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Chung EP, Wells AR, Kiamco MM, Leung KP. Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation Efficiently Produces a Poloxamer-Based Nanoemulsion Gel for Topical Delivery of Pirfenidone. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:265. [PMID: 33006045 PMCID: PMC7529632 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) to produce a topical vehicle for Pirfenidone (Pf; 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2[1H]-pyridone)—a Food and Drug Administration-approved antifibrotic drug indicated for idiopathic fibrosis treatment. Pf was loaded (8 wt%) in a poloxamer nanoemulsion gel (PNG) formulation consisting of water (47.8 wt%), triacetin (27.6 wt%), poloxamer 407 (P407, 13.8 wt%), polysorbate 80 (1.8 wt%), and benzyl alcohol (0.9 wt%). To our knowledge, poloxamer gels are typically processed with either high-shear methods or temperature regulation and have not been emulsified using DAC. Using a single-step emulsification process, 2 min mixed at 2500 RPM resulted in the lowest Pf loading variability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.96% for a 1.5 g batch size. Batch sizes of 15 g and 100 g yield higher RSD of 4.18% and 3.05%, respectively, but still in compliance with USP guidelines. Ex vivo permeation in full thickness porcine skin after 24 h showed total Pf permeation of 404.90 ± 67.07 μg/cm2. Tested in vitro on human dermal fibroblasts stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), Pf-PNG resulted in a > 2 fold decrease in α-SMA expression over vehicle control demonstrating that formulated Pf retained its biological activity. One-month stability testing at 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40°C/75% RH showed that % drug content, release kinetics, and biological activity were largely unchanged for both conditions; however, pH decreased from 6.7 to 5.5 (25°C/60% RH) and 4.5 (40°C/75% RH) after 1 month. Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of DAC to rapidly and reproducibly prepare lab-scale batches of emulsified gels for pharmaceutical formulation development.
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Singer AJ, Zhang N, Baer E. Comparison of a topical surfactant and a topical antibiotic in the rat comb burn model. Burns 2020; 46:1674-1680. [PMID: 32534891 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury progression in the secondary zone of ischemia is common leading to delayed healing and increased scarring. We hypothesized that a topical surfactant, would reduce burn injury progression in a validated rat comb burn model compared with topical antibiotic ointment. METHODS We created 40 comb burns on 20 rats which were randomized to daily topical application of the surfactant or a triple antibiotic ointment. The comb burns consisted of 4 full thickness burns with 3 unburned interspaces between the 4 burns. These unburned interspaces represented the zone of ischemia, and when left untreated, generally progress to full thickness necrosis within several days. Comb burns were assessed daily for the presence of gross necrosis of the interspaces. At 7 days the comb burns were excised and blindly evaluated for the presence of histological evidence of necrosis. The study had 80% power to detect a 25% difference in the percentages of necrotic interspaces on day 7. RESULTS There were no differences in the percentages of histologically necrotic interspaces at 7 days in burns treated with the surfactant or antibiotic ointment (85% [95%CI, 74 to 92] vs. 75% [95%CI, 63 to 84]; mean difference 10% [95%CI -4 to 24]). There were also no between group differences in the percentages of grossly necrotic interspaces on any of the seven days of the experiment. The surfactant remained intact and adherent while the antibiotic had been absorbed at each daily dressing change. CONCLUSIONS A topical surfactant did not reduce injury progression in the rat comb burn model when compared with antibiotic ointment. The surfactant was more durable than the antibiotic ointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Singer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
| | - Nigel Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Evyatar Baer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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3
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Delivery of exogenous mitochondria via centrifugation enhances cellular metabolic function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3330. [PMID: 29463809 PMCID: PMC5820364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in the maintenance of cell growth and function, and have been investigated as therapeutic targets in various diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that direct mitochondrial transfer can restore cellular functions of cells with inherited or acquired mitochondrial dysfunction. However, previous mitochondrial transfer methods are inefficient and time-consuming. Here, we developed a simple and easy mitochondrial transfer protocol using centrifugation, which can be applied to any cell type. By our simple centrifugation method, we found that the isolated mitochondria could be successfully transferred into target cells, including mitochondrial DNA-deleted Rho0 cells and dexamethasone-treated atrophic muscle cells. We found that mitochondrial transfer normalised ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level, and the oxygen consumption rate of the target cells. Furthermore, delivery of intact mitochondria blocked the AMPK/FoxO3/Atrogene pathway underlying muscle atrophy in atrophic muscle cells. Taken together, this simple and rapid mitochondrial transfer method can be used to treat mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Wnętrzak A, Makyła-Juzak K, Filiczkowska A, Kulig W, Dynarowicz-Łątka P. Oxysterols Versus Cholesterol in Model Neuronal Membrane. I. The Case of 7-Ketocholesterol. The Langmuir Monolayer Study. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:553-564. [PMID: 28861595 PMCID: PMC5613072 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are products of cholesterol oxidation. They can be formed endogenously (in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions) as well as exogenously (delivered with food). Recent studies clearly demonstrate cytotoxic properties of these compounds, being mainly due to their incorporation into natural lipid bilayers. This process can influence mechanical and physicochemical properties of biomembrane—mainly by modifying the interactions between its components, which may result in the disruption of proper functioning of cell membrane and could lead to its degradation. Therefore, it can be assumed that oxysterols may affect the initiation of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. However, the mode of action of these molecules at the molecular level is not fully known. To get a better understanding of the role of oxysterols in neurodegeneration, it is of great importance to examine mutual interactions between oxysterols and neuronal membrane components. One of the most promising techniques that can be used to analyze such interactions is the Langmuir monolayer technique. In this work, we have prepared an artificial neuronal membrane modeled as multicomponent Langmuir monolayer built up with cholesterol, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), and sphingomyelin (SM). To examine whether there are any changes in the membrane properties under oxidative stress, in this paper we have investigated the impact of the representative ring-oxidized oxysterol: 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC). Our results show that replacing cholesterol with 7-KC increases the interaction between molecules in the model membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Anna Filiczkowska
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, 33101, Tampere, Finland
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5
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Poellmann MJ, Lee RC. Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Braun JBS, Ruchel JB, Adefegha SA, Coelho APV, Trelles KB, Signor C, Rubin MA, Oliveira JS, Dornelles GL, de Andrade CM, Castilhos LG, Leal DBR. Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment with quercetin as assessed by acetylcholinesterase assay and behavioral testing in poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:1054-1063. [PMID: 28192878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a group of disorders characterized by excessive lipids in the bloodstream. It is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and recognized as the most important factor underlying the occurrence of atherosclerosis. This study was conducted to investigate whether pretreatment with quercetin can protect against possible memory impairment and deterioration of the cholinergic system in hyperlipidemic rats. Animals were divided into ten groups (n=7): saline/control, saline/quercetin 5mg/kg, saline/quercetin 25mg/kg, saline/quercetin 50mg/kg, saline/simvastatin (0.04mg/kg), hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 5mg/kg, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 25mg/kg, hyperlipidemia/quercetin 50mg/kg and hyperlipidemia/simvastatin. The animals were pretreated with quercetin by oral gavage for a period of 30days and hyperlipidemia was subsequently induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 500mg/kg of poloxamer-407. Simvastatin was administered after the induction of hyperlipidemia. The results demonstrated that hyperlipidemic rats had memory impairment compared with the saline control group (P<0.001). However, pretreatment with quercetin and simvastatin treatment attenuated the damage caused by hyperlipidemia compared with the hyperlipidemic group (P<0.05). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral hippocampus was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in the hyperlipidemic group compared with the control saline group. Pretreatment with quercetin and simvastatin treatment in the hyperlipidemic groups significantly (P<0.05) increased AChE activity compared with the hyperlipidemic group. Our results thus suggest that quercetin may prevent memory impairment, alter lipid metabolism, and modulate AChE activity in an experimental model of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane B S Braun
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Jader B Ruchel
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Stephen A Adefegha
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula V Coelho
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Kelly B Trelles
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Signor
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Maribel A Rubin
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana S Oliveira
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme L Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Cinthia M de Andrade
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Lívia G Castilhos
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Programa de-Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Guarana (Paullinia cupana) ameliorates memory impairment and modulates acetylcholinesterase activity in Poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia in rat brain. Physiol Behav 2017; 168:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Arai H. Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:579-597. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Tajiri N, Acosta S, Portillo-Gonzales GS, Aguirre D, Reyes S, Lozano D, Pabon M, Dela Peña I, Ji X, Yasuhara T, Date I, Solomita MA, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Therapeutic outcomes of transplantation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells in experimental ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:227. [PMID: 25165432 PMCID: PMC4131212 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests the use of amnion as a source of stem cells for investigations of basic science concepts related to developmental cell biology, but also for stem cells’ therapeutic applications in treating human disorders. We previously reported isolation of viable rat amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells. Subsequently, we recently reported the therapeutic benefits of intravenous transplantation of AFS cells in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. Parallel lines of investigations have provided safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy for treating stroke and other neurological disorders. This review article highlights the need for investigations of mechanisms underlying AFS cells’ therapeutic benefits and discusses lab-to-clinic translational gating items in an effort to optimize the clinical application of the cell transplantation for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel S Portillo-Gonzales
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Aguirre
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanny Reyes
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego Lozano
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mibel Pabon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama, Japan
| | - Marianna A Solomita
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, DISPUTer, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d 'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, DISPUTer, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d 'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
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Townsend D, Yasuda S, Metzger J. Cardiomyopathy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis and prospect of membrane sealants as a new therapeutic approach. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:99-109. [PMID: 17187461 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating progressive disease of striated muscle deterioration. This fatal X-linked disorder results from the loss of the protein dystrophin, which in turn causes striated muscle membrane instability. Cardiac dysfunction is a growing problem in patients with DMD, but relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of the dystrophic heart. At present, there is no effective treatment for DMD and the current clinical approaches are primarily supportive in nature. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of DMD in the heart and discuss how these pathogenic processes have led to a new class of agents directed specifically at restoring membrane integrity to dystrophic myocardium. The tri-block poloxamers, specifically poloxamer 188 (P188), are able to stabilize the membranes of dystrophic myocardium in animal models and may offer a new therapeutic approach for cardiac disease in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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11
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Samartgis JR, Schachte L, Hazi A, Crowe SF. Piracetam, an AMPAkine drug, facilitates memory consolidation in the day-old chick. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:353-8. [PMID: 22940587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Piracetam is an AMPAkine drug that may have a range of different mechanisms at the cellular level, and which has been shown to facilitate memory, amongst its other effects. This series of experiments demonstrated that a 10mg/kg dose of piracetam facilitated memory consolidation in the day-old chick when injected from immediately until 120min after weak training (i.e. using a 20% v/v concentration of methyl anthranilate) with the passive avoidance learning task. Administration of piracetam immediately after training led to memory facilitation which lasted for up to 24h following training. This dose of the AMPAkine was not shown to facilitate memory reconsolidation. These findings support the contention that application of the AMPAkine piracetam facilitates memory using a weak training task, and extend the range of actions previously noted with NMDA-related agents to those which also facilitate the AMPA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi R Samartgis
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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12
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Tajiri N, Acosta S, Glover LE, Bickford PC, Jacotte Simancas A, Yasuhara T, Date I, Solomita MA, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Intravenous grafts of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells induce endogenous cell proliferation and attenuate behavioral deficits in ischemic stroke rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43779. [PMID: 22912905 PMCID: PMC3422299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported isolation of viable rat amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells [1]. Here, we tested the therapeutic benefits of AFS cells in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Thirty-five days later, animals exhibiting significant motor deficits received intravenous transplants of rat AFS cells or vehicle. At days 60–63 post-MCAo, significant recovery of motor and cognitive function was seen in stroke animals transplanted with AFS cells compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. Infarct volume, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, was significantly reduced, coupled with significant increments in the cell proliferation marker, Ki67, and the neuronal marker, MAP2, in the dentate gyrus (DG) [2] and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of AFS cell-transplanted stroke animals compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. A significantly higher number of double-labeled Ki67/MAP2-positive cells and a similar trend towards increased Ki67/MAP2 double-labeling were observed in the DG and SVZ of AFS cell-transplanted stroke animals, respectively, compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. This study reports the therapeutic potential of AFS cell transplantation in stroke animals, possibly via enhancement of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Loren E. Glover
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Jacotte Simancas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia y Metodologia de las Cièncias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marianna A. Solomita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao C, Xie Z, Wang P, Wang Y, Lai C, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Cong Y, Zhao Y, Zheng C, Bi J. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor protects memory impairment in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)-P10. Neurol Res 2012; 33:354-9. [PMID: 21535933 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12807570509970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with memory impairment in elderly people. At present, AD remains incurable. More and more evidences have suggested that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has important non-hematopoietic neuroprotective functions in central nervous system. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of G-CSF in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone strain (SAM-P10) mice, a mouse model of senile dementia. METHODS Recombinant human G-CSF was administered subcutaneously in SAM-P10 mice once daily for consecutive 7 days. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial memory of the mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis was done to elucidate the changes of apoptotic neurons in CA1 region of hippocampus of the mice. RESULTS In the present study, we found that administration of recombinant G-CSF significantly protected spatial memory impairment, and decreased the number of apoptotic (caspase-3-positive) and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-positive neurons in CA1 region of hippocampus of SAM-P10 mice, suggesting that G-CSF may protect spatial memory impairment through suppression of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of G-CSF in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Stoppel WL, White JC, Horava SD, Bhatia SR, Roberts SC. Transport of biological molecules in surfactant-alginate composite hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3988-98. [PMID: 21798381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obstructed transport of biological molecules can result in improper release of pharmaceuticals or biologics from biomedical devices. Recent studies have shown that nonionic surfactants, such as Pluronic® F68 (F68), positively alter biomaterial properties such as mesh size and microcapsule diameter. To further understand the effect of F68 (incorporated at concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration (CMC)) in traditional biomaterials, the transport properties of BSA and riboflavin were investigated in F68-alginate composite hydrogels, formed by both internal and external cross-linking with divalent cations. Results indicate that small molecule transport (represented by riboflavin) was not significantly hindered by F68 in homogeneously (internally) cross-linked hydrogels (up to an 11% decrease in loading capacity and 14% increase in effective diffusion coefficient, D(eff)), while protein transport in homogeneously cross-linked hydrogels (represented by BSA) was significantly affected (up to a 43% decrease in loading capacity and 40% increase in D(eff)). For inhomogeneously cross-linked hydrogels (externally cross-linked by CaCl(2) or BaCl(2)), the D(eff) increased up to 50 and 83% for small molecules and proteins, respectively. Variation in the alginate gelation method was shown to affect transport through measurable changes in swelling ratio (30% decrease) and observable changes in cross-linking structure as well as up to a 3.6- and 11.8-fold difference in D(eff) for riboflavin and BSA, respectively. Aside from the expected significant changes due to the cross-linking method utilized, protein transport properties were altered due to mesh size restrictions (10-25 nm estimated by mechanical properties) and BSA-F68 interaction (DLS). Taken as a whole, these results show that incorporation of a nonionic surfactant at concentrations above the CMC can affect device functionality by impeding the transport of large biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Stoppel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA
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Mina EW, Lasagna-Reeves C, Glabe CG, Kayed R. Poloxamer 188 copolymer membrane sealant rescues toxicity of amyloid oligomers in vitro. J Mol Biol 2009; 391:577-85. [PMID: 19524592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid oligomers and protofibrils increase cell membrane permeability, eventually leading to cell death. Here, we demonstrate that amyloid oligomer toxicity and membrane permeabilization can be reversed using the membrane sealant copolymer poloxamer 188. The data indicate that amyloid oligomer toxicity is caused by defects in the lipid bilayer of the type that are sealed by poloxamer 188. Our results also suggest the possibility of using polymer-based membrane sealants to prevent or reverse amyloid oligomer toxicity in vivo. Because the ability to permeabilize membranes is a generic property of amyloid oligomers, this therapeutic approach may be effective for the treatment of many degenerative diseases caused in part by the interaction of misfolded proteins with cell membranes, as in Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, and a host of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erene W Mina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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16
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Peters I, Igbavboa U, Schütt T, Haidari S, Hartig U, Rosello X, Böttner S, Copanaki E, Deller T, Kögel D, Wood WG, Müller WE, Eckert GP. The interaction of beta-amyloid protein with cellular membranes stimulates its own production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:964-72. [PMID: 19366591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gradual changes in steady-state levels of beta amyloid peptides (Abeta) in brain are considered an initial step in the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta is a product of the secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). There is evidence that the membrane lipid environment may modulate secretase activity and alters its function. Cleavage of APP strongly depends on membrane properties. Since Abeta perturbs cell membrane fluidity, the cell membrane may be the location where the neurotoxic cascade of Abeta is initiated. Therefore, we tested effects of oligomeric Abeta on membrane fluidity of whole living cells, the impact of exogenous and cellular Abeta on the processing of APP and the role of GM-1 ganglioside. We present evidence that oligoAbeta((1-40)) stimulates the amyloidogenic processing of APP by reducing membrane fluidity and complexing with GM-1 ganglioside. This dynamic action of Abeta may start a vicious circle, where endogenous Abeta stimulates its own production. Based on our novel findings, we propose that oligoAbeta((1-40)) accelerates the proteolytic cleavage of APP by decreasing membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Peters
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Campus Riedberg, Biocenter Geb. N260, R.1.09, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Tanabe Y, Kawashima A, Harada T, Yano T, Mizuguchi K, Shido O. The protective effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid against impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in rats infused with amyloid beta(1-40). J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:965-73. [PMID: 18993051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide (1-40) can cause cognitive impairment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated whether dietary preadministration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is conducive to cognition learning ability and whether it protects against the impairment of learning ability in rats infused with Abeta peptide (1-40) into the cerebral ventricle. RESULTS Dietary EPA administered to rats for 12 weeks before the infusion of Abeta into the rat brain significantly decreased the number of reference memory errors (RMEs) and working memory errors (WMEs), suggesting that chronic administration of EPA improves cognition learning ability in rats. EPA preadministered to the Abeta-infused rats significantly reduced the increase in the number of RMEs and WMEs, with concurrent proportional increases in the levels of corticohippocampal EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and in the DHA/arachidonic acid molar ratio. Decrease in oxidative stress in these tissues was evaluated by determining the reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide levels. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that altered genes included those that control synaptic signal transduction, cell communication, membrane-related vesicular transport functions, and enzymes and several other proteins. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that EPA, by acting as a precursor for DHA, ameliorates learning deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease and that these effects are modulated by the expression of proteins involved in neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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Safety Assessment of Poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, Poloxamer 105 Benzoate, and Poloxamer 182 Dibenzoate as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2008; 27 Suppl 2:93-128. [DOI: 10.1080/10915810802244595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD50 values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m3 identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal tox-icity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, ororgan weight changes. A6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day-1), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day-1), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day-1) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day-1) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day-1 for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anti-carcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.
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Decreased phospholipase A2 activity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:1173-9. [PMID: 18584113 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is involved in important aspects of dementia, for example neurotransmission and memory processing, membrane function, choline availability, and antioxidative defense. Reduced PLA2-activity has been reported so far in blood samples and postmortem neuronal tissue in Alzheimer disease. For the first time, we studied PLA2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular (VD), and mixed Alzheimer/vascular dementia (MD). Intracellular PLA2 was assessed in CSF of 16 AD, 12 VD, 15 MD patients, and 19 healthy control subjects. A fluorometric assay was applied using the PLA2-specific substrate NBDC6-HPC. Significantly reduced PLA2 activity was not only found in AD, but also in VD and MD. This finding was independent of demographic co-variates and medication. PLA2 results in CSF corroborate previous findings of impaired PLA2 function in Alzheimer's disease and extend these to patients with VD. They are likely to reflect an involvement of PLA2 impairment in a variety of pathomechanisms crucial in different dementia subtypes, in which disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission and disturbance of intact membrane function appear to be the key mechanisms.
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Riley AL, Freeman KB. Conditioned flavor aversions: assessment of drug-induced suppression of food intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 8:Unit 8.6E. [PMID: 18428612 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0806es29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Administration of a drug following ingestion of a novel food or solution often suppresses subsequent intake of the new food or solution. This suppression is associative, in that consumption is not suppressed when there is no temporal relationship between consumption and drug administration. The robust nature of aversion learning has made this procedure a sensitive and widely used behavioral index of drug side effects. The procedures described in this unit are suitable for work with rodents, and may require modifications, e.g., in presentation of the ingesta and drug for other species. Familiar and novel foods may be used instead of solutions, with similar results.
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Cholinergic and glutamatergic alterations beginning at the early stages of Alzheimer disease: participation of the phospholipase A2 enzyme. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 198:1-27. [PMID: 18392810 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. A combination of cholinergic and glutamatergic dysfunction appears to underlie the symptomatology of AD, and thus, treatment strategies should address impairments in both systems. Evidence suggests the involvement of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzyme in memory impairment and neurodegeneration in AD via actions on both cholinergic and glutamatergic systems. OBJECTIVES To review cholinergic and glutamatergic alterations underlying cognitive impairment and neuropathology in AD and attempt to link PLA(2) with such alterations. METHODS Medline databases were searched (no date restrictions) for published articles with links among the terms Alzheimer disease (mild, moderate, severe), mild cognitive impairment, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, NGF, NGF receptor, muscarinic receptor, nicotinic receptor, NMDA, AMPA, metabotropic glutamate receptor, atrophy, glucose metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid, membrane fluidity, phospholipase A(2), arachidonic acid, attention, memory, long-term potentiation, beta-amyloid, tau, inflammation, and reactive species. Reference lists of the identified articles were checked to identify additional studies of interest. RESULTS Overall, results suggest the hypothesis that persistent inhibition of cPLA(2) and iPLA(2) isoforms at early stages of AD may play a central role in memory deficits and beta-amyloid production through down-regulation of cholinergic and glutamate receptors. As the disease progresses, beta-amyloid induced up-regulation of cPLA(2) and sPLA(2) isoforms may play critical roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, thus participating in the neurodegenerative process. CONCLUSION Activation and inhibition of specific PLA(2) isoforms at different stages of AD could be of therapeutic importance and delay cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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22
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Zhang C, Qu G, Sun Y, Yang T, Yao Z, Shen W, Shen Z, Ding Q, Zhou H, Ping Q. Biological evaluation of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan as a new nano-carrier of intravenous drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 33:415-23. [PMID: 18337069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic chitosan derivate, N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (NOSC) was prepared by octylation of amino group at C-2 position and sulfonylation at C-6 position. Micelle formed by NOSC has great capability in solubilization of water-insoluble drug paclitaxel. Enormous attention was attracted by the potential application of NOSC as a new drug delivery system. Tritium labeled NOSC ((3)H NOSC) was injected by tail vein at dose of 13.44 mg/kg in mice; kidney retained the maximum amount of NOSC all the time even after 24h following the injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, maximum plasma concentration, apparent plasma half-life of distribution phase and elimination phase, mean residence time, apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance) were obtained by fluorometric method in rats. The results showed a linear pharmacokinetics proceeding of FITC-NOSC in vivo. 75.4+/-11.6% (3)H NOSC of dose was excreted in urine over a 7-day period, urinary excretion was the predominant way of excretion of NOSC compared with bilary or fecal pathway. A series of safety studies consisted of acute toxicity study, intravenous stimulation study, injection anaphylaxis study, hemolysis study and cell viability assay were performed to warrant the biocompatibility of the NOSC as intravenous materials. The LD(50) value of NOSC administrated by i.v. and i.p. were calculated as 102.59 and 130.53 mg/kg, respectively. No intravenous stimulation, injection anaphylaxis, hemolysis and cytotoxicity were observed in the safety studies. The tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics, excretion and safety study were persuasive for the potential application of NOSC as a new drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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23
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Forlenza OV, Schaeffer EL, Gattaz WF. The role of phospholipase A2 in neuronal homeostasis and memory formation: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:231-8. [PMID: 17131232 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is a key enzyme in cerebral phospholipid metabolism. Preliminary post-mortem studies have shown that PLA(2) activity is decreased in frontal and parietal areas of the AD brain, which is in accordance with recent (31)P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy evidence of reduced phospholipid turnover in the pre-frontal cortex of moderately demented AD patients. Such abnormality may also be observed in peripheral cells, and reduced PLA(2) activity in platelet membranes of AD patients, and correlates with the severity of dementia. In rat hippocampal slices, PLA(2) has been implicated in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. In adult rats, the stereotaxic injection of PLA(2) inhibitors in the CA1 area of hippocampus impaired, in a dose-dependent manner, the formation of short- and long-term memory. Additionally, such inhibition resulted in a reduction of the fluidity of hippocampal membranes. In primary cultures of cortical and hippocampal neurons, the inhibition of PLA(2) precluded neurite outgrowth, and the sustained inhibition of the enzyme in mature cultures lead to loss of viability. Taken together, these findings reinforce the involvement of PLA(2) enzymes in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration processes, and further suggest that reduced PLA(2) activity, probably reducing membrane phospholipids breakdown, may contribute to the memory impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department & Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schaeffer EL, Gattaz WF. Requirement of hippocampal phospholipase A2 activity for long-term memory retrieval in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:379-85. [PMID: 17066253 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In rats, the inhibition of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in hippocampus was reported to impair memory acquisition. In the present study we investigated in rats whether PLA(2) inhibition in hippocampus is also related to impairment of memory retrieval. Rats were bilaterally implanted with cannulae in hippocampal CA1 region. After recovery, animals were submitted to one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task and tested for long-term memory (LTM) 24 h later. Before test session, animals received infusions of vehicle or the PLA(2) inhibitor PACOCF(3). Inhibition of PLA(2) activity impaired LTM retrieval. Memory impairment was fully reversed once PLA(2) activity was recovered. Moreover, LTM retrieval per se increased PLA(2) activity. To our knowledge, we demonstrated for the first time that PLA(2) activity is required for memory retrieval. Because reduced PLA(2) activity has been found in Alzheimer's disease brains, the present results may be relevant to clarify at least part of the biology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mahmud I, Hossain A, Hossain S, Hannan A, Ali L, Hashimoto M. Effects of Hilsa ilisa fish oil on the atherogenic lipid profile and glycaemic status of streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 31:76-81. [PMID: 14756688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.03953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of oral administration of Hilsa (Hilsa ilisa) fish oil (1 g oil/kg bodyweight per day) on the lipid profile, platelet aggregation, anti-oxidative status and glycaemic control of streptozotocin (STZ; 90 mg/kg bodyweight)-treated type 1 diabetic rats were compared with those in fish oil-treated or untreated non-diabetic rats. 2. After 3 weeks of fish oil feeding, plasma total cholesterol decreased in both the non-diabetic and diabetic rats by 35 and approximately 10%, respectively, and triglyceride fell by 69 and 20%, respectively, compared with control rats. 3. Fish oil feeding decreased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) by 29% in diabetic rats but the NEFA level in non-diabetic rats was unaffected. 4. In non-diabetic and diabetic rats, platelet aggregation decreased by 49 and 37%, respectively, and total anti-oxidant status increased by 18 and 17%, respectively, after fish oil feeding. 5. Insulin levels increased by 27% in the fish oil-fed non-diabetic rats, whereas insulin levels were markedly decreased in diabetic rats. Glucose levels were not altered at all and fructosamine levels decreased by 29% only in fish oil-fed diabetic rats. 6. The results of the present study suggest that Hilsa ilisa fish oil may ameliorate the atherogenic lipid profile, platelet hyperaggregation and the anti-oxidative defence of STZ-diabetic rats and the amelioration is thought to be independent of the effects of Hilsa on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Mahmud
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences (CAMS), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Grindel JM, Jaworski T, Piraner O, Emanuele RM, Balasubramanian M. Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a novel surface-active agent, purified poloxamer 188, in rats, dogs, and humans. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:1936-47. [PMID: 12210041 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purified poloxamer 188 (PP188) is a nonionic, block copolymer surfactant with hemorheologic, antithrombotic, and anti-adhesive properties. PP188 is being studied in phase III clinical trials in sickle cell disease and has been found to be well tolerated and has demonstrated benefit in ameliorating the effects of acute painful vasoocclusive crisis. The disposition of PP188 was studied in rats, dogs, and humans to establish a basis for understanding the safety parameters in support of clinical trials. PP188 was primarily distributed in extracellular water with little or no uptake by red blood cells, and had its highest concentrations in highly perfused tissues such as the kidney, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. PP188 had no apparent effect on P450 isozymes in vitro. Metabolism was limited (< 5% of dose) with a higher molecular weight copolymer being the only other material detected in plasma or urine. Renal clearance was the controlling route of clearance for PP188 from the body. The 48-h intravenous infusion doses of PP188 were cleared in all species by approximately 1 week after the cessation of dose administration. PP188's disposition is a model for other nonionic block copolymers with similar physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Grindel
- CytRx Corporation, 154 Technology Parkway, Suite 200, Norcross, Georgia 30092, USA.
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Terry AV, Hernandez CM, Buccafusco JJ, Gattu M. Deficits in spatial learning and nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors in older, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2001; 101:357-68. [PMID: 11074159 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats are often used as models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and to investigate the effects of hypertension on cognitive function. Along with the wide variety of cardiovascular anomalies, these animals as young adults also exhibit deficits in memory and attention and central nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor sites. These findings may have particular significance since nicotinic receptors appear to be involved in the regulation of cerebral circulation and mnemonic function. Furthermore, a lack of high affinity nicotinic receptors (in knockout mice) has also been shown to accelerate both the structural and cognitive degeneration associated with age, findings that may be especially relevant to age-related memory disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease where large deficits in nicotinic receptors are observed. Since spontaneously hypertensive rats appear to be both memory-impaired and deficient in nicotinic receptors at a young age (compared to the non-hypertensive phenotype, Wistar-Kyoto rats), we were interested to learn if these conditions were exacerbated in older animals with particular interest in specific nicotinic receptor subtypes in memory areas of the brain. Spatial learning was assessed in 15-month-old subjects of each phenotype (i.e. hypertensive and non-hypertensive) using a two-phase water maze paradigm, and nicotinic receptors were measured via autoradiography with [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin and [3H]-epibatidine. In the water maze, both groups learned to locate a hidden platform as indicated by progressively shorter latencies across training days, however, Wistar-Kyoto rats were more efficient in both phases. While the number of both bungarotoxin and epibatidine binding sites was lower in the hypertensive rats across several brain regions, in the case of epibatidine binding, the magnitude of the difference and the number of areas affected was generally greater and included areas important for spatial learning (e.g. frontal and entorhinal cortex). In a direct comparison between 3-month-old and 15-month-old rats of each phenotype, epibatidine sites were markedly reduced by age (i.e. by greater than 50% in some cases) across multiple brain regions in both groups, although Wistar-Kyoto rats appeared to be more substantially affected by age. These data further support the use of the spontaneously hypertensive rat as model for studying learning-impairment and reduced central nicotinic receptors and also indicate that these characteristics persist and (in the case of high affinity nicotinic receptor cites) worsen with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Terry
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Robinson L, Bridge H, Riedel G. Visual discrimination learning in the water maze: a novel test for visual acuity. Behav Brain Res 2001; 119:77-84. [PMID: 11164528 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Learning about space, the environment and specific objects comprising three-dimensional arrangements requires processing of visual information. As learning and memory experiments in mammals rely heavily on normal processing of visual cues, drug-induced disruption of acquisition learning or memory formation necessitates the important control for visual acuity. A popular task used frequently for rats is the Morris water maze. However, previously used visual tasks in the water maze only control for gross visual disturbances. Here we describe a new training procedure enabling visual acuity to be tested in the water maze. Animals were trained to discriminate between two cue cards containing a pattern of vertical black and white stripes. Cards were presented in two adjacent quadrants separated by a barrier with the escape platform located in front of the smaller stripes (1 cm wide). Once 80% correct responses were attained, the wider cue card (normally 5 cm wide stripes) was randomly changed to gratings of 1,2,3,4,5, and 10 cm width. Animals learned the discrimination with acuity of 1.5 c/deg. A detailed analysis of the swim patterns further suggests that, independent of the grating used, animals make a choice immediately after release and swim along the walls towards the cue. In a further acuity test taken a few weeks later when animals were given saline infusions, performance was better than in the first test suggesting an effect of learning. This novel test may prove useful in determining subtle drug-induced deficits in visual acuity that may contribute to disruption of spatial performance in the water maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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