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Ahmadi B, Mazurek P, Horodecki P, Barzanjeh S. Nonreciprocal Quantum Batteries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:210402. [PMID: 38856272 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.210402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonreciprocity, arising from the breaking of time-reversal symmetry, has become a fundamental tool in diverse quantum technology applications. It enables directional flow of signals and efficient noise suppression, constituting a key element in the architecture of current quantum information and computing systems. Here we explore its potential in optimizing the charging dynamics of a quantum battery. By introducing nonreciprocity through reservoir engineering during the charging process, we induce a directed energy flow from the quantum charger to the battery, resulting in a substantial increase in energy accumulation. Despite local dissipation, the nonreciprocal approach demonstrates a fourfold increase in battery energy compared to conventional charger-battery systems. This effect is observed in the stationary limit and remains applicable even in overdamped coupling regimes, eliminating the need for precise temporal control over evolution parameters. Our result can be extended to a chiral network of quantum nodes, serving as a multicell quantum battery system to enhance storage capacity. The proposed approach is straightforward to implement using current state-of-the-art quantum circuits, both in photonics and superconducting quantum systems. In a broader context, the concept of nonreciprocal charging has significant implications for sensing, energy capture, and storage technologies or studying quantum thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmadi
- International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdansk, Jana Bażyńskiego 1A, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | - P Mazurek
- International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdansk, Jana Bażyńskiego 1A, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - P Horodecki
- International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdansk, Jana Bażyńskiego 1A, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | - S Barzanjeh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Busnaina JH, Shi Z, McDonald A, Dubyna D, Nsanzineza I, Hung JSC, Chang CWS, Clerk AA, Wilson CM. Quantum simulation of the bosonic Kitaev chain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3065. [PMID: 38594258 PMCID: PMC11004022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconducting quantum circuits are a natural platform for quantum simulations of a wide variety of important lattice models describing topological phenomena, spanning condensed matter and high-energy physics. One such model is the bosonic analog of the well-known fermionic Kitaev chain, a 1D tight-binding model with both nearest-neighbor hopping and pairing terms. Despite being fully Hermitian, the bosonic Kitaev chain exhibits a number of striking features associated with non-Hermitian systems, including chiral transport and a dramatic sensitivity to boundary conditions known as the non-Hermitian skin effect. Here, using a multimode superconducting parametric cavity, we implement the bosonic Kitaev chain in synthetic dimensions. The lattice sites are mapped to frequency modes of the cavity, and the in situ tunable complex hopping and pairing terms are created by parametric pumping at the mode-difference and mode-sum frequencies, respectively. We experimentally demonstrate important precursors of nontrivial topology and the non-Hermitian skin effect in the bosonic Kitaev chain, including chiral transport, quadrature wavefunction localization, and sensitivity to boundary conditions. Our experiment is an important first step towards exploring genuine many-body non-Hermitian quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal H Busnaina
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zheng Shi
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander McDonald
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Institut quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dmytro Dubyna
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Nsanzineza
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jimmy S C Hung
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C W Sandbo Chang
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher M Wilson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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3
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Xu H, Delić U, Wang G, Li C, Cappellaro P, Li J. Exponentially Enhanced Non-Hermitian Cooling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:110402. [PMID: 38563915 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Certain non-Hermitian systems exhibit the skin effect, whereby the wave functions become exponentially localized at one edge of the system. Such exponential amplification of wavefunction has received significant attention due to its potential applications in, e.g., classical and quantum sensing. However, the opposite edge of the system, featured by exponentially suppressed wave functions, remains largely unexplored. Leveraging this phenomenon, we introduce a non-Hermitian cooling mechanism, which is fundamentally distinct from traditional refrigeration or laser cooling techniques. Notably, non-Hermiticity will not amplify thermal excitations, but rather redistribute them. Hence, thermal excitations can be cooled down at one edge of the system, and the cooling effect can be exponentially enhanced by the number of auxiliary modes, albeit with a lower bound that depends on the dissipative interaction with the environment. Non-Hermitian cooling does not rely on intricate properties such as exceptional points or nontrivial topology, and it can apply to a wide range of excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Uroš Delić
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Changhao Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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4
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Fedorov A, Kumar NP, Le DT, Navarathna R, Pakkiam P, Stace TM. Nonreciprocity and Circulation in a Passive Josephson-Junction Ring. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:097001. [PMID: 38489656 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.097001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Building large-scale superconducting quantum circuits will require miniaturization and integration of supporting devices including microwave circulators, which are currently bulky, stand-alone components. Here, we report the measurement of microwave scattering from a ring of Josephson junctions, with dc-only control fields. We detect the effect of quasiparticle tunneling, and dynamically classify the system at its operating design point into different quasiparticle sectors. We optimize the device within one of the quasiparticle sectors, where we observe an unambiguous signature of nonreciprocal 3-port scattering within that sector. This enables operation as a circulator, and at the optimal circulation point, we observe on-resonance insertion loss of 2 dB, isolation of 14 dB, power reflectance of -11 dB, and a bandwidth of 200 MHz, averaged over the 3 input ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Fedorov
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - N Pradeep Kumar
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dat Thanh Le
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rohit Navarathna
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Prasanna Pakkiam
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Malnou M, Larson TFQ, Teufel JD, Lecocq F, Aumentado J. Low-noise cryogenic microwave amplifier characterization with a calibrated noise source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:034703. [PMID: 38451145 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Parametric amplifiers have become a workhorse in superconducting quantum computing; however, research and development of these devices has been hampered by inconsistent and, sometimes, misleading noise performance characterization methodologies. The concepts behind noise characterization are deceptively simple, and there are many places where one can make mistakes, either in measurement or in interpretation and analysis. In this article, we cover the basics of noise performance characterization and the special problems it presents in parametric amplifiers with limited power handling capability. We illustrate the issues with three specific examples: a high-electron mobility transistor amplifier, a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier, and a Josephson parametric amplifier. We emphasize the use of a 50-Ω shot noise tunnel junction (SNTJ) as a broadband noise source, demonstrating its utility for cryogenic amplifier amplifications. These practical examples highlight the role of loss as well as the additional parametric amplifier "idler" input mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malnou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - T F Q Larson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J D Teufel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F Lecocq
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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6
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Upadhyay R, Golubev DS, Chang YC, Thomas G, Guthrie A, Peltonen JT, Pekola JP. Microwave quantum diode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:630. [PMID: 38245544 PMCID: PMC10799849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The fragile nature of quantum circuits is a major bottleneck to scalable quantum applications. Operating at cryogenic temperatures, quantum circuits are highly vulnerable to amplifier backaction and external noise. Non-reciprocal microwave devices such as circulators and isolators are used for this purpose. These devices have a considerable footprint in cryostats, limiting the scalability of quantum circuits. As a proof-of-concept, here we report a compact microwave diode architecture, which exploits the non-linearity of a superconducting flux qubit. At the qubit degeneracy point we experimentally demonstrate a significant difference between the power levels transmitted in opposite directions. The observations align with the proposed theoretical model. At - 99 dBm input power, and near the qubit-resonator avoided crossing region, we report the transmission rectification ratio exceeding 90% for a 50 MHz wide frequency range from 6.81 GHz to 6.86 GHz, and over 60% for the 250 MHz range from 6.67 GHz to 6.91 GHz. The presented architecture is compact, and easily scalable towards multiple readout channels, potentially opening up diverse opportunities in quantum information, microwave read-out and optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Upadhyay
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Dmitry S Golubev
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - George Thomas
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andrew Guthrie
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Joonas T Peltonen
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka P Pekola
- Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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7
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang Y. Nonreciprocal optomechanically induced transparency and enhanced ground-state cooling in a reversed-dissipation cavity system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:499-510. [PMID: 38175078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We explore the prospects of phase-modulated optical nonreciprocity and enhanced ground-state cooling of a mechanical resonator for the reversed-dissipation system, where the dissipative coupling between two cavities is realized through the adiabatic elimination of a low-Q mechanical mode, while a high-Q mechanical mode interacts with two mutually coupled cavities, forming a closed-loop structure. This unique system facilitates the nontrivial phenomenon of optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT), which exhibits asymmetry due to the frequency shift effect. We also observe the emergence of parity-dependent unidirectional OMIT windows (appearing under the phase-matching condition), which can be dynamically modulated by both the phase factors and the strength of the dissipative coupling. Furthermore, our study delves into the ground-state cooling effect operating within the reversed-dissipation regime. Intriguingly, the cooling effect can be significantly enhanced by carefully engineering dissipative complex coupling, such as in the phase-matching condition. The potential applications of this scheme extend to the fabrication of ideal optical isolators in optical communication systems and the manipulation of macroscopic mechanical resonators at the quantum level, presenting exciting opportunities in quantum technologies.
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8
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Agustí J, Zhang XHH, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P. Autonomous Distribution of Programmable Multiqubit Entanglement in a Dual-Rail Quantum Network. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:250801. [PMID: 38181340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.250801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
We propose and analyze a scalable and fully autonomous scheme for preparing spatially distributed multiqubit entangled states in a dual-rail waveguide QED setup. In this approach, arrays of qubits located along two separated waveguides are illuminated by correlated photons from the output of a nondegenerate parametric amplifier. These photons drive the qubits into different classes of pure entangled steady states, for which the degree of multipartite entanglement can be conveniently adjusted by the chosen pattern of local qubit-photon detunings. Numerical simulations for moderate-sized networks show that the preparation time for these complex multiqubit states increases at most linearly with the system size and that one may benefit from an additional speedup in the limit of a large amplifier bandwidth. Therefore, this scheme offers an intriguing new route for distributing ready-to-use multipartite entangled states across large quantum networks, without requiring any precise pulse control and relying on a single Gaussian entanglement source only.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Agustí
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - X H H Zhang
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Y Minoguchi
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Rabl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Ren C, Li Y, Wu J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu W, Li P, Fu Y, Xiao L, Ma J, Jia S. Nonreciprocal dynamics of noninteracting ultracold atoms in a momentum lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34470-34476. [PMID: 37859202 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Realization of nonreciprocal transport is of great importance in the development of devices and systems that require the directional manipulation of signals or particles in information processing and modern physics. For ultracold atomic systems, the approaches based on synthetic dimensions have led to rapid advances in engineering quantum transport. Here, we use laser-coupled discrete momentum states of noninteracting ultracold atoms to synthesize a momentum lattice, and construct a closed ring with controllable tunneling phase in the momentum lattice. We measure the density evolution of atoms in the synthetic lattice with the single-site resolution, and observe the nonreciprocal dynamics by controlling the tunneling phase. We show the effect of both the applied phase and the coupling strength between two distinct population regions on the population distribution of atoms in the momentum lattice, and provide the optimal parameters for achieving the nonreciprocal transport.
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10
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Lu Y, Maiti A, Garmon JWO, Ganjam S, Zhang Y, Claes J, Frunzio L, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. High-fidelity parametric beamsplitting with a parity-protected converter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5767. [PMID: 37723141 PMCID: PMC10507116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast, high-fidelity operations between microwave resonators are an important tool for bosonic quantum computation and simulation with superconducting circuits. An attractive approach for implementing these operations is to couple these resonators via a nonlinear converter and actuate parametric processes with RF drives. It can be challenging to make these processes simultaneously fast and high fidelity, since this requires introducing strong drives without activating parasitic processes or introducing additional decoherence channels. We show that in addition to a careful management of drive frequencies and the spectrum of environmental noise, leveraging the inbuilt symmetries of the converter Hamiltonian can suppress unwanted nonlinear interactions, preventing converter-induced decoherence. We demonstrate these principles using a differentially-driven DC-SQUID as our converter, coupled to two high-Q microwave cavities. Using this architecture, we engineer a highly-coherent beamsplitter and fast (~100 ns) swaps between the cavities, limited primarily by their intrinsic single-photon loss. We characterize this beamsplitter in the cavities' joint single-photon subspace, and show that we can detect and post-select photon loss events to achieve a beamsplitter gate fidelity exceeding 99.98%, which to our knowledge far surpasses the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
| | - Aniket Maiti
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
| | - John W O Garmon
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Suhas Ganjam
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Jahan Claes
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Luigi Frunzio
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Steven M Girvin
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Robert J Schoelkopf
- Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
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11
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Jolin SW, Andersson G, Hernández JCR, Strandberg I, Quijandría F, Aumentado J, Borgani R, Tholén MO, Haviland DB. Multipartite Entanglement in a Microwave Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:120601. [PMID: 37027873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made with multipartite entanglement of discrete qubits, but continuous variable systems may provide a more scalable path toward entanglement of large ensembles. We demonstrate multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb generated by a Josephson parametric amplifier subject to a bichromatic pump. We find 64 correlated modes in the transmission line using a multifrequency digital signal processing platform. Full inseparability is verified in a subset of seven modes. Our method can be expanded to generate even more entangled modes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan W Jolin
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Andersson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J C Rivera Hernández
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Strandberg
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Quijandría
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - José Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Riccardo Borgani
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Intermodulation Products AB, SE-823 93 Segersta, Sweden
| | - Mats O Tholén
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Intermodulation Products AB, SE-823 93 Segersta, Sweden
| | - David B Haviland
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Xiang ZL, Olivares DG, García-Ripoll JJ, Rabl P. Universal Time-Dependent Control Scheme for Realizing Arbitrary Linear Bosonic Transformations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:050801. [PMID: 36800447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We study the implementation of arbitrary excitation-conserving linear transformations between two sets of N stationary bosonic modes, which are connected through a photonic quantum channel. By controlling the individual couplings between the modes and the channel, an initial N-partite quantum state in register A can be released as a multiphoton wave packet and, successively, be reabsorbed in register B. Here we prove that there exists a set of control pulses that implement this transfer with arbitrarily high fidelity and, simultaneously, realize a prespecified N×N unitary transformation between the two sets of modes. Moreover, we provide a numerical algorithm for constructing these control pulses and discuss the scaling and robustness of this protocol in terms of several illustrative examples. By being purely control-based and not relying on any adaptations of the underlying hardware, the presented scheme is extremely flexible and can find widespread applications, for example, for boson-sampling experiments, multiqubit state transfer protocols, or in continuous-variable quantum computing architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Liang Xiang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | | | - Peter Rabl
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Navarathna R, Le DT, Hamann AR, Nguyen HD, Stace TM, Fedorov A. Passive Superconducting Circulator on a Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:037001. [PMID: 36763376 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An on-chip microwave circulator that is compatible with superconducting devices is a key element for scale up of superconducting circuits. Previous approaches to integrating circulators on chip involve either external driving that requires extra microwave lines or a strong magnetic field that would compromise superconductivity. Here we report the first proof-of-principle realization of a passive on-chip circulator that is made from a superconducting loop interrupted by three notionally identical Josephson junctions and is tuned with only dc control fields. Our experimental results show evidence for nonreciprocal scattering, and excellent agreement with theoretical simulations. We also present a detailed analysis of quasiparticle tunneling in our device using a hidden Markov model. By reducing the junction asymmetry and utilizing the known methods of protection from quasiparticles, we anticipate that Josephson-loop circulator will become ubiquitous in superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Navarathna
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dat Thanh Le
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrés Rosario Hamann
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hien Duy Nguyen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arkady Fedorov
- ARC Centre for Engineered Quantum System, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Analog Quantum Circuits Pty. Ltd., Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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14
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Tholén MO, Borgani R, Di Carlo GR, Bengtsson A, Križan C, Kudra M, Tancredi G, Bylander J, Delsing P, Gasparinetti S, Haviland DB. Measurement and control of a superconducting quantum processor with a fully integrated radio-frequency system on a chip. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:104711. [PMID: 36319392 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a digital microwave platform called Presto, designed for measurement and control of multiple quantum bits (qubits) and based on the third-generation radio-frequency system on a chip. Presto uses direct digital synthesis to create signals up to 9 GHz on 16 synchronous output ports, while synchronously analyzing responses on 16 input ports. Presto has 16 DC-bias outputs, four inputs and four outputs for digital triggers or markers, and two continuous-wave outputs for synthesizing frequencies up to 15 GHz. Scaling to a large number of qubits is enabled through deterministic synchronization of multiple Presto units. A Python application programming interface configures a firmware for synthesis and analysis of pulses, coordinated by an event sequencer. The analysis integrates template matching (matched filtering) and low-latency (184-254 ns) feedback to enable a wide range of multi-qubit experiments. We demonstrate Presto's capabilities with experiments on a sample consisting of two superconducting qubits connected via a flux-tunable coupler. We show single-shot readout and active reset of a single qubit; randomized benchmarking of single-qubit gates showing 99.972% fidelity, limited by the coherence time of the qubit; and calibration of a two-qubit iSWAP gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats O Tholén
- Nanostructure Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Borgani
- Nanostructure Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Bengtsson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Križan
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marina Kudra
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Tancredi
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bylander
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Delsing
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simone Gasparinetti
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David B Haviland
- Nanostructure Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Malnou M, Aumentado J, Vissers M, Wheeler J, Hubmayr J, Ullom J, Gao J. Performance of a Kinetic Inductance Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier at 4 Kelvin: Toward an Alternative to Semiconductor Amplifiers. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2022; 17:10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044009. [PMID: 37965129 PMCID: PMC10644704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Most microwave readout architectures in quantum computing or sensing rely on a semiconductor amplifier at 4 K, typically a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Despite its remarkable noise performance, a conventional HEMT dissipates several milliwatts of power, posing a practical challenge to scale up the number of qubits or sensors addressed in these architectures. As an alternative, we present an amplification chain consisting of a kinetic inductance traveling-wave parametric amplifier (KITWPA) placed at 4 K, followed by a HEMT placed at 70 K, and demonstrate a chain-added noise T Σ = 6.3 ± 0.5 K between 3.5 and 5.5 GHz. While, in principle, any parametric amplifier can be quantum limited even at 4 K, in practice we find the performance of the KITWPA to be limited by the temperature of its inputs and by an excess of noise T ex = 1.9 K . The dissipation of the rf pump of the KITWPA constitutes the main power load at 4 K and is about 1% that of a HEMT. These combined noise and power dissipation values pave the way for the use of the KITWPA as a replacement for semiconductor amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Malnou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M.R. Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J.D. Wheeler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J. Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J.N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. Gao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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16
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Lan YT, Su WJ, Wu H, Li Y, Zheng SB. Nonreciprocal light transmission via optomechanical parametric interactions. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1182-1185. [PMID: 35230322 DOI: 10.1364/ol.446367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonreciprocal transmission of optical or microwave signals is indispensable in various applications involving sensitive measurements. In this paper, we study optomechanically induced directional amplification and isolation in a generic setup including two cavities and two mechanical oscillators by exclusively using blue-sideband drive tones. The input and output ports defined by the two cavity modes are coupled through coherent and dissipative paths mediated by the two mechanical resonators, respectively. By choosing appropriate transfer phases and strengths of the driving fields, either a directional amplifier or an isolator can be implemented at low thermal temperature, and both of them show bi-directional nonreciprocity working at two mirrored frequencies. The nonreciprocal device can potentially be demonstrated by opto- and electromechanical setups in both optical and microwave domains.
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17
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Hung JSC, Busnaina JH, Chang CWS, Vadiraj AM, Nsanzineza I, Solano E, Alaeian H, Rico E, Wilson CM. Quantum Simulation of the Bosonic Creutz Ladder with a Parametric Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:100503. [PMID: 34533347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in realizing quantum simulators for physical systems where perturbative methods are ineffective. The scalability and flexibility of circuit quantum electrodynamics make it a promising platform for implementing various types of simulators, including lattice models of strongly coupled field theories. Here, we use a multimode superconducting parametric cavity as a hardware-efficient analog quantum simulator, realizing a lattice in synthetic dimensions with complex hopping interactions. The coupling graph, i.e., the realized model, can be programmed in situ. The complex-valued hopping interaction further allows us to simulate, for instance, gauge potentials and topological models. As a demonstration, we simulate a plaquette of the bosonic Creutz ladder. We characterize the lattice with scattering measurements, reconstructing the experimental Hamiltonian and observing important precursors of topological features including nonreciprocal transport and Aharonov-Bohm caging. This platform can be easily extended to larger lattices and different models involving other interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy S C Hung
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J H Busnaina
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C W Sandbo Chang
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A M Vadiraj
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - I Nsanzineza
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - E Solano
- Kipu Quantum, Kurwenalstrasse 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
- International Center of Quantum Artificial Intelligence for Science and Technology (QuArtist) and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - H Alaeian
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - E Rico
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - C M Wilson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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18
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Lu X, Cao W, Yi W, Shen H, Xiao Y. Nonreciprocity and Quantum Correlations of Light Transport in Hot Atoms via Reservoir Engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:223603. [PMID: 34152162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.223603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The breaking of reciprocity is a topic of great interest in fundamental physics and optical information processing applications. We demonstrate nonreciprocal light transport in a quantum system of hot atoms by engineering the dissipative atomic reservoir. Our scheme is based on the phase-sensitive light transport in a multichannel photon-atom interaction configuration, where the phase of collective atomic excitations is tunable through external driving fields. Remarkably, we observe interchannel quantum correlations that originate from interactions with the judiciously engineered reservoir. The nonreciprocal transport in a quantum optical atomic system constitutes a new paradigm for atom-based nonreciprocal optics and offers opportunities for quantum simulations with coupled optical channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingda Lu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanxia Cao
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Heng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhong Xiao
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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19
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Rosenthal EI, Schneider CMF, Malnou M, Zhao Z, Leditzky F, Chapman BJ, Wustmann W, Ma X, Palken DA, Zanner MF, Vale LR, Hilton GC, Gao J, Smith G, Kirchmair G, Lehnert KW. Efficient and Low-Backaction Quantum Measurement Using a Chip-Scale Detector. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:090503. [PMID: 33750151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting qubits are a leading platform for scalable quantum computing and quantum error correction. One feature of this platform is the ability to perform projective measurements orders of magnitude more quickly than qubit decoherence times. Such measurements are enabled by the use of quantum-limited parametric amplifiers in conjunction with ferrite circulators-magnetic devices which provide isolation from noise and decoherence due to amplifier backaction. Because these nonreciprocal elements have limited performance and are not easily integrated on chip, it has been a long-standing goal to replace them with a scalable alternative. Here, we demonstrate a solution to this problem by using a superconducting switch to control the coupling between a qubit and amplifier. Doing so, we measure a transmon qubit using a single, chip-scale device to provide both parametric amplification and isolation from the bulk of amplifier backaction. This measurement is also fast, high fidelity, and has 70% efficiency, comparable to the best that has been reported in any superconducting qubit measurement. As such, this work constitutes a high-quality platform for the scalable measurement of superconducting qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Rosenthal
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Christian M F Schneider
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maxime Malnou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Felix Leditzky
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Mathematics & Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Benjamin J Chapman
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Waltraut Wustmann
- The Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Xizheng Ma
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel A Palken
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Maximilian F Zanner
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leila R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jiansong Gao
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Graeme Smith
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Gerhard Kirchmair
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K W Lehnert
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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20
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Control and readout of a superconducting qubit using a photonic link. Nature 2021; 591:575-579. [PMID: 33762768 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Delivering on the revolutionary promise of a universal quantum computer will require processors with millions of quantum bits (qubits)1-3. In superconducting quantum processors4, each qubit is individually addressed with microwave signal lines that connect room-temperature electronics to the cryogenic environment of the quantum circuit. The complexity and heat load associated with the multiple coaxial lines per qubit limits the maximum possible size of a processor to a few thousand qubits5. Here we introduce a photonic link using an optical fibre to guide modulated laser light from room temperature to a cryogenic photodetector6, capable of delivering shot-noise-limited microwave signals directly at millikelvin temperatures. By demonstrating high-fidelity control and readout of a superconducting qubit, we show that this photonic link can meet the stringent requirements of superconducting quantum information processing7. Leveraging the low thermal conductivity and large intrinsic bandwidth of optical fibre enables the efficient and massively multiplexed delivery of coherent microwave control pulses, providing a path towards a million-qubit universal quantum computer.
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21
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Lecocq F, Ranzani L, Peterson GA, Cicak K, Jin XY, Simmonds RW, Teufel JD, Aumentado J. Efficient Qubit Measurement with a Nonreciprocal Microwave Amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:020502. [PMID: 33512236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The act of observing a quantum object fundamentally perturbs its state, resulting in a random walk toward an eigenstate of the measurement operator. Ideally, the measurement is responsible for all dephasing of the quantum state. In practice, imperfections in the measurement apparatus limit or corrupt the flow of information required for quantum feedback protocols, an effect quantified by the measurement efficiency. Here, we demonstrate the efficient measurement of a superconducting qubit using a nonreciprocal parametric amplifier to directly monitor the microwave field of a readout cavity. By mitigating the losses between the cavity and the amplifier, we achieve a measurement efficiency of (72±4)%. The directionality of the amplifier protects the readout cavity and qubit from excess backaction caused by amplified vacuum fluctuations. In addition to providing tools for further improving the fidelity of strong projective measurement, this work creates a test bed for the experimental study of ideal weak measurements, and it opens the way toward quantum feedback protocols based on weak measurement such as state stabilization or error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lecocq
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - L Ranzani
- Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G A Peterson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K Cicak
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - X Y Jin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - R W Simmonds
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Teufel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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22
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Bardin JC, Slichter DH, Reilly DJ. Microwaves in Quantum Computing. IEEE JOURNAL OF MICROWAVES 2021; 1:10.1109/JMW.2020.3034071. [PMID: 34355217 PMCID: PMC8335598 DOI: 10.1109/jmw.2020.3034071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantum information processing systems rely on a broad range of microwave technologies and have spurred development of microwave devices and methods in new operating regimes. Here we review the use of microwave signals and systems in quantum computing, with specific reference to three leading quantum computing platforms: trapped atomic ion qubits, spin qubits in semiconductors, and superconducting qubits. We highlight some key results and progress in quantum computing achieved through the use of microwave systems, and discuss how quantum computing applications have pushed the frontiers of microwave technology in some areas. We also describe open microwave engineering challenges for the construction of large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bardin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- Google LLC, Goleta, CA 93117 USA
| | - Daniel H Slichter
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - David J Reilly
- Microsoft Inc., Microsoft Quantum Sydney, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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23
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McRae CRH, Wang H, Gao J, Vissers MR, Brecht T, Dunsworth A, Pappas DP, Mutus J. Materials loss measurements using superconducting microwave resonators. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:091101. [PMID: 33003823 DOI: 10.1063/5.0017378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of superconducting circuits for quantum computing is limited by materials losses. In particular, coherence times are typically bounded by two-level system (TLS) losses at single photon powers and millikelvin temperatures. The identification of low loss fabrication techniques, materials, and thin film dielectrics is critical to achieving scalable architectures for superconducting quantum computing. Superconducting microwave resonators provide a convenient qubit proxy for assessing performance and studying TLS loss and other mechanisms relevant to superconducting circuits such as non-equilibrium quasiparticles and magnetic flux vortices. In this review article, we provide an overview of considerations for designing accurate resonator experiments to characterize loss, including applicable types of losses, cryogenic setup, device design, and methods for extracting material and interface losses, summarizing techniques that have been evolving for over two decades. Results from measurements of a wide variety of materials and processes are also summarized. Finally, we present recommendations for the reporting of loss data from superconducting microwave resonators to facilitate materials comparisons across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R H McRae
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J Gao
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M R Vissers
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Brecht
- HRL Laboratories, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - A Dunsworth
- Google, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - D P Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J Mutus
- Boulder Cryogenic Quantum Testbed, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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24
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Mercier de Lépinay L, Ockeloen-Korppi CF, Malz D, Sillanpää MA. Nonreciprocal Transport Based on Cavity Floquet Modes in Optomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:023603. [PMID: 32701306 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.023603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Directional transport is obtained in various multimode systems by driving multiple, nonreciprocally interfering interactions between individual bosonic modes. However, systems sustaining the required number of modes become physically complex. In our microwave-optomechanical experiment, we show how to configure nonreciprocal transport between frequency components of a single superconducting cavity coupled to two drumhead oscillators. The frequency components are promoted to Floquet modes and generate the missing dimension to realize an isolator and a directional amplifier. A second cavity left free by this arrangement is used to cool the mechanical oscillators and bring the transduction noise close to the quantum limit. We furthermore uncover a new type of instability specific to nonreciprocal coupling. Our approach is generic and can greatly simplify quantum signal processing and the design of topological lattices from low-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mercier de Lépinay
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caspar F Ockeloen-Korppi
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Daniel Malz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mika A Sillanpää
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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25
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Wanjura CC, Brunelli M, Nunnenkamp A. Topological framework for directional amplification in driven-dissipative cavity arrays. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3149. [PMID: 32561712 PMCID: PMC7305208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional amplification, in which signals are selectively amplified depending on their propagation direction, has attracted much attention as key resource for applications, including quantum information processing. Recently, several, physically very different, directional amplifiers have been proposed and realized in the lab. In this work, we present a unifying framework based on topology to understand non-reciprocity and directional amplification in driven-dissipative cavity arrays. Specifically, we unveil a one-to-one correspondence between a non-zero topological invariant defined on the spectrum of the dynamic matrix and regimes of directional amplification, in which the end-to-end gain grows exponentially with the number of cavities. We compute analytically the scattering matrix, the gain and reverse gain, showing their explicit dependence on the value of the topological invariant. Parameter regimes achieving directional amplification can be elegantly obtained from a topological 'phase diagram', which provides a guiding principle for the design of both phase-preserving and phase-sensitive multimode directional amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara C Wanjura
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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26
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Jiao Y, Bai C, Wang D, Zhang S, Wang H. Optical nonreciprocal response and conversion in a Tavis‐Cummings coupling optomechanical system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/que2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Physics, College of ScienceYanbian University
| | | | | | - Shou Zhang
- Department of Physics, College of ScienceYanbian University
| | - Hong‐Fu Wang
- Department of Physics, College of ScienceYanbian University
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27
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Wang YP, Rao JW, Yang Y, Xu PC, Gui YS, Yao BM, You JQ, Hu CM. Nonreciprocity and Unidirectional Invisibility in Cavity Magnonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:127202. [PMID: 31633946 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the cooperative effect of coherent and dissipative magnon-photon couplings in an open cavity magnonic system, which leads to nonreciprocity with a considerably large isolation ratio and flexible controllability. Furthermore, we discover unidirectional invisibility for microwave propagation, which appears at the zero-damping condition for hybrid magnon-photon modes. A simple model is developed to capture the generic physics of the interference between coherent and dissipative couplings, which accurately reproduces the observations over a broad range of parameters. This general scheme could inspire methods to achieve nonreciprocity in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pu Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J W Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Peng-Chao Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Y S Gui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - B M Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - J Q You
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - C-M Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
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28
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Lin G, Zhang S, Hu Y, Niu Y, Gong J, Gong S. Nonreciprocal Amplification with Four-Level Hot Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:033902. [PMID: 31386465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical nonreciprocity is of paramount importance to optical signal processing and one-way optical communication. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate nonreciprocal amplification based on four-level hot atoms by exploiting atomic Doppler shifts. Our approach is simple and easy to implement. In fair agreement with our theoretical modeling, forward power amplification of 26 dB and backward isolation of 30 dB are observed. Our results will open up a new avenue towards realistic devices based on nonreciprocal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Lin
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiqi Hu
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yueping Niu
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiangbin Gong
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Shangqing Gong
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai 200237, China
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29
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Abdo B, Bronn NT, Jinka O, Olivadese S, Córcoles AD, Adiga VP, Brink M, Lake RE, Wu X, Pappas DP, Chow JM. Active protection of a superconducting qubit with an interferometric Josephson isolator. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3154. [PMID: 31316071 PMCID: PMC6637130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonreciprocal microwave devices play critical roles in high-fidelity, quantum-nondemolition (QND) measurement schemes. They impose unidirectional routing of readout signals and protect the quantum systems from unwanted noise originated by the output chain. However, cryogenic circulators and isolators are disadvantageous in scalable superconducting architectures because they use magnetic materials and strong magnetic fields. Here, we realize an active isolator formed by coupling two nondegenerate Josephson mixers in an interferometric scheme and driving them with phase-shifted, same-frequency pumps. By incorporating our Josephson-based isolator into a superconducting qubit setup, we demonstrate fast, high-fidelity, QND measurements of the qubit while providing 20 dB of protection within a bandwidth of 10 MHz against amplified noise reflected off the Josephson amplifier in the output chain. A moderate reduction of 35% is observed in T2E when the Josephson-based isolator is turned on. Such a moderate degradation can be mitigated by minimizing heat dissipation in the pump lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baleegh Abdo
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA.
| | - Nicholas T Bronn
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Oblesh Jinka
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Salvatore Olivadese
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Antonio D Córcoles
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Vivekananda P Adiga
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Markus Brink
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Russell E Lake
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Bluefors Oy, Arinatie 10, 00370, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xian Wu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - David P Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Jerry M Chow
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, 10598, USA
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30
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Huang R, Miranowicz A, Liao JQ, Nori F, Jing H. Nonreciprocal Photon Blockade. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:153601. [PMID: 30362805 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose how to create and manipulate one-way nonclassical light via photon blockade in rotating nonlinear devices. We refer to this effect as nonreciprocal photon blockade (PB). Specifically, we show that in a spinning Kerr resonator, PB happens when the resonator is driven in one direction but not the other. This occurs because of the Fizeau drag, leading to a full split of the resonance frequencies of the countercirculating modes. Different types of purely quantum correlations, such as single- and two-photon blockades, can emerge in different directions in a well-controlled manner, and the transition from PB to photon-induced tunneling is revealed as well. Our work opens up a new route to achieve quantum nonreciprocal devices, which are crucial elements in chiral quantum technologies or topological photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Adam Miranowicz
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jie-Qiao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Hui Jing
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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31
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Maleeva N, Grünhaupt L, Klein T, Levy-Bertrand F, Dupre O, Calvo M, Valenti F, Winkel P, Friedrich F, Wernsdorfer W, Ustinov AV, Rotzinger H, Monfardini A, Fistul MV, Pop IM. Circuit quantum electrodynamics of granular aluminum resonators. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3889. [PMID: 30250205 PMCID: PMC6155321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Granular aluminum (grAl) is a promising high kinetic inductance material for detectors, amplifiers, and qubits. Here we model the grAl structure, consisting of pure aluminum grains separated by thin aluminum oxide barriers, as a network of Josephson junctions, and we calculate the dispersion relation and nonlinearity (self-Kerr and cross-Kerr coefficients). To experimentally study the electrodynamics of grAl thin films, we measure microwave resonators with open-boundary conditions and test the theoretical predictions in two limits. For low frequencies, we use standard microwave reflection measurements in a low-loss environment. The measured low-frequency modes are in agreement with our dispersion relation model, and we observe self-Kerr coefficients within an order of magnitude from our calculation starting from the grAl microstructure. Using a high-frequency setup, we measure the plasma frequency of the film around 70 GHz, in agreement with the analytical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maleeva
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Grünhaupt
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Klein
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
| | - F Levy-Bertrand
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
| | - O Dupre
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
| | - M Calvo
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
| | - F Valenti
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Winkel
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Friedrich
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Wernsdorfer
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A V Ustinov
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Russian Quantum Center, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy prsp., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - H Rotzinger
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Monfardini
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL, 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166, F-3800, Grenoble, France
| | - M V Fistul
- Russian Quantum Center, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy prsp., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, 34051, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - I M Pop
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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32
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Jiang C, Ji B, Cui Y, Zuo F, Shi J, Chen G. Quantum-limited directional amplifier based on a triple-cavity optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15255-15267. [PMID: 30114775 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose a scheme for realizing a quantum-limited directional amplifier in a triple-cavity optomechanical system, where one microwave cavity and two optical cavities are, respectively, coupled to a common mechanical resonator. Moreover, the two optical cavities are coupled directly to facilitate the directional amplification between microwave and optical photons. We find that directional amplification between the three cavity modes is achieved with two gain process and one conversion process, and the direction of amplification can be modulated by controlling the phase difference between the field-enhanced optomechanical coupling strengths. Furthermore, with increasing the optomechanical cooperativity, both gain and bandwidth of the directional amplifier can be enhanced, and the noise added to the amplifier can be suppressed to approach the standard quantum limit on the phase-preserving linear amplifier.
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33
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Müller C, Guan S, Vogt N, Cole JH, Stace TM. Passive On-Chip Superconducting Circulator Using a Ring of Tunnel Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:213602. [PMID: 29883153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of a passive, on-chip microwave circulator based on a ring of superconducting tunnel junctions. We investigate two distinct physical realizations, based on Josephson junctions (JJs) or quantum phase slip elements (QPS), with microwave ports coupled either capacitively (JJ) or inductively (QPS) to the ring structure. A constant bias applied to the center of the ring provides an effective symmetry breaking field, and no microwave or rf bias is required. We show that this design offers high isolation, robustness against fabrication imperfections and bias fluctuations, and a bandwidth in excess of 500 MHz for realistic device parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Müller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shengwei Guan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicolas Vogt
- Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- Chemical and Quantum Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Thomas M Stace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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34
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Barzanjeh S, Aquilina M, Xuereb A. Manipulating the Flow of Thermal Noise in Quantum Devices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:060601. [PMID: 29481225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant interest recently in using complex quantum systems to create effective nonreciprocal dynamics. Proposals have been put forward for the realization of artificial magnetic fields for photons and phonons; experimental progress is fast making these proposals a reality. Much work has concentrated on the use of such systems for controlling the flow of signals, e.g., to create isolators or directional amplifiers for optical signals. In this Letter, we build on this work but move in a different direction. We develop the theory of and discuss a potential realization for the controllable flow of thermal noise in quantum systems. We demonstrate theoretically that the unidirectional flow of thermal noise is possible within quantum cascaded systems. Viewing an optomechanical platform as a cascaded system we show here that one can ultimately control the direction of the flow of thermal noise. By appropriately engineering the mechanical resonator, which acts as an artificial reservoir, the flow of thermal noise can be constrained to a desired direction, yielding a thermal rectifier. The proposed quantum thermal noise rectifier could potentially be used to develop devices such as a thermal modulator, a thermal router, and a thermal amplifier for nanoelectronic devices and superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Barzanjeh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - André Xuereb
- Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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35
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Malz D, Tóth LD, Bernier NR, Feofanov AK, Kippenberg TJ, Nunnenkamp A. Quantum-Limited Directional Amplifiers with Optomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:023601. [PMID: 29376677 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Directional amplifiers are an important resource in quantum-information processing, as they protect sensitive quantum systems from excess noise. Here, we propose an implementation of phase-preserving and phase-sensitive directional amplifiers for microwave signals in an electromechanical setup comprising two microwave cavities and two mechanical resonators. We show that both can reach their respective quantum limits on added noise. In the reverse direction, they emit thermal noise stemming from the mechanical resonators; we discuss how this noise can be suppressed, a crucial aspect for technological applications. The isolation bandwidth in both is of the order of the mechanical linewidth divided by the amplitude gain. We derive the bandwidth and gain-bandwidth product for both and find that the phase-sensitive amplifier has an unlimited gain-bandwidth product. Our study represents an important step toward flexible, on-chip integrated nonreciprocal amplifiers of microwave signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malz
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - László D Tóth
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nathan R Bernier
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alexey K Feofanov
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Nunnenkamp
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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36
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Barzanjeh S, Wulf M, Peruzzo M, Kalaee M, Dieterle PB, Painter O, Fink JM. Mechanical on-chip microwave circulator. Nat Commun 2017; 8:953. [PMID: 29038484 PMCID: PMC5643437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonreciprocal circuit elements form an integral part of modern measurement and communication systems. Mathematically they require breaking of time-reversal symmetry, typically achieved using magnetic materials and more recently using the quantum Hall effect, parametric permittivity modulation or Josephson nonlinearities. Here we demonstrate an on-chip magnetic-free circulator based on reservoir-engineered electromechanic interactions. Directional circulation is achieved with controlled phase-sensitive interference of six distinct electro-mechanical signal conversion paths. The presented circulator is compact, its silicon-on-insulator platform is compatible with both superconducting qubits and silicon photonics, and its noise performance is close to the quantum limit. With a high dynamic range, a tunable bandwidth of up to 30 MHz and an in situ reconfigurability as beam splitter or wavelength converter, it could pave the way for superconducting qubit processors with multiplexed on-chip signal processing and readout.Nonreciprocal optical elements often require magnetic materials in order to break time-reversal symmetry. Here, Barzanjeh et al. demonstrate a magnetic-free on-chip microwave circulator that utilizes the interference from six electro-mechanical signal paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barzanjeh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - M Wulf
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - M Peruzzo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - M Kalaee
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - P B Dieterle
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - O Painter
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - J M Fink
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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37
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Rosenthal EI, Chapman BJ, Higginbotham AP, Kerckhoff J, Lehnert KW. Breaking Lorentz Reciprocity with Frequency Conversion and Delay. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:147703. [PMID: 29053302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method for breaking Lorentz reciprocity based upon the noncommutation of frequency conversion and delay. The method requires no magnetic materials or resonant physics, allowing for the design of scalable and broadband nonreciprocal circuits. With this approach, two types of gyrators-universal building blocks for linear, nonreciprocal circuits-are constructed. Using one of these gyrators, we create a circulator with >15 dB of isolation across the 5-9 GHz band. Our designs may be readily extended to any platform with suitable frequency conversion elements, including semiconducting devices for telecommunication or an on-chip superconducting implementation for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Rosenthal
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Benjamin J Chapman
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Andrew P Higginbotham
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Joseph Kerckhoff
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K W Lehnert
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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38
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Bernier NR, Tóth LD, Koottandavida A, Ioannou MA, Malz D, Nunnenkamp A, Feofanov AK, Kippenberg TJ. Nonreciprocal reconfigurable microwave optomechanical circuit. Nat Commun 2017; 8:604. [PMID: 28928450 PMCID: PMC5605717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonreciprocal microwave devices are ubiquitous in radar and radio communication and indispensable in the readout chains of superconducting quantum circuits. Since they commonly rely on ferrite materials requiring large magnetic fields that make them bulky and lossy, there has been significant interest in magnetic-field-free on-chip alternatives, such as those recently implemented using the Josephson nonlinearity. Here, we realize reconfigurable nonreciprocal transmission between two microwave modes using purely optomechanical interactions in a superconducting electromechanical circuit. The scheme relies on the interference in two mechanical modes that mediate coupling between the microwave cavities and requires no magnetic field. We analyse the isolation, transmission and the noise properties of this nonreciprocal circuit. Finally, we show how quantum-limited circulators can be realized with the same principle. All-optomechanically mediated nonreciprocity demonstrated here can also be extended to directional amplifiers, and it forms the basis towards realizing topological states of light and sound.Nonreciprocal optical devices traditionally rely on magnetic fields and magnetic-free approaches are rather recent. Here, Bernier et al. propose and demonstrate a purely optomechanical circulator with reconfigurable transmission without the need for direct coupling between input and output modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Bernier
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - L D Tóth
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - A Koottandavida
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - M A Ioannou
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - D Malz
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - A Nunnenkamp
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - A K Feofanov
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - T J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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Li Y, Huang YY, Zhang XZ, Tian L. Optical directional amplification in a three-mode optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:18907-18916. [PMID: 29041082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.018907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the directional amplification of an optical probe field in a three-mode optomechanical system, where the mechanical resonator interacts with two linearly-coupled optical cavities and the cavities are driven by strong optical pump fields. The optical probe field is injected into one of the cavity modes, and at the same time, the mechanical resonator is subject to a mechanical drive with the driving frequency equal to the frequency difference between the optical probe and pump fields. We show that the transmission of the probe field can be amplified in one direction and de-amplified in the opposite direction. This directional amplification or de-amplification results from the constructive or destruction interference between different transmission paths in this three-mode optomechanical system.
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