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Yang F, Ding W, Fu X, Chen W, Tang J. Photoacoustic elasto-viscography and optical coherence microscopy for multi-parametric ex vivo brain imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5615-5628. [PMID: 38021134 PMCID: PMC10659785 DOI: 10.1364/boe.503847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has shown the importance of imaging ex vivo brain slices at the microscopic level for a better understanding of the disease pathology and mechanism. However, the current OCM-based techniques are mainly limited to providing the tissue's optical properties, such as the attenuation coefficient, scattering coefficient, and cell architecture. Imaging the tissue's mechanical properties, including the elasticity and viscosity, in addition to the optical properties, to provide a comprehensive multi-parametric assessment of the sample has remained a challenge. Here, we present an integrated photoacoustic elasto-viscography (PAEV) and OCM imaging system to measure the sample's optical absorption coefficient, attenuation coefficient, and mechanical properties, including elasticity and viscosity. The obtained mechanical and optical properties were consistent with anatomical features observed in the PAEV and OCM images. The elasticity and viscosity maps showed rich variations of microstructural mechanical properties of mice brain. In the reconstructed elasto-viscogram of brain slices, greater elasticity, and lower viscosity were observed in white matter than in gray matter. With the ability to provide multi-parametric properties of the sample, the PAEV-OCM system holds the potential for a more comprehensive study of brain disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wenguo Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xinlei Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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2
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Mi J, Cui D, Zhang Z, Mu G, Shi Y. NIR-II femtosecond laser ignites MXene as photoacoustic bomb for continuous high-precision tumor blasting. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16539-16551. [PMID: 37791688 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, photoacoustic (PA) cavitation-mediated therapy has become the focus of research owing to its advantage of inhibiting drug or radiation resistance; however, its application is limited because it relies on nanodroplets with one-time action. Herein, we demonstrate a femtosecond-laser-pumped ultrafast PA cavitation technique for highly efficient shockwave theranostics using niobium carbide (Nb2C) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone-40000 (PVP), producing sustainable PA cavitation with non-phase-change nanoprobes, which effectively gets rid of the dependence on nanodroplets, guaranteeing multiple treatments. Under femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation, given that the thermal confinement regime could be well satisfied, the Nb2C-PVP nanosheets (NSs) were quickly heated, forming localized overheated nanospots with the temperature exceeding the phase-transition threshold of the surroundings, leading to precise cavitation and explosion at the tumor sites. The experiments at the cellular level showed the significant anti-tumor effects of this method. Notably, the mouse model experiments showed a relative tumor volume inhibition rate of more than 90%, demonstrating the high precision and good efficacy of the proposed anti-tumor method. This method provides a sustainable and highly effective strategy for PA theranostics, indicating its great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Dandan Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Gen Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yujiao Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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3
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Vousten V, Moradi H, Wu Z, Boctor EM, Salcudean SE. Laser diode photoacoustic point source detection: machine learning-based denoising and reconstruction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13895-13910. [PMID: 37157265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A new development in photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been the use of compact, portable and low-cost laser diodes (LDs), but LD-based PA imaging suffers from low signal intensity recorded by the conventional transducers. A common method to improve signal strength is temporal averaging, which reduces frame rate and increases laser exposure to patients. To tackle this problem, we propose a deep learning method that will denoise point source PA radio-frequency (RF) data before beamforming with a very few frames, even one. We also present a deep learning method to automatically reconstruct point sources from noisy pre-beamformed data. Finally, we employ a strategy of combined denoising and reconstruction, which can supplement the reconstruction algorithm for very low signal-to-noise ratio inputs.
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4
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Diego M, Gandolfi M, Casto A, Bellussi FM, Vialla F, Crut A, Roddaro S, Fasano M, Vallée F, Del Fatti N, Maioli P, Banfi F. Ultrafast nano generation of acoustic waves in water via a single carbon nanotube. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100407. [PMID: 36263352 PMCID: PMC9574765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Generation of ultra high frequency acoustic waves in water is key to nano resolution sensing, acoustic imaging and theranostics. In this context water immersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may act as an ideal optoacoustic source, due to their nanometric radial dimensions, peculiar thermal properties and broad band optical absorption. The generation mechanism of acoustic waves in water, upon excitation of both a single-wall (SW) and a multi-wall (MW) CNT with laser pulses of temporal width ranging from 5 ns down to ps, is theoretically investigated via a multiscale approach. We show that, depending on the combination of CNT size and laser pulse duration, the CNT can act as a thermophone or a mechanophone. As a thermophone, the CNT acts as a nanoheater for the surrounding water, which, upon thermal expansion, launches the pressure wave. As a mechanophone, the CNT acts as a nanopiston, its thermal expansion directly triggering the pressure wave in water. Activation of the mechanophone effect is sought to trigger few nanometers wavelength sound waves in water, matching the CNT acoustic frequencies. This is at variance with respect to the commonly addressed case of water-immersed single metallic nano-objects excited with ns laser pulses, where only the thermophone effect significantly contributes. The present findings might be of impact in fields ranging from nanoscale non-destructive testing to water dynamics at the meso to nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Diego
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Marco Gandolfi
- CNR-INO, via Branze 45, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, Università di Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) and Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, Brescia, I-25133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casto
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Energy, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | | | - Fabien Vialla
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Aurélien Crut
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica ”E. Fermi”, Università di Pisa, Largo B Pontecorvo 3, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Energy, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Fabrice Vallée
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Natalia Del Fatti
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Paolo Maioli
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Francesco Banfi
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, 10 Rue Ada Byron, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
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5
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Frequency wavelength multiplexed optoacoustic tomography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4448. [PMID: 35915111 PMCID: PMC9343396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustics (OA) is overwhelmingly implemented in the Time Domain (TD) to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios by maximizing the excitation light energy transient. Implementations in the Frequency Domain (FD) have been proposed, but suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios and have not offered competitive advantages over time domain methods to reach high dissemination. It is therefore commonly believed that TD is the optimal way to perform optoacoustics. Here we introduce an optoacoustic concept based on pulse train illumination and frequency domain multiplexing and theoretically demonstrate the superior merits of the approach compared to the time domain. Then, using recent advances in laser diode illumination, we launch Frequency Wavelength Multiplexing Optoacoustic Tomography (FWMOT), at multiple wavelengths, and experimentally showcase how FWMOT optimizes the signal-to-noise ratios of spectral measurements over time-domain methods in phantoms and in vivo. We further find that FWMOT offers the fastest multi-spectral operation ever demonstrated in optoacoustics. Optoacoustic imaging is mostly performed in the time domain. Here the authors demonstrate frequency wavelength multiplexed optoacoustic tomography that can operate at multiple wavelengths simultaneously and offers signal-to-noise ratio advantages over time domain methods.
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6
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Cao N, Liang H, Zhang R, Li Y, Cao H. A New Nonlinear Photothermal Iterative Theory for Port-Wine Stain Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5637. [PMID: 35565029 PMCID: PMC9104969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of appropriate photothermal detection of skin diseases to meet complex clinical demands is an urgent challenge for the prevention and therapy of skin cancer. An extensive body of literature has ignored all high-order harmonics above the second order and their influences on low-order harmonics. In this paper, a new iterative numerical method is developed for solving the nonlinear thermal diffusion equation to improve nonlinear photothermal detection for the noninvasive assessment of the thickness of port-wine stain (PWS). First, based on the anatomical and structural properties of skin tissue of PWS, a nonlinear theoretical model for photothermal detection is established. Second, a corresponding nonlinear thermal diffusion equation is solved by using the new iterative numerical method and taking into account harmonics above the second-order and their effects on lower-order harmonics. Finally, the thickness and excitation light intensity of PWS samples are numerically simulated. The simulation results show that the numerical solution converges fasterand the physical meaning of the solution is clearerwith the new method than with the traditional perturbation method. The rate of change in each harmonic with the sample thickness for the new method is higher than that for the conventional perturbation method, suggesting that the proposed numerical method may provide greater detection sensitivity. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasound, School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; (N.C.); (H.L.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Benyamin M, Zalevsky Z. All Optical Speckle Contrast-Based Vibration Sensor for Photoacoustic Signal Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3250. [PMID: 35590940 PMCID: PMC9102577 DOI: 10.3390/s22093250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Remote detection of photoacoustic signals is a well desired ability, enabling to perform advanced imaging in scenarios where contact is not possible. Various unique solutions have been suggested, including a camera-based speckle contrast photoacoustic detection. In this manuscript, a significant upgrade to the camera-based speckle contrast approach is presented and experimentally demonstrated. This solution is based on all-optical vibration sensing setup. The technique is based on spectral estimation of speckle pattern contrast and relies on several pre-developed works. First, it relies on the suggested application of speckle contrast to vibration sensing, and then on the realization of intensity pattern spectral manipulation, using a shearing interferometer. The method is evaluated and compared to traditional contrast estimation, and demonstrated in several applications in various vibration frequency band such as photoacoustic signal analysis and phonocardiographic heart sounds. The method is also applicable to measuring contrast changes due to a general speckle changing behavior, rather than surface vibration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Benyamin
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nanotechnology Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
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8
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Sun JP, Ren YT, Liu ZX, He MJ, Gao BH, Qi H. Dependence of the Nonlinear Photoacoustic Response of Gold Nanoparticles on the Heat-Transfer Process. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:3489-3501. [PMID: 35572805 PMCID: PMC9098176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging using the nonlinear PA response of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can effectively attenuate the interference from background noise caused by biomolecules (e.g., hemoglobin), thus offering a highly potential noninvasive biomedical imaging method. However, the mechanism of the nonlinear PA response of GNPs based on the thermal expansion mechanism, especially the effect of heat-transfer ability, still lacks quantitative investigation. Therefore, this work investigated the effect of heat-transfer ability on the nonlinear PA response of GNPs using the critical energy and fluence concept, taking into account the Au@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles (weakened heat transfer) and gold nanochains (enhanced heat transfer). The results showed that the stronger the heat transferability, the smaller the critical energy, indicating that the nonlinear PA response of different nanoparticles cannot be contrasted directly through the critical energy. Moreover, the critical fluence can directly contrast the proportion of nonlinear components in the PA response of different GNPs as governed by the combined effect of heat transferability and photothermal conversion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Sun
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ya-Tao Ren
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zi-Xuan Liu
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ming-Jian He
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bao-Hai Gao
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hong Qi
- School
of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key
Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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9
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Sathyanarayana SG, Wang Z, Sun N, Ning B, Hu S, Hossack JA. Recovery of Blood Flow From Undersampled Photoacoustic Microscopy Data Using Sparse Modeling. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:103-120. [PMID: 34388091 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) leverages the optical absorption contrast of blood hemoglobin for high-resolution, multi-parametric imaging of the microvasculature in vivo. However, to quantify the blood flow speed, dense spatial sampling is required to assess blood flow-induced loss of correlation of sequentially acquired A-line signals, resulting in increased laser pulse repetition rate and consequently optical fluence. To address this issue, we have developed a sparse modeling approach for blood flow quantification based on downsampled PAM data. Evaluation of its performance both in vitro and in vivo shows that this sparse modeling method can accurately recover the substantially downsampled data (up to 8 times) for correlation-based blood flow analysis, with a relative error of 12.7 ± 6.1 % across 10 datasets in vitro and 12.7 ± 12.1 % in vivo for data downsampled 8 times. Reconstruction with the proposed method is on par with recovery using compressive sensing, which exhibits an error of 12.0 ± 7.9 % in vitro and 33.86 ± 26.18 % in vivo for data downsampled 8 times. Both methods outperform bicubic interpolation, which shows an error of 15.95 ± 9.85 % in vitro and 110.7 ± 87.1 % in vivo for data downsampled 8 times.
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10
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Otis G, Benyamin M, Mastai Y, Zalevsky Z. Photoacoustic measurement of localized optical dichroism in chiral crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:84-87. [PMID: 34870648 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we present a novel method to measure local optical dichroism (OD) in opaque crystal powder suspensions using photoacoustic (PA) effect. Our method is based upon the novel laser speckle contrast technique, in combination with a simple statistical approach, we were able to measure the OD of chiral crystals suspensions under completely random orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Otis
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Matan Benyamin
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nanotechnology Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nanotechnology Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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11
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Zheng Z, Bindra AK, Jin H, Sun Q, Liu S, Zheng Y. Morphology-dependent resonance enhanced nonlinear photoacoustic effect in nanoparticle suspension: a temporal-spatial model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7280-7296. [PMID: 35003833 PMCID: PMC8713686 DOI: 10.1364/boe.434207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) hotspot, ubiquity formed between the pairs of nanoparticles in close vicinity, has garnered considerable recent attention. By extending this phenomenon to pulse-laser irradiated nanoparticle suspension, we demonstrate that such collective optical/thermal enhancement can give rise to the nonlinear photoacoustic (PA) generation. In this study, a temporal-spatial analytical expression is derived to quantitatively describe the nonlinear PA signal generation from nanoparticles, incorporating the Grüneisen increase at the microscopic individual particle level and MRDs enhancement at the macroscopic suspension level. The dependence of PA nonlinearity on the critical contributors, including the laser pulse width, the particle size, and the statistical interparticle spacing, is quantitatively discussed. The theory is well validated with the finite element method (FEM) and experimentally proved with semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPN) suspension. This work may pave a new direction towards effective MDR based nonlinear PA contract agent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Zheng
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Anivind Kaur Bindra
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoran Jin
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Quqin Sun
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Siyu Liu
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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12
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Gao R, Xu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Liu C. Nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics-Powerful tools in photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100243. [PMID: 33643841 PMCID: PMC7893487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many nonlinear effects have been discovered and developed in photoacoustic imaging. These nonlinear mechanisms have been explored for different utilizations, such as enhancing imaging contrast, measuring tissue temperature, achieving super-resolution imaging, enabling functional imaging, and extracting important physical parameters. This review aims to introduce different nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics, underline the fundamental principles, highlight their representative applications, and outline the occurrence conditions and applicable range of each nonlinear mechanism. Furthermore, this review thoroughly discusses the nonlinearity rule concerning how the mathematical structure of the nonlinear dependence is correlated to its practical applications. This summarization is useful for identifying and guiding the potential applications of nonlinearity based on their mathematical expressions, and is helpful for new nonlinear mechanism discovery or implementation in the future, which facilitates further breakthroughs in nonlinear photoacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Thomas A, Paul S, Mitra J, Singh MS. Enhancement of Photoacoustic Signal Strength with Continuous Wave Optical Pre-Illumination: A Non-Invasive Technique. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1190. [PMID: 33567650 PMCID: PMC7914629 DOI: 10.3390/s21041190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of portable and affordable pulse light sources (light emitting diodes (LED) and laser diodes) for tissue illumination offers an opportunity to accelerate the clinical translation of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) technology. However, imaging depth in this case is limited because of low output (optical) power of these light sources. In this work, we developed a noninvasive technique for enhancing strength (amplitude) of photoacoustic (PA) signal. This is a photothermal-based technique in which a continuous wave (CW) optical beam, in addition to short-pulse ~ nsec laser beam, is employed to irradiate and, thus, raise the temperature of sample material selectively over a pre-specified region of interest (we call the process as pre-illumination). The increase in temperature, in turn enhances the PA-signal strength. Experiments were conducted in methylene blue, which is one of the commonly used contrast agents in laboratory research studies, to validate change in temperature and subsequent enhancement of PA-signal strength for the following cases: (1) concentration or optical absorption coefficient of sample, (2) optical power of CW-optical beam, and (3) time duration of pre-illumination. A theoretical hypothesis, being validated by numerical simulation, is presented. To validate the proposed technique for clinical and/or pre-clinical applications (diagnosis and treatments of cancer, pressure ulcers, and minimally invasive procedures including vascular access and fetal surgery), experiments were conducted in tissue-mimicking Agar phantom and ex-vivo animal tissue (chicken breast). Results demonstrate that pre-illumination significantly enhances PA-signal strength (up to ~70% (methylene blue), ~48% (Agar phantom), and ~40% (chicken tissue)). The proposed technique addresses one of the primary challenges in the clinical translation of LED-based PAI systems (more specifically, to obtain a detectable PA-signal from deep-seated tissue targets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Thomas
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India; (A.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Souradip Paul
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India; (A.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Joy Mitra
- Scanning Probe Microscopy and Plasmonics Lab, School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India;
| | - Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Imaging Laboratory (BIIL), School of Physics (SoP), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India; (A.T.); (S.P.)
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14
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Gandolfi M, Banfi F, Glorieux C. Optical wavelength dependence of photoacoustic signal of gold nanofluid. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100199. [PMID: 32874914 PMCID: PMC7452055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the optical wavelength dependence of the photoacoustic (PA) signal, detected with bandwidth (BW) in the MHz range, of gold nanospheres (NSs) immersed in water upon illumination with ns laser pulses. We compare the wavelength dependence of the PA signal (within the MHz BW) with the one of the optical absorption coefficient as determined from optical transmission measurements. Thermal boundary conductance (TBC) at the gold-water interface is taken into account, as well as the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient of water. The effects of NS size and laser pulse duration on the PA signal are also explored. The PA signal is investigated with an opto-thermo-acoustic model considering light absorption in gold NS and in a surrounding water shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gandolfi
- CNR-INO, Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP), Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Corresponding author at: CNR-INO, Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Banfi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP), Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christ Glorieux
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Quantitative Study of the Nonlinearly Enhanced Photoacoustic/Photothermal Effect by Strong LSPR-Coupled Nanoassemblies. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101942. [PMID: 33003437 PMCID: PMC7601439 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The extensive exploration of the collective optical and thermal effects for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-coupled nanoassemblies has propelled much recent research and development in fields of photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal (PT) therapy, while the rational design and proper engineering of these assemblies under quantitative guidance is still a highly challenging task. In this work, by utilizing the finite element analysis (FEA) method and taking gold nanochains as example, the authors quantitatively studied the coupling optical/thermal response of the nanoassemblies and the associated nonlinearly enhanced PA/PT effect. Results show that compared with their individuals, the strong electromagnetic/thermal coupling between the individuals of the nanoassemblies results in a several-time enhancement of the per-particle-weighted optical absorption, consequential thermal field enhancement, and initial PA pressure, resulting in nonlinearly amplified energy conversion from incident light to heat and PA waves. The dependence of the nonlinear PA/PT enhancement on the assembly chain length, the size of the individuals, the interparticle distance, and the size uniformity of the building blocks is quantitatively discussed. PA experiments on gold nanochains and gold nanospheres are performed to validate the proposition, and the experiments well silhouetted the theoretical discussion. This work paves the way for the rational construction and optimization of plasmonic nanoassemblies with improved PA/PT conversion efficiency.
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16
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Rui W, Tao C, Liu X. Multiple information extracted from photoacoustic radio-frequency signal and the application on tissue classification. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 66:105095. [PMID: 32247234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid biomedical imaging technique, combining rich optical contrasts and good acoustic resolution in deep tissues. As a noninvasive and nonionized imaging method, photoacoustic imaging has shown great potentials in biomedicine in the past decade. In this review, we give a brief introduction of the physical principle and three major implementations of photoacoustic imaging. Then, we present pictures of some recent progress about the extraction of new imaging parameters from photoacoustic radio-frequency signals. These parameters are highly associated with the tissue microstructure characteristics, including characteristic size, number density, and elasticity. This information could give us insight into various properties of tissue in-depth and be applied to tissue classification for basic research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Rui
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 51800, China
| | - Chao Tao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 51800, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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17
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Yang F, Chen Z, Xing D. Single-Cell Photoacoustic Microrheology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1791-1800. [PMID: 31825862 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2958112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheological properties, such as elasticity and viscosity, are fundamental biomechanical parameters that are related to the function and pathological status of cells and tissues. In this paper, an innovative photoacoustic microrheology (PAMR), which utilized the time and phase characteristics of photoacoustic (PA) response, was proposed to extract elastic modulus and viscosity. The feasibility and accuracy of the method were validated by tissue-mimicking agar-gelatin phantoms with various viscoelasticity values. PAMR realized single cell elasticity and viscosity mappings on the adipocyte and myocyte with micrometer scale. In clinical samples, normal blood cells and iron deficiency anemia cells were successfully distinguished due to their various rheological properties. This method expands the scope of conventional PA imaging and opens new possibilities for developing microrheological technology, prefiguring great clinical potential for interrogating mechanocellular properties.
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18
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Prakash J, Seyedebrahimi MM, Ghazaryan A, Malekzadeh-Najafabadi J, Gujrati V, Ntziachristos V. Short-wavelength optoacoustic spectroscopy based on water muting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4007-4014. [PMID: 32029585 PMCID: PMC7049157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910597117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR) optoacoustic spectroscopy can separate a multitude of molecules based on their absorption spectra. However, the technique is limited when measuring target molecules in aqueous solution by strong water absorption at IR wavelengths, which reduces detection sensitivity. Based on the dependence of optoacoustic signal on the temperature of the probed medium, we introduce cooled IR optoacoustic spectroscopy (CIROAS) to mute water contributions in optoacoustic spectroscopy. We showcase that spectral measurements of proteins, lipids, and glucose in the short-wavelength IR region, performed at 4 °C, lead to marked sensitivity improvements over conventional optoacoustic or IR spectroscopy. We elaborate on the dependence of optoacoustic signals on water temperature and demonstrate polarity changes in the recorded signal at temperatures below 4 °C. We further elucidate the dependence of the optoacoustic signal and the muting temperature on sample concentration and demonstrate that changes in these dependences enable quantification of the solute concentration. We discuss how CIROAS may enhance abilities for molecular sensing in the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prakash
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Mir Mehdi Seyedebrahimi
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ara Ghazaryan
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Vipul Gujrati
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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19
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Peng B, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Complete-noncontact photoacoustic microscopy by detection of initial pressures using a 3×3 coupler-based fiber-optic interferometer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:505-516. [PMID: 32010531 PMCID: PMC6968767 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a 3×3 coupler-based fiber-optic interferometric system to detect the local initial photoacoustic pressure. In contrast with the existing interferometric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) relying on the measurement of the phase change of the probe light caused by the sample surface vibration, the present method measures the intensity change of the probe light caused by the initial photoacoustic pressure. Compared with the conventional interferometric PAMs, this method has the advantages: (1) it is free from the influence of the rough tissue surface, achieving complete noncontact in vivo imaging; (2) the probe light and the excitation light are focused at a same point below the sample surface, and the confocal configuration makes it more convenient for in vivo imaging; and (3) there is no need for phase stabilization, allowing a high imaging speed. These advantages show that the method will be a promising technique for in vivo imaging. This method is verified by imaging of a resolution test target and in vivo imaging of the blood vessels in a mouse ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yingxin Hu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Binyang Peng
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hongxian Zhou
- Experiment Education Center, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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20
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Benyamin M, Genish H, Califa R, Schwartz A, Zalevsky Z, Ozana N. Non-contact photoacoustic imaging using laser speckle contrast analysis. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3110-3113. [PMID: 31199393 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for non-contact and continuous detection of photoacoustic signals is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The approach is based on analysis of the contrast of time-varying speckle patterns, and suggests a more robust alternative in respect to interferometric and refractometric available solutions.
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21
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Melchert O, Wollweber M, Roth B. Optoacoustic inversion via convolution kernel reconstruction in the paraxial approximation and beyond. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 13:1-5. [PMID: 30510898 PMCID: PMC6257913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article we address the numeric inversion of optoacoustic signals to initial stress profiles. Therefore we study a Volterra integral equation of the second kind that describes the shape transformation of propagating stress waves in the paraxial approximation of the underlying wave-equation. Expanding the optoacoustic convolution kernel in terms of a Fourier-series, a best fit to a pair of observed near-field and far-field signals allows to obtain a sequence of expansion coefficients that describe a given "apparative" setup. The resulting effective kernel is used to solve the optoacoustic source reconstruction problem using a Picard-Lindelöf correction scheme. We verify the validity of the proposed inversion protocol for synthetic input signals and explore the feasibility of our approach to also account for the shape transformation of signals beyond the paraxial approximation including the inversion of experimental data stemming from measurements on melanin doped PVA hydrogel tissue phantoms.
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22
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Gnyawali V, Strohm EM, Wang JZ, Tsai SSH, Kolios MC. Simultaneous acoustic and photoacoustic microfluidic flow cytometry for label-free analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1585. [PMID: 30733497 PMCID: PMC6367457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a label-free microfluidic acoustic flow cytometer (AFC) based on interleaved detection of ultrasound backscatter and photoacoustic waves from individual cells and particles flowing through a microfluidic channel. The AFC uses ultra-high frequency ultrasound, which has a center frequency of 375 MHz, corresponding to a wavelength of 4 μm, and a nanosecondpulsed laser, to detect individual cells. We validate the AFC by using it to count different color polystyrene microparticles and comparing the results to data from fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We also identify and count red and white blood cells in a blood sample using the AFC, and observe an excellent agreement with results obtained from FACS. This new label-free, non-destructive technique enables rapid and multi-parametric studies of individual cells of a large heterogeneous population using parameters such as ultrasound backscatter, optical absorption, and physical properties, for cell counting and sizing in biomedical and diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaskar Gnyawali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric M Strohm
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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23
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Xu F, Ji Z, Chen Q, Yang S, Xing D. Nonlinear Thermoacoustic Imaging Based on Temperature-Dependent Thermoelastic Response. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:205-212. [PMID: 30047873 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2859437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel nonlinear thermoacoustic imaging (NTAI) system is developed based on the temperature-dependent thermoelastic response under microwave irradiation. Specifically, we consider the high-pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) microwave regime, where the tissue temperature increases after microwave irradiation. In this circumstance, the temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters of the tissue change; thus, the influence of absorbed microwave energy on the thermoacoustic (TA) amplitude is reflected in the change of thermodynamic parameters. Hence, this temperature dependence yields a nonlinear relationship between the TA amplitude and the absorbed microwave energy in the HPRF regime. In this paper, we obtain the nonlinear coefficient as a new parameter to distinguish biological tissues by performing differential measurements in the NTAI system. We further experimentally extract the nonlinear coefficient in phantom and ex vivo mouse, revealing the feasibility of applications in biological tissues identification with high contrast.
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24
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Samant P, Burt TA, Zhao ZJ, Xiang L. Nanoscale photoacoustic tomography for label-free super-resolution imaging: simulation study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 30411552 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.11.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Resolutions higher than the optical diffraction limit are often desired in the context of cellular imaging and the study of disease progression at the cellular level. However, three-dimensional super-resolution imaging without reliance on exogenous contrast agents has so far not been achieved. We present nanoscale photoacoustic tomography (nPAT), an imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. nPAT can achieve a dramatic improvement in the axial resolution of the photoacoustic imaging. We derive the theoretical resolution and sensitivity of nPAT and demonstrate that nPAT can achieve a maximum axial resolution of 9.2 nm. We also demonstrate that nPAT can theoretically detect smaller numbers of molecules (∼273) than conventional photoacoustic microscopy due to its ability to detect acoustic signals very close to the photoacoustic source. We simulate nPAT imaging of malaria-infected red blood cells (RBCs) using digital phantoms generated from real biological samples, showing nPAT imaging of the RBC at different stages of infection. These simulations show the potential of nPAT to nondestructively image RBCs at the nanometer resolutions for in vivo samples without the use of exogenous contrast agents. Simulations of nPAT-enabled functional imaging show that nPAT can yield insight into malarial metabolism and biocrystallization processes. We believe that the experimental realization of nPAT has important applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Samant
- University of Oklahoma, Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Timothy A Burt
- University of Oklahoma, Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- University of Oklahoma, School of Electric and Computer Engineering, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
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25
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Langer G, Berer T. Fluorescence quantum yield and excited state lifetime determination by phase sensitive photoacoustics: concept and theory. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5074-5077. [PMID: 30320822 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we theoretically describe photoacoustic signal generation of molecules, for which triplet relaxation can be neglected, by considering the excited state lifetime, the fluorescence quantum yield, and the fast vibrational relaxation. We show that the phase response of the photoacoustic signal can be exploited to determine the excited state lifetime of dark molecules. For fluorescent molecules, the phase response can be used to determine the fluorescence quantum yield directly without the need of reference samples.
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26
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Zhang Z, Shi Y, Yang S, Xing D. Subdiffraction-limited second harmonic photoacoustic microscopy based on nonlinear thermal diffusion. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2336-2339. [PMID: 29762586 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a second harmonic photoacoustic microscopy (SH-PAM) for subdiffraction-limited imaging based on nonlinear thermal diffusion. When a sine-modulated Gaussian temperature field is introduced by a laser beam, the temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivity induces a nonlinear photoacoustic (PA) effect and thus results in the production of second harmonic PA signals. We demonstrate through both simulation and experiment that the second harmonic PA images can be reconstructed with a lateral resolution exceeding that of conventional optical resolution PA microscopy. The feasibility of SH-PAM was verified on phantom samples. Amphioxus zygotes and germinated pollens have been studied by SH-PAM to demonstrate its biomedical imaging capability. This method expands the scope of conventional PA imaging and opens up new possibilities for super-resolution imaging, prefiguring great potential for biological imaging and material inspection.
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27
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Francis KJ, Chinni B, Channappayya SS, Pachamuthu R, Dogra VS, Rao N. Characterization of lens based photoacoustic imaging system. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2017; 8:37-47. [PMID: 29034167 PMCID: PMC5633851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Some of the challenges in translating photoacoustic (PA) imaging to clinical applications includes limited view of the target tissue, low signal to noise ratio and the high cost of developing real-time systems. Acoustic lens based PA imaging systems, also known as PA cameras are a potential alternative to conventional imaging systems in these scenarios. The 3D focusing action of lens enables real-time C-scan imaging with a 2D transducer array. In this paper, we model the underlying physics in a PA camera in the mathematical framework of an imaging system and derive a closed form expression for the point spread function (PSF). Experimental verification follows including the details on how to design and fabricate the lens inexpensively. The system PSF is evaluated over a 3D volume that can be imaged by this PA camera. Its utility is demonstrated by imaging phantom and an ex vivo human prostate tissue sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalloor Joseph Francis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Bhargava Chinni
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Rajalakshmi Pachamuthu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Vikram S. Dogra
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Navalgund Rao
- Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
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28
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Gao F, Kishor R, Feng X, Liu S, Ding R, Zhang R, Zheng Y. An analytical study of photoacoustic and thermoacoustic generation efficiency towards contrast agent and film design optimization. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2017; 7:1-11. [PMID: 28603690 PMCID: PMC5451189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) and thermoacoustic (TA) effects have been explored in many applications, such as bio-imaging, laser-induced ultrasound generator, and sensitive electromagnetic (EM) wave film sensor. In this paper, we propose a compact analytical PA/TA generation model to incorporate EM, thermal and mechanical parameters, etc. From the derived analytical model, both intuitive predictions and quantitative simulations are performed. It shows that beyond the EM absorption improvement, there are many other physical parameters that deserve careful consideration when designing contrast agents or film composites, followed by simulation study. Lastly, several sets of experimental results are presented to prove the feasibility of the proposed analytical model. Overall, the proposed compact model could work as a clear guidance and predication for improved PA/TA contrast agents and film generator/sensor designs in the domain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rahul Kishor
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ran Ding
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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29
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Gao F, Feng X, Zhang R, Liu S, Ding R, Kishor R, Zheng Y. Single laser pulse generates dual photoacoustic signals for differential contrast photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:626. [PMID: 28377616 PMCID: PMC5429673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic sensing and imaging techniques have been studied widely to explore optical absorption contrast based on nanosecond laser illumination. In this paper, we report a long laser pulse induced dual photoacoustic (LDPA) nonlinear effect, which originates from unsatisfied stress and thermal confinements. Being different from conventional short laser pulse illumination, the proposed method utilizes a long square-profile laser pulse to induce dual photoacoustic signals. Without satisfying the stress confinement, the dual photoacoustic signals are generated following the positive and negative edges of the long laser pulse. More interestingly, the first expansion-induced photoacoustic signal exhibits positive waveform due to the initial sharp rising of temperature. On the contrary, the second contraction-induced photoacoustic signal exhibits exactly negative waveform due to the falling of temperature, as well as pulse-width-dependent signal amplitude. An analytical model is derived to describe the generation of the dual photoacoustic pulses, incorporating Gruneisen saturation and thermal diffusion effect, which is experimentally proved. Lastly, an alternate of LDPA technique using quasi-CW laser excitation is also introduced and demonstrated for both super-contrast in vitro and in vivo imaging. Compared with existing nonlinear PA techniques, the proposed LDPA nonlinear effect could enable a much broader range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruochong Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ran Ding
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahul Kishor
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Langer G, Buchegger B, Jacak J, Klar TA, Berer T. Frequency domain photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2692-702. [PMID: 27446698 PMCID: PMC4948622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on simultaneous frequency domain optical-resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy with sub-µm lateral resolution. With the help of a blood smear, we show that photoacoustic and fluorescence images provide complementary information. Furthermore, we compare theoretically predicted signal-to-noise ratios of sinusoidal modulation in frequency domain with pulsed excitation in time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Langer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Bianca Buchegger
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Applied Health & Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Berer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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31
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Xiang L, Tang S, Ahmad M, Xing L. High Resolution X-ray-Induced Acoustic Tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26118. [PMID: 27189746 PMCID: PMC4870558 DOI: 10.1038/srep26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption based CT imaging has been an invaluable tool in medical diagnosis, biology, and materials science. However, CT requires a large set of projection data and high radiation dose to achieve superior image quality. In this letter, we report a new imaging modality, X-ray Induced Acoustic Tomography (XACT), which takes advantages of high sensitivity to X-ray absorption and high ultrasonic resolution in a single modality. A single projection X-ray exposure is sufficient to generate acoustic signals in 3D space because the X-ray generated acoustic waves are of a spherical nature and propagate in all directions from their point of generation. We demonstrate the successful reconstruction of gold fiducial markers with a spatial resolution of about 350 μm. XACT reveals a new imaging mechanism and provides uncharted opportunities for structural determination with X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Center for Bioengineering and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Moiz Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Tang S, Ren L, Samant P, Chen J, Liu H, Xiang L. Sub-mSV breast XACT scanner: concept and design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2211079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Univ. of Oklahoma (United States)
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33
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Danielli A, Maslov K, Favazza CP, Xia J, Wang LV. Nonlinear photoacoustic spectroscopy of hemoglobin. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 106:203701. [PMID: 26045627 PMCID: PMC4441705 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As light intensity increases in photoacoustic imaging, the saturation of optical absorption and the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient result in a measurable nonlinear dependence of the photoacoustic (PA) signal on the excitation pulse fluence. Here, under controlled conditions, we investigate the intensity-dependent photoacoustic signals from oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin at varied optical wavelengths and molecular concentrations. The wavelength and concentration dependencies of the nonlinear PA spectrum are found to be significantly greater in oxygenated hemoglobin than in deoxygenated hemoglobin. These effects are further influenced by the hemoglobin concentration. These nonlinear phenomena provide insights into applications of photoacoustics, such as measurements of average inter-molecular distances on a nm scale or with a tuned selection of wavelengths, a more accurate quantitative PA tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Danielli
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Christopher P Favazza
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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34
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Listen to the chemical and histological information in biological tissue. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Simandoux O, Prost A, Gateau J, Bossy E. Influence of nanoscale temperature rises on photoacoustic generation: Discrimination between optical absorbers based on thermal nonlinearity at high frequency. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:20-5. [PMID: 25893167 PMCID: PMC4398813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally investigate thermal-based nonlinear photoacoustic generation as a mean to discriminate between different types of absorbing particles. The photoacoustic generation from solutions of dye molecules and gold nanospheres (same optical densities) was detected using a high frequency ultrasound transducer (20 MHz). Photoacoustic emission was observed with gold nanospheres at low fluence for an equilibrium temperature around 4 °C, where the linear photoacoustic effect in water vanishes, highlighting the nonlinear emission from the solution of nanospheres. The photoacoustic amplitude was also studied as a function of the equilibrium temperature from 2 °C to 20 °C. While the photoacoustic amplitude from the dye molecules vanished around 4 °C, the photoacoustic amplitude from the gold nanospheres remained significant over the whole temperature range. Our preliminary results suggest that in the context of high frequency photoacoustic imaging, nanoparticles may be discriminated from molecular absorbers based on nanoscale temperature rises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Bossy
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 1 80963081; fax: +33 1 80963355.
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36
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Aoki H, Nojiri M, Mukai R, Ito S. Near-infrared absorbing polymer nano-particle as a sensitive contrast agent for photo-acoustic imaging. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:337-343. [PMID: 25407911 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nano-particles (PNPs) with a near-infrared (NIR) light absorption were prepared by the nano-emulsion method to develop contrast agents for photo-acoustic (PA) imaging. The PNP containing silicon naphthalocyanine showed a high absorption coefficient up to 10(10) M(-1) cm(-1). This is comparable to plasmonic gold nano-particles, which have been studied as PA contrast agents. For the PNP larger than 100 nm, the enhancement of the PA signal was observed compared to the gold nano-particle with a similar absorption coefficient and size. In the case of the PNP, the heat by the light absorption is confined in the particle due to the low thermal diffusivity of polymer materials. We showed that the strong thermal confinement effect of PNP results in the enhancement of the efficiency of the PA signal generation and that the PA intensity can be enhanced by the increase of the Grüneisen parameter of the matrix polymer of PNP. The PA signal from the PNP of poly(methyl methacrylate) was 9-fold larger than that of gold nano-particles with the same absorption coefficient. We demonstrated that in the in vivo PA imaging the detection limit of PNP was of the order of 10(-13) M. The NIR absorbing PNP will be a promising candidate of a sensitive contrast agent for PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 610-8510, Japan
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37
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38
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Erkol H, Aytac-Kipergil E, Unlu MB. Photoacoustic radiation force on a microbubble. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:023001. [PMID: 25215814 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the radiation force on a microbubble due to the photoacoustic wave which is generated by using a pulsed laser. In particular, we focus on the dependence of pulsed laser parameters on the radiation force. In order to do so, we first obtain a new and comprehensive analytical solution to the photoacoustic wave equation based on the Fourier transform for various absorption profiles. Then, we write an expression of the radiation force containing explicit laser parameters, pulse duration, and beamwidth of the laser. Furthermore, we calculate the primary radiation force acting on a microbubble. We show that laser parameters and the position of the microbubble relative to a photoacoustic source have a considerable effect on the primary radiation force. By means of recent developments in laser technologies that render tunability of pulse duration and repetition frequency possible, an adjustable radiation force can be applied to microbubbles. High spatial control of applied force is ensured on account of smaller focal spots achievable by focused optics. In this context, conventional piezoelectric acoustic source applications could be surpassed. In addition, it is possible to increase the radiation force by making source wavelength with the absorption peak of absorber concurrent. The application of photoacoustic radiation force can open a cache of opportunities such as manipulation of microbubbles used as contrast agents and as carrier vehicles for drugs and genes with a desired force along with in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Erkol
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Burcin Unlu
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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39
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Danielli A, Maslov K, Garcia-Uribe A, Winkler AM, Li C, Wang L, Chen Y, Dorn GW, Wang LV. Label-free photoacoustic nanoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:086006. [PMID: 25104412 PMCID: PMC4125341 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy techniques - capable of overcoming the diffraction limit of light - have opened new opportunities to explore subcellular structures and dynamics not resolvable in conventional far-field microscopy. However, relying on staining with exogenous fluorescent markers, these techniques can sometimes introduce undesired artifacts to the image, mainly due to large tagging agent sizes and insufficient or variable labeling densities. By contrast, the use of endogenous pigments allows imaging of the intrinsic structures of biological samples with unaltered molecular constituents. Here, we report label-free photoacoustic (PA) nanoscopy, which is exquisitely sensitive to optical absorption, with an 88 nm resolution. At each scanning position, multiple PA signals are successively excited with increasing laser pulse energy. Because of optical saturation or nonlinear thermal expansion, the PA amplitude depends on the nonlinear incident optical fluence. The high-order dependence, quantified by polynomial fitting, provides super-resolution imaging with optical sectioning. PA nanoscopy is capable of super-resolution imaging of either fluorescent or nonfluorescent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Danielli
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Uribe
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Amy M. Winkler
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chiye Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lidai Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of biological tissue has seen immense growth in the past decade, providing unprecedented spatial resolution and functional information at depths in the optical diffusive regime. PAI uniquely combines the advantages of optical excitation and those of acoustic detection. The hybrid imaging modality features high sensitivity to optical absorption and wide scalability of spatial resolution with the desired imaging depth. Here we first summarize the fundamental principles underpinning the technology, then highlight its practical implementation, and finally discuss recent advances toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Liang Gao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
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41
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Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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42
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Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Juratli MA, Zharov VP. Nonlinear photoacoustic signal amplification from single targets in absorption background. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 24921062 PMCID: PMC4048727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) detection of single absorbing targets such as nanoparticles or cells can be limited by absorption background. We show here that this problem can be overcome by using the nonlinear photoacoustics based on the differences in PA signal dependences on the laser energy from targets and background. Among different nonlinear phenomena, we focused on laser generation of nanobubbles as more efficient PA signal amplifiers from strongly absorbing, highly localized targets in the presence of spatially homogenous absorption background generating linear signals only. This approach was demonstrated by using nonlinear PA flow cytometry platform for label-free detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood background in vitro and in vivo. Nonlinearly amplified PA signals from overheated melanin nanoclusters in melanoma cells became detectable above still linear blood background. Nonlinear nanobubble-based photoacoustics provide new opportunities to significantly (5-20-fold) increase PA contrast of single nanoparticles, cells, viruses and bacteria in complex biological environments.
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43
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Li Y, Fang H. Photoacoustic pulse wave forming along the rotation axis of an ellipsoid droplet: a geometric calculation study. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:8258-8269. [PMID: 24513827 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A geometric calculation method is developed to study the pulsed photoacoustic wave forming of an arbitrarily shaped droplet. It is found that for an ellipsoid droplet, either a prolate ellipsoid or an oblate ellipsoid, strict analytical formulas for describing the wave profile developed along the rotation axis can be derived. The results show intriguing differences compared to those of a sphere droplet in terms of the multiple geometric parameters being in effect, the pulse wave profile variant, and the existing of unlimited points of infinite tensile pressure.
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44
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Bayer CL, Kelvekar J, Emelianov SY. Influence of nanosecond pulsed laser irradiance on the viability of nanoparticle-loaded cells: implications for safety of contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:465101. [PMID: 24150862 PMCID: PMC3916331 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/46/465101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging, a promising new diagnostic medical imaging modality, can provide high contrast images of molecular features by introducing highly-absorbing plasmonic nanoparticles. Currently, it is uncertain whether the absorption of low fluence pulsed light by plasmonic nanoparticles could lead to cellular damage. In our studies we have shown that low fluence pulsed laser excitation of accumulated nanoparticles at low concentration does not impact cell growth and viability, while we identify thresholds at which higher nanoparticle concentrations and fluences produce clear evidence of cell death. The results provide insights for improved design of photoacoustic contrast agents and for applications in combined imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Bayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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45
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Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200060. [PMID: 24416085 PMCID: PMC3887369 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a hybrid in vivo imaging technique that acoustically detects optical contrast via the photoacoustic effect. Unlike pure optical microscopic techniques, PAM takes advantage of the weak acoustic scattering in tissue and thus breaks through the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in soft tissue). With its excellent scalability, PAM can provide high-resolution images at desired maximum imaging depths up to a few millimeters. Compared with backscattering-based confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, PAM provides absorption contrast instead of scattering contrast. Furthermore, PAM can image more molecules, endogenous or exogenous, at their absorbing wavelengths than fluorescence-based methods, such as wide-field, confocal, and multi-photon microscopy. Most importantly, PAM can simultaneously image anatomical, functional, molecular, flow dynamic and metabolic contrasts in vivo. Focusing on state-of-the-art developments in PAM, this Review discusses the key features of PAM implementations and their applications in biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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46
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Bayer CL, Nam SY, Chen YS, Emelianov SY. Photoacoustic signal amplification through plasmonic nanoparticle aggregation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:16001. [PMID: 23288414 PMCID: PMC3536717 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.1.016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging, using targeted plasmonic metallic nanoparticles, is a promising noninvasive molecular imaging method. Analysis of the photoacoustic signal generated by plasmonic metallic nanoparticles is complex because of the dependence upon physical properties of both the nanoparticle and the surrounding environment. We studied the effect of the aggregation of gold nanoparticles on the photoacoustic signal amplitude. We found that the photoacoustic signal from aggregated silica-coated gold nanoparticles is greatly enhanced in comparison to disperse silica-coated gold nanoparticles. Because cellular uptake and endocytosis of nanoparticles results in their aggregation, these results have important implications for the application of plasmonic metallic nanoparticles towards quantitative molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Bayer
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Seung Yun Nam
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712
- Address all correspondence to: Stanislav Y. Emelianov, The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712. Tel: (512) 417-1733; Fax: (512) 471-0616; E-mail:
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47
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Chen PJ, Hu SH, Fan CT, Li ML, Chen YY, Chen SY, Liu DM. A novel multifunctional nano-platform with enhanced anti-cancer and photoacoustic imaging modalities using gold-nanorod-filled silica nanobeads. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37702k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Bayer CL, Nam SY, Chen YS, Emelianov SY. Photoacoustic signal amplification through plasmonic nanoparticle aggregation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013. [PMID: 25535976 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging, using targeted plasmonic metallic nanoparticles, is a promising noninvasive molecular imaging method. Analysis of the photoacoustic signal generated by plasmonic metallic nanoparticles is complex because of the dependence upon physical properties of both the nanoparticle and the surrounding environment. We studied the effect of the aggregation of gold nanoparticles on the photoacoustic signal amplitude. We found that the photoacoustic signal from aggregated silica-coated gold nanoparticles is greatly enhanced in comparison to disperse silica-coated gold nanoparticles. Because cellular uptake and endocytosis of nanoparticles results in their aggregation, these results have important implications for the application of plasmonic metallic nanoparticles towards quantitative molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Bayer
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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49
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Lou C, Yang S, Ji Z, Chen Q, Xing D. Ultrashort microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging: a breakthrough in excitation efficiency and spatial resolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:218101. [PMID: 23215615 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.218101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With theoretical prediction and experimental validation, we propose a novel approach to significantly enhance the conversion efficiency of thermoacoustic (TA) imaging by using an ultrashort microwave pulse. The implementation of the ultrashort microwave pulse leads to orders of magnitude enhancement in excitation efficiency and spatial resolution, compared to that from existing TA imaging techniques. This allows high-resolution (~ 100 micron resolution) TA imaging to be acquired noninvasively. The present work represents a major breakthrough in the conversion efficiency of the TA effect and the resolution of TA imaging, which can potentially be used for clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunguang Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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50
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Yao DK, Chen R, Maslov K, Zhou Q, Wang LV. Optimal ultraviolet wavelength for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cell nuclei. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:056004. [PMID: 22612127 PMCID: PMC3602808 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.5.056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to image noninvasively cell nuclei in vivo without staining, we have developed ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM), in which ultraviolet light excites nucleic acids in cell nuclei to produce photoacoustic waves. Equipped with a tunable laser system, the UV-PAM was applied to in vivo imaging of cell nuclei in small animals. We found that 250 nm was the optimal wavelength for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cell nuclei. The optimal wavelength enables UV-PAM to image cell nuclei using as little as 2 nJ laser pulse energy. Besides the optimal wavelength, application of a wavelength between 245 and 275 nm can produce in vivo images of cell nuclei with specific, positive, and high optical contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Kang Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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