1
|
Horsthemke L, Pogorzelski J, Stiegekötter D, Hoffmann F, Langguth L, Staacke R, Laube C, Knolle W, Gregor M, Glösekötter P. Excited-State Lifetime of NV Centers for All-Optical Magnetic Field Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2093. [PMID: 38610303 PMCID: PMC11014369 DOI: 10.3390/s24072093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the magnetic field-dependent fluorescence lifetime of microdiamond powder containing a high density of nitrogen-vacancy centers. This constitutes a non-intensity quantity for robust, all-optical magnetic field sensing. We propose a fiber-based setup in which the excitation intensity is modulated in a frequency range up to 100MHz. The change in magnitude and phase of the fluorescence relative to B=0 is recorded where the phase shows a maximum in magnetic contrast of 5.8∘ at 13MHz. A lock-in amplifier-based setup utilizing the change in phase at this frequency shows a 100 times higher immunity to fluctuations in the optical path compared to the intensity-based approach. A noise floor of 20μT/Hz and a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 0.95μT/Hz were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Horsthemke
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (J.P.); (D.S.); (F.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Jens Pogorzelski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (J.P.); (D.S.); (F.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Dennis Stiegekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (J.P.); (D.S.); (F.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Frederik Hoffmann
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (J.P.); (D.S.); (F.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Lutz Langguth
- Quantum Technologies GmbH, Alte Messe 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Staacke
- Quantum Technologies GmbH, Alte Messe 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Laube
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Gregor
- Department of Engineering Physics, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany;
| | - Peter Glösekötter
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, FH Münster—University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (J.P.); (D.S.); (F.H.); (P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hatano Y, Tanigawa J, Nakazono A, Sekiguchi T, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Iwasaki T, Hatano M. A wide dynamic range diamond quantum sensor as an electric vehicle battery monitor. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20220312. [PMID: 38043579 PMCID: PMC10693976 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the application capability of the diamond quantum sensor as an electric vehicle (EV) battery monitor, we (i) investigated the measurable current in a real car noise level and (ii) compared the linearity with conventional sensors. Consequently, (i) we could measure a 20 mA current pulse even under an external magnetic field of 80 µT, which is larger than that of 50 µT around the EV battery module in a real car during driving. The 20 mA pulse measurement corresponds to the EV battery state of charge estimation accuracy of 0.2% in the standard driving pattern, which is smaller than the present level of 10%. (ii) The linearity degradation seen in the Hall sensor near the upper limit of the measurement range was not seen in the diamond sensor. Although the Hall sensor and the shunt resistor showed linearity degradation in the current range of several tens of amperes or less, the degradation was smaller for the diamond sensor. The transverse magnetic field effect in the diamond sensor on the linearity was estimated to be less than 0.01% for a several-degree misalignment of the sensor surface to the magnetic field direction and under a 340 A current. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Diamond for quantum applications'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hatano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tanigawa
- Yazaki Research and Technology Center, YAZAKI Corporation, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akimichi Nakazono
- Yazaki Research and Technology Center, YAZAKI Corporation, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sekiguchi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Quantum Materials and Applications Research Center (QUARC), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- Quantum Materials and Applications Research Center (QUARC), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hatano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Quantum Materials and Applications Research Center (QUARC), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith JA, Zhang D, Balram KC. Robotic Vectorial Field Alignment for Spin-Based Quantum Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304449. [PMID: 37974523 PMCID: PMC10787065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing practical quantum technologies will require the exquisite manipulation of fragile systems in a robust and repeatable way. As quantum technologies move toward real world applications, from biological sensing to communication in space, increasing experimental complexity introduces constraints that can be alleviated by the introduction of new technologies. Robotics has shown tremendous progress in realizing increasingly smart, autonomous, and highly dexterous machines. Here, a robotic arm equipped with a magnet is demonstrated to sensitize an NV center quantum magnetometer in challenging conditions unachievable with standard techniques. Vector magnetic fields are generated with 1° angular and 0.1 mT amplitude accuracy and determine the orientation of a single stochastically-aligned spin-based sensor in a constrained physical environment. This work opens up the prospect of integrating robotics across many quantum degrees of freedom in constrained settings, allowing for increased prototyping speed, control, and robustness in quantum technology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Smith
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory and Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Krishna C Balram
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castelletto S, Lew CTK, Lin WX, Xu JS. Quantum systems in silicon carbide for sensing applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:014501. [PMID: 38029424 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad10b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies identifying key qubit systems in silicon carbide (SiC) for quantum sensing of magnetic, electric fields, and temperature at the nano and microscale. The properties of colour centres in SiC, that can be used for quantum sensing, are reviewed with a focus on paramagnetic colour centres and their spin Hamiltonians describing Zeeman splitting, Stark effect, and hyperfine interactions. These properties are then mapped onto various methods for their initialization, control, and read-out. We then summarised methods used for a spin and charge state control in various colour centres in SiC. These properties and methods are then described in the context of quantum sensing applications in magnetometry, thermometry, and electrometry. Current state-of-the art sensitivities are compiled and approaches to enhance the sensitivity are proposed. The large variety of methods for control and read-out, combined with the ability to scale this material in integrated photonics chips operating in harsh environments, places SiC at the forefront of future quantum sensing technology based on semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Castelletto
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - C T-K Lew
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang H, Jiao M, Huang Y, Yu P, Ye X, Wang Y, Xie Y, Cai YF, Rong X, Du J. New constraints on exotic spin-dependent interactions with an ensemble-NV-diamond magnetometer. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwac262. [PMID: 37266553 PMCID: PMC10232048 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory search of exotic interactions is crucial for exploring physics beyond the standard model. We report new experimental constraints on two exotic spin-dependent interactions at the micrometer scale based on ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. A thin layer of NV electronic spin ensembles is synthesized as the solid-state spin quantum sensor, and a lead sphere is taken as the interacting nucleon source. Our result establishes new bounds for two types of exotic spin interactions at the micrometer scale. For an exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction, improved bounds are set within the force range from 5 to 500 μm. The upper limit of the corresponding coupling constant [Formula: see text] at 330 μm is more than 1000-fold more stringent than the previous constraint. For the P, T-violating scalar-pseudoscalar nucleon-electron interaction, improved constraints are established within the force range from 6 to 45 μm. The limit of the corresponding coupling constant [Formula: see text] is improved by more than one order of magnitude at 30 μm. This work demonstrates that a solid-state NV ensemble can be a powerful platform for probing exotic spin-dependent interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Man Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yijin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi-Fu Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silani Y, Smits J, Fescenko I, Malone MW, McDowell AF, Jarmola A, Kehayias P, Richards BA, Mosavian N, Ristoff N, Acosta VM. Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy with a femtotesla diamond magnetometer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3189. [PMID: 37327342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Radio frequency (RF) magnetometers based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond are predicted to offer femtotesla sensitivity, but previous experiments were limited to the picotesla level. We demonstrate a femtotesla RF magnetometer using a diamond membrane inserted between ferrite flux concentrators. The device provides ~300-fold amplitude enhancement for RF magnetic fields from 70 kHz to 3.6 MHz, and the sensitivity reaches ~70 fT√s at 0.35 MHz. The sensor detected the 3.6-MHz nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of room-temperature sodium nitrite powder. The sensor's recovery time after an RF pulse is ~35 μs, limited by the excitation coil's ring-down time. The sodium-nitrite NQR frequency shifts with temperature as -1.00±0.02 kHz/K, the magnetization dephasing time is T2*=887±51 μs, and multipulse sequences extend the signal lifetime to 332±23 ms, all consistent with coil-based studies. Our results expand the sensitivity frontier of diamond magnetometers to the femtotesla range, with potential applications in security, medical imaging, and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Silani
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Laser Centre, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Andrey Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Bryan A Richards
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ristoff
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Victor M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berzins A, Smits J, Petruhins A, Rimsa R, Mozolevskis G, Zubkins M, Fescenko I. NV microscopy of thermally controlled stresses caused by thin Cr 2O 3 films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:17950-17963. [PMID: 37381516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Many modern applications, including quantum computing and quantum sensing, use substrate-film interfaces. Particularly, thin films of chromium or titanium and their oxides are commonly used to bind various structures, such as resonators, masks, or microwave antennas, to a diamond surface. Due to different thermal expansions of involved materials, such films and structures could produce significant stresses, which need to be measured or predicted. In this paper, we demonstrate imaging of stresses in the top layer of diamond with deposited structures of Cr2O3 at temperatures 19°C and 37°C by using stress-sensitive optically detected magnetic resonances (ODMR) in NV centers. We also calculated stresses in the diamond-film interface by using finite-element analysis and correlated them to measured ODMR frequency shifts. As predicted by the simulation, the measured high-contrast frequency-shift patterns are only due to thermal stresses, whose spin-stress coupling constant along the NV axis is 21±1 MHz/GPa, that is in agreement with constants previously obtained from single NV centers in diamond cantilever. We demonstrate that NV microscopy is a convenient platform for optically detecting and quantifying spatial distributions of stresses in diamond-based photonic devices with micrometer precision and propose thin films as a means for local application of temperature-controlled stresses. Our results also show that thin-film structures produce significant stresses in diamond substrates, which should be accounted for in NV-based applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao J, Li Y, Liu X, Gao Y, Zheng D, Wang Q, Liu Z, Li Z, Guo H, Yasuhiro S, Tang J, Ma Z, Liu J. Pico-tesla magnetic field detection with integrated flux concentrators using a multi-frequency modulation technique on the solid nuclear spin in diamonds. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:3967-3975. [PMID: 37706707 DOI: 10.1364/ao.483088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we implement integrated magnetic flux concentrators (MFCs) combined with a multi-frequency modulation method to achieve high-magnetic-detection sensitivity using a nuclear spin on the solid nuclear spin in diamonds. First, we excited the nuclear spin in diamonds using a continuous-wave technique, and a linewidth of 1.37 MHz and frequency resolution of 79 Hz were successfully obtained, which is reduced by one order of the linewidth, and increased by 56 times in frequency resolution compared to that excited by an electron spin. The integrated high-permeability MFC was designed to magnify the magnetic field near the diamond, with a magnification of 9.63 times. Then, the multi-frequency modulation technique was used to fully excite the hyperfine energy level of Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers along the four axes on the diamond with MFC, and magnetic detection sensitivity of 250p T/H z 1/2 was realized. These techniques should allow designing an integrated NV magnetometer with high sensitivity in a small volume.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghahremani Arekhloo N, Parvizi H, Zuo S, Wang H, Nazarpour K, Marquetand J, Heidari H. Alignment of magnetic sensing and clinical magnetomyography. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1154572. [PMID: 37274205 PMCID: PMC10232862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1154572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases are a prevalent cause of prolonged and severe suffering for patients, and with the global population aging, it is increasingly becoming a pressing concern. To assess muscle activity in NMDs, clinicians and researchers typically use electromyography (EMG), which can be either non-invasive using surface EMG, or invasive through needle EMG. Surface EMG signals have a low spatial resolution, and while the needle EMG provides a higher resolution, it can be painful for the patients, with an additional risk of infection. The pain associated with the needle EMG can pose a risk for certain patient groups, such as children. For example, children with spinal muscular atrophy (type of NMD) require regular monitoring of treatment efficacy through needle EMG; however, due to the pain caused by the procedure, clinicians often rely on a clinical assessment rather than needle EMG. Magnetomyography (MMG), the magnetic counterpart of the EMG, measures muscle activity non-invasively using magnetic signals. With super-resolution capabilities, MMG has the potential to improve spatial resolution and, in the meantime, address the limitations of EMG. This article discusses the challenges in developing magnetic sensors for MMG, including sensor design and technology advancements that allow for more specific recordings, targeting of individual motor units, and reduction of magnetic noise. In addition, we cover the motor unit behavior and activation pattern, an overview of magnetic sensing technologies, and evaluations of wearable, non-invasive magnetic sensors for MMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ghahremani Arekhloo
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Neuranics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hossein Parvizi
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Siming Zuo
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Neuranics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Huxi Wang
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Neuranics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kianoush Nazarpour
- Neuranics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Justus Marquetand
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics Lab, James Watt School of Engineering, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Neuranics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang H, Guo H, Shi Z, Ma Z. Research on Micro-Displacement Measurement Accuracy Enhancement Method Based on Ensemble NV Color Center. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050938. [PMID: 37241561 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper builds a corresponding micro-displacement test system based on an ensemble nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center magnetometer by combining the correlation between a magnetic flux concentrator, a permanent magnet, and micro-displacement. By comparing the measurement results obtained with and without the magnetic flux concentrator, it can be seen that the resolution of the system under the magnetic flux concentrator can reach 25 nm, which is 24 times higher than without the magnetic flux concentrator. The effectiveness of the method is proven. The above results provide a practical reference for high-precision micro-displacement detection based on the diamond ensemble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ziyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Instrument Science and Dynamic Testing Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Key Lab of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shao J, Luo Y, Chen J, Huang H, Liu GS, Chen L, Chen Z, Chen Y. High-sensitivity optical-fiber magnetic sensor based on diamond and magnetic flux concentrators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:14685-14693. [PMID: 37157327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field detection exploiting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has gained increasing attention and development in recent years. Combining diamond NV centers to optical fibers provides a way for achieving magnetic sensors with high integration and portability. Meanwhile, new methods or techniques are urgently desired to improve the detection sensitivity of such sensors. In this paper, we present an optical-fiber magnetic sensor based on the NV ensemble in diamond, and employ the well-designed magnetic flux concentrators to enhance the sensitivity up to 12 pT/Hz1/2, an outstanding level among the diamond-integrated optical-fiber magnetic sensors. The dependence of sensitivity on the key parameters including the size and gap width of the concentrators are investigated by simulations and experiments, based on which the predictions on the further enhancement of sensitivity to fT level are presented.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen XD, Wang EH, Shan LK, Zhang SC, Feng C, Zheng Y, Dong Y, Guo GC, Sun FW. Quantum enhanced radio detection and ranging with solid spins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1288. [PMID: 36894541 PMCID: PMC9998632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate radio frequency (RF) ranging and localizing of objects has benefited the researches including autonomous driving, the Internet of Things, and manufacturing. Quantum receivers have been proposed to detect the radio signal with ability that can outperform conventional measurement. As one of the most promising candidates, solid spin shows superior robustness, high spatial resolution and miniaturization. However, challenges arise from the moderate response to a high frequency RF signal. Here, by exploiting the coherent interaction between quantum sensor and RF field, we demonstrate quantum enhanced radio detection and ranging. The RF magnetic sensitivity is improved by three orders to 21 [Formula: see text], based on nanoscale quantum sensing and RF focusing. Further enhancing the response of spins to the target's position through multi-photon excitation, a ranging accuracy of 16 μm is realized with a GHz RF signal. The results pave the way for exploring quantum enhanced radar and communications with solid spins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China
| | - En-Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Long-Kun Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ce Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China. .,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang C, Zhang J, Widmann M, Benke M, Kübler M, Dasari D, Klotz T, Gizzi L, Röhrle O, Brenner P, Wrachtrup J. Optimizing NV magnetometry for Magnetoneurography and Magnetomyography applications. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1034391. [PMID: 36726853 PMCID: PMC9885266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1034391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetometers based on color centers in diamond are setting new frontiers for sensing capabilities due to their combined extraordinary performances in sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range, and spatial resolution, with stable operability in a wide range of conditions ranging from room to low temperatures. This has allowed for its wide range of applications, from biology and chemical studies to industrial applications. Among the many, sensing of bio-magnetic fields from muscular and neurophysiology has been one of the most attractive applications for NV magnetometry due to its compact and proximal sensing capability. Although SQUID magnetometers and optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) have made huge progress in Magnetomyography (MMG) and Magnetoneurography (MNG), exploring the same with NV magnetometry is scant at best. Given the room temperature operability and gradiometric applications of the NV magnetometer, it could be highly sensitive in the pT / Hz -range even without magnetic shielding, bringing it close to industrial applications. The presented work here elaborates on the performance metrics of these magnetometers to the state-of-the-art techniques by analyzing the sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth, and discusses the potential benefits of using NV magnetometers for MMG and MNG applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Quantum Technology R&D Center, Beijing Automation Control Equipment Institute, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhang ✉
| | - Jixing Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Magnus Benke
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Kübler
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Department of Biomechatronic Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Brenner
- ZEISS Innovation Hub @ KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Jörg Wrachtrup ✉
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang C, Liu Q, Hu Y, Xie F, Krishna K, Wang N, Wang L, Wang Y, Toussaint KC, Cheng J, Chen H, Wu Z. Realization of high-dynamic-range broadband magnetic-field sensing with ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:015109. [PMID: 36725601 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a new magnetometry method integrating an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a single-crystal diamond with an extended dynamic range for monitoring a fast changing magnetic-field. The NV-center spin resonance frequency is tracked using a closed-loop frequency locked technique with fast frequency hopping to achieve a 10 kHz measurement bandwidth, thus allowing for the detection of fast changing magnetic signals up to 0.723 T/s. This technique exhibits an extended dynamic range subjected to the working bandwidth of the microwave source. This extended dynamic range can reach up to 4.3 mT, which is 86 times broader than the intrinsic dynamic range. The essential components for NV spin control and signal processing, such as signal generation, microwave frequency control, data processing, and readout, are integrated in a board-level system. With this platform, we demonstrate a broadband magnetometry with an optimized sensitivity of 4.2 nT Hz-1/2. This magnetometry method has the potential to be implemented in a multichannel frequency locked vector magnetometer suitable for a wide range of practical applications, such as magnetocardiography and high-precision current sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yuqiang Hu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Krishangi Krishna
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Lin Q, Cheng H, Huang H, Shao J, Ye Y, Liu GS, Chen L, Luo Y, Chen Z. Nanodiamond-Based Optical-Fiber Quantum Probe for Magnetic Field and Biological Sensing. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3660-3670. [PMID: 36454224 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the unique electronic spin properties, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers hosted in diamond have emerged as a powerful quantum tool for detecting various physical parameters and biological species. In this work, an optical-fiber quantum probe, configured by chemically modifying nanodiamonds on the surface of a cone fiber tip, is developed. Based on the continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance method and lock-in amplification technique, it is found that the sensing performance of probes can be engineered by varying the nanodiamond dispersion concentration and modification duration during the chemical modification process. Combined with a pair of magnetic flux concentrators, the magnetic field detection sensitivity has reached 0.57 nT/Hz1/2@1 Hz, a new record among the fiber magnetometers based on nanodiamonds. Taking Gd3+ as the demo, the capability of probes in paramagnetic species detection is also demonstrated experimentally. Our work provides a new approach to develop NV centers as quantum probes featuring high integration, multifunction, high sensitivity, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Qianyu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Hongda Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Educational Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Educational Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen B, Chen B, Zhu X, Fan J, Yu Z, Qian P, Xu N. Sensitivity-enhanced magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy ensembles via adaptively complete transitions overlapping. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:125105. [PMID: 36586914 DOI: 10.1063/5.0121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are suitable sensors of high-sensitivity magnetometry, which have attracted much interest in recent years. Here, we demonstrate sensitivity-enhanced ensemble magnetometry via adaptively complete transitions overlapping with a bias magnetic field equally projecting onto all existing NV orientations. Under such conditions, the spin transitions corresponding to different NV orientations are completely overlapped, which will bring about an obviously improved photoluminescence contrast. We, furthermore, introduce particle swarm optimization into the calibration process, to generate this bias magnetic field automatically and adaptively using computer-controlled Helmholtz coils. By applying this technique, we realize an ∼1.5 times enhancement and obtain a magnetic field sensitivity of 855pT/Hz by utilizing a group of completely overlapped transitions, compared to the 1.33nT/Hz obtained utilizing a single transition in continuous-wave magnetometry. Our approach can be conveniently applied in direction-fixed magnetic sensing and to obtain the potentially maximum sensitivity of ensemble-NV magnetometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhifei Yu
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Peng Qian
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
High-precision robust monitoring of charge/discharge current over a wide dynamic range for electric vehicle batteries using diamond quantum sensors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13991. [PMID: 36068253 PMCID: PMC9448744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the remaining driving range of electric vehicles is difficult because the state-of-the-art sensors for measuring battery current are not accurate enough to estimate the state of charge. This is because the battery current of EVs can reach a maximum of several hundred amperes while the average current is only approximately 10 A, and ordinary sensors do not have an accuracy of several tens of milliamperes while maintaining a dynamic range of several hundred amperes. Therefore, the state of charge has to be estimated with an ambiguity of approximately 10%, which makes the battery usage inefficient. This study resolves this limitation by developing a diamond quantum sensor with an inherently wide dynamic range and high sensitivity for measuring the battery current. The design uses the differential detection of two sensors to eliminate in-vehicle common-mode environmental noise, and a mixed analog-digital control to trace the magnetic resonance microwave frequencies of the quantum sensor without deviation over a wide dynamic range. The prototype battery monitor was fabricated and tested. The battery module current was measured up to 130 A covering WLTC driving pattern, and the accuracy of the current sensor to estimate battery state of charge was analyzed to be 10 mA, which will lead to 0.2% CO2 reduction emitted in the 2030 WW transportation field. Moreover, an operating temperature range of - 40 to + 85 °C and a maximum current dynamic range of ± 1000 A were confirmed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Berzins A, Grube H, Lazda R, Hannig MA, Smits J, Fescenko I. Tunable magnetic field source for magnetic field imaging microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 242:113624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Quantum-assisted distortion-free audio signal sensing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4637. [PMID: 35941162 PMCID: PMC9360047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors are known for their high sensitivity in sensing applications. However, this sensitivity often comes with severe restrictions on other parameters which are also important. Examples are that in measurements of arbitrary signals, limitation in linear dynamic range could introduce distortions in magnitude and phase of the signal. High frequency resolution is another important feature for reconstructing unknown signals. Here, we demonstrate a distortion-free quantum sensing protocol that combines a quantum phase-sensitive detection with heterodyne readout. We present theoretical and experimental investigations using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, showing the capability of reconstructing audio frequency signals with an extended linear dynamic range and high frequency resolution. Melody and speech based signals are used for demonstrating the features. The methods could broaden the horizon for quantum sensors towards applications, e.g. telecommunication in challenging environment, where low-distortion measurements are required at multiple frequency bands within a limited volume. High sensitivity in quantum sensing comes often at the expense of other figures of merit, usually resulting in distortion. Here, the authors propose a protocol with good sensitivity, readout linearity and high frequency resolution, and benchmark it through signal measurements at audio bands with NV centers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu K, Tonini D, Liang S, Saha R, Chugh VK, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors in Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9945-9969. [PMID: 35167743 PMCID: PMC9055838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has seen flourishing development from theory to application in the last three decades since its discovery in 1988. Nowadays, commercial devices based on the GMR effect, such as hard-disk drives, biosensors, magnetic field sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), etc., are available in the market, by virtue of the advances in state-of-the-art thin-film deposition and micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Different types of GMR biosensor arrays with superior sensitivity and robustness are available at a lower cost for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In this paper, we review the recent advances in GMR-based biomedical applications including disease diagnosis, genotyping, food and drug regulation, brain and cardiac mapping, etc. The GMR magnetic multilayer structure, spin valve, and magnetic granular structure, as well as fundamental theories of the GMR effect, are introduced at first. The emerging topic of flexible GMR for wearable biosensing is also included. Different GMR pattern designs, sensor surface functionalization, bioassay strategies, and on-chip accessories for improved GMR performances are reviewed. It is foreseen that combined with the state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, GMR biosensors hold great promise in biomedicine, particularly for point-of-care (POC) disease diagnosis and wearable devices for real-time health monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Focusing the electromagnetic field to 10 -6λ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6389. [PMID: 34737279 PMCID: PMC8569218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demonstrate a tight localization of microwave field down to 10−6λ. A hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna is further designed to focus the free-space microwave to this deep-subwavelength space. Detected by the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, the field intensity and microwave-spin interaction strength are enhanced by 2.0 × 108 and 1.4 × 104 times, respectively. Such a high concentration of microwave field will further promote integrated quantum information processing, sensing and microwave photonics in a nanoscale system. Subwavelength focusing of electromagnetic fields often uses evanescent waves and nanostructures to aid confinement. Here, the authors localize a microwave field to 6 orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength, by coupling to confined electron oscillations in a hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna.
Collapse
|
22
|
Phase Noise of SAW Delay Line Magnetic Field Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165631. [PMID: 34451074 PMCID: PMC8402516 DOI: 10.3390/s21165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for the detection of magnetic fields are currently being studied scientifically in many ways, especially since both their sensitivity as well as their detectivity could be significantly improved by the utilization of shear horizontal surface acoustic waves, i.e., Love waves, instead of Rayleigh waves. By now, low-frequency limits of detection (LOD) below 100 pT/Hz can be achieved. However, the LOD can only be further improved by gaining a deep understanding of the existing sensor-intrinsic noise sources and their impact on the sensor’s overall performance. This paper reports on a comprehensive study of the inherent noise of SAW delay line magnetic field sensors. In addition to the noise, however, the sensitivity is of importance, since both quantities are equally important for the LOD. Following the necessary explanations of the electrical and magnetic sensor properties, a further focus is on the losses within the sensor, since these are closely linked to the noise. The considered parameters are in particular the ambient magnetic bias field and the input power of the sensor. Depending on the sensor’s operating point, various noise mechanisms contribute to f0 white phase noise, f−1 flicker phase noise, and f−2 random walk of phase. Flicker phase noise due to magnetic hysteresis losses, i.e. random fluctuations of the magnetization, is usually dominant under typical operating conditions. Noise characteristics are related to the overall magnetic and magnetic domain behavior. Both calculations and measurements show that the LOD cannot be further improved by increasing the sensitivity. Instead, the losses occurring in the magnetic material need to be decreased.
Collapse
|
23
|
Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165568. [PMID: 34451010 PMCID: PMC8402258 DOI: 10.3390/s21165568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
Collapse
|
24
|
Karadas M, Olsson C, Winther Hansen N, Perrier JF, Webb JL, Huck A, Andersen UL, Thielscher A. In-vitro Recordings of Neural Magnetic Activity From the Auditory Brainstem Using Color Centers in Diamond: A Simulation Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643614. [PMID: 34054404 PMCID: PMC8155532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a novel technique capable of measuring magnetic fields with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. With the further advancements of these sensors, they may open up novel approaches for the 2D imaging of neural signals in vitro. In the present study, we investigate the feasibility of NV-based imaging by numerically simulating the magnetic signal from the auditory pathway of a rodent brainstem slice (ventral cochlear nucleus, VCN, to the medial trapezoid body, MNTB) as stimulated by both electric and optic stimulation. The resulting signal from these two stimulation methods are evaluated and compared. A realistic pathway model was created based on published data of the neural morphologies and channel dynamics of the globular bushy cells in the VCN and their axonal projections to the principal cells in the MNTB. The pathway dynamics in response to optic and electric stimulation and the emitted magnetic fields were estimated using the cable equation. For simulating the optic stimulation, the light distribution in brain tissue was numerically estimated and used to model the optogenetic neural excitation based on a four state channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) model. The corresponding heating was also estimated, using the bio-heat equation and was found to be low (<2°C) even at excessively strong optic signals. A peak magnetic field strength of ∼0.5 and ∼0.1 nT was calculated from the auditory brainstem pathway after electrical and optical stimulation, respectively. By increasing the stimulating light intensity four-fold (far exceeding commonly used intensities) the peak magnetic signal strength only increased to 0.2 nT. Thus, while optogenetic stimulation would be favorable to avoid artefacts in the recordings, electric stimulation achieves higher peak fields. The present simulation study predicts that high-resolution magnetic imaging of the action potentials traveling along the auditory brainstem pathway will only be possible for next generation NV sensors. However, the existing sensors already have sufficient sensitivity to support the magnetic sensing of cumulated neural signals sampled from larger parts of the pathway, which might be a promising intermediate step toward further maturing this novel technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mürsel Karadas
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Olsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Winther Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Perrier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Luke Webb
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lund Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eisenach ER, Barry JF, O'Keeffe MF, Schloss JM, Steinecker MH, Englund DR, Braje DA. Cavity-enhanced microwave readout of a solid-state spin sensor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1357. [PMID: 33649326 PMCID: PMC7921108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming poor readout is an increasingly urgent challenge for devices based on solid-state spin defects, particularly given their rapid adoption in quantum sensing, quantum information, and tests of fundamental physics. However, in spite of experimental progress in specific systems, solid-state spin sensors still lack a universal, high-fidelity readout technique. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity, room-temperature readout of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers via strong coupling to a dielectric microwave cavity, building on similar techniques commonly applied in cryogenic circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics. This strong collective interaction allows the spin ensemble’s microwave transition to be probed directly, thereby overcoming the optical photon shot noise limitations of conventional fluorescence readout. Applying this technique to magnetometry, we show magnetic sensitivity approaching the Johnson–Nyquist noise limit of the system. Our results pave a clear path to achieve unity readout fidelity of solid-state spin sensors through increased ensemble size, reduced spin-resonance linewidth, or improved cavity quality factor. Conventional optical readout limits the sensitivity of solid state spin sensors due to photon shot noise and poor contrast. Here, the authors demonstrate room-temperature microwave detection of an ensemble of NV centers embedded in a microwave cavity, which offers high-fidelity readout without time overhead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Eisenach
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk R Englund
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gradiometer Using Separated Diamond Quantum Magnetometers. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030977. [PMID: 33540515 PMCID: PMC7985778 DOI: 10.3390/s21030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds is known as the spin defect and using its electron spin, magnetometry can be realized even at room temperature with extremely high sensitivity as well as a high dynamic range. However, a magnetically shielded enclosure is usually required to sense weak magnetic fields because environmental magnetic field noises can disturb high sensitivity measurements. Here, we fabricated a gradiometer with variable sensor length that works at room temperature using a pair of diamond samples containing negatively charged NV centers. Each diamond is attached to an optical fiber to enable free sensor placement. Without any magnetically shielding, our gradiometer realizes a magnetic noise spectrum comparable to that of a three-layer magnetically shielded enclosure, reducing the noises at the low-frequency range below 1 Hz as well as at the frequency of 50 Hz (power line frequency) and its harmonics. These results indicate the potential of highly sensitive magnetic sensing by the gradiometer using the NV center for applications in noisy environments such as outdoor and in vehicles.
Collapse
|
27
|
Xie Y, Yu H, Zhu Y, Qin X, Rong X, Duan CK, Du J. A hybrid magnetometer towards femtotesla sensitivity under ambient conditions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:127-132. [PMID: 36654219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Detecting magnetic field is of great importance for many applications, such as magnetoencephalography and underground prospecting. There have been many magnetometers being widely used since the age of Hall magnetometer. One of the magnetometers, the superconducting quantum interference device, is capable of measuring femtotesla magnetic fields at cryogenic temperature. However, a solid-state magnetometer with femtotesla sensitivity under ambient conditions remains elusive. Here we present a hybrid magnetometer based on the ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond with the sensitivity of (195±60)fT/Hz1/2 under ambient conditions, which can be further advanced to 11fT/Hz1/2 at 100 Hz with cutting-edge fabrication technologies. Our method will find potential applications in biomagnetism and geomagnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huiyao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yunbin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Chang-Kui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Webb JL, Troise L, Hansen NW, Olsson C, Wojciechowski AM, Achard J, Brinza O, Staacke R, Kieschnick M, Meijer J, Thielscher A, Perrier JF, Berg-Sørensen K, Huck A, Andersen UL. Detection of biological signals from a live mammalian muscle using an early stage diamond quantum sensor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2412. [PMID: 33510264 PMCID: PMC7844290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perform noninvasive and non-contact measurements of electric signals produced by action potentials is essential in biomedicine. A key method to do this is to remotely sense signals by the magnetic field they induce. Existing methods for magnetic field sensing of mammalian tissue, used in techniques such as magnetoencephalography of the brain, require cryogenically cooled superconducting detectors. These have many disadvantages in terms of high cost, flexibility and limited portability as well as poor spatial and temporal resolution. In this work we demonstrate an alternative technique for detecting magnetic fields generated by the current from action potentials in living tissue using nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond. With 50 pT/[Formula: see text] sensitivity, we show the first measurements of magnetic sensing from mammalian tissue with a diamond sensor using mouse muscle optogenetically activated with blue light. We show these proof of principle measurements can be performed in an ordinary, unshielded lab environment and that the signal can be easily recovered by digital signal processing techniques. Although as yet uncompetitive with probe electrophysiology in terms of sensitivity, we demonstrate the feasibility of sensing action potentials via magnetic field in mammals using a diamond quantum sensor, as a step towards microscopic imaging of electrical activity in a biological sample using nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Luke Webb
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Luca Troise
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christoffer Olsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jocelyn Achard
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Ovidiu Brinza
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Robert Staacke
- Division Applied Quantum System, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kieschnick
- Division Applied Quantum System, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Division Applied Quantum System, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kirstine Berg-Sørensen
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lund Andersen
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|