates that modification of brain blood circulation due to alterations in the VEGF system affects cognitive performance and brain function in patients with SCZ. The aim of this study is: 1) To analyze the literature data concerning the role of VEGF in modulating the angiogenic response in SCZ. These data are controversial because some studies found elevated VEGF serum levels of VEGF in patients with SCZ, whereas others demonstrated no significant differences between SCZ patients and controls. 2)To analyze the role of VEGF as a predictive factor on the effects of antipsychotics agents used in the treatment of SCZ. In this context, high VEGF levels, associated to better responses to antipsychotics, might be predictive of the use of first generation antipsycotic drugs, whereas low VEGF levels, expression of resistance to therapy, might be predictive for the use of second generation antipsycotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Falcone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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Ofek S, Wiszniak S, Kagan S, Tondl M, Schwarz Q, Kalcheim C. Notch signaling is a critical initiator of roof plate formation as revealed by the use of RNA profiling of the dorsal neural tube. BMC Biol 2021; 19:84. [PMID: 33892704 PMCID: PMC8063321 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dorsal domain of the neural tube is an excellent model to investigate the generation of complexity during embryonic development. It is a highly dynamic and multifaceted region being first transiently populated by prospective neural crest (NC) cells that sequentially emigrate to generate most of the peripheral nervous system. Subsequently, it becomes the definitive roof plate (RP) of the central nervous system. The RP, in turn, constitutes a patterning center for dorsal interneuron development. The factors underlying establishment of the definitive RP and its segregation from NC and dorsal interneurons are currently unknown. Results We performed a transcriptome analysis at trunk levels of quail embryos comparing the dorsal neural tube at premigratory NC and RP stages. This unraveled molecular heterogeneity between NC and RP stages, and within the RP itself. By implementing these genes, we asked whether Notch signaling is involved in RP development. First, we observed that Notch is active at the RP-interneuron interface. Furthermore, gain and loss of Notch function in quail and mouse embryos, respectively, revealed no effect on early NC behavior. Constitutive Notch activation caused a local downregulation of RP markers with a concomitant development of dI1 interneurons, as well as an ectopic upregulation of RP markers in the interneuron domain. Reciprocally, in mice lacking Notch activity, both the RP and dI1 interneurons failed to form and this was associated with expansion of the dI2 population. Conclusions Collectively, our results offer a new resource for defining specific cell types, and provide evidence that Notch is required to establish the definitive RP, and to determine the choice between RP and interneuron fates, but not the segregation of RP from NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Ofek
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah Kagan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Markus Tondl
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Betterman KL, Sutton DL, Secker GA, Kazenwadel J, Oszmiana A, Lim L, Miura N, Sorokin L, Hogan BM, Kahn ML, McNeill H, Harvey NL. Atypical cadherin FAT4 orchestrates lymphatic endothelial cell polarity in response to flow. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3315-3328. [PMID: 32182215 DOI: 10.1172/jci99027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherin FAT4 has established roles in the regulation of planar cell polarity and Hippo pathway signaling that are cell context dependent. The recent identification of FAT4 mutations in Hennekam syndrome, features of which include lymphedema, lymphangiectasia, and mental retardation, uncovered an important role for FAT4 in the lymphatic vasculature. Hennekam syndrome is also caused by mutations in collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) and ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 3 (ADAMTS3), encoding a matrix protein and protease, respectively, that regulate activity of the key prolymphangiogenic VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling axis by facilitating the proteolytic cleavage and activation of VEGF-C. The fact that FAT4, CCBE1, and ADAMTS3 mutations underlie Hennekam syndrome suggested that all 3 genes might function in a common pathway. We identified FAT4 as a target gene of GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2), a key transcriptional regulator of lymphatic vascular development and, in particular, lymphatic vessel valve development. Here, we demonstrate that FAT4 functions in a lymphatic endothelial cell-autonomous manner to control cell polarity in response to flow and is required for lymphatic vessel morphogenesis throughout development. Our data reveal a crucial role for FAT4 in lymphangiogenesis and shed light on the mechanistic basis by which FAT4 mutations underlie a human lymphedema syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Drew L Sutton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Genevieve A Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lillian Lim
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Wiszniak S, Schwarz Q. Exploring the Intracrine Functions of VEGF-A. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010128. [PMID: 33478167 PMCID: PMC7835749 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a highly conserved secreted signalling protein best known for its roles in vascular development and angiogenesis. Many non-endothelial roles for VEGF are now established, with the discovery that VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 are expressed in many non-vascular cell-types, as well as various cancers. In addition to secreted VEGF binding to its receptors in the extracellular space at the cell membrane (i.e., in a paracrine or autocrine mode), intracellularly localised VEGF is emerging as an important signalling molecule regulating cell growth, survival, and metabolism. This intracellular mode of signalling has been termed “intracrine”, and refers to the direct action of a signalling molecule within the cell without being secreted. In this review, we describe examples of intracrine VEGF signalling in regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival, both in normal cell homeostasis and development, as well as in cancer. We further discuss emerging evidence for the molecular mechanisms underpinning VEGF intracrine function, as well as the implications this intracellular mode of VEGF signalling may have for use and design of anti-VEGF cancer therapeutics.
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12
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Gbx2 Is Required for the Migration and Survival of a Subpopulation of Trigeminal Cranial Neural Crest Cells. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040033. [PMID: 33322598 PMCID: PMC7768483 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of key structures within the mature vertebrate hindbrain requires the migration of neural crest (NC) cells and motor neurons to their appropriate target sites. Functional analyses in multiple species have revealed a requirement for the transcription factor gastrulation-brain-homeobox 2 (Gbx2) in NC cell migration and positioning of motor neurons in the developing hindbrain. In addition, loss of Gbx2 function studies in mutant mouse embryos, Gbx2neo, demonstrate a requirement for Gbx2 for the development of NC-derived sensory neurons and axons constituting the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CNV). Our recent GBX2 target gene identification study identified multiple genes required for the migration and survival of NC cells (e.g., Robo1, Slit3, Nrp1). In this report, we performed loss-of-function analyses using Gbx2neo mutant embryos, to improve our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms regulated by Gbx2 during anterior hindbrain and CNV development. Analysis of Tbx20 expression in the hindbrain of Gbx2neo homozygotes revealed a severely truncated rhombomere (r)2. Our data also provide evidence demonstrating a requirement for Gbx2 in the temporal regulation of Krox20 expression in r3. Lastly, we show that Gbx2 is required for the expression of Nrp1 in a subpopulation of trigeminal NC cells, and correct migration and survival of cranial NC cells that populate the trigeminal ganglion. Taken together, these findings provide additional insight into molecular and genetic mechanisms regulated by Gbx2 that underlie NC migration, trigeminal ganglion assembly, and, more broadly, anterior hindbrain development.
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13
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Méndez-Maldonado K, Vega-López GA, Aybar MJ, Velasco I. Neurogenesis From Neural Crest Cells: Molecular Mechanisms in the Formation of Cranial Nerves and Ganglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:635. [PMID: 32850790 PMCID: PMC7427511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient multipotent cell population that originates in the dorsal neural tube. Cells of the NC are highly migratory, as they travel considerable distances through the body to reach their final sites. Derivatives of the NC are neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the enteric nervous system as well as non-neural cells. Different signaling pathways triggered by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Wnt proteins, Notch ligands, retinoic acid (RA), and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) participate in the processes of induction, specification, cell migration and neural differentiation of the NC. A specific set of signaling pathways and transcription factors are initially expressed in the neural plate border and then in the NC cell precursors to the formation of cranial nerves. The molecular mechanisms of control during embryonic development have been gradually elucidated, pointing to an important role of transcriptional regulators when neural differentiation occurs. However, some of these proteins have an important participation in malformations of the cranial portion and their mutation results in aberrant neurogenesis. This review aims to give an overview of the role of cell signaling and of the function of transcription factors involved in the specification of ganglia precursors and neurogenesis to form the NC-derived cranial nerves during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo A Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
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14
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Marchant C, Anderson P, Schwarz Q, Wiszniak S. Vessel-derived angiocrine IGF1 promotes Meckel's cartilage proliferation to drive jaw growth during embryogenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev.190488. [PMID: 32439763 PMCID: PMC7295590 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex morphogenic process that requires highly orchestrated interactions between multiple cell types. Blood vessel-derived angiocrine factors are known to promote proliferation of chondrocytes in Meckel's cartilage to drive jaw outgrowth, however the specific factors controlling this process remain unknown. Here, we use in vitro and ex vivo cell and tissue culture, as well as genetic mouse models, to identify IGF1 as a novel angiocrine factor directing Meckel's cartilage growth during embryonic development. We show that IGF1 is secreted by blood vessels and that deficient IGF1 signalling underlies mandibular hypoplasia in Wnt1-Cre; Vegfafl/fl mice that exhibit vascular and associated jaw defects. Furthermore, conditional removal of IGF1 from blood vessels causes craniofacial defects including a shortened mandible, and reduced proliferation of Meckel's cartilage chondrocytes. This demonstrates a crucial angiocrine role for IGF1 during craniofacial cartilage growth, and identifies IGF1 as a putative therapeutic for jaw and/or cartilage growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceilidh Marchant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Anderson
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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15
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Pai ELL, Chen J, Fazel Darbandi S, Cho FS, Chen J, Lindtner S, Chu JS, Paz JT, Vogt D, Paredes MF, Rubenstein JLR. Maf and Mafb control mouse pallial interneuron fate and maturation through neuropsychiatric disease gene regulation. eLife 2020; 9:e54903. [PMID: 32452758 PMCID: PMC7282818 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maf (c-Maf) and Mafb transcription factors (TFs) have compensatory roles in repressing somatostatin (SST+) interneuron (IN) production in medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) secondary progenitors in mice. Maf and Mafb conditional deletion (cDKO) decreases the survival of MGE-derived cortical interneurons (CINs) and changes their physiological properties. Herein, we show that (1) Mef2c and Snap25 are positively regulated by Maf and Mafb to drive IN morphological maturation; (2) Maf and Mafb promote Mef2c expression which specifies parvalbumin (PV+) INs; (3) Elmo1, Igfbp4 and Mef2c are candidate markers of immature PV+ hippocampal INs (HIN). Furthermore, Maf/Mafb neonatal cDKOs have decreased CINs and increased HINs, that express Pnoc, an HIN specific marker. Our findings not only elucidate key gene targets of Maf and Mafb that control IN development, but also identify for the first time TFs that differentially regulate CIN vs. HIN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ling-Lin Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Siavash Fazel Darbandi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Frances S Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jiapei Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julia S Chu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoUnited States
- The Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State UniversityGrand RapidsUnited States
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- The Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - John LR Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- The Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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16
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes for protein synthesis with evolutionarily conserved enzymatic mechanisms. Despite their similarity across organisms, scientists have been able to generate effective anti-infective agents based on the structural differences in the catalytic clefts of ARSs from pathogens and humans. However, recent genomic, proteomic and functionomic advances have unveiled unexpected disease-associated mutations and altered expression, secretion and interactions in human ARSs, revealing hidden biological functions beyond their catalytic roles in protein synthesis. These studies have also brought to light their potential as a rich and unexplored source for new therapeutic targets and agents through multiple avenues, including direct targeting of the catalytic sites, controlling disease-associated protein-protein interactions and developing novel biologics from the secreted ARS proteins or their parts. This Review addresses the emerging biology and therapeutic applications of human ARSs in diseases including autoimmune and rare diseases, and cancer.
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17
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Luck R, Urban S, Karakatsani A, Harde E, Sambandan S, Nicholson L, Haverkamp S, Mann R, Martin-Villalba A, Schuman EM, Acker-Palmer A, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling regulates hippocampal axon branching during development. eLife 2019; 8:49818. [PMID: 31868583 PMCID: PMC6927742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is crucial for proper formation of neuronal networks. Although originally identified as an angiogenic factor, VEGF also signals directly to neurons to regulate their development and function. Here we show that VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2 (also known as KDR or FLK1) are expressed in mouse hippocampal neurons during development, with VEGFR2 locally expressed in the CA3 region. Activation of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in isolated hippocampal neurons results in increased axon branching. Remarkably, inactivation of VEGFR2 also results in increased axon branching in vitro and in vivo. The increased CA3 axon branching is not productive as these axons are less mature and form less functional synapses with CA1 neurons. Mechanistically, while VEGF promotes the growth of formed branches without affecting filopodia formation, loss of VEGFR2 increases the number of filopodia and enhances the growth rate of new branches. Thus, a controlled VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling is required for proper CA3 hippocampal axon branching during mouse hippocampus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luck
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severino Urban
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andromachi Karakatsani
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Harde
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Neurovascular Interface group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sivakumar Sambandan
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - LaShae Nicholson
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Neurovascular Interface group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Haverkamp
- Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mann
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erin Margaret Schuman
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Neurovascular Interface group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Gaddis DE, Padgett LE, Wu R, Hedrick CC. Neuropilin-1 Expression on CD4 T Cells Is Atherogenic and Facilitates T Cell Migration to the Aorta in Atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3237-3246. [PMID: 31740486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays important roles in axonal guidance, neuronal development, and angiogenesis. Nrp1 also helps migrate thymus-derived regulatory T cells to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-producing tumors. However, little is known about the role of Nrp1 on CD4 T cells in atherosclerosis. In ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet for 15 wk, we found a 2-fold increase in Nrp1+Foxp3- CD4 T cells in their spleens, periaortic lymph nodes, and aortas, compared with chow-fed mice. Nrp1+Foxp3- CD4 T cells had higher proliferation potential, expressed higher levels of the memory marker CD44, and produced more IFN-γ when compared with Nrp1- CD4 T cells. Treatment of CD4 T cells with oxLDL increased Nrp1 expression. Furthermore, atherosclerosis-susceptible mice selectively deficient for Nrp1 expression on T cells developed less atherosclerosis than their Nrp1-sufficient counterparts. Mechanistically, we found that CD4 T cells that express Nrp1 have an increased capacity to migrate to the aorta and periaortic lymph nodes compared to Nrp1- T cells, suggesting that the expression of Nrp1 facilitates the recruitment of CD4 T cells into the aorta where they can be pathogenic. Thus, we have identified a novel role of Nrp1 on CD4 T cells in atherosclerosis. These results suggest that manipulation of Nrp1 expression on T cells can affect the outcome of atherosclerosis and lower disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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19
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Glia-derived exosomal miR-274 targets Sprouty in trachea and synaptic boutons to modulate growth and responses to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24651-24661. [PMID: 31666321 PMCID: PMC6900535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902537116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate interorgan/tissue communications by modulating target gene expression, thereby regulating developmental and physiological functions. However, the source, route, and function in target cells have not been formally established for specific miRNAs. Here, we show that glial miR-274 non-cell-autonomously modulates the growth of synaptic boutons and tracheal branches. Whereas the precursor form of miR-274 is expressed in glia, the mature form of miR-274 distributes broadly, including in synaptic boutons, muscle cells, and tracheal cells. Mature miR-274 is secreted from glia to the circulating hemolymph as an exosomal cargo, a process requiring ESCRT components in exosome biogenesis and Rab11 and Syx1A in exosome release. We further show that miR-274 can function in the neurons or tracheal cells to modulate the growth of synaptic boutons and tracheal branches, respectively. Also, miR-274 uptake into the target cells by AP-2-dependent mechanisms modulates target cell growth. In the target cells, miR-274 down-regulates Sprouty (Sty) through a targeting sequence at the sty 3' untranslated region, thereby enhancing MAPK signaling and promoting cell growth. miR-274 expressed in glia of an mir-274 null mutant is released as an exosomal cargo in the circulating hemolymph, and such glial-specific expression resets normal levels of Sty and MAPK signaling and modulates target cell growth. mir-274 mutant larvae are hypersensitive to hypoxia, which is suppressed by miR-274 expression in glia or by increasing tracheal branches. Thus, glia-derived miR-274 coordinates growth of synaptic boutons and tracheal branches to modulate larval hypoxia responses.
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20
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Barber M, Andrews WD, Memi F, Gardener P, Ciantar D, Tata M, Ruhrberg C, Parnavelas JG. Vascular-Derived Vegfa Promotes Cortical Interneuron Migration and Proximity to the Vasculature in the Developing Forebrain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2577-2593. [PMID: 29901792 PMCID: PMC5998991 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegfa) is essential for promoting the vascularization of the embryonic murine forebrain. In addition, it directly influences neural development, although its role in the forming forebrain is less well elucidated. It was recently suggested that Vegfa may influence the development of GABAergic interneurons, inhibitory cells with crucial signaling roles in cortical neuronal circuits. However, the mechanism by which it affects interneuron development remains unknown. Here we investigated the developmental processes by which Vegfa may influence cortical interneuron development by analyzing transgenic mice that ubiquitously express the Vegfa120 isoform to perturb its signaling gradient. We found that interneurons reach the dorsal cortex at mid phases of corticogenesis despite an aberrant vascular network. Instead, endothelial ablation of Vegfa alters cortical interneuron numbers, their intracortical distribution and spatial proximity to blood vessels. We show for the first time that vascular-secreted guidance factors promote early-migrating interneurons in the intact forebrain in vivo and identify a novel role for vascular-Vegfa in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillip Gardener
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Ciantar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew Tata
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Wiszniak S, Schwarz Q. Notch signalling defines dorsal root ganglia neuroglial fate choice during early neural crest cell migration. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:21. [PMID: 31036074 PMCID: PMC6489353 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, and function to relay somatosensory information from the body’s periphery to sensory perception centres within the brain. The DRG are primarily comprised of two cell types, sensory neurons and glia, both of which are neural crest-derived. Notch signalling is known to play an essential role in defining the neuronal or glial fate of bipotent neural crest progenitors that migrate from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to the sites of the DRG. However, the involvement of Notch ligands in this process and the timing at which neuronal versus glial fate is acquired has remained uncertain. Results We have used tissue specific knockout of the E3 ubiquitin ligase mindbomb1 (Mib1) to remove the function of all Notch ligands in neural crest cells. Wnt1-Cre; Mib1fl/fl mice exhibit severe DRG defects, including a reduction in glial cells, and neuronal cell death later in development. By comparing formation of sensory neurons and glia with the expression and activation of Notch signalling in these mice, we define a critical period during embryonic development in which early migrating neural crest cells become biased toward neuronal and glial phenotypes. Conclusions We demonstrate active Notch signalling between neural crest progenitors as soon as trunk neural crest cells delaminate from the neural tube and during their early migration toward the site of the DRG. This data brings into question the timing of neuroglial fate specification in the DRG and suggest that it may occur much earlier than originally considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-019-0501-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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22
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Gruner HN, Kim M, Mastick GS. Robo1 and 2 Repellent Receptors Cooperate to Guide Facial Neuron Cell Migration and Axon Projections in the Embryonic Mouse Hindbrain. Neuroscience 2019; 402:116-129. [PMID: 30685539 PMCID: PMC6435285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The facial nerve is necessary for our ability to eat, speak, and make facial expressions. Both the axons and cell bodies of the facial nerve undergo a complex embryonic developmental pattern involving migration of the cell bodies caudally and tangentially through rhombomeres, and simultaneously the axons projecting to exit the hindbrain to form the facial nerve. Our goal in this study was to test the functions of the chemorepulsive receptors Robo1 and Robo2 in facial neuron migration and axon projection by analyzing genetically marked motor neurons in double-mutant mouse embryos through the migration time course, E10.0-E13.5. In Robo1/2 double mutants, axon projection and cell body migration errors were more severe than in single mutants. Most axons did not make it to their motor exit point, and instead projected into and longitudinally within the floor plate. Surprisingly, some facial neurons had multiple axons exiting and projecting into the floor plate. At the same time, a subset of mutant facial cell bodies failed to migrate caudally, and instead either streamed dorsally toward the exit point or shifted into the floor plate. We conclude that Robo1 and Robo2 have redundant functions to guide multiple aspects of the complex cell migration of the facial nucleus, as well as regulating axon trajectories and suppressing formation of ectopic axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Gruner
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Grant S. Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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23
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Shadad O, Chaulagain R, Luukko K, Kettunen P. Establishment of tooth blood supply and innervation is developmentally regulated and takes place through differential patterning processes. J Anat 2019; 234:465-479. [PMID: 30793310 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth are richly supported by blood vessels and peripheral nerves. The aim of this study was to describe in detail the developmental time-course and localization of blood vessels during early tooth formation and to compare that to innervation, as well as to address the putative role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is an essential regulator of vasculature development, in this process. The localization of blood vessels and neurites was compared using double immunofluorescence staining on sections at consecutive stages of the embryonic (E) and postnatal (PN) mandibular first molar tooth germ (E11-PN7). Cellular mRNA expression domains of VEGF and its signaling receptor VEGFR2 were studied using sectional radioactive in situ hybridization. Expression of VEGF mRNA and the encoded protein were studied by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively, in the cap and early bell stage tooth germs, respectively. VEGFR2 was immunolocalized on tooth tissue sections. Smooth muscle cells were investigated by anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) antibodies. VEGF showed developmentally regulated epithelial and mesenchymal mRNA expression domains including the enamel knot signaling centers that correlated with the growth and navigation of the blood vessels expressing Vegfr2 and VEGFR2 to the dental papilla and enamel organ. Developing blood vessels were present in the jaw mesenchyme including the presumptive dental mesenchyme before the appearance of the epithelial dental placode and dental neurites. Similarly, formation of a blood vessel plexus around the bud stage tooth germ and ingrowth of vessels into dental papilla at E14 preceded ingrowth of neurites. Subsequently, pioneer blood vessels in the dental papilla started to receive smooth muscle coverage at the early embryonic bell stage. Establishment and patterning of the blood vessels and nerves during tooth formation are developmentally regulated, stepwise processes that likely involve differential patterning mechanisms. Development of tooth vascular supply is proposed to be regulated by local, tooth-specific regulation by epithelial-mesenchymal tissue interactions and involving tooth target expressed VEGF signaling. Further investigations on tooth vascular development by local VEGF signaling, as well as how tooth innervation and development of blood vessels are integrated with advancing tooth organ formation by local signaling mechanisms, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Shadad
- Department of Biomedicine, Craniofacial Developmental Biology Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rajib Chaulagain
- Department of Biomedicine, Craniofacial Developmental Biology Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Keijo Luukko
- Department of Biomedicine, Craniofacial Developmental Biology Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Section of Orthodontics, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paivi Kettunen
- Department of Biomedicine, Craniofacial Developmental Biology Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Lumb R, Tata M, Xu X, Joyce A, Marchant C, Harvey N, Ruhrberg C, Schwarz Q. Neuropilins guide preganglionic sympathetic axons and chromaffin cell precursors to establish the adrenal medulla. Development 2018; 145:dev.162552. [PMID: 30237243 PMCID: PMC6240312 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal medulla is composed of neuroendocrine chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline into the systemic circulation to maintain physiological homeostasis and enable the autonomic stress response. How chromaffin cell precursors colonise the adrenal medulla and how they become connected to central nervous system-derived preganglionic sympathetic neurons remain largely unknown. By combining lineage tracing, gene expression studies, genetic ablation and the analysis of mouse mutants, we demonstrate that preganglionic axons direct chromaffin cell precursors into the adrenal primordia. We further show that preganglionic axons and chromaffin cell precursors require class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3) signalling through neuropilins (NRP) to target the adrenal medulla. Thus, SEMA3 proteins serve as guidance cues to control formation of the adrenal neuroendocrine system by establishing appropriate connections between preganglionic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells that regulate the autonomic stress response. Summary: A new role is revealed for semaphorin/neuropilin signalling in guiding preganglionic sympathetic axons and chromaffin cell precursors into the adrenal primordia, ensuring correct regulation of the autonomic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia.,Medical School, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Mathew Tata
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Xiangjun Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew Joyce
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ceilidh Marchant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Natasha Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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25
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Shor E, Merdler U, Brosh I, Shoham S, Levenberg S. Induced neuro-vascular interactions robustly enhance functional attributes of engineered neural implants. Biomaterials 2018; 180:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Jardin N, Giudicelli F, Ten Martín D, Vitrac A, De Gois S, Allison R, Houart C, Reid E, Hazan J, Fassier C. BMP- and neuropilin 1-mediated motor axon navigation relies on spastin alternative translation. Development 2018; 145:dev.162701. [PMID: 30082270 PMCID: PMC6141775 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses of genes responsible for neurodegenerative disorders have unveiled crucial links between neurodegenerative processes and key developmental signalling pathways. Mutations in SPG4-encoding spastin cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Spastin is involved in diverse cellular processes that couple microtubule severing to membrane remodelling. Two main spastin isoforms are synthesised from alternative translational start sites (M1 and M87). However, their specific roles in neuronal development and homeostasis remain largely unknown. To selectively unravel their neuronal function, we blocked spastin synthesis from each initiation codon during zebrafish development and performed rescue analyses. The knockdown of each isoform led to different motor neuron and locomotion defects, which were not rescued by the selective expression of the other isoform. Notably, both morphant neuronal phenotypes were observed in a CRISPR/Cas9 spastin mutant. We next showed that M1 spastin, together with HSP proteins atlastin 1 and NIPA1, drives motor axon targeting by repressing BMP signalling, whereas M87 spastin acts downstream of neuropilin 1 to control motor neuron migration. Our data therefore suggest that defective BMP and neuropilin 1 signalling may contribute to the motor phenotype in a vertebrate model of spastin depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Giudicelli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie du Développement Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (LBD-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ten Martín
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Vitrac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie De Gois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Allison
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
| | - Corinne Houart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
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27
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Molecular specification of facial branchial motor neurons in vertebrates. Dev Biol 2018; 436:5-13. [PMID: 29391164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial muscles are critical for life-sustaining behaviors, such as feeding and breathing. Centuries of work by neuroanatomists and surgeons resulted in the mapping of bulbar motor neurons in the brainstem and the course of the cranial nerves that carry their axons. Despite the sophisticated understanding of the anatomy of the region, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the development and maturation of facial motor neurons remain poorly understood. This fundamental problem has been recently revisited by physiologists with novel techniques of studying the rhythmic contraction of orofacial muscles in relationship to breathing. The molecular understanding of facial motor neuron development will not only lead to the comprehension of the neural basis of facial expression but may also unlock new avenues to generate stem cell-derived replacements. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular programs involved in facial motor neuron generation, migration, and maturation, including neural circuit assembly.
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28
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Erskine L, François U, Denti L, Joyce A, Tillo M, Bruce F, Vargesson N, Ruhrberg C. VEGF-A and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) shape axon projections in the developing CNS via dual roles in neurons and blood vessels. Development 2017; 144:2504-2516. [PMID: 28676569 PMCID: PMC5536872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visual information is relayed from the eye to the brain via retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Mice lacking NRP1 or NRP1-binding VEGF-A isoforms have defective RGC axon organisation alongside brain vascular defects. It is not known whether axonal defects are caused exclusively by defective VEGF-A signalling in RGCs or are exacerbated by abnormal vascular morphology. Targeted NRP1 ablation in RGCs with a Brn3bCre knock-in allele reduced axonal midline crossing at the optic chiasm and optic tract fasciculation. In contrast, Tie2-Cre-mediated endothelial NRP1 ablation induced axon exclusion zones in the optic tracts without impairing axon crossing. Similar defects were observed in Vegfa120/120 and Vegfa188/188 mice, which have vascular defects as a result of their expression of single VEGF-A isoforms. Ectopic midline vascularisation in endothelial Nrp1 and Vegfa188/188 mutants caused additional axonal exclusion zones within the chiasm. As in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that vessels do not repel axons, abnormally large or ectopically positioned vessels are likely to present physical obstacles to axon growth. We conclude that proper axonal wiring during brain development depends on the precise molecular control of neurovascular co-patterning. Summary: NRP1 plays a dual role in retinal ganglion cells and in vascular endothelial cells to organise axons along the optic pathway between the mouse retina and diencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Urielle François
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Andy Joyce
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Freyja Bruce
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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29
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Neuropilin 1 sequestration by neuropathogenic mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase is permissive to vascular homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9216. [PMID: 28835631 PMCID: PMC5569042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which dominantly inherited mutations in the housekeeping gene GARS, which encodes glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), mediate selective peripheral nerve toxicity resulting in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) is still largely unresolved. The transmembrane receptor protein neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) was recently identified as an aberrant extracellular binding partner of mutant GlyRS. Formation of the Nrp1/mutant GlyRS complex antagonises Nrp1 interaction with one of its main natural ligands, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), contributing to neurodegeneration. However, reduced extracellular binding of VEGF-A to Nrp1 is known to disrupt post-natal blood vessel development and growth. We therefore analysed the vascular system at early and late symptomatic time points in CMT2D mouse muscles, retina, and sciatic nerve, as well as in embryonic hindbrain. Mutant tissues show no difference in blood vessel diameter, density/growth, and branching from embryonic development to three months, spanning the duration over which numerous sensory and neuromuscular phenotypes manifest. Our findings indicate that mutant GlyRS-mediated disruption of Nrp1/VEGF-A signalling is permissive to maturation and maintenance of the vasculature in CMT2D mice.
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30
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Carrasco P, Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Casanovas O. Sprouting strategies and dead ends in anti-angiogenic targeting of NETs. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R77-R91. [PMID: 28469004 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system. NETs are characterized by being highly vascularized tumors that produce large amounts of proangiogenic factors. Due to their complexity and heterogeneity, progress in the development of successful therapeutic approaches has been limited. For instance, standard chemotherapy-based therapies have proven to be poorly selective for tumor cells and toxic for normal tissues. Considering the urge to develop an efficient therapy to treat NET patients, vascular targeting has been proposed as a new approach to block tumor growth. This review provides an update of the mechanisms regulating different components of vessels and their contribution to tumor progression in order to develop new therapeutic drugs. Following the description of classical anti-angiogenic therapies that target VEGF pathway, new angiogenic targets such as PDGFs, EGFs, FGFs and semaphorins are further explored. Based on recent research in the field, the combination of therapies that target multiple and different components of vessel formation would be the best approach to specifically target NETs and inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carrasco
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Multifactorial causal model of brain (dis)organization and therapeutic intervention: Application to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage 2017; 152:60-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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32
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Lumb R, Buckberry S, Secker G, Lawrence D, Schwarz Q. Transcriptome profiling reveals expression signatures of cranial neural crest cells arising from different axial levels. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28407732 PMCID: PMC5390458 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique embryonic cell type which give rise to a diverse array of derivatives extending from neurons and glia through to bone and cartilage. Depending on their point of origin along the antero-posterior axis cranial NCCs are rapidly sorted into distinct migratory streams that give rise to axial specific structures. These migratory streams mirror the underlying segmentation of the brain with NCCs exiting the diencephalon and midbrain following distinct paths compared to those exiting the hindbrain rhombomeres (r). The genetic landscape of cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels remains unknown. Results Here we have used RNA sequencing to uncover the transcriptional profiles of mouse cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. Whole transcriptome analysis identified over 120 transcripts differentially expressed between NCCs arising anterior to r3 (referred to as r1-r2 migratory stream for simplicity) and the r4 migratory stream. Eight of the genes differentially expressed between these populations were validated by RT-PCR with 2 being further validated by in situ hybridisation. We also explored the expression of the Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2) and their co-receptors and show that the A-type Plexins are differentially expressed in different cranial NCC streams. Conclusions Our analyses identify a large number of genes differentially regulated between cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. This data provides a comprehensive description of the genetic landscape driving diversity of distinct cranial NCC streams and provides novel insight into the regulatory networks controlling the formation of specific skeletal elements and the mechanisms promoting migration along different paths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sam Buckberry
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Genevieve Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - David Lawrence
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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33
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Iida M, Fujii S, Uchida M, Nakamura H, Kagami Y, Agusa T, Hirano M, Bak SM, Kim EY, Iwata H. Identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways altered in TCDD-treated red seabream embryos by transcriptome analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:156-170. [PMID: 27288597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces a broad spectrum of toxic effects including craniofacial malformation and neural damage in fish embryos. These effects are mainly mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, the mode of action between TCDD-induced AHR activation and adverse outcomes is not yet understood. To provide a comprehensive picture of the AHR signaling pathway in fish embryos exposed to TCDD, red seabream (Pagrus major) embryos were treated with graded concentrations of TCDD (0.3-37nM) in seawater, or with a mixture of TCDD and 500nM CH223191, an AHR-specific antagonist. The transcriptome of red seabream embryos was analyzed using a custom-made microarray with 6000 probes specifically prepared for this species. A Jonckheere-Terpstra test was performed to screen for genes that demonstrated altered mRNA expression levels following TCDD exposure. The signals of 1217 genes (as human homologs) were significantly altered in a TCDD concentration-dependent manner (q-value<0.2). Notably, the TCDD-induced alteration in mRNA expression was alleviated by co-exposure to CH223191, suggesting that the mRNA expression level of these genes was regulated by AHR. To identify TCDD-activated pathways, the microarray data were further subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and functional protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. GSEA demonstrated that the effects of TCDD on sets of genes involved calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), actin cytoskeleton, chemokine, T cell receptor, melanoma, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), axon guidance, and renal cell carcinoma signaling pathways. These results suggest the hypotheses that TCDD induces immunosuppression via the calcium, MAPK, chemokine, and T cell receptor signaling pathways, neurotoxicity via VEGF signaling, and axon guidance alterations and teratogenicity via the dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton and melanoma and renal cell carcinoma signaling pathways. Furthermore, the PPI network analysis indicated that the adverse outcome pathways of TCDD in the embryos might be propagated through several hub genes such as cell division control protein 42, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Understanding these pathways potentially allows for exploring the adverse outcome pathway of the effects of TCDD on the red seabream embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Iida
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-0067, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyusyu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-0067, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Agusa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-0920, Japan.
| | - Masashi Hirano
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Su-Min Bak
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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Ochsenbein AM, Karaman S, Proulx ST, Berchtold M, Jurisic G, Stoeckli ET, Detmar M. Endothelial cell-derived semaphorin 3A inhibits filopodia formation by blood vascular tip cells. Development 2016; 143:589-94. [PMID: 26884395 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A is a well-known major chemoattractant driver of angiogenesis--the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. However, the repellent factors that fine-tune this angiogenic process remain poorly characterized. We investigated the expression and functional role of endothelial cell-derived semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) in retinal angiogenesis, using genetic mouse models. We found Sema3a mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer and the presence of Sema3A protein on larger blood vessels and at the growing front of blood vessels in neonatal retinas. The Sema3A receptors neuropilin-1 and plexin-A1 were expressed by retinal blood vessels. To study the endothelial cell-specific role of Sema3A, we generated endothelial cell-specific Sema3A knockout mouse strains by constitutive or inducible vascular endothelial cadherin-Cre-mediated gene disruption. We found that in neonatal retinas of these mice, both the number and the length of tip cell filopodia were significantly increased and the leading edge growth pattern was irregular. Retinal explant experiments showed that recombinant Sema3A significantly decreased VEGF-A-induced filopodia formation. Endothelial cell-specific knockout of Sema3A had no impact on blood vessel density or skin vascular leakage in adult mice. These findings indicate that endothelial cell-derived Sema3A exerts repelling functions on VEGF-A-induced tip cell filopodia and that a lack of this signaling cannot be rescued by paracrine sources of Sema3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Ochsenbein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Berchtold
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Jurisic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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Lange C, Storkebaum E, de Almodóvar CR, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a neurovascular target in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:439-54. [PMID: 27364743 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients, to establish a barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products. The archetypal vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, arose in evolution as a signal affecting neural cells, but was later co-opted by blood vessels to regulate vascular function. Consequently, VEGF represents an attractive target to modulate brain function at the neurovascular interface. On the one hand, VEGF is neuroprotective, through direct effects on neural cells and their progenitors and indirect effects on brain perfusion. In accordance, preclinical studies show beneficial effects of VEGF administration in neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral neuropathies and epilepsy. On the other hand, pathologically elevated VEGF levels enhance vessel permeability and leakage, and disrupt blood-brain barrier integrity, as in demyelinating diseases, for which blockade of VEGF may be beneficial. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the role and therapeutic potential of VEGF in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Storkebaum
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Roentgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology (KU Leuven) and Vesalius Research Center (VIB), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49 - 912, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Tillo M, Charoy C, Schwarz Q, Maden CH, Davidson K, Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. 2- and 6-O-sulfated proteoglycans have distinct and complementary roles in cranial axon guidance and motor neuron migration. Development 2016; 143:1907-13. [PMID: 27048738 PMCID: PMC4920156 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The correct migration and axon extension of neurons in the developing nervous system is essential for the appropriate wiring and function of neural networks. Here, we report that O-sulfotransferases, a class of enzymes that modify heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), are essential to regulate neuronal migration and axon development. We show that the 6-O-sulfotransferases HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 are essential for cranial axon patterning, whilst the 2-O-sulfotransferase HS2ST (also known as HS2ST1) is important to regulate the migration of facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons in the hindbrain. We have also investigated how HS2ST interacts with other signals in the hindbrain and show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling regulates FBM neuron migration in an HS2ST-dependent manner. Summary: 2-O-sulfated proteoglycans are essential for cranial motor neuron migration, whereas 6-O-sulfated proteoglycans regulate cranial axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Camille Charoy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Charlotte H Maden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK Yale Cardiovascular Research Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Wiszniak S, Harvey N, Schwarz Q. Cell autonomous roles of Nedd4 in craniofacial bone formation. Dev Biol 2016; 410:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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CMT2D neuropathy is linked to the neomorphic binding activity of glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Nature 2015; 526:710-4. [PMID: 26503042 PMCID: PMC4754353 DOI: 10.1038/nature15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuronal loss is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, which, counterintuitively, are often caused by mutations in widely expressed genes. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases are the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathies, for which there are no effective therapies. A subtype of these diseases--CMT type 2D (CMT2D)--is caused by dominant mutations in GARS, encoding the ubiquitously expressed enzyme glycyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (GlyRS). Despite the broad requirement of GlyRS for protein biosynthesis in all cells, mutations in this gene cause a selective degeneration of peripheral axons, leading to deficits in distal motor function. How mutations in GlyRS (GlyRS(CMT2D)) are linked to motor neuron vulnerability has remained elusive. Here we report that GlyRS(CMT2D) acquires a neomorphic binding activity that directly antagonizes an essential signalling pathway for motor neuron survival. We find that CMT2D mutations alter the conformation of GlyRS, enabling GlyRS(CMT2D) to bind the neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) receptor. This aberrant interaction competitively interferes with the binding of the cognate ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to Nrp1. Genetic reduction of Nrp1 in mice worsens CMT2D symptoms, whereas enhanced expression of VEGF improves motor function. These findings link the selective pathology of CMT2D to the neomorphic binding activity of GlyRS(CMT2D) that antagonizes the VEGF-Nrp1 interaction, and indicate that the VEGF-Nrp1 signalling axis is an actionable target for treating CMT2D.
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VEGF-B-Neuropilin-1 signaling is spatiotemporally indispensable for vascular and neuronal development in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5944-53. [PMID: 26483474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510245112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-B remain an enigma, and deletion of the Vegfb gene in mice lacks an overt phenotype. Here we show that knockdown of Vegfba, but not Vegfbb, in zebrafish embryos by specific morpholinos produced a lethal phenotype owing to vascular and neuronal defects in the brain. Vegfba morpholinos also markedly prevented development of hyaloid vasculatures in the retina, but had little effects on peripheral vascular development. Consistent with phenotypic defects, Vegfba, but not Vegfaa, mRNA was primarily expressed in the brain of developing zebrafish embryos. Interestingly, in situ detection of Neuropilin1 (Nrp1) mRNA showed an overlapping expression pattern with Vegfba, and knockdown of Nrp1 produced a nearly identically lethal phenotype as Vegfba knockdown. Furthermore, zebrafish VEGF-Ba protein directly bound to NRP1. Importantly, gain-of-function by exogenous delivery of mRNAs coding for NRP1-binding ligands VEGF-B or VEGF-A to the zebrafish embryos rescued the lethal phenotype by normalizing vascular development. Similarly, exposure of zebrafish embryos to hypoxia also rescued the Vegfba morpholino-induced vascular defects in the brain by increasing VEGF-A expression. Independent evidence of VEGF-A gain-of-function was provided by using a functionally defective Vhl-mutant zebrafish strain, which again rescued the Vegfba morpholino-induced vascular defects. These findings show that VEGF-B is spatiotemporally required for vascular development in zebrafish embryos and that NRP1, but not VEGFR1, mediates the essential signaling.
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40
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Iturria-Medina Y, Evans AC. On the central role of brain connectivity in neurodegenerative disease progression. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:90. [PMID: 26052284 PMCID: PMC4439541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased brain connectivity, in all its variants, is often considered an evolutionary advantage by mediating complex sensorimotor function and higher cognitive faculties. Interaction among components at all spatial scales, including genes, proteins, neurons, local neuronal circuits and macroscopic brain regions, are indispensable for such vital functions. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that, from the microscopic to the macroscopic levels, such connections might also be a conduit for in intra-brain disease spreading. For instance, cell-to-cell misfolded proteins (MP) transmission and neuronal toxicity are prominent connectivity-mediated factors in aging and neurodegeneration. This article offers an overview of connectivity dysfunctions associated with neurodegeneration, with a specific focus on how these may be central to both normal aging and the neuropathologic degenerative progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal, QC, Canada ; Ludmer Center for NeuroInformatics and Mental Health Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal, QC, Canada ; Ludmer Center for NeuroInformatics and Mental Health Montreal, QC, Canada
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41
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Kipryushina YO, Yakovlev KV, Odintsova NA. Vascular endothelial growth factors: A comparison between invertebrates and vertebrates. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:687-95. [PMID: 26066416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize recent data concerning the structure and role of the members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) families in the context of early development, organogenesis and regeneration, with a particular emphasis on the role of these factors in the development of invertebrates. Homologs of VEGF and/or VEGFR have been found in all Eumetazoa, in both Radiata and Bilateria, where they are expressed in the descendants of different germ layers and play a pivotal role in the development of animals with and without a vascular system. VEGF is a well-known angiogenesis regulator, but this factor also control cell migration during neurogenesis and the development of branching organs (the trachea) in invertebrate and vertebrate species. A possible explanation for the origin of Vegf/Vegfr in the animal kingdom and a pathway of Vegf/Vegfr evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia O Kipryushina
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky Str. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Konstantin V Yakovlev
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky Str. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nelly A Odintsova
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky Str. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
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Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex morphogenic event that relies on highly orchestrated interactions between multiple cell types. Since the first description of Meckel’s cartilage in the lower jaw more than 180 years ago, we have come to realize that expansion of this specialized structure underpins correct mandible development. Here we demonstrate that an intricate association between neural crest cells and blood vessels plays an important role in promoting chondrocyte proliferation and expansion of Meckel’s cartilage as a prerequisite of correct mandibular morphogenesis. These findings provide direct insight into the origins and potential treatments of highly prevalent disorders affecting the mandible. Jaw morphogenesis depends on the growth of Meckel’s cartilage during embryogenesis. However, the cell types and signals that promote chondrocyte proliferation for Meckel’s cartilage growth are poorly defined. Here we show that neural crest cells (NCCs) and their derivatives provide an essential source of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to enhance jaw vascularization and stabilize the major mandibular artery. We further show in two independent mouse models that blood vessels promote Meckel’s cartilage extension. Coculture experiments of arterial tissue with NCCs or chondrocytes demonstrated that NCC-derived VEGF promotes blood vessel growth and that blood vessels secrete factors to instruct chondrocyte proliferation. Computed tomography and X-ray scans of patients with hemifacial microsomia also showed that jaw hypoplasia correlates with mandibular artery dysgenesis. We conclude that cranial NCCs and their derivatives provide an essential source of VEGF to support blood vessel growth in the developing jaw, which in turn is essential for normal chondrocyte proliferation, and therefore jaw extension.
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43
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Rathod RS, Khaire AA, Kale AA, Joshi SR. Maternal omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation to a vitamin B
12
deficient diet normalizes angiogenic markers in the pup brain at birth. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richa S. Rathod
- Department of Nutritional MedicineInteractive Research School for Health AffairsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed UniversityPune Satara RoadPune411043India
| | - Amrita A. Khaire
- Department of Nutritional MedicineInteractive Research School for Health AffairsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed UniversityPune Satara RoadPune411043India
| | - Anvita A. Kale
- Department of Nutritional MedicineInteractive Research School for Health AffairsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed UniversityPune Satara RoadPune411043India
| | - Sadhana R. Joshi
- Department of Nutritional MedicineInteractive Research School for Health AffairsBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed UniversityPune Satara RoadPune411043India
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44
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Plein A, Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. Neuropilin regulation of angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vascular permeability. Microcirculation 2015; 21:315-23. [PMID: 24521511 PMCID: PMC4230468 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the cardiovasculature, consisting of both the heart and blood vessels, is a critical step in embryonic development and relies on three processes termed vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling. The transmembrane protein NRP1 is an essential modulator of embryonic angiogenesis with additional roles in vessel remodeling and arteriogenesis. NRP1 also enhances arteriogenesis in adults to alleviate pathological tissue ischemia. However, in certain circumstances, vascular NRP1 signaling can be detrimental, as it may promote cancer by enhancing tumor angiogenesis or contribute to tissue edema by increasing vascular permeability. Understanding the mechanisms of NRP1 signaling is, therefore, of profound importance for the design of therapies aiming to control vascular functions. Previous work has shown that vascular NRP1 can variably serve as a receptor for two secreted glycoproteins, the VEGF-A and SEMA3A, but it also has a poorly understood role as an adhesion receptor. Here, we review current knowledge of NRP1 function during blood vessel growth and homeostasis, with special emphasis on the vascular roles of its multiple ligands and signaling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Plein
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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45
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Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. The Embryonic Mouse Hindbrain and Postnatal Retina as In Vivo Models to Study Angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1332:177-188. [PMID: 26285754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2917-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, is a fundamental process for organ development, exercise-induced muscle growth, and wound healing, but is also associated with different diseases such as cancer and neovascular eye disease. Accordingly, elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiogenesis has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets to stimulate new vessel formation in ischemic tissues or inhibit pathological vessel growth in disease. This chapter describes the mouse embryo hindbrain and postnatal retina as models to study physiological angiogenesis and provides detailed protocols for tissue dissection, sample staining, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK,
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46
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Tillo M, Erskine L, Cariboni A, Fantin A, Joyce A, Denti L, Ruhrberg C. VEGF189 binds NRP1 and is sufficient for VEGF/NRP1-dependent neuronal patterning in the developing brain. Development 2014; 142:314-9. [PMID: 25519242 PMCID: PMC4302834 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA, VEGF) regulates neurovascular patterning. Alternative splicing of the Vegfa gene gives rise to three major isoforms termed VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189. VEGF165 binds the transmembrane protein neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and promotes the migration, survival and axon guidance of subsets of neurons, whereas VEGF121 cannot activate NRP1-dependent neuronal responses. By contrast, the role of VEGF189 in NRP1-mediated signalling pathways has not yet been examined. Here, we have combined expression studies and in situ ligand-binding assays with the analysis of genetically altered mice and in vitro models to demonstrate that VEGF189 can bind NRP1 and promote NRP1-dependent neuronal responses. Summary: Although VEGF165 was thought to be the sole VEGF isoform acting through neuropilin 1 (NRP1), VEGF189 also binds to and signals through NRP1 in several types of developing mouse neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Andy Joyce
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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47
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Lumb R, Wiszniak S, Kabbara S, Scherer M, Harvey N, Schwarz Q. Neuropilins define distinct populations of neural crest cells. Neural Dev 2014; 9:24. [PMID: 25363691 PMCID: PMC4233049 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient embryonic cell type that give rise to a wide spectrum of derivatives, including neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous system, melanocytes and connective tissues in the head. Lineage-tracing and functional studies have shown that trunk NCCs migrate along two distinct paths that correlate with different developmental fates. Thus, NCCs migrating ventrally through the anterior somite form sympathetic and sensory ganglia, whereas NCCs migrating dorsolaterally form melanocytes. Although the mechanisms promoting migration along the dorsolateral path are well defined, the molecules providing positional identity to sympathetic and sensory-fated NCCs that migrate along the same ventral path are ill defined. Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2) are transmembrane glycoproteins that are essential for NCC migration. Nrp1 and Nrp2 knockout mice have disparate phenotypes, suggesting that these receptors may play a role in sorting NCCs biased towards sensory and sympathetic fates to appropriate locations. Results Here we have combined in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry and lineage-tracing analyses to demonstrate that neuropilins are expressed in a non-overlapping pattern within NCCs. Whereas Nrp1 is expressed in NCCs emigrating from hindbrain rhombomere 4 (r4) and within trunk NCCs giving rise to sympathetic and sensory ganglia, Nrp2 is preferentially expressed in NCCs emigrating from r2 and in trunk NCCs giving rise to sensory ganglia. By generating a tamoxifen-inducible lineage-tracing system, we further demonstrate that Nrp2-expressing NCCs specifically populate sensory ganglia including the trigeminal ganglia (V) in the head and the dorsal root ganglia in the trunk. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that Nrp1 and Nrp2 are expressed in different populations of NCCs, and that Nrp2-expressing NCCs are strongly biased towards a sensory fate. In the trunk, Nrp2-expressing NCCs specifically give rise to sensory ganglia, whereas Nrp1-expressing NCCs likely give rise to both sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Our findings therefore suggest that neuropilins play an essential role in coordinating NCC migration with fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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48
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Tillo M, Schwarz Q, Ruhrberg C. Mouse hindbrain ex vivo culture to study facial branchiomotor neuron migration. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24686480 PMCID: PMC4032788 DOI: 10.3791/51397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurons are born in the ventricular zone of the brain, but subsequently migrate to new destinations to reach appropriate targets. Deciphering the molecular signals that cooperatively guide neuronal migration in the embryonic brain is therefore important to understand how the complex neural networks form which later support postnatal life. Facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons in the mouse embryo hindbrain migrate from rhombomere (r) 4 caudally to form the paired facial nuclei in the r6-derived region of the hindbrain. Here we provide a detailed protocol for wholemount ex vivo culture of mouse embryo hindbrains suitable to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate FBM migration. In this method, hindbrains of E11.5 mouse embryos are dissected and cultured in an open book preparation on cell culture inserts for 24 hr. During this time, FBM neurons migrate caudally towards r6 and can be exposed to function-blocking antibodies and small molecules in the culture media or heparin beads loaded with recombinant proteins to examine roles for signaling pathways implicated in guiding neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London; Department of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia
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49
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Keifer OP, O'Connor DM, Boulis NM. Gene and protein therapies utilizing VEGF for ALS. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:261-71. [PMID: 24177067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is usually fatal within 2-5years. Unfortunately, the only treatment currently available is riluzole, which has a limited efficacy. As a redress, there is an expanding literature focusing on other potential treatments. One such potential treatment option utilizes the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, which includes factors that are primarily associated with angiogenesis but are now increasingly recognized to have neurotrophic effects. Reduced expression of a member of this family, VEGF-A, in mice results in neurodegeneration similar to that of ALS, while treatment of animal models of ALS with either VEGF-A gene therapy or VEGF-A protein has yielded positive therapeutic outcomes. These basic research findings raise the potential for a VEGF therapy to be translated to the clinic for the treatment of ALS. This review covers the VEGF family, its receptors and neurotrophic effects as well as VEGF therapy in animal models of ALS and advances towards clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion P Keifer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Deirdre M O'Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Lladó J, Tolosa L, Olmos G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of VEGF on motoneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:181. [PMID: 24155688 PMCID: PMC3803143 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally described as a factor with a regulatory role in vascular growth and development, it is also known for its direct effects on neuronal cells. The discovery in the past decade that transgenic mice expressing reduced levels of VEGF developed late-onset motoneuron pathology, reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), opened a new field of research on this disease. VEGF has been shown to protect motoneurons from excitotoxic death, which is a relevant mechanism involved in motoneuron degeneration in ALS. Thus, VEGF delays motoneuron degeneration and increases survival in animal models of ALS. VEGF exerts its anti-excitotoxic effects on motoneurons through molecular mechanisms involving the VEGF receptor-2 resulting in the activation of the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway, upregulation of GluR2 subunit of AMPA receptors, inhibition of p38MAPK, and induction of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. In addition, VEGF acts on astrocytes to reduce astroglial activation and to induce the release of growth factors. The potential use of VEGF as a therapeutic tool in ALS is counteracted by its vascular effects and by its short effective time frame. More studies are needed to assess the optimal isoform, route of administration, and time frame for using VEGF in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerònia Lladó
- Grup de Neurobiologia Celular, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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