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Zhou H, Liu L, Pang Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Ma F, Jin P, Zhou X. Relish-mediated C2H2 zinc finger protein IMZF restores Drosophila immune homeostasis via inhibiting the transcription of Imd/Tak1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 170:104138. [PMID: 38762126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The dysregulation of intensity and duration in innate immunity can result in detrimental effects on the body, emphasizing the crucial need for precise regulation. However, the intricate and accurate nature of innate immunity implies the existence of numerous undiscovered innate immunomodulators, particularly transcription factors. In this study, we have identified a Drosophila C2H2 zinc finger protein CG18262, named Immune-mediated Zinc Finger protein (IMZF), capable of suppressing immune responses of Imd pathway. Mechanistically, IMZF serves as a transcription factor that represses the expression of Imd and Tak1. Intriguingly, our findings also reveal that Relish, an NF-κB transcription factor, positively regulates the expression of IMZF, consequently inhibiting the activation of Imd and Tak1 to prevent an exaggerated immune response. Additionally, we have elucidated the pivotal role played by the Relish-IMZF-Imd/Tak1 axis in restoring immune homeostasis of Drosophila Imd pathway. In summary, our findings not only unveil a novel C2H2 zinc finger immunoregulatory transcription factor, IMZF, along with its specific mechanism of immune regulation, but also shed light on the dual functionality of Relish in different stages of the immune response by modulating distinct effectors. This discovery provides new insights and enlightenment into the complex regulation of Drosophila innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yujia Pang
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yina Xu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Psychology, College of Victoria College, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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2
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Liang W, Liu W, Xiong XP, Li JW, Li JL, Perera RJ, Zhou R. The circular RNA circATP8B(2) regulates ROS production and antiviral immunity in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113973. [PMID: 38507406 PMCID: PMC11081091 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We identified and validated a collection of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that depletion of the pro-viral circRNA circATP8B(2), but not its linear siblings, compromises viral infection both in cultured Drosophila cells and in vivo. In addition, circATP8B(2) is enriched in the fly gut, and gut-specific depletion of circATP8B(2) attenuates viral replication in an oral infection model. Furthermore, circATP8B(2) depletion results in increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced expression of dual oxidase (Duox), which produces ROS. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of circATP8B(2)-depleted flies that reduce ROS levels rescue the viral replication defects elicited by circATP8B(2) depletion. Mechanistically, circATP8B(2) associates with Duox, and circATP8B(2)-Duox interaction is crucial for circATP8B(2)-mediated modulation of Duox activity. In addition, Gαq, a G protein subunit required for optimal Duox activity, acts downstream of circATP8B(2). We conclude that circATP8B(2) regulates antiviral defense by modulating Duox expression and Duox-dependent ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Liang
- Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, & Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, & Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer W Li
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, & Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rui Zhou
- Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, & Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Liu XL, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu YP, Ze LJ, Zhang HN, Lu M. Relish involved in immunity and larval survival in the willow leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38507262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects mainly rely on innate immunity against pathogen infection. Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a worldwide leaf-eating forest pest in salicaceous trees. However, the mechanisms behind the immunodeficiency pathway (IMD) remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we obtained a Relish gene from transcriptome analysis. Tissue and instar expression profiles were subsequently obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that Relish has high expression levels in eggs, larvae and adults, and especially in fat bodies. Transcripts of the tested antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), defensin1, defensin2 and attacin2 were downregulated by dsRelish. Knockdown of Relish led to greater mortality in larvae after Staphylococcus aureus infection. In addition, we performed bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA-based high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was significantly altered after dsRelish ingestion. CONCLUSION This study provides a greater understanding of the IMD signaling pathway, facilitating functional studies of Relish in P. versicolora. Moreover, a genetic pest management technique might be developed using Relish as a lethal gene to control the pest P. versicolora. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Ji Ze
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Hu Y, Kong F, Guo H, Hua Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Qadeer A, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Ji S. Drosophila eIF3f1 mediates host immune defense by targeting dTak1. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1415-1435. [PMID: 38279019 PMCID: PMC10933477 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors have long been recognized for their critical roles in governing the translation of coding RNAs into peptides/proteins. However, whether they harbor functional activities at the post-translational level remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that eIF3f1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit f1), which encodes an archetypal deubiquitinase, is essential for the antimicrobial innate immune defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that the immunological function of eIF3f1 is dependent on the N-terminal JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzymes) domain. Mechanistically, eIF3f1 physically associates with dTak1 (Drosophila TGF-beta activating kinase 1), a key regulator of the IMD (immune deficiency) signaling pathway, and mediates the turnover of dTak1 by specifically restricting its K48-linked ubiquitination. Collectively, these results provide compelling insight into a noncanonical molecular function of a translation initiation factor that controls the post-translational modification of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Wannan Medical College, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Fanrui Kong
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhi Hua
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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5
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Aalto AL, Luukkonen V, Meinander A. Ubiquitin signalling in Drosophila innate immune responses. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38069549 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate immune response is required for the cell and the organism to recover, excess immune activation may lead to loss of homeostasis, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and cancer progression. The molecular basis of innate immune defence is comprised of factors promoting survival and proliferation, such as cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-apoptotic proteins. As the molecular mechanisms regulating innate immune responses are conserved through evolution, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a convenient, affordable and ethical model organism to enhance understanding of immune signalling. Fly immunity against bacterial infection is built up by both cellular and humoral responses, where the latter is regulated by the Imd and Toll pathways activating NF-κB transcription factors Relish, Dorsal and Dif, as well as JNK activation and JAK/STAT signalling. As in mammals, the Drosophila innate immune signalling pathways are characterised by ubiquitination of signalling molecules followed by ubiquitin receptors binding to the ubiquitin chains, as well as by rapid changes in protein levels by ubiquitin-mediated targeted proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we summarise the molecular signalling pathways regulating immune responses to pathogen infection in Drosophila, with a focus on ubiquitin-dependent control of innate immunity and inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Veera Luukkonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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6
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Aalto AL, Saadabadi A, Lindholm F, Kietz C, Himmelroos E, Marimuthu P, Salo-Ahen OMH, Eklund P, Meinander A. Stilbenoid compounds inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses in the Drosophila intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253805. [PMID: 37809071 PMCID: PMC10556681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stilbenoid compounds have been described to have anti-inflammatory properties in animal models in vivo, and have been shown to inhibit Ca2+-influx through the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TrpA1). Methods To study how stilbenoid compounds affect inflammatory signaling in vivo, we have utilized the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model system. To induce intestinal inflammation in the fly, we have fed flies with the intestinal irritant dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Results We found that DSS induces severe changes in the bacteriome of the Drosophila intestine, and that this dysbiosis causes activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. We have taken advantage of the DSS-model to study the anti-inflammatory properties of the stilbenoid compounds pinosylvin (PS) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSMME). With the help of in vivo approaches, we have identified PS and PSMME to be transient receptor ankyrin 1 (TrpA1)-dependent antagonists of NF-κB-mediated intestinal immune responses in Drosophila. We have also computationally predicted the putative antagonist binding sites of these compounds at Drosophila TrpA1. Discussion Taken together, we show that the stilbenoids PS and PSMME have anti-inflammatory properties in vivo in the intestine and can be used to alleviate chemically induced intestinal inflammation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Aalto
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Atefeh Saadabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Lindholm
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Christa Kietz
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Emmy Himmelroos
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Parthiban Marimuthu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Eklund
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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7
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Li J, Mao Y, Yi J, Lin M, Xu H, Cheng Y, Wu H, Liu J. Induced expression modes of genes related to Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway-mediated immune response in Spodoptera frugiperda infected with Beauveria bassiana. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1249662. [PMID: 37693000 PMCID: PMC10484109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1249662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most harmful pests that attack maize and other major food crops and causes huge economic loss every year in China and other countries and regions. Beauveria bassiana, a kind of entomological fungus that is highly pathogenic to pests, is harmless to the environment and human beings. However, at present, S. frugiperda has gradually developed resistance to many pesticides and microbial insecticides. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was conducted to analyze the differences in gene expression between B. bassiana-infected and -uninfected S. frugiperda. More than 160 Gb of clean data were obtained as 150-bp paired-end reads using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform, and 2,767 and 2,892 DEGs were identified in LH36vsCK36 and LH144vsCK144, respectively. In order to explore the roles of JAK/STAT, Toll, and Imd signaling pathways in antifungal immune response in S. frugiperda against B. bassiana infection, the expression patterns of those signaling pathway-related genes in B. bassiana-infected S. frugiperda were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, antifungal activity experiments revealed that the suppression of JAK/STAT, Toll, and Imd signaling pathways by inhibitors could inhibit the antifungal activity to a large extent and lead to increased sensitivity of S. frugiperda to B. bassiana infection, indicating that JAK/STAT, Toll, and Imd signaling pathways and their associated genes might be involved in the synthesis and secretion of antifungal substances. This study implied that JAK/STAT, Toll, and Imd signaling pathways played crucial roles in the antifungal immune response of the S. frugiperda larvae, in which the related genes of these signaling pathways could play special regulatory roles in signal transduction. This study would improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying innate immunity and provide the basis for a wide spectrum of strategies against antifungal resistance of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han Wu
- Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbai Liu
- Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Abstract
Endocrine signaling networks control diverse biological processes and life history traits across metazoans. In both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, steroid hormones regulate immune system function in response to intrinsic and environmental stimuli, such as microbial infection. The mechanisms of this endocrine-immune regulation are complex and constitute an ongoing research endeavor facilitated by genetically tractable animal models. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major steroid hormone in arthropods, primarily studied for its essential role in mediating developmental transitions and metamorphosis; 20E also modulates innate immunity in a variety of insect taxa. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of 20E-mediated innate immune responses. The prevalence of correlations between 20E-driven developmental transitions and innate immune activation are summarized across a range of holometabolous insects. Subsequent discussion focuses on studies conducted using the extensive genetic resources available in Drosophila that have begun to reveal the mechanisms underlying 20E regulation of immunity in the contexts of both development and bacterial infection. Lastly, I propose directions for future research into 20E regulation of immunity that will advance our knowledge of how interactive endocrine networks coordinate animals' physiological responses to environmental microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Keith
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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9
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Collins QP, Grunsted MJ, Arcila D, Xiong Y, Padash Barmchi M. Transcriptomic analysis provides insight into the mechanism of IKKβ-mediated suppression of HPV18E6-induced cellular abnormalities. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad020. [PMID: 36722216 PMCID: PMC10085804 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) 16 and 18 are responsible for more than 70% of cervical cancers and majority of other HPV-associated cancers world-wide. Current treatments for these cancers have limited efficacy, which in turn has resulted in disease recurrence and poor survival rates in advanced disease stages. Hence, there is a significant need for development of novel molecularly-targeted therapeutics. This can only be achieved through improved understanding of disease mechanism. Recently, we developed a Drosophila model of HPV18E6 plus human E3 ubiquitin ligase (hUBE3A) and demonstrated that the E6-induced cellular abnormalities are conserved between humans and flies. Subsequently, we demonstrated that reduced level and activity of IKKβ, a regulator of NF-κB, suppresses the cellular abnormalities induced by E6 oncoprotein and that the interaction of IKKβ and E6 is conserved in human cells. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis to identify differentially expressed genes that play a role in IKKβ-mediated suppression of E6-induced defects. Transcriptome analysis identified 215 genes whose expression was altered due to reduced levels of IKKβ. Of these 215 genes, 151 genes showed annotations. These analyses were followed by functional genetic interaction screen using RNAi, overexpression, and mutant fly strains for identified genes. The screen identified several genes including genes involved in Hippo and Toll pathways as well as junctional complexes whose downregulation or upregulation resulted in alterations of E6-induced defects. Subsequently, RT-PCR analysis was performed for validation of altered gene expression level for a few representative genes. Our results indicate an involvement for Hippo and Toll pathways in IKKβ-mediated suppression of E6 + hUBE3A-induced cellular abnormalities. Therefore, this study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying HPV-induced cancer and can potentially lead to identification of novel drug targets for cancers associated with HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy P Collins
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yi Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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10
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Bland ML. Regulating metabolism to shape immune function: Lessons from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 138:128-141. [PMID: 35440411 PMCID: PMC10617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic microbes is a severe threat that hosts manage by activating the innate immune response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll and Imd signaling pathways are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate cellular and humoral immune processes that neutralize and kill invaders. The Toll and Imd signaling pathways operate in organs such as fat body and gut that control host nutrient metabolism, and infections or genetic activation of Toll and Imd signaling also induce wide-ranging changes in host lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Metabolic regulation by immune signaling can confer resistance to or tolerance of infection, but it can also lead to pathology and susceptibility to infection. These immunometabolic phenotypes are described in this review, as are changes in endocrine signaling and gene regulation that mediate survival during infection. Future work in the field is anticipated to determine key variables such as sex, dietary nutrients, life stage, and pathogen characteristics that modify immunometabolic phenotypes and, importantly, to uncover the mechanisms used by the immune system to regulate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States.
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11
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Kietz C, Meinander A. Drosophila caspases as guardians of host-microbe interactions. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:227-236. [PMID: 35810247 PMCID: PMC9950452 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact cell death machinery is not only crucial for successful embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, but participates also in the defence against pathogens and contributes to a balanced immune response. Centrally involved in the regulation of both cell death and inflammatory immune responses is the evolutionarily conserved family of cysteine proteases named caspases. The Drosophila melanogaster genome encodes for seven caspases, several of which display dual functions, participating in apoptotic signalling and beyond. Among the Drosophila caspases, the caspase-8 homologue Dredd has a well-characterised role in inflammatory signalling activated by bacterial infections, and functions as a driver of NF-κB-mediated immune responses. Regarding the other Drosophila caspases, studies focusing on tissue-specific immune signalling and host-microbe interactions have recently revealed immunoregulatory functions of the initiator caspase Dronc and the effector caspase Drice. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the signalling cascades involved in the Drosophila humoral innate immune response against pathogens and of their caspase-mediated regulation. Furthermore, the apoptotic role of caspases during antibacterial and antiviral immune activation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Kietz
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku, Finland.
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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12
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Differential Expression of Immune Genes in the Rhipicephalus microplus Gut in Response to Theileria equi Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121478. [PMID: 36558812 PMCID: PMC9782190 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the only tick species known to serve as a biological vector of Theileria equi for horses and other equids in Brazil. The protozoan T. equi is one of the causal agents of equine piroplasmosis, a major threat in horse breeding systems. Vector competence is closely linked to the pathogens' ability to evade tick defense mechanisms. However, knowledge of tick immune response against infections by hemoparasites of the Theileria genus is scarce. In the present study, the expression of genes involved in immune signaling pathways of R. microplus adults' guts when challenged with a high or low parasitic load of T. equi was evaluated. This research demonstrates divergences in the immune gene expression pattern linked to T. equi infection in R. microplus since the Toll, IMD, and JNK signaling pathways were transcriptionally repressed in the guts of adult ticks infected with T. equi. Moreover, the results showed that different infectious doses of T. equi induce differential gene expression of key components of immune signaling cascades in R. microplus gut, suggesting a link between the intensity of infection and the activation of tick immunity response. The present study adds knowledge to elucidate the gut immune signaling response of R. microplus to T. equi infection. In addition, the generated data can serve as a basis for further investigations to develop strategies for controlling and preventing equine piroplasmosis.
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Duffield KR, Foquet B, Stasko JA, Hunt J, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK, Ramirez JL. Induction of Multiple Immune Signaling Pathways in Gryllodes sigillatus Crickets during Overt Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122712. [PMID: 36560716 PMCID: PMC9786821 DOI: 10.3390/v14122712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of focus on crickets (family: Gryllidae) as a popular commodity and model organism, we still know very little about their immune responses to microbial pathogens. Previous studies have measured downstream immune effects (e.g., encapsulation response, circulating hemocytes) following an immune challenge in crickets, but almost none have identified and quantified the expression of immune genes during an active pathogenic infection. Furthermore, the prevalence of covert (i.e., asymptomatic) infections within insect populations is becoming increasingly apparent, yet we do not fully understand the mechanisms that maintain low viral loads. In the present study, we measured the expression of several genes across multiple immune pathways in Gryllodes sigillatus crickets with an overt or covert infection of cricket iridovirus (CrIV). Crickets with overt infections had higher relative expression of key pathway component genes across the Toll, Imd, Jak/STAT, and RNAi pathways. These results suggests that crickets can tolerate low viral infections but can mount a robust immune response during an overt CrIV infection. Moreover, this study provides insight into the immune strategy of crickets following viral infection and will aid future studies looking to quantify immune investment and improve resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bert Foquet
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - Judith A. Stasko
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Ben M. Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - José L. Ramirez
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Lu MY, Chtarbanova S. The role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of Drosophila melanogaster's innate immunity. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:382-396. [PMID: 36412256 PMCID: PMC9683055 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2149204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs ~19-22 nt long which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Their ability to exhibit dynamic expression patterns coupled with their wide variety of targets allows miRNAs to regulate many processes, including the innate immune response of Drosophila melanogaster. Recent studies have identified miRNAs in Drosophila which are differentially expressed during infection with different pathogens as well as miRNAs that may affect immune signalling when differentially expressed. This review provides an overview of miRNAswhich have been identified to play a role in the immune response of Drosophila through targeting of the Toll and IMD signalling pathways and other immune processes. It will also explore the role of miRNAs in fine-tuning the immune response in Drosophila and highlight current gaps in knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in immunity and areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Yang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Stanislava Chtarbanova
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA,Center for Convergent Bioscience & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA,Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA,CONTACT Stanislava Chtarbanova Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Alabama, 300, Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL-35487, USA
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15
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Kinoshita S, Takarada K, Kinoshita Y, Inoue YH. Drosophila hemocytes recognize lymph gland tumors of mxc mutants and activate the innate immune pathway in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Biol Open 2022; 11:277211. [PMID: 36226812 PMCID: PMC9641529 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of cancer cell recognition and elimination by the innate immune system remains unclear. The immune signaling pathways are activated in the fat body to suppress the tumor growth in mxcmbn1 hematopoietic tumor mutants in Drosophila by inducing antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism underlying the activation in the mutant. Firstly, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the hemocytes due to induction of dual oxidase and one of its activators. This was required for the AMP induction and the tumor growth suppression. Next, more hemocytes transplanted from normal larvae were associated with the mutant tumor than normal lymph glands (LGs). Matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (MMP2) were highly expressed in the tumors. The basement membrane components in the tumors were reduced and ultimately lost inside. Depletion of the MMP2 rather than MMP1 resulted in a significantly reduced AMP expression in the mutant larvae. The hemocytes may recognize the disassembly of basement membrane in the tumors and activate the ROS production. Our findings highlight the mechanism via which macrophage-like hemocytes recognize tumor cells and subsequently convey the information to induce AMPs in the fat body. They contribute to uncover the role of innate immune system against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuko Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takarada
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan,Author for correspondence ()
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Ma L, Liu S, Lu P, Yan X, Hao C, Wang H, Wei J, Qie X, Lu Z. The IMD pathway in Hemipteran: A comparative analysis and discussion. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104513. [PMID: 35977558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary patterns of the genes in the IMD pathway in hemipterans were characterized and compared. The hemipteran insects were clustered into two groups. One group that encompasses whitefly, plant lice, and scale insect partially lacks the IMD pathway and all antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, with the vast majority of IMD pathway and all AMP genes being absent in aphids. The reasons for the absence of the IMD pathway and AMP genes in hemipterans were analyzed based on aphids, in terms of fitness costs. In case of limited resources, aphids have to make a trade-off between the necessary costs such as clean food sources, the essential amino acids supplied by primary bacterial symbionts for survival, nutrients and/or protections against stress provided by secondary symbionts, and the high reproductive capacity, and the costs that do not increase the fitness. Obviously, aphids have to abandon the strong immune system, especially the AMPs and IMD pathway which is mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. The common ground shared with aphids may be the reason for the absence of the IMD pathway and AMP genes in other hemipteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030801, China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xizhong Yan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Chi Hao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Xingtao Qie
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Liu W, Liang W, Xiong XP, Li JL, Zhou R. A circular RNA Edis-Relish-castor axis regulates neuronal development in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010433. [PMID: 36301831 PMCID: PMC9612563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new group of noncoding/regulatory RNAs that are particularly abundant in the nervous system, however, their physiological functions are underexplored. Here we report that the brain-enriched circular RNA Edis (Ect4-derived immune suppressor) plays an essential role in neuronal development in Drosophila. We show that depletion of Edis in vivo causes defects in axonal projection patterns of mushroom body (MB) neurons in the brain, as well as impaired locomotor activity and shortened lifespan of adult flies. In addition, we find that the castor gene, which encodes a transcription factor involved in neurodevelopment, is upregulated in Edis knockdown neurons. Notably, castor overexpression phenocopies Edis knockdown, and reducing castor levels suppresses the neurodevelopmental phenotypes in Edis-depleted neurons. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that the transcription factor Relish, which plays a key role in regulating innate immunity signaling, occupies a pair of sites at the castor promoter, and that both sites are required for optimal castor gene activation by either immune challenge or Edis depletion. Lastly, Relish mutation and/or depletion can rescue both the castor gene hyperactivation phenotype and neuronal defects in Edis knockdown animals. We conclude that the circular RNA Edis acts through Relish and castor to regulate neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Weihong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Petronio Petronio G, Pietrangelo L, Cutuli MA, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Guarnieri A, Abate GA, Yewhalaw D, Davinelli S, Di Marco R. Emerging Evidence on Tenebrio molitor Immunity: A Focus on Gene Expression Involved in Microbial Infection for Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1983. [PMID: 36296259 PMCID: PMC9611967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific community's interest in T. molitor as an insect model to investigate immunity and host-pathogen interactions has considerably increased. The reasons for this growing interest could be explained by the peculiar features of this beetle, which offers various advantages compared to other invertebrates models commonly used in laboratory studies. Thus, this review aimed at providing a broad view of the T. molitor immune system in light of the new scientific evidence on the developmental/tissue-specific gene expression studies related to microbial infection. In addition to the well-known cellular component and humoral response process, several studies investigating the factors associated with T. molitor immune response or deepening of those already known have been reported. However, various aspects remain still less understood, namely the possible crosstalk between the immune deficiency protein and Toll pathways and the role exerted by T. molitor apolipoprotein III in the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, further research is required for T. molitor to be recommended as an alternative insect model for pathogen-host interaction and immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Getnet Atinafu Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
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Xiong XP, Liang W, Liu W, Xu S, Li JL, Tito A, Situ J, Martinez D, Wu C, Perera RJ, Zhang S, Zhou R. The circular RNA Edis regulates neurodevelopment and innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010429. [PMID: 36301822 PMCID: PMC9612488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in eukaryotes. However, only a subset has been functionally characterized. We identify and validate a collection of circRNAs in Drosophila, and show that depletion of the brain-enriched circRNA Edis (circ_Ect4) causes hyperactivation of antibacterial innate immunity both in cultured cells and in vivo. Notably, Edis depleted flies display heightened resistance to bacterial infection and enhanced pathogen clearance. Conversely, ectopic Edis expression blocks innate immunity signaling. In addition, inactivation of Edis in vivo leads to impaired locomotor activity and shortened lifespan. Remarkably, these phenotypes can be recapitulated with neuron-specific depletion of Edis, accompanied by defective neurodevelopment. Furthermore, inactivation of Relish suppresses the innate immunity hyperactivation phenotype in the fly brain. Moreover, we provide evidence that Edis encodes a functional protein that associates with and compromises the processing and activation of the immune transcription factor Relish. Importantly, restoring Edis expression or ectopic expression of Edis-encoded protein suppresses both innate immunity and neurodevelopment phenotypes elicited by Edis depletion. Thus, our study establishes Edis as a key regulator of neurodevelopment and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Weihong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonio Tito
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Situ
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ranjan J. Perera
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Programs in Genetics & Epigenetics and Neuroscience, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhou
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
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Ogienko AA, Omelina ES, Bylino OV, Batin MA, Georgiev PG, Pindyurin AV. Drosophila as a Model Organism to Study Basic Mechanisms of Longevity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911244. [PMID: 36232546 PMCID: PMC9569508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression determines the fate and function of various cells and tissues and, as a consequence, the correct development and functioning of complex organisms. Certain mechanisms of gene activity regulation provide adequate cell responses to changes in environmental factors. Aside from gene expression disorders that lead to various pathologies, alterations of expression of particular genes were shown to significantly decrease or increase the lifespan in a wide range of organisms from yeast to human. Drosophila fruit fly is an ideal model system to explore mechanisms of longevity and aging due to low cost, easy handling and maintenance, large number of progeny per adult, short life cycle and lifespan, relatively low number of paralogous genes, high evolutionary conservation of epigenetic mechanisms and signalling pathways, and availability of a wide range of tools to modulate gene expression in vivo. Here, we focus on the organization of the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways whose components significantly influence the aging process and on the interconnections of these pathways with gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Ogienko
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S. Omelina
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Bylino
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Batin
- Open Longevity, 15260 Ventura Blvd., Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, CA 91403, USA
| | - Pavel G. Georgiev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Department of Regulation of Genetic Processes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-90-42
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Aalto A, Martínez‐Chacón G, Kietz C, Tsyganova N, Kreutzer J, Kallio P, Broemer M, Meinander A. M1-linked ubiquitination facilitates NF-κB activation and survival during sterile inflammation. FEBS J 2022; 289:5180-5197. [PMID: 35263507 PMCID: PMC9543601 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methionine 1 (M1)-linked ubiquitination plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling and is important for clearance of pathogen infection in Drosophila melanogaster. M1-linked ubiquitin (M1-Ub) chains are assembled by the linear ubiquitin E3 ligase (LUBEL) in flies. Here, we have studied the role of LUBEL in sterile inflammation induced by different types of cellular stresses. We have found that the LUBEL catalyses formation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxic, oxidative and mechanical stress conditions. LUBEL is shown to be important for flies to survive low oxygen conditions and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. This protective action seems to be driven by stress-induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish via the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. In addition to LUBEL, the intracellular mediators of Relish activation, including the transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 (Tak1), Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) Diap2, the IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) Kenny and the initiator caspase Death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like protein (Dredd), but not the membrane receptor peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LC, are shown to be required for sterile inflammatory response and survival. Finally, we showed that the stress-induced upregulation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxia, oxidative and mechanical stress is also induced in mammalian cells and protects from stress-induced cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that M1-Ub chains are important for NF-κB signalling in inflammation induced by stress conditions often observed in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi University, BioCityTurkuFinland
| | | | - Christa Kietz
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi University, BioCityTurkuFinland
| | - Nadezhda Tsyganova
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi University, BioCityTurkuFinland
| | - Joose Kreutzer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyBioMediTechTampere UniversityFinland
| | - Pasi Kallio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyBioMediTechTampere UniversityFinland
| | - Meike Broemer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell BiologyÅbo Akademi University, BioCityTurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
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22
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Benoit I, Di Curzio D, Civetta A, Douville RN. Drosophila as a Model for Human Viral Neuroinfections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172685. [PMID: 36078091 PMCID: PMC9454636 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human neurological infection faces many technical and ethical challenges. While not as common as mammalian models, the use of Drosophila (fruit fly) in the investigation of virus–host dynamics is a powerful research tool. In this review, we focus on the benefits and caveats of using Drosophila as a model for neurological infections and neuroimmunity. Through the examination of in vitro, in vivo and transgenic systems, we highlight select examples to illustrate the use of flies for the study of exogenous and endogenous viruses associated with neurological disease. In each case, phenotypes in Drosophila are compared to those in human conditions. In addition, we discuss antiviral drug screening in flies and how investigating virus–host interactions may lead to novel antiviral drug targets. Together, we highlight standardized and reproducible readouts of fly behaviour, motor function and neurodegeneration that permit an accurate assessment of neurological outcomes for the study of viral infection in fly models. Adoption of Drosophila as a valuable model system for neurological infections has and will continue to guide the discovery of many novel virus–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Benoit
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Domenico Di Curzio
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Alberto Civetta
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
| | - Renée N. Douville
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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23
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Bidoli C, Miccoli A, Buonocore F, Fausto AM, Gerdol M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Early Hemocyte Responses upon In Vivo Stimulation with LPS in the Stick Insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070645. [PMID: 35886821 PMCID: PMC9316843 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-model insect species such as B. rossius suffer from a profound gap of knowledge regarding the temporal progression of physiological responses following the challenge with bacterial pathogens or cell wall components thereof. The reason for this mostly lies in the lack of genomic/transcriptomic resources, which would provide an unparalleled in-depth capacity in the analysis of molecular, biochemical, and metabolic mechanisms. We present a high-quality transcriptome obtained from high-coverage sequencing of hemocytes harvested from adult stick insect specimens both pre- and post-LPS stimulation. Such a resource served as the basis for a stringent differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses, the results of which were characterized and discussed in depth. Selected transcripts encoding for C-type lectins and ML-domain containing proteins were further investigated from a phylogenetic perspective. Overall, these findings shed light on the physiological responses driven by a short-term LPS stimulation in the European stick insect. Abstract Despite a growing number of non-model insect species is being investigated in recent years, a greater understanding of their physiology is prevented by the lack of genomic resources. This is the case of the common European stick insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788): in this species, some knowledge is available on hemocyte-related defenses, but little is known about the physiological changes occurring in response to natural or experimental challenges. Here, the transcriptional signatures of adult B. rossius hemocytes were investigated after a short-term (2 h) LPS stimulation in vivo: a total of 2191 differentially expressed genes, mostly involved in proteolysis and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes, were identified in the de novo assembled transcriptome and in-depth discussed. Overall, the significant modulation of immune signals—such as C-type lectins, ML domain-containing proteins, serpins, as well as Toll signaling-related molecules—provide novel information on the early progression of LPS-induced responses in B. rossius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Bidoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
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24
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Yu S, Luo F, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jin LH. Drosophila Innate Immunity Involves Multiple Signaling Pathways and Coordinated Communication Between Different Tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905370. [PMID: 35911716 PMCID: PMC9336466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and immune disorders cause a variety of diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster employs multiple innate immune reactions to resist infection. First, epithelial tissues function as physical barriers to prevent pathogen invasion. In addition, macrophage-like plasmatocytes eliminate intruders through phagocytosis, and lamellocytes encapsulate large particles, such as wasp eggs, that cannot be phagocytosed. Regarding humoral immune responses, the fat body, equivalent to the mammalian liver, secretes antimicrobial peptides into hemolymph, killing bacteria and fungi. Drosophila has been shown to be a powerful in vivo model for studying the mechanism of innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions because Drosophila and higher organisms share conserved signaling pathways and factors. Moreover, the ease with which Drosophila genetic and physiological characteristics can be manipulated prevents interference by adaptive immunity. In this review, we discuss the signaling pathways activated in Drosophila innate immunity, namely, the Toll, Imd, JNK, JAK/STAT pathways, and other factors, as well as relevant regulatory networks. We also review the mechanisms by which different tissues, including hemocytes, the fat body, the lymph gland, muscles, the gut and the brain coordinate innate immune responses. Furthermore, the latest studies in this field are outlined in this review. In summary, understanding the mechanism underlying innate immunity orchestration in Drosophila will help us better study human innate immunity-related diseases.
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25
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Jang HA, Kojour MAM, Patnaik BB, Han YS, Jo YH. Current Status of Immune Deficiency Pathway in Tenebrio molitor Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906192. [PMID: 35860244 PMCID: PMC9292131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a highly beneficial beetle that serves as an excellent source of edible protein as well as a practical study model. Therefore, studying its immune system is important. Like in other insects, the innate immune response effected through antimicrobial peptides production provides the most critical defense armory in T. molitor. Immune deficiency (Imd) signaling is one of the major pathways involved in the humoral innate immune response in this beetle. However, the nature of the molecules involved in the signaling cascade of the Imd pathway, from recognition to the production of final effectors, and their mechanism of action are yet to be elucidated in T. molitor model. In this review, we present a general overview of the current literature available on the Imd signaling pathway and its identified interaction partners in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Post Graduate (PG) Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Hun Jo,
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26
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Punginelli D, Schillaci D, Mauro M, Deidun A, Barone G, Arizza V, Vazzana M. The potential of antimicrobial peptides isolated from freshwater crayfish species in new drug development: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104258. [PMID: 34530039 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The much-publicised increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics has focused research effort on the characterization of new antimicrobial drugs. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) extracted from animals are considered a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. In recent years, freshwater crayfish species have emerged as an important source of bioactive compounds. In fact, these invertebrates rely on an innate immune system based on cellular responses and on the production of important effectors in the haemolymph, such as AMPs, which are produced and stored in granules in haemocytes and released after stimulation. These effectors are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we summarise the recent progress on AMPs isolated from the several species of freshwater crayfish and their prospects for future pharmaceutical applications to combat infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Punginelli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alan Deidun
- Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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27
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Wu X, Niu K, Wang X, Zhao J, Wang H, Li D, Wang H, Miao T, Yang Y, Ma H, Zhang Y, Pan L, Liu R, Bai H, Liu N. microRNA-252 and FoxO repress inflammaging by a dual inhibitory mechanism on Dawdle-mediated TGF-β pathway in Drosophila. Genetics 2021; 220:6472350. [DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Inflammaging refers to low-grade, chronically activated innate immunity that has deleterious effects on healthy lifespan. However, little is known about the intrinsic signaling pathway that elicits innate immune genes during aging. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we profile the microRNA targetomes in young and aged animals, and reveal Dawdle, an activin-like ligand of the TGF-β pathway, as a physiological target of microRNA-252. We show that microRNA-252 cooperates with Forkhead box O, a conserved transcriptional factor implicated in aging, to repress Dawdle. Unopposed Dawdle triggers hyperactivation of innate immune genes coupled with a decline in organismal survival. Using adult muscle tissues, single-cell sequencing analysis describes that Dawdle and its downstream innate immune genes are expressed in distinct cell types, suggesting a cell nonautonomous mode of regulation. We further determine the genetic cascade by which Dawdle signaling leads to increased Kenny/IKKγ protein, which in turn activates Relish/NF-κB protein and consequentially innate immune genes. Finally, transgenic increase of microRNA-252 and Forkhead box O pathway factors in wild-type Drosophila extends lifespan and mitigates the induction of innate immune genes in aging. Together, we propose that microRNA-252 and Forkhead box O promote healthy longevity by cooperative inhibition on Dawdle-mediated inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kongyan Niu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dean Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Singlera Genomics, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting Miao
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yun Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaoyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Singlera Genomics, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nan Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
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28
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Salem Wehbe L, Barakat D, Acker A, El Khoury R, Reichhart JM, Matt N, El Chamy L. Protein Phosphatase 4 Negatively Regulates the Immune Deficiency-NF-κB Pathway during the Drosophila Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1616-1626. [PMID: 34452932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway shields Drosophila against bacterial infections. It regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides encoding genes through the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Tight regulation of the signaling cascade ensures a balanced immune response, which is otherwise highly harmful. Several phosphorylation events mediate intracellular progression of the IMD pathway. However, signal termination by dephosphorylation remains largely elusive. Here, we identify the highly conserved protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) complex as a bona fide negative regulator of the IMD pathway. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of PP4-19c, PP4R2, and Falafel, which encode the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the phosphatase complex, respectively, caused a marked upregulation of bacterial-induced antimicrobial peptide gene expression in both Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and adult flies. Deregulated IMD signaling is associated with reduced lifespan of PP4-deficient flies in the absence of any infection. In contrast, flies overexpressing this phosphatase are highly sensitive to bacterial infections. Altogether, our results highlight an evolutionarily conserved function of PP4c in the regulation of NF-κB signaling from Drosophila to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layale Salem Wehbe
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dana Barakat
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adrian Acker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Rita El Khoury
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nicolas Matt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
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29
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Moreira-Pinto CE, Coelho RR, Leite AGB, Silveira DA, de Souza DA, Lopes RB, Macedo LLP, Silva MCM, Ribeiro TP, Morgante CV, Antonino JD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Increasing Anthonomus grandis susceptibility to Metarhizium anisopliae through RNAi-induced AgraRelish knockdown: a perspective to combine biocontrol and biotechnology. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4054-4063. [PMID: 33896113 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemolymph and insect gut together have an essential role in the immune defense against microorganisms, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). AMPs are mainly induced by two specific signaling pathways, Toll and immune deficiency (IMD). Here, we characterize the expression profile of four genes from both pathways and describe the importance of AgraRelish in the immune defense of Anthonomus grandis against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae by RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS To characterize the pathway that is activated early during the A. grandis-M. anisopliae interaction, we assessed the expression profiles of AgraMyD88 and AgraDorsal (Toll pathway), AgraIMD and AgraRelish (IMD pathway), and several AMP genes. Interestingly, we found that IMD pathway genes are upregulated early, and Toll pathway genes are upregulated just 3 days after inoculation (DAI). Furthermore, nine AMPs were upregulated 24 h after fungus inoculation, including attacins, cecropins, coleoptericins, and defensins. AgraRelish knockdown resulted in a reduction in median lethal time (LT50 ) for M. anisopliae-treated insects of around 2 days compared to control treatments. In addition, AgraRelish remained knocked down at 3 DAI. Finally, we identified that AgraRelish knockdown increased fungal loads at 2 DAI compared to control treatments, possibly indicating a faster infection. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate the influence of the IMD pathway on the antifungal response in A. grandis. Combining biocontrol and RNAi could significantly improve cotton boll weevil management. Hence, AgraRelish is a potential target for the development of biotechnological tools aimed at improving the efficacy of M. anisopliae against A. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clidia E Moreira-Pinto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roberta R Coelho
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ana G B Leite
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Daniela A Silveira
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Rogerio B Lopes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L P Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria C M Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Thuanne P Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa Semi-Arid, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - José D Antonino
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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30
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Prakash P, Roychowdhury-Sinha A, Goto A. Verloren negatively regulates the expression of IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15549. [PMID: 34330981 PMCID: PMC8324896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. Recent studies highlighted the importance of IMD pathway regulation as it is tightly controlled by numbers of negative regulators at multiple levels. Here, we report a new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, Verloren (Velo). Silencing of Velo led to constitutive expression of the IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Escherichia coli stimulation further enhanced the AMP expression. Epistatic analysis indicated that Velo knock-down mediated AMP upregulation is dependent on the canonical members of the IMD pathway. The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. We also observed from in vivo analysis that Velo knock-down flies exhibit significant upregulation of the AMP expression and reduced bacterial load. Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prakash
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Akira Goto
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France.
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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31
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Trammell CE, Goodman AG. Host Factors That Control Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in Humans and Their Vector. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050748. [PMID: 33923307 PMCID: PMC8145797 DOI: 10.3390/v13050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral infections are responsible for a significant degree of morbidity and mortality across the globe due to the severe diseases these infections cause, and they continue to increase each year. These viruses are dependent on the mosquito vector as the primary means of transmission to new vertebrate hosts including avian, livestock, and human populations. Due to the dynamic host environments that mosquito-borne viruses pass through as they are transmitted between vector and vertebrate hosts, there are various host factors that control the response to infection over the course of the pathogen's life cycle. In this review, we discuss these host factors that are present in either vector or vertebrate models during infection, how they vary or are conserved between hosts, and their implications in future research pertaining to disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity E. Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
- NIH Protein Biotechnology Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6240, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(509)-335-0186
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Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110003. [PMID: 33836260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.
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Effects of NF-kB Signaling Inhibitors on Bed Bug Resistance to Orally Provisioned Entomopathogenic Bacteria. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040303. [PMID: 33808065 PMCID: PMC8067208 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs are globally important pests and there is an ongoing need for the development and improvement of bed bug control tools. Though promising against other insect pests, the exploration of biological methods for bed bug control is limited. Previously, we identified several species of bacteria that have entomopathogenic effects against bed bugs when ingested. We also described the conservation of several antibacterial responses in bed bugs, including the expression of immune effector genes regulated by NF-kB transcription factors through the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways. Accordingly, we predicted that chemical inhibition of NF-kB signaling could reduce bed bug resistance to orally provisioned entomopathogenic bacteria, potentially improving their effectiveness as biological control agents. In the present study, we administered four small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB signaling (BMS345541, IKK16, IMD0354, Takinib) to bed bugs by feeding them in a blood meal. We then quantified basal mortality and mortality in response to oral infection with two different entomopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis). None of the NF-kB signaling inhibitors tested increased mortality above control levels when administered alone, suggesting a lack of direct toxicity. However, one inhibitor (IKK16) significantly enhanced the rate of mortality from oral infection with P. entomophila. Enhanced mortality was independent of direct effects of IKK16 on P. entomophila growth in vitro but was associated with higher bacterial loads in vivo (i.e., reduced resistance). Together, these results provide new insight into the regulation of the bed bug immune system and suggest that administration of entomopathogens in combination with inhibition of immune signaling pathways to reduce infection resistance may be effective for biological control of bed bugs.
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Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Deltex positively regulates Toll signaling in a JNK independent manner in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 26:254-263. [PMID: 33555648 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll pathway is the center for the function of immune system in both Drosophila and mammals. Toll pathway in Drosophila gets activated upon binding of the ligand Spätzle to the receptor, Toll, triggering a series of proteolytic cascade culminating into the activation of the NF-κB factors Dorsal and/or Dif (Dorsal-related immunity factor). Inappropriate activation of the Toll pathway is often associated with systemic inflammation phenotype in the absence of infection, and thus, it is important to understand the regulation of Toll signaling. Deltex (Dx) is a context-dependent regulator of Notch signaling and has been linked with cell-mediated immunity in the mammalian system lately. However, the unambiguous role of Dx in humoral and cell-mediated immunity is yet to be explored. Our study unravels the novel role of Dx in Toll pathway activation. Gain of function of dx in Drosophila larvae results in increased melanotic mass formation and increased lamellocyte production. Our results also reveal the nuclear accumulation of transcription factors Dorsal and Dif and expression of Toll-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in Dx over-expression background. Further, we also tried to elucidate the role of Dx in JNK-independent Toll activation. Here we present Dx as a novel candidate in the regulation of Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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35
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Signaling cross-talk during development: Context-specific networking of Notch, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways in Drosophila. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109937. [PMID: 33529757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms depend on a handful of core signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cell fate choices. Often these relatively simple signals integrate to form a large and complex signaling network to achieve a distinct developmental fate in a context-specific manner. Various pathway-dependent and independent events control the assembly of signaling complexes. Notch pathway is one such conserved signaling mechanism that integrates with other signaling pathways to exhibit a context-dependent pleiotropic output. To understand how Notch signaling provides a spectrum of distinct outputs, it is important to understand various regulatory switches involved in mediating signaling cross-talk of Notch with other pathways. Here, we review our current understanding as to how Notch signal integrates with JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Drosophila to regulate various developmental events such as sensory organ precursor formation, innate immunity, dorsal closure, establishment of planar cell polarity as well as during proliferation and tumor progression. We highlight the importance of conserved signaling molecules during these cross-talks and debate further possibilities of novel switches that may be involved in mediating these cross-talk events.
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36
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Biwot JC, Zhang HB, Liu C, Qiao JX, Yu XQ, Wang YF. Wolbachia-induced expression of kenny gene in testes affects male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:869-882. [PMID: 31617302 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia are Gram-negative endosymbionts that are known to cause embryonic lethality when infected male insects mate with uninfected females or with females carrying a different strain of Wolbachia, a situation characterized as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). However, the mechanism of CI is not yet fully understood, although recent studies on Drosophila melanogaster have achieved great progress. Here, we found that Wolbachia infection caused changes in the expressions of several immunity-related genes, including significant upregulation of kenny (key), in the testes of D. melanogaster. Overexpression of key in fly testes led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates when these flies mate with wild-type females. Wolbachia-infected females could rescue this embryonic lethality. Furthermore, in key overexpressing testes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling signal was significantly stronger than in the control testes, and the level of reactive oxygen species was significantly increased. Overexpression of key also resulted in alterations of some other immunity-related gene expressions, including the downregulation of Zn72D. Knockdown of Zn72D in fly testes also led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates. These results suggest that Wolbachia might induce the defect in male host fertility by immunity-related pathways and thus cause an oxidative damage and cell death in male testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Biwot
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Bao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Xue Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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37
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Li H, Wu X, Chen T, Jiang X, Ren C. Molecular characterization, inducible expression and functional analysis of an IKKβ from the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:622-632. [PMID: 32585358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) is a critical regulator for the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. In this study, an IKKβ named as HLIKKβ was identified from the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. The full-length cDNA of HLIKKβ is 4246 bp in size, containing a 132 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 1783 bp 3'-UTR and a 2331 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 776 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 89.66 kDa. HLIKKβ contains a kinase domain (KD) at its N-terminal, a leucine zipper (LZ) and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif at its C-terminal. In the KD, a conserved active loop (SXXXS) were identified. The results of luciferase reporter assay and ELISA assay showed that over-expressed HLIKKβ in HEK293T cells could activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. When HLIKKβ was silenced by siRNA, the apoptosis rate of sea cucumber coelomocytes was increased significantly, indicating the anti-apoptotic function of HLIKKβ. Moreover, the up-regulation of HLIKKβ mRNA was observed in the sea cucumber coelomocytes after polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenge, suggesting that the HLIKKβ might play important roles in the innate immune defense of sea cucumber against the viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Li
- Guangzhou University, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, PR China.
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, PR China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, PR China.
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38
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Blount JR, Libohova K, Silva GM, Todi SV. Isoleucine 44 Hydrophobic Patch Controls Toxicity of Unanchored, Linear Ubiquitin Chains through NF-κB Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061519. [PMID: 32580388 PMCID: PMC7348737 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates cellular processes by altering the interactions of proteins to which ubiquitin, a small protein adduct, is conjugated. Ubiquitination yields various products, including mono- and poly-ubiquitinated substrates, as well as unanchored poly-ubiquitin chains whose accumulation is considered toxic. We previously showed that transgenic, unanchored poly-ubiquitin is not problematic in Drosophila melanogaster. In the fruit fly, free chains exist in various lengths and topologies and are degraded by the proteasome; they are also conjugated onto other proteins as one unit, eliminating them from the free ubiquitin chain pool. Here, to further explore the notion of unanchored chain toxicity, we examined when free poly-ubiquitin might become problematic. We found that unanchored chains can be highly toxic if they resemble linear poly-ubiquitin that cannot be modified into other topologies. These species upregulate NF-κB signaling, and modulation of the levels of NF-κB components reduces toxicity. In additional studies, we show that toxicity from untethered, linear chains is regulated by isoleucine 44, which anchors a key interaction site for ubiquitin. We conclude that free ubiquitin chains can be toxic, but only in uncommon circumstances, such as when the ability of cells to modify and regulate them is markedly restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | | | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence:
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39
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Jacomin AC, Nezis IP. Selective autophagic degradation of the IKK complex in Drosophila is mediated by Kenny/IKKγ to control inflammation. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 7:1682309. [PMID: 31993495 PMCID: PMC6961681 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1682309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Implication of autophagy in the downregulation of immune signaling pathways through the degradation of their components constitutes an emerging field of investigation. Our work showed that the selective interaction of Drosophila protein Kenny/IKKγ (CG16910) with the autophagic machinery is required for the degradation of the I-kappa B kinase complex. This regulatory mechanism is essential for the downregulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway in response to commensal microbiota to prevent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis P Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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40
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Huang B, Zhang L, Xu F, Tang X, Li L, Wang W, Liu M, Zhang G. Oyster Versatile IKKα/βs Are Involved in Toll-Like Receptor and RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling for Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1826. [PMID: 31417578 PMCID: PMC6685332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IκB kinases (IKKs) play critical roles in innate immunity through signal-induced activation of the key transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). However, studies of invertebrate IKK functions remain scarce. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analysis of IKKs and IKK-related kinases encoded in the Pacific oyster genome. We then cloned and characterized the oyster IKKα/β-2 gene. We found that oyster IKKα/β-2, a homolog of human IKKα/IKKβ, responded to challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. As a versatile immune molecule, IKKα/β-2 activated the promoters of NF-κB, TNFα, and IFNβ, as well as IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing promoters, initiating an antibacterial or antiviral immune state in mammalian cells. Importantly, together with the cloned oyster IKKα/β-1, we investigated the signal transduction pathways mediated by these two IKKα/β proteins. Our results showed that IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 could interact with the oyster TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and that IKKα/β-2 could also bind to the oyster myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) protein directly, suggesting that oyster IKKα/βs participate in both RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling for the reception of upstream immune signals. The fact that IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 formed homodimers by interacting with themselves and heterodimers by interacting with each other, along with the fact that both oyster IKKα/β proteins interacted with NEMO protein, indicates that oyster IKKα/βs and the scaffold protein NEMO form an IKK complex, which may be a key step in phosphorylating IκB proteins and activating NF-κB. Moreover, we found that oyster IKKα/βs could interact with IRF8, and this may be related to the IKK-mediated activation of ISRE promotors and their involvement in the oyster "interferon (IFN)-like" antiviral pathway. Moreover, the expression of oyster IKKα/β-1 and IKKα/β-2 may induce the phosphorylation of IκB proteins to activate NF-κB. These results reveal the immune function of oyster IKKα/β-2 and establish the existence of mollusk TLR and RLR signaling mediated by IKKα/β proteins for the first time. Our findings should be helpful in deciphering the immune mechanisms of invertebrates and understanding the development of the vertebrate innate immunity network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingkun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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41
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Zhao L, Ren C, Chen T, Sun H, Wu X, Jiang X, Huang W. The first cloned sea cucumber FADD from Holothuria leucospilota: Molecular characterization, inducible expression and involvement of apoptosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:548-554. [PMID: 30991146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sea cucumber Fas-associated death domain (FADD) named HLFADD was first cloned from Holothuria leucospilota. The full-length cDNA of HLFADD is 2137 bp in size, containing a 116-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 1334-bp 3'-UTR and a 687-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 228 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 26.42 kDa. HLFADD protein contains a conserved death effector domain at its N-terminal and a conserved death domain at its C-terminal, structurally similar to its counterparts in vertebrates. The over-expressed HLFADD protein could induce apoptosis in HEK293 cells, suggesting a possible death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway in echinoderms adapted with FADD. Moreover, HLFADD mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest transcript level in the coelomocytes, followed by intestine. In vitro experiments performed in the H. leucospilota coelomocytes, the expression of HLFADD mRNA was significantly up-regulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] challenge, suggesting that HLFADD might play important roles in the innate immune defense of sea cucumber against the invasion of bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Wen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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42
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Chowdhury M, Zhang J, Xu XX, He Z, Lu Y, Liu XS, Wang YF, Yu XQ. An in vitro study of NF-κB factors cooperatively in regulation of Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial peptide genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:50-58. [PMID: 30735676 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An important innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Expression of AMP genes is mediated by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways via NF-κB transcription factors Dorsal, DIF and Relish. Dorsal and DIF act downstream of the Toll pathway, whereas Relish acts in the IMD pathway. Dorsal and DIF are held inactive in the cytoplasm by the IκB protein Cactus, while Relish contains an IκB-like inhibitory domain at the C-terminus. NF-κB factors normally form homodimers and heterodimers to regulate gene expression, but formation of heterodimers between Relish and DIF or Dorsal and the specificity and activity of the three NF-κB homodimers and heterodimers are not well understood. In this study, we compared the activity of Rel homology domains (RHDs) of Dorsal, DIF and Relish in activation of Drosophila AMP gene promoters, demonstrated that Relish-RHD (Rel-RHD) interacted with both Dorsal-RHD and DIF-RHD, Relish-N interacted with DIF and Dorsal, and overexpression of individual RHD and co-expression of any two RHDs activated the activity of AMP gene promoters to various levels, suggesting formation of homodimers and heterodimers among Dorsal, DIF and Relish. Rel-RHD homodimers were stronger activators than heterodimers of Rel-RHD with either DIF-RHD or Dorsal-RHD, while DIF-RHD-Dorsal-RHD heterodimers were stronger activators than either DIF-RHD or Dorsal-RHD homodimers in activation of AMP gene promoters. We also identified the nucleotides at the 6th and 8th positions of the 3' half-sites of the κB motifs that are important for the specificity and activity of NF-κB transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Chowdhury
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Xia Xu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA; College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen He
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA; School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA; School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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43
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West C, Rus F, Chen Y, Kleino A, Gangloff M, Gammon DB, Silverman N. IIV-6 Inhibits NF-κB Responses in Drosophila. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050409. [PMID: 31052481 PMCID: PMC6563256 DOI: 10.3390/v11050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune response and virus-encoded immune evasion proteins pose constant, mutual selective pressure on each other. Virally encoded immune evasion proteins also indicate which host pathways must be inhibited to allow for viral replication. Here, we show that IIV-6 is capable of inhibiting the two Drosophila NF-κB signaling pathways, Imd and Toll. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene induction downstream of either pathway is suppressed when cells infected with IIV-6 are also stimulated with Toll or Imd ligands. We find that cleavage of both Imd and Relish, as well as Relish nuclear translocation, three key points in Imd signal transduction, occur in IIV-6 infected cells, indicating that the mechanism of viral inhibition is farther downstream, at the level of Relish promoter binding or transcriptional activation. Additionally, flies co-infected with both IIV-6 and the Gram-negative bacterium, Erwinia carotovora carotovora, succumb to infection more rapidly than flies singly infected with either the virus or the bacterium. These findings demonstrate how pre-existing infections can have a dramatic and negative effect on secondary infections, and establish a Drosophila model to study confection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara West
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Florentina Rus
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Ying Chen
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Anni Kleino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX T5390, USA.
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Kleino A, Silverman N. Regulation of the Drosophila Imd pathway by signaling amyloids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:16-23. [PMID: 30857831 PMCID: PMC6474834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flies elicit effective defense responses against numerous microbes. The responses against Gram-negative bacteria are mediated by the Imd pathway, an evolutionarily conserved NF-κB pathway recognizing meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls. Several reviews already provide a detailed view of ligand recognition and signal transduction during Imd signaling, but the formation and regulation of the signaling complex immediately downstream of the peptidoglycan-sensing receptors is still elusive. In this review, we focus on the formation of the Imd amyloidal signaling center and post-translational modifications in the assembly and disassembly of the Imd signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kleino
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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45
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p47 licenses activation of the immune deficiency pathway in the tick Ixodes scapularis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:205-210. [PMID: 30559180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808905116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) acts as a molecular rheostat for the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway of the tick Ixodes scapularis How XIAP activates the IMD pathway in response to microbial infection remains ill defined. Here, we identified the XIAP enzymatic substrate p47 as a positive regulator of the I. scapularis IMD network. XIAP polyubiquitylates p47 in a lysine 63-dependent manner and interacts with the p47 ubiquitin-like (UBX) module. p47 also binds to Kenny (IKKγ/NEMO), the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)- κB kinase complex. Replacement of the amino acid lysine to arginine within the p47 linker region completely abrogated molecular interactions with Kenny. Furthermore, mitigation of p47 transcription levels through RNA interference in I. scapularis limited Kenny accumulation, reduced phosphorylation of IKKβ (IRD5), and impaired cleavage of the NF-κB molecule Relish. Accordingly, disruption of p47 expression increased microbial colonization by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and the rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum Collectively, we highlight the importance of ticks for the elucidation of paradigms in arthropod immunology. Manipulating immune signaling cascades within I. scapularis may lead to innovative approaches to reducing the burden of tick-borne diseases.
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46
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Harris N, Fetter RD, Brasier DJ, Tong A, Davis GW. Molecular Interface of Neuronal Innate Immunity, Synaptic Vesicle Stabilization, and Presynaptic Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuron 2018; 100:1163-1179.e4. [PMID: 30344041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We define a homeostatic function for innate immune signaling within neurons. A genetic analysis of the innate immune signaling genes IMD, IKKβ, Tak1, and Relish demonstrates that each is essential for presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP). Subsequent analyses define how the rapid induction of PHP (occurring in seconds) can be coordinated with the life-long maintenance of PHP, a time course that is conserved from invertebrates to mammals. We define a novel bifurcation of presynaptic innate immune signaling. Tak1 (Map3K) acts locally and is selective for rapid PHP induction. IMD, IKKβ, and Relish are essential for long-term PHP maintenance. We then define how Tak1 controls vesicle release. Tak1 stabilizes the docked vesicle state, which is essential for the homeostatic expansion of the readily releasable vesicle pool. This represents a mechanism for the control of vesicle release, and an interface of innate immune signaling with the vesicle fusion apparatus and homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel J Brasier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Wang F, Xia Q. Back to homeostasis: Negative regulation of NF-κB immune signaling in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:216-223. [PMID: 29908201 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis requires prompt activation and down-regulation of immune signaling pathways. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge regarding the negative regulation of two NF-κB signaling pathways in insects, Toll and IMD pathway, which are mostly essential for host defense against bacteria and fungus. Various types of negative regulators and their mechanisms are discussed here with the emphasis on the prominent roles of ubiquitination. The counterbalance between these two pathways, the crosstalk with other physiological pathways, and the difference in their repertoires of negative regulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Badinloo M, Nguyen E, Suh W, Alzahrani F, Castellanos J, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Overexpression of antimicrobial peptides contributes to aging through cytotoxic effects in Drosophila tissues. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21464. [PMID: 29637607 PMCID: PMC6039247 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response tends to become hyperactive and proinflammatory in older organisms. We investigated connections between activity of the immune-related genes and aging using the Drosophila model. A hallmark of Drosophila immunity is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), whose expression is triggered via activation of the Toll and Imd immune pathways and regulated by NF-ĸB-like transcription factors, Dif/Dorsal and Relish. It was previously shown that overexpression of the upstream component of the immune pathways shortens lifespan via activation of the Relish-dependent immune response. Here we show that direct overexpression of the Relish target AMP genes broadly at high levels or in the fat body induced apoptosis, elicited depolarization of the mitochondria and significantly shortened lifespan. Underexpression of Relish in the fat body beginning in the second half of lifespan prevented overactivation of AMPs and extended longevity. Unlike infection-induced responses, the age-related increase in AMPs does not require the upstream recognition/transduction module of the Imd pathway. It does however require downstream elements, including Relish and Ird5, a component of the downstream IKK complex. Together, these results established causal links between high-level production of antimicrobial peptides and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Corresponding Author Svetlana N. Radyuk, PhD, 6501 Airline Rd, Room 113, Dallas, TX 75275, Tel: +1-214-768-2892, Fax: +1-214-768-3955,
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Jiang M, Tu DD, Gu WB, Zhou YL, Zhu QH, Guo XL, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) from Scylla paramamosain: The first evidence of three IKKs in crab species and their expression profiles under biotic and abiotic stresses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:199-212. [PMID: 29454832 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
IKK (inhibitor of NF-κB kinase) is the critical regulator for NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway against pathogenic invasion in vertebrates or invertebrates. However, the IKK from crab species has not yet been identified. In the present study, three full-length cDNA sequences of IKKs from mud crab Scylla paramamosain, designated as SpIKKβ, SpIKKε1 and SpIKKε2, were firstly cloned through RT-PCR and RACE methods. This is also the first report about the identification of two IKKε genes in mud crab and even in crustaceans. The SpIKKβ cDNA was 2824 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2382 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 793 amino acids (aa). The ORF of two SpIKKε isoforms, SpIKKε1 and SpIKKε2, were 2400 bp and 2331 bp in length encoding 799 aa and 776 aa, respectively. The crucial conserved residues and functional domains, including the kinase domains (KDs) and leucine zipper (LZ), were identified in all SpIKKs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that SpIKKβ was classified into the IKKs class while SpIKKεs could be grouped into the IKK-related kinases class. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that three SpIKKs were constitutively expressed in all tested tissues and the highest expression levels of SpIKKβ and SpIKKεs were all in hemocyte. The gene expression profiles of SpIKKs were distinct when crabs suffered biotic and abiotic stresses including the exposures of Vibrio alginolyticus, poly (I:C), cadmium and air exposure, suggesting that the SpIKKs might play different roles in response to pathogens infections, heavy metal and air exposure. Moreover, IKKs from mud crab can significantly activate mammalian NF-κB pathway, suggesting the function of IKKs might be evolutionally well-conserved. Results of the RNAi experiments suggested that SpIKKs might regulate the immune signaling pathway when hemocytes were challenged with V. parahemolyticus or virus-analog poly (I:C). All of these results indicated that the obtained SpIKKs might be involved in stress responses against biotic or abiotic stresses, and it also highlighted their functional conservation in the innate immune system from crustaceans to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Dan Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhai Z, Huang X, Yin Y. Beyond immunity: The Imd pathway as a coordinator of host defense, organismal physiology and behavior. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:51-59. [PMID: 29146454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral arm of host defense in Drosophila relies on two evolutionarily conserved NFκB signaling cascades, the Toll and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathways. The Imd signaling pathway senses and neutralizes Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity is tightly adjusted, allowing the host to simultaneously prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria and tolerate beneficial gut microbiota. Over-activation of Imd signaling is detrimental at least in part by causing gut dysbiosis that further exacerbates intestinal pathologies. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that the Imd pathway or its components also play non-immune roles. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Imd signal transduction, discuss the gut-microbiota interactions mediated by Imd signaling, and finally elaborate on its diverse physiological functions beyond immunity. Understanding the multifaceted physiological outputs of Imd activation will help integrate its immune role into the regulation of whole organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhao Zhai
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Yulong Yin
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China
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