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Crawford L. Sir Michael George Parke Stoker: A virology pioneer. Virology 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The use of a reporter gene in transgenic mice indicates that there are many local mutations and large genomic rearrangements per somatic cell that accumulate with age at different rates per organ and without visible effects. Dissociation of the cells for monolayer culture brings out great heterogeneity of size and loss of function among cells that presumably reflect genetic and epigenetic differences among the cells, but are masked in organized tissue. The regulatory power of a mass of contiguous normal cells is expressed in its capacity to normalize the appearance and growth behavior of solitary homophilic neoplastic cells, and to redirect differentiation of solitary heterophilic stem-like cells. Intimate contact between the interacting cells is required to induce these changes. The normalization of the neoplastic phenotype does not require gap junctional communication between cells, though transdifferentiation might. These varied relationships are manifestations of the unifying biological principle of "order in the large over heterogeneity in the small".
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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STOKER M, MACPHERSON I. SYRIAN HAMSTER FIBROBLAST CELL LINE BHK21 AND ITS DERIVATIVES. Nature 1996; 203:1355-7. [PMID: 14207308 DOI: 10.1038/2031355a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rey-Bellet V, Türler H. A 61,000-dalton truncated large T-antigen is uniformly expressed in hamster cells transformed by polyomavirus. J Virol 1984; 50:587-97. [PMID: 6323758 PMCID: PMC255677 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.2.587-597.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various polyomavirus-transformed hamster cell lines derived from tumors or from infected hamster cell cultures synthesized polyoma middle and small tumor (T)-antigens but no full-size large T-antigen. Instead, all cell lines produced the same or similar polyoma T-antigen-related proteins of ca. 61 kilodaltons (kDal). Like large T-antigen synthesized in lytically infected mouse cells, the 61-kDal proteins were phosphoproteins showing electrophoretic and charge heterogeneities. Chromatographic analysis of the methionine-containing tryptic peptides indicated that the 61-kDal proteins were truncated forms of large T-antigen comprising amino acid residues 1 to 485 (+/- 25). Analysis of viral DNA present in hamster chromosomal DNA of three independently isolated cell lines confirmed that synthesis of the 61-kDal proteins was due to a discontinuity in the large T-antigen coding sequence, most likely located between 7 and 8.9 map units on the polyoma DNA map. The three cell lines yielded essentially the same patterns of viral DNA-containing restriction enzyme fragments, suggesting that insertion of viral DNA into the hamster chromosomes took place at closely similar sites.
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Schaffhausen B. Transforming genes and gene products of polyoma and SV40. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 13:215-86. [PMID: 6293767 DOI: 10.3109/10409238209114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The small DNA-containing viruses, SV40 and polyoma, transform cells in vitro and induce tumors in vivo. For both viruses two genes required for transformation have been found. The genes required for transformation are also involved in productive infection. Although the two viruses are similar in their effects on cells, the organization of the transforming genes and gene products is different. The purpose of this review is to compare what is known about the biology and the biochemistry of the early regions of the two viruses. The genetic and biochemical studies defining the sequences important for transformation will be reviewed. Then, the products of the transforming genes, called T antigens, will be discussed in detail. There is a substantial body of descriptive information on those products, and studies on the function of the T antigens have also begun.
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Brinkley BR, Fistel SH, Marcum JM, Pardue RL. Microtubules in cultured cells; indirect immunofluorescent staining with tubulin antibody. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1980; 63:59-95. [PMID: 395133 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang TC, Tobias CA. Radiation and cell transformation in vitro. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1980; 17:417-61. [PMID: 7457231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-005217-2.50016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Consigli RA, Center MS. Recent advances in polyoma virus research. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1978; 6:263-99. [PMID: 215382 DOI: 10.3109/10408417809090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Flaxman BA, Nelson BK. Ultrastructural studies of the early junctional zone formed by keratinocytes showing contact inhibition of movement in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1974; 63:326-30. [PMID: 4607616 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12680297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schaller JP, Yohn DS. Transformation potentials of the noninfectious (defective) component in pools of adenoviruses type 12 and simian adenovirus 7. J Virol 1974; 14:392-401. [PMID: 4211167 PMCID: PMC355525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.2.392-401.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pools of adenovirus 12 and simian adenovirus 7 were separated into four or five fractions by density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride. Each fraction was analyzed for total in vitro infectivity units, total transformation activity, and for total virus particle (VP) content. Two major subpopulations were separated with mean densities of 1.30 +/- 0.02 and 1.34 +/- 0.02 g/ml, respectively. Virions in the 1.34 g/ml range were highly infectious (10(2) to 10(3) VP per infectivity unit) in contrast to virions at 1.30 g/ml density (10(4) to 10(5) VP per infectivity units). Transformation capacity was evenly distributed throughout fractions of both viruses, indicating that genetically incomplete or defective virus particles were not deficient in their ability to induce transformation. The average VP per transformation unit for adenovirus 12 (2.85 x 10(6)) and for simian adenovirus 7 (4.00 x 10(6)) did not vary significantly from fraction to fraction. These values were obtained with optimal input multiplicities of 16 to 64 VP per cell. At higher multiplicities the apparent increase in VP per transformation unit was attributable to the viral cytocidal effect on hamster cells. These studies revealed that quantitation of in vitro transformation based on VP multiplicities was more reliable than on the basis of infectious units. These estimates were independent of method of virus production, extraction, and purification.
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Deppert W, Werchau H, Walter G. Differentiation between intracellular and cell surface glycosyl transferases: galactosyl transferase activity in intact cells and in cell homogenate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:3068-72. [PMID: 4528509 PMCID: PMC388622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.8.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells catalyze the hydrolysis of UDP-galactose to free galactose. The generation of galactose from UDP-galactose and its intracellular utilization impede the detection of possible galactosyl transferases on the cell surface of intact cells. Several independent procedures have been used to distinguish between intracellular and cell surface glycosyl transferases. With these procedures, no evidence was obtained for the presence of detectable amounts of galactosyl transferase activity on the surface of BHK cells. The data suggest that galactosyl transferases do not play a general role in the phenomena of cell adhesion and contact inhibition.
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Dulbecco R, Elkington J. Conditions limiting multiplication of fibroblastic and epithelial cells in dense cultures. Nature 1973; 246:197-9. [PMID: 4586792 DOI: 10.1038/246197a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Basilico C, Burstin SJ. Multiplication of polyoma virus in mouse-hamster somatic hybrids: a hybrid cell line which produces viral particles containing predominantly host deoxyribonucleic acid. J Virol 1971; 7:802-12. [PMID: 4327588 PMCID: PMC356200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.6.802-812.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiplication of polyoma virus in a mouse-hamster (3T3 x BHK) somatic hybrid line (10A), which, although permissive for viral multiplication, produces very low amounts of virus, has been studied. In this cell line, the efficiency of productive infection is high, but the yield of infectious virus is on the order of 0.5% of that of 3T3 cells. The amount of viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized by these cells upon infection is about 5% of that of 3T3 cells. An examination of the virus produced in hybrid 10A revealed that it was only one-tenth as infectious as the virus grown in 3T3. Although the viral DNA synthesized in the infected 10A cells is normal, the DNA extracted from purified virus grown in 10A consists of approximately 10% of normal, supercoiled polyoma DNA molecules and of approximately 90% linear DNA molecules with a sedimentation coefficient of 14 to 16S. These DNA molecules appear to be of cellular origin but contain a limited amount of viral DNA sequences. The host DNA-containing particles are not infectious but appear to possess some biological activity; they give rise to a weak complementation effect, and part of them are able to induce T-antigen synthesis. In addition, the host DNA present in these particles is predominantly that which has been synthesized after infection. The correlation between the block in viral DNA synthesis in this cell line and the abnormal encapsidation of host DNA is discussed.
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Pontén J. Spontaneous and virus induced transformation in cell culture. VIROLOGY MONOGRAPHS. DIE VIRUSFORSCHUNG IN EINZELDARSTELLUNGEN 1971; 8:1-253. [PMID: 4354654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8258-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sanders FK, Burford BO. Morphological conversion, hyperconversion and reversion of mammalian cells treated in vitro with N-nitrosomethylurea. Nature 1968; 220:448-53. [PMID: 4301058 DOI: 10.1038/220448a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Westphal H, Dulbecco R. Viral DNA in polyoma- and SV40-transformed cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:1158-65. [PMID: 4297333 PMCID: PMC224846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.4.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
Adenovirus type 12 (Huie) inoculated into cultures of primary whole rat embryo produced foci of morphologically altered cells. The number and identification of these transformed areas was dependent upon the calcium concentration of the medium; more foci appeared in 0.1 mm than in 1.8 mm calcium. Cell lines derived from these inoculated cultures did not yield infectious virus, and also were similar to cell lines derived from adenovirus type 12-induced tumors with respect to morphology, presence of virus-specific tumor antigen, and oncogenicity. Dose-response curves revealed that transformation of rat embryo cells by adenovirus type 12 followed one-hit kinetics, and that approximately 7 x 10(5) infectious virus particles were required for one transformation event. Our results indicate that the transformation system described for adenovirus type 12 is reproducible, and that previous difficulties experienced in developing such a system may well be explained by the higher calcium concentration of the tissue culture media used.
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Transformation Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4832-3219-5.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Helgeland K. Polyoma virus. 3. On the nature of the virus receptors on the mouse embryo cells. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 68:439-44. [PMID: 4289620 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.68.3.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dawe CJ, Morgan WD, Slatick MS. Influence of epithelio-mesenchymal interactions on tumor induction by polyoma virus. Int J Cancer 1966; 1:419-50. [PMID: 4287947 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Littlefield JW, Basilico C. Infection of thymidine kinase-deficient BHK cells with polyoma virus. Nature 1966; 211:250-2. [PMID: 4290606 DOI: 10.1038/211250a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Clarke GD. Variations in the tumour-forming capacity of a line of rat fibroblasts (16C) following selection in vitro. Br J Cancer 1965; 19:840-54. [PMID: 5862661 PMCID: PMC2071395 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1965.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Defendi V, Lehman JM. Transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro by polyoma virus: morphological, karyological, immunological and transplantation characteristics. J Cell Physiol 1965; 66:351-409. [PMID: 4287095 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030660313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Black PH, Rowe WP. Increase of malignant potential of BHK-21 cells by SV40 DNA without persistent new antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:1126-33. [PMID: 4286831 PMCID: PMC219810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.4.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Basilico C, Di Mayorca G. Radiation target size of the lytic and the transforming ability of polyoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:125-7. [PMID: 4285421 PMCID: PMC285808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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SANDERS FK, BURFORD BO. ASCITES TUMOURS FROM BHK.21 CELLS TRANSFORMED IN VITRO BY POLYOMA VIRUS. Nature 1964; 201:786-9. [PMID: 14161203 DOI: 10.1038/201786a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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HOWATSON AF. The Structure Of Tumor Viruses And its Bearing on Their Relation to Viruses in General. Adv Cancer Res 1964; 8:1-40. [PMID: 14268781 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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STOKER M. Effect of X-Irradiation on Susceptibility of Cells to Transformation by Polyoma Virus. Nature 1963; 200:756-8. [PMID: 14087008 DOI: 10.1038/200756a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stoker M. Transformation of Human and Animal Tissues after Virus Infection [Summary]. Proc R Soc Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576305600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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