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Kolo Z, Majola A, Phillips K, Ali AEE, Sharp RE, Ludidi N. Water Deficit-Induced Changes in Phenolic Acid Content in Maize Leaves Is Associated with Altered Expression of Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase and p-Coumaric Acid 3-Hydroxylase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:101. [PMID: 36616230 PMCID: PMC9823676 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid phenylalanine is a precursor to phenolic acids that constitute the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Although there is evidence of a role of some phenolic acids in plant responses to pathogens and salinity, characterization of the involvement of phenolic acids in plant responses to drought is limited. Drought reduces water content in plant tissue and can lead to decreased cell viability and increased cell death. We thus subjected maize seedlings to water deficit and evaluated relative water content and cell viability together with p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid contents in the leaves. Furthermore, we measured the enzymatic activity of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.11) and p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.17.2) and associated these with the expression of genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and p-coumarate-3 hydroxylase in response to water deficit. Water deficit reduced relative water content and cell viability in maize leaves. This corresponded with decreased p-coumaric acid but increased caffeic and ferulic acid content in the leaves. Changes in the phenolic acid content of the maize leaves were associated with increased enzymatic activities of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and p-coumarate hydroxylase. The increased enzymatic activity of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase was associated with increased expression of a gene encoding p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase. We thus conclude that metabolic pathways involving phenolic acids may contribute to the regulation of drought responses in maize, and we propose that further work to elucidate this regulation may contribute to the development of new maize varieties with improved drought tolerance. This can be achieved by marker-assisted selection to select maize lines with high levels of expression of genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and/or p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase for use in breeding programs aimed and improving drought tolerance, or by overexpression of these genes via genetic engineering to confer drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zintle Kolo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Anelisa Majola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Kyle Phillips
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Ali Elnaeim Elbasheir Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Robert E. Sharp
- 2-8 Agriculture Building, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ndiko Ludidi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
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2
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Desmedt W, Kudjordjie EN, Chavan SN, Desmet S, Nicolaisen M, Vanholme B, Vestergård M, Kyndt T. Distinct chemical resistance-inducing stimuli result in common transcriptional, metabolic, and nematode community signatures in rice root and rhizosphere. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7564-7581. [PMID: 36124630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance (IR), a phenotypic state induced by an exogenous stimulus and characterized by enhanced resistance to future (a)biotic challenge, is an important component of plant immunity. Numerous IR-inducing stimuli have been described in various plant species, but relatively little is known about 'core' systemic responses shared by these distinct IR stimuli and the effects of IR on plant-associated microbiota. In this study, rice (Oryza sativa) leaves were treated with four distinct IR stimuli (β-aminobutyric acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, dehydroascorbic acid, and piperonylic acid) capable of inducing systemic IR against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola and evaluated their effect on the root transcriptome and exudome, and root-associated nematode communities. Our results reveal shared transcriptional responses-notably induction of jasmonic acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism-and shared alterations to the exudome that include increased amino acid, benzoate, and fatty acid exudation. In rice plants grown in soil from a rice field, IR stimuli significantly affected the composition of rhizosphere nematode communities 3 d after treatment, but by 14 d after treatment these changes had largely reverted. Notably, IR stimuli did not reduce nematode diversity, which suggests that IR might offer a sustainable option for managing plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Satish Namdeo Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, 500030 Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandrien Desmet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core Ghent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Wang P, Guo L, Morgan J, Dudareva N, Chapple C. Transcript and metabolite network perturbations in lignin biosynthetic mutants of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2828-2846. [PMID: 35880844 PMCID: PMC9706439 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in plants, is derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, which also gives rise to an array of metabolites that are essential for plant fitness. Genetic engineering of lignification can cause drastic changes in transcription and metabolite accumulation with or without an accompanying development phenotype. To understand the impact of lignin perturbation, we analyzed transcriptome and metabolite data from the rapidly lignifying stem tissue in 13 selected phenylpropanoid mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Our dataset contains 20,974 expressed genes, of which over 26% had altered transcript levels in at least one mutant, and 18 targeted metabolites, all of which displayed altered accumulation in at least one mutant. We found that lignin biosynthesis and phenylalanine supply via the shikimate pathway are tightly co-regulated at the transcriptional level. The hierarchical clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) grouped the 13 mutants into 5 subgroups with similar profiles of mis-regulated genes. Functional analysis of the DEGs in these mutants and correlation between gene expression and metabolite accumulation revealed system-wide effects on transcripts involved in multiple biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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4
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Nkomo M, Gokul A, Ndimba R, Badiwe M, Keyster M, Klein A. Piperonylic acid alters growth, mineral content accumulation and reactive oxygen species-scavenging capacity in chia seedlings. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac025. [PMID: 35734448 PMCID: PMC9206689 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
p-Coumaric acid synthesis in plants involves the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid via phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which is then hydroxylated at the para-position under the action of trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. Alternatively, some PAL enzymes accept tyrosine as an alternative substrate and convert tyrosine directly to p-coumaric acid without the intermediary of trans-cinnamic acid. In recent years, the contrasting roles of p-coumaric acid in regulating the growth and development of plants have been well-documented. To understand the contribution of trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase activity in p-coumaric acid-mediated plant growth, mineral content accumulation and the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we investigated the effect of piperonylic acid (a trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase inhibitor) on plant growth, essential macroelements, osmolyte content, ROS-induced oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and phytohormone levels in chia seedlings. Piperonylic acid restricted chia seedling growth by reducing shoot length, fresh weight, leaf area measurements and p-coumaric acid content. Apart from sodium, piperonylic acid significantly reduced the accumulation of other essential macroelements (such as K, P, Ca and Mg) relative to the untreated control. Enhanced proline, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents were observed. The inhibition of trans-cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase activity significantly increased the enzymatic activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. In addition, piperonylic acid caused a reduction in indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid content. In conclusion, the reduction in chia seedling growth in response to piperonylic acid may be attributed to a reduction in p-coumaric acid content coupled with elevated ROS-induced oxidative damage, and restricted mineral and phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbukeni Nkomo
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Life Science Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Main Road, KwaDlagezwe 3886, South Africa
| | - Arun Gokul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of the Free State, Phuthadithjaba 9866, South Africa
| | - Roya Ndimba
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Ithemba LABS (Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences), Nuclear Medicine Department, National Research Foundation, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Mihlali Badiwe
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Life Science Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Life Science Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa
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5
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Zhang G, Yang X, Zhao Z, Xu T, Jia X. Artificial Consortium of Three E. coli BL21 Strains with Synergistic Functional Modules for Complete Phenanthrene Degradation. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:162-175. [PMID: 34914358 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly toxic and persistent organic pollutions that can accumulate in the environment. In this study, an aromatic ring cleavage module, a salicylic acid synthesis module, and a catechol metabolism module were respectively constructed in three Escherichia coli BL21 strains. Subsequently, the engineered strains were cocultured as an artificial consortium for the biodegradation of phenanthrene, a typical PHA. Single factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to identify the optimal degradation conditions, including an inoculation interval of 6 h, inoculation ratio of 1:1:1, and IPTG concentration of 2 mM. Under these conditions, the 7-day degradation ratio of 100 mg/L phenanthrene reached 72.67%. Moreover, the engineered Escherichia coli BL21 strains showed good phenanthrene degradation ability at substrate concentrations 10 mg/L up to 500 mg/L. Enzyme activity assays combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements confirmed that the three engineered strains behaved as a synergistic consortium in the phenanthrene degradation process. Based on the analysis of the key metabolites, the engineered bacteria were supplemented at 7-day intervals in batches so that each engineered strain maintained its optimal degradation ability. The 21-day degradation ratio finally reached 90.66%, which was much higher than what was observed with simultaneous inoculation. These findings suggest that the three engineered strains with separate modules constructed in this study offer an attractive solution for removing PAHs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbao Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Jia
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Desmedt W, Jonckheere W, Nguyen VH, Ameye M, De Zutter N, De Kock K, Debode J, Van Leeuwen T, Audenaert K, Vanholme B, Kyndt T. The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad-spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3122-3139. [PMID: 34053100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although many phenylpropanoid pathway-derived molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to pests and pathogens, comparatively little is known about their role in regulating plant immunity. To explore this research field, we transiently perturbed the phenylpropanoid pathway through application of the CINNAMIC ACID-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) inhibitor piperonylic acid (PA). Using bioassays involving diverse pests and pathogens, we show that transient C4H inhibition triggers systemic, broad-spectrum resistance in higher plants without affecting growth. PA treatment enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance in field and laboratory conditions, thereby illustrating the potential of phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation in crop protection. At the molecular level, transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that transient C4H inhibition in tomato reprograms phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, systemically induces immune signalling and pathogenesis-related genes, and locally affects reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, C4H inhibition primes cell wall modification and phenolic compound accumulation in response to root-knot nematode infection. Although PA treatment induces local accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid, the PA resistance phenotype is preserved in tomato plants expressing the salicylic acid-degrading NahG construct. Together, our results demonstrate that transient phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation is a conserved inducer of plant resistance and thus highlight the crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viet Ha Nguyen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Kock
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Menna A, Dora S, Sancho-Andrés G, Kashyap A, Meena MK, Sklodowski K, Gasperini D, Coll NS, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2021; 19:161. [PMID: 34404410 PMCID: PMC8371875 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell walls (CWs) are protein-rich polysaccharide matrices essential for plant growth and environmental acclimation. The CW constitutes the first physical barrier as well as a primary source of nutrients for microbes interacting with plants, such as the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Fo colonizes roots, advancing through the plant primary CWs towards the vasculature, where it grows causing devastation in many crops. The pathogenicity of Fo and other vascular microbes relies on their capacity to reach and colonize the xylem. However, little is known about the root-microbe interaction before the pathogen reaches the vasculature and the role of the plant CW during this process. RESULTS Using the pathosystem Arabidopsis-Fo5176, we show dynamic transcriptional changes in both fungus and root during their interaction. One of the earliest plant responses to Fo5176 was the downregulation of primary CW synthesis genes. We observed enhanced resistance to Fo5176 in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in primary CW cellulose synthesis. We confirmed that Arabidopsis roots deposit lignin in response to Fo5176 infection, but we show that lignin-deficient mutants were as susceptible as wildtype plants to Fo5176. Genetic impairment of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling did not alter Arabidopsis response to Fo5176, whereas impairment of ethylene signaling did increase vasculature colonization by Fo5176. Abolishing ethylene signaling attenuated the observed resistance while maintaining the dwarfism observed in primary CW cellulose-deficient mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides significant insights on the dynamic root-vascular pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level and the vital role of primary CW cellulose during defense response to these pathogens. These findings represent an essential resource for the generation of plant resistance to Fo that can be transferred to other vascular pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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El Houari I, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Behind the Scenes: The Impact of Bioactive Phenylpropanoids on the Growth Phenotypes of Arabidopsis Lignin Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:734070. [PMID: 34567045 PMCID: PMC8458929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway converts the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine into a wide range of secondary metabolites. Most of the carbon entering the pathway incorporates into the building blocks of lignin, an aromatic polymer providing mechanical strength to plants. Several intermediates in the phenylpropanoid pathway serve as precursors for distinct classes of metabolites that branch out from the core pathway. Untangling this metabolic network in Arabidopsis was largely done using phenylpropanoid pathway mutants, all with different degrees of lignin depletion and associated growth defects. The phenotypic defects of some phenylpropanoid pathway mutants have been attributed to differentially accumulating phenylpropanoids or phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. In this perspectives article, we summarize and discuss the reports describing an altered accumulation of these bioactive molecules as the causal factor for the phenotypes of lignin mutants in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias El Houari
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bartel Vanholme,
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Olivares-García CA, Mata-Rosas M, Peña-Montes C, Quiroz-Figueroa F, Segura-Cabrera A, Shannon LM, Loyola-Vargas VM, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Ibarra-Laclette E, Ramirez-Vázquez M, Guerrero-Analco JA, Ruiz-May E. Phenylpropanoids Are Connected to Cell Wall Fortification and Stress Tolerance in Avocado Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165679. [PMID: 32784357 PMCID: PMC7460882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a valuable model for understanding the mechanism of plant embryogenesis and a tool for the mass production of plants. However, establishing SE in avocado has been complicated due to the very low efficiency of embryo induction and plant regeneration. To understand the molecular foundation of the SE induction and development in avocado, we compared embryogenic (EC) and non-embryogenic (NEC) cultures of two avocado varieties using proteomic and metabolomic approaches. Although Criollo and Hass EC exhibited similarities in the proteome and metabolome profile, in general, we observed a more active phenylpropanoid pathway in EC than NEC. This pathway is associated with the tolerance of stress responses, probably through the reinforcement of the cell wall and flavonoid production. We could corroborate that particular polyphenolics compounds, including p-coumaric acid and t-ferulic acid, stimulated the production of somatic embryos in avocado. Exogen phenolic compounds were associated with the modification of the content of endogenous polyphenolic and the induction of the production of the putative auxin-a, adenosine, cellulose and 1,26-hexacosanediol-diferulate. We suggest that in EC of avocado, there is an enhanced phenylpropanoid metabolism for the production of the building blocks of lignin and flavonoid compounds having a role in cell wall reinforcement for tolerating stress response. Data are available at ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD019705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Olivares-García
- Red de Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (C.A.O.-G.); (M.M.-R.)
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Veracruz CP 91897, Mexico
| | - Martín Mata-Rosas
- Red de Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (C.A.O.-G.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Carolina Peña-Montes
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Veracruz CP 91897, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.P.-M.); (E.R.-M.)
| | - Francisco Quiroz-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional-Unidad Sinaloa, Boulevard Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes # 250, Col. San Joachin, Guasave, Sinaloa 81101, Mexico;
| | - Aldo Segura-Cabrera
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK;
| | - Laura M. Shannon
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Victor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97205, Mexico;
| | - Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Jose M. Elizalde-Contreras
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Mónica Ramirez-Vázquez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91073, Mexico; (J.L.M.-V.); (J.M.E.-C.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.); (J.A.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.-M.); (E.R.-M.)
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Svara A, Jakse J, Radisek S, Javornik B, Stajner N. Temporal and spatial assessment of defence responses in resistant and susceptible hop cultivars during infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:153008. [PMID: 31326713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important industrial plant providing ingredients for brewing and pharmaceutical industry worldwide. Its intensive production is challenged by numerous diseases. One of the most lethal and difficult to control is verticillium wilt, a vascular disease caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae. The disease can be successfully controlled by the host resistance. Despite various studies that already researched resistance mechanisms of hops, only limited number of resistance genes and markers that could be utilized for efficient resistance breeding has been identified. In this study we aimed to follow fungus colonization pattern and the differential expression of selected genes during pre-symptomatic period of susceptible (Celeia) and resistant (Wye Target) hop cultivars. Results of gene expressions and fungal colonisation of compatible and incompatible interactions with V. nonalfalfae suggest that the hop plant is challenged already at the very early fungal colonisation stages. In total, nine out of 17 gene targets investigated in our study resulted in differential expression between inoculated and control plants of susceptible and resistant cultivars. The difference was the most evident in stems at an early stage of colonisation (6 dpi), showing relatively stronger changes in targeted gene expression to infection in the resistant cultivar than in the susceptible one. Analysed gene targets are involved in the overall defence response processes of nucleic acid binding, signalling, protein ubiquitination, cell oxidative burst, hydroxylation, peroxidation, alternative splicing, and metabolite biosynthesis. The up-regulation of some genes (e.g. glycine-rich RNA-binding family protein, protein phosphatase, cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 40, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, class III peroxidase, putative MAPK2, peroxiredoxin-2F) upon infection in incompatible interactions might reflect defence activation, restriction of disease spreading throughout the plant and successful response of resistant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Svara
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, W. De Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - J Jakse
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - S Radisek
- Plant Protection Department, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia.
| | - B Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - N Stajner
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Kurepa J, Shull TE, Karunadasa SS, Smalle JA. Modulation of auxin and cytokinin responses by early steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:278. [PMID: 30419822 PMCID: PMC6233370 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenylpropanoid pathway is responsible for the synthesis of numerous compounds important for plant growth and responses to the environment. In the first committed step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) deaminates L-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid that is then converted into p-coumaric acid by cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). Recent studies showed that the Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) protein family of ubiquitin ligases control phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by promoting the proteolysis of PAL. However, this ubiquitin ligase family, alternatively named Kiss Me Deadly (KMD), was also implicated in cytokinin signaling as it was shown to promote the degradation of type-B ARRs, including the key response activator ARR1. Considering that ubiquitin ligases typically have narrow target specificity, this dual targeting of structurally and functionally unrelated proteins appeared unusual. RESULTS Here we show that the KFBs indeed target PAL but not ARR1. Moreover, we show that changes in early phenylpropanoid biosynthesis alter cytokinin sensitivity - as reported earlier - but that the previously documented cytokinin growth response changes are primarily the result of altered auxin signaling. We found that reduced PAL accumulation decreased, whereas the loss of C4H function increased the strength of the auxin response. The combined loss of function of both enzymes led to a decrease in auxin sensitivity, indicating that metabolic events upstream of C4H control auxin sensitivity. This auxin/phenylpropanoid interaction impacts both shoot and root development and revealed an auxin-dependent stimulatory effect of trans-cinnamic acid feeding on leaf expansion and thus biomass accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results show that auxin-regulated plant growth is fine-tuned by early steps in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suggest that metabolites accumulating upstream of the C4H step impact the auxin response mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0236, USA
| | - Timothy E Shull
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0236, USA
| | - Sumudu S Karunadasa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0236, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0236, USA.
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12
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Sabella E, Luvisi A, Aprile A, Negro C, Vergine M, Nicolì F, Miceli A, De Bellis L. Xylella fastidiosa induces differential expression of lignification related-genes and lignin accumulation in tolerant olive trees cv. Leccino. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:60-68. [PMID: 29149645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Xylella fastidiosa was reported in Italy, associated with the "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome". The cv. Leccino exhibits an evident tolerance with a slow disease progression compared with the other cultivars. Between the mechanisms proposed to explain the putative tolerance of some hosts to X. fastidiosa diseases, lignin deposition plays an important role. Analysis of phenolic compounds in healthy and infected Leccino and Cellina di Nardò leaves showed, in the two cultivars, a reduction of hydroxytyrosol glucoside (usually associated with drought and cold stress) and, only in Leccino, an increase of quinic acid, precursor of lignin. To determine if lignin biosynthesis is involved in defence response, we investigated the expression of genes coding for entry-point enzymes in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway. In stems of Cellina di Nardò infected plants, Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase (4CL) resulted strongly down-regulated, indicating a plant disease response since the inhibition of C4H is reported to promote the accumulation of benzoic acid and salicylic acid as defence signals. Instead, in the cv. Leccino, Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR, reported to be strongly induced during the formation of lignin defence response associated) was up-regulated in the stem of infected plants; moreover, Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), coding for an enzyme involved in the hydroxytyrosol biosynthesis, was down-regulated. The quantification of lignin in healthy and infected branches of both cultivars, showed a significant increase of total lignin in infected Leccino compared with the sensitive cultivar; moreover, histochemical observations of stem sections exhibited a different lignin distribution in the sclerenchyma and in the xylem tissue of infected Leccino plants compared to sections of healthy ones. Results suggest a critical role for lignin in X. fastidiosa tolerance of cv. Leccino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Miceli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Kamireddy K, Matam P, P S P, Parvatam G. Biochemical characterization of a key step involved in 2H4MB production in Decalepis hamiltonii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:74-80. [PMID: 28460278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decalepis hamiltonii is widely known for its flavour molecule 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy Benzaldehyde (2H4MB), a structural isomer of vanillin. As the biosynthetic pathway of 2H4MB is not known, we hypothesised 2H4MB origins could be from phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP). Accordingly, a study was conducted using PPP inhibitors (viz. piperonylic acid, MDCA and propanil) against in vitro root cultures of D. hamiltonii to find the branch of PPP which catalyses the 2H4MB formation. HPLC analysis was carried out to quantify 2H4MB levels in control and respective inhibitor treated root cultures in vitro. The results obtained revealed that piperonylic acid did not inhibit 2H4MB biosynthesis in the given period, whereas MDCA and propanil had the marked inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect was evident with 13.2, 33.6 and 37.9% decrease in 2H4MB levels at 50, 100 and 150mM concentration of MDCA respectively in comparison with control roots. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of propanil on 2H4MB biosynthesis was obvious with 23.7, 49.5 and 57.9% decrease in 2H4MB levels at 50, 100 and 150μM concentration of inhibitor respectively when compared with control roots. Propanil showed a greater slow down effect on 2H4MB biosynthesis compared to MDCA. Incorporation of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mM ferulic acid as a precursor to in vitro root cultures of D. hamiltonii showed an increase in 2H4MB levels at the rate of 3.1, 107 and 94.1% respectively as quantified by HPLC analysis. However, ferulic acid in conjunction with propanil did not show any increase in 2H4MB levels. This clearly explains that ferulic acid is channelled through the 4-CL (4-coumarate CoA ligase) enzyme, where it would be converted to feruloyl-CoA and could be further converted to 2H4MB in D. hamiltonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kamireddy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysore), India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore-570020, India
| | - Pradeep Matam
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore-570020, India
| | - Priyanka P S
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysore), India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore-570020, India
| | - Giridhar Parvatam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (CSIR-CFTRI campus, Mysore), India; Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore-570020, India.
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14
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Gong K, Chen L, Li X, Liu K. Lignin accumulation and biosynthetic enzyme activities in relation to postharvest firmness of fresh waxy corn. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuijie Gong
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Kaichang Liu
- Crop Research Institute; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
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15
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Santos C, Duarte S, Tedesco S, Fevereiro P, Costa RL. Expression Profiling of Castanea Genes during Resistant and Susceptible Interactions with the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Reveal Possible Mechanisms of Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28443110 PMCID: PMC5387079 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The most dangerous pathogen affecting the production of chestnuts is Phytophthora cinnamomi a hemibiotrophic that causes root rot, also known as ink disease. Little information has been acquired in chestnut on the molecular defense strategies against this pathogen. The expression of eight candidate genes potentially involved in the defense to P. cinnamomi was quantified by digital PCR in Castanea genotypes showing different susceptibility to the pathogen. Seven of the eight candidate genes displayed differentially expressed levels depending on genotype and time-point after inoculation. Cast_Gnk2-like revealed to be the most expressed gene across all experiments and the one that best discriminates between susceptible and resistant genotypes. Our data suggest that the pre-formed defenses are crucial for the resistance of C. crenata to P. cinnamomi. A lower and delayed expression of the eight studied genes was found in the susceptible Castanea sativa, which may be related with the establishment and spread of the disease in this species. A working model integrating the obtained results is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Santos
- Molecular Biology Lab, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P.Oeiras, Portugal
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Lab, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Molecular Biology Lab, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P.Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Tedesco
- Molecular Biology Lab, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P.Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Lab, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (Green-it Unit), Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Departamento Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaCampo Grande, Portugal
| | - Rita L. Costa
- Molecular Biology Lab, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P.Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa - Tapada da AjudaLisboa, Portugal
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16
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Chemistry and health effects of furanocoumarins in grapefruit. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:71-83. [PMID: 28911545 PMCID: PMC9333421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are a specific group of secondary metabolites that commonly present in higher plants, such as citrus plants. The major furanocoumarins found in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) include bergamottin, epoxybergamottin, and 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin. During biosynthesis of these furanocoumarins, coumarins undergo biochemical modifications corresponding to a prenylation reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzymes with the subsequent formation of furan rings. Because of undesirable interactions with several medications, many studies have developed methods for grapefruit furanocoumarin quantification that include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector or mass spectrometry. The distribution of furanocoumarins in grapefruits is affected by several environmental conditions, such as processing techniques, storage temperature, and packing materials. In the past few years, grapefruit furanocoumarins have been demonstrated to exhibit several biological activities including antioxidative, -inflammatory, and -cancer activities as well as bone health promotion both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, furanocoumarins potently exerted antiproliferative activities against cancer cell growth through modulation of several molecular pathways, such as regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression. Therefore, based on this review, we suggest furanocoumarins may serve as bioactive components that contribute, at least in part, to the health benefits of grapefruit.
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17
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Activation of phenylpropanoid pathway and PR of potato tuber against Fusarium sulphureum by fungal elicitor from Trichothecium roseum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:142. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Kumar R, Vashisth D, Misra A, Akhtar MQ, Jalil SU, Shanker K, Gupta MM, Rout PK, Gupta AK, Shasany AK. RNAi down-regulation of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase increases artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26458. [PMID: 27220407 PMCID: PMC4879530 DOI: 10.1038/srep26458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) converts trans-cinnamic acid (CA) to p-coumaric acid (COA) in the phenylpropanoid/lignin biosynthesis pathway. Earlier we reported increased expression of AaCYP71AV1 (an important gene of artemisinin biosynthesis pathway) caused by CA treatment in Artemisia annua. Hence, AaC4H gene was identified, cloned, characterized and silenced in A. annua with the assumption that the elevated internal CA due to knock down may increase the artemisinin yield. Accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid in the plant due to AaC4H knockdown was accompanied with the reduction of p-coumaric acid, total phenolics, anthocyanin, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities but increase in salicylic acid (SA) and artemisinin. Interestingly, feeding trans-cinnamic acid to the RNAi line increased the level of artemisinin along with benzoic (BA) and SA with no effect on the downstream metabolites p-coumaric acid, coniferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde, whereas p-coumaric acid feeding increased the content of downstream coniferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde with no effect on BA, SA, trans-cinnamic acid or artemisinin. SA is reported earlier to be inducing the artemisinin yield. This report demonstrates the link between the phenylpropanoid/lignin pathway with artemisinin pathway through SA, triggered by accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid because of the blockage at C4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Divya Vashisth
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Amita Misra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Md Qussen Akhtar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Syed Uzma Jalil
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Prashant Kumar Rout
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Gupta
- Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
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Upadhyay P, Maier C. Effects of 17<i>β</i>-Estradiol on Growth, Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoid-Flavonoid Pathways and Pathogen Resistance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.713160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Lima RB, Salvador VH, dos Santos WD, Bubna GA, Finger-Teixeira A, Soares AR, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese MDLL, Ferrarese-Filho O. Enhanced lignin monomer production caused by cinnamic Acid and its hydroxylated derivatives inhibits soybean root growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80542. [PMID: 24312480 PMCID: PMC3848980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acid and its hydroxylated derivatives (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids) are known allelochemicals that affect the seed germination and root growth of many plant species. Recent studies have indicated that the reduction of root growth by these allelochemicals is associated with premature cell wall lignification. We hypothesized that an influx of these compounds into the phenylpropanoid pathway increases the lignin monomer content and reduces the root growth. To confirm this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids on soybean root growth, lignin and the composition of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) monomers. To this end, three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solution with or without allelochemical (or selective enzymatic inhibitors of the phenylpropanoid pathway) in a growth chamber for 24 h. In general, the results showed that 1) cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids reduced root growth and increased lignin content; 2) cinnamic and p-coumaric acids increased p-hydroxyphenyl (H) monomer content, whereas p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids increased guaiacyl (G) content, and sinapic acid increased sinapyl (S) content; 3) when applied in conjunction with piperonylic acid (PIP, an inhibitor of the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, C4H), cinnamic acid reduced H, G and S contents; and 4) when applied in conjunction with 3,4-(methylenedioxy)cinnamic acid (MDCA, an inhibitor of the 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, 4CL), p-coumaric acid reduced H, G and S contents, whereas caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids reduced G and S contents. These results confirm our hypothesis that exogenously applied allelochemicals are channeled into the phenylpropanoid pathway causing excessive production of lignin and its main monomers. By consequence, an enhanced stiffening of the cell wall restricts soybean root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Barbosa Lima
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Salvador
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Adriana Bubna
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Sadeghi M, Dehghan S, Fischer R, Wenzel U, Vilcinskas A, Kavousi HR, Rahnamaeian M. Isolation and characterization of isochorismate synthase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment in Carthamus tinctorius. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e27335. [PMID: 24309561 PMCID: PMC4091385 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a prominent signaling molecule during biotic and abiotic stresses in plants biosynthesized via cinnamate and isochorismate pathways. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) are the main enzymes in phenylpropanoid and isochorismate pathways, respectively. To investigate the actual roles of these genes in resistance mechanism to environmental stresses, here, the coding sequences of these enzymes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), as an oilseed industrial medicinal plant, were partially isolated and their expression profiles during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment were monitored. As a result, safflower ICS (CtICS) and C4H (CtC4H) were induced in early time points after wounding (3-6 h). Upon salinity stress, CtICS and CtC4H were highly expressed for the periods of 6-24 h and 3-6 h after treatment, respectively. It seems evident that ICS expression level is SA concentration dependent as if safflower treatment with 1 mM SA could induce ICS much stronger than that with 0.1 mM, while C4H is less likely to be so. Based on phylogenetic analysis, safflower ICS has maximum similarity to its ortholog in Vitis vinifera up to 69%, while C4H shows the highest similarity to its ortholog in Echinacea angustifolia up to 96%. Overall, the isolated genes of CtICS and CtC4H in safflower could be considered in plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance as well as for pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Dehghan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Kavousi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence to: Mohammad Rahnamaeian,
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22
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Salvador VH, Lima RB, dos Santos WD, Soares AR, Böhm PAF, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese MDLL, Ferrarese-Filho O. Cinnamic acid increases lignin production and inhibits soybean root growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69105. [PMID: 23922685 PMCID: PMC3724853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acid is a known allelochemical that affects seed germination and plant root growth and therefore influences several metabolic processes. In the present work, we evaluated its effects on growth, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) activities and lignin monomer composition in soybean (Glycine max) roots. The results revealed that exogenously applied cinnamic acid inhibited root growth and increased IAA oxidase and C4H activities. The allelochemical increased the total lignin content, thus altering the sum and ratios of the p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) lignin monomers. When applied alone or with cinnamic acid, piperonylic acid (PIP, a quasi-irreversible inhibitor of C4H) reduced C4H activity, lignin and the H, G, S monomer content compared to the cinnamic acid treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that exogenously applied cinnamic acid can be channeled into the phenylpropanoid pathway via the C4H reaction, resulting in an increase in H lignin. In conjunction with enhanced IAA oxidase activity, these metabolic responses lead to the stiffening of the cell wall and are followed by a reduction in soybean root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Salvador
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rogério Barbosa Lima
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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23
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Pesquet E, Zhang B, Gorzsás A, Puhakainen T, Serk H, Escamez S, Barbier O, Gerber L, Courtois-Moreau C, Alatalo E, Paulin L, Kangasjärvi J, Sundberg B, Goffner D, Tuominen H. Non-cell-autonomous postmortem lignification of tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1314-28. [PMID: 23572543 PMCID: PMC3663270 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem lignification of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) has been debated for decades. Here, we provide evidence in Zinnia elegans TE cell cultures, using pharmacological inhibitors and in intact Z. elegans plants using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, that TE lignification occurs postmortem (i.e., after TE programmed cell death). In situ RT-PCR verified expression of the lignin monomer biosynthetic cinnamoyl CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in not only the lignifying TEs but also in the unlignified non-TE cells of Z. elegans TE cell cultures and in living, parenchymatic xylem cells that surround TEs in stems. These cells were also shown to have the capacity to synthesize and transport lignin monomers and reactive oxygen species to the cell walls of dead TEs. Differential gene expression analysis in Z. elegans TE cell cultures and concomitant functional analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in identification of several genes that were expressed in the non-TE cells and that affected lignin chemistry on the basis of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. These data suggest that living, parenchymatic xylem cells contribute to TE lignification in a non-cell-autonomous manner, thus enabling the postmortem lignification of TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden.
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24
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Valenzuela-Soto JH, Estrada-Hernández MG, Ibarra-Laclette E, Délano-Frier JP. Inoculation of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) with growth-promoting Bacillus subtilis retards whitefly Bemisia tabaci development. PLANTA 2010; 231:397-410. [PMID: 20041333 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root inoculation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with a Bacillus subtilis strain BEB-DN (BsDN) isolated from the rhizosphere of cultivated potato plants was able to promote growth and to generate an induced systemic resistance (ISR) response against virus-free Bemisia tabaci. Growth promotion was evident 3 weeks after inoculation. No changes in oviposition density, preference and nymphal number in the early stages of B. tabaci development were observed between BsDN-treated plants and control plants inoculated with a non-growth promoting Bs strain (PY-79), growth medium or water. However, a long-term ISR response was manifested by a significantly reduced number of B. tabaci pupae developing into adults in BsDN-treated plants. The observed resistance response appeared to be a combination of jasmonic acid (JA) dependent and JA-independent responses, since the BsDN-related retardation effect on B. tabaci development was still effective in the highly susceptible spr2 tomato mutants with an impaired capacity for JA biosynthesis. A screening of 244 genes, 169 of which were previously obtained from subtractive-suppressive-hybridization libraries generated from B. tabaci-infested plants suggested that the BsDN JA-dependent ISR depended on an anti-nutritive effect produced by the simultaneous expression of genes coding principally for proteases and proteinase inhibitors, whereas the JA-independent ISR observed in the spr2 background curiously involved the up-regulation of several photosynthetic genes, key components of the phenyl-propanoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and of the Hsp90 chaperonin, which probably mediated pest resistance response(s), in addition to the down-regulation of pathogenesis and hypersensitive response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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25
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Valenzuela-Soto JH, Estrada-Hernández MG, Ibarra-Laclette E, Délano-Frier JP. Inoculation of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) with growth-promoting Bacillus subtilis retards whitefly Bemisia tabaci development. PLANTA 2010. [PMID: 20041333 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1061-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root inoculation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with a Bacillus subtilis strain BEB-DN (BsDN) isolated from the rhizosphere of cultivated potato plants was able to promote growth and to generate an induced systemic resistance (ISR) response against virus-free Bemisia tabaci. Growth promotion was evident 3 weeks after inoculation. No changes in oviposition density, preference and nymphal number in the early stages of B. tabaci development were observed between BsDN-treated plants and control plants inoculated with a non-growth promoting Bs strain (PY-79), growth medium or water. However, a long-term ISR response was manifested by a significantly reduced number of B. tabaci pupae developing into adults in BsDN-treated plants. The observed resistance response appeared to be a combination of jasmonic acid (JA) dependent and JA-independent responses, since the BsDN-related retardation effect on B. tabaci development was still effective in the highly susceptible spr2 tomato mutants with an impaired capacity for JA biosynthesis. A screening of 244 genes, 169 of which were previously obtained from subtractive-suppressive-hybridization libraries generated from B. tabaci-infested plants suggested that the BsDN JA-dependent ISR depended on an anti-nutritive effect produced by the simultaneous expression of genes coding principally for proteases and proteinase inhibitors, whereas the JA-independent ISR observed in the spr2 background curiously involved the up-regulation of several photosynthetic genes, key components of the phenyl-propanoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and of the Hsp90 chaperonin, which probably mediated pest resistance response(s), in addition to the down-regulation of pathogenesis and hypersensitive response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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26
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Zanardo DIL, Lima RB, Ferrarese MDLL, Bubna GA, Ferrarese-Filho O. Soybean root growth inhibition and lignification induced by p-coumaric acid. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 66:25-30. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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27
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Agrawal V, Zhang C, Shapiro AD, Dhurjati PS. A Dynamic Mathematical Model To Clarify Signaling Circuitry Underlying Programmed Cell Death Control in Arabidopsis Disease Resistance. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 20:426-42. [PMID: 15058987 DOI: 10.1021/bp034226s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells undergo programmed cell death in response to invading pathogens. This cell death limits the spread of the infection and triggers whole plant antimicrobial and immune responses. The signaling network connecting molecular recognition of pathogens to these responses is a prime target for manipulation in genetic engineering strategies designed to improve crop plant disease resistance. Moreover, as alterations to metabolism can be misinterpreted as pathogen infection, successful plant metabolic engineering will ultimately depend on controlling these signaling pathways to avoid inadvertent activation of cell death. Programmed cell death resulting from infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with Pseudomonas syringae bacterial pathogens was chosen as a model system. Signaling circuitry hypotheses in this model system were tested by construction of a differential-equations-based mathematical model. Model-based simulations of time evolution of signaling components matched experimental measurements of programmed cell death and associated signaling components obtained in a companion study. Simulation of systems-level consequences of mutations used in laboratory studies led to two major improvements in understanding of signaling circuitry: (1) Simulations supported experimental evidence that a negative feedback loop in salicylic acid biosynthesis postulated by others does not exist. (2) Simulations showed that a second negative regulatory circuit for which there was strong experimental support did not affect one of two pathways leading to programmed cell death. Simulations also generated testable predictions to guide future experiments. Additional testable hypotheses were generated by results of individually varying each model parameter over 2 orders of magnitude that predicted biologically important changes to system dynamics. These predictions will be tested in future laboratory studies designed to further elucidate the signaling network control structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Agrawal
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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28
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dos Santos WD, Ferrarese MLL, Nakamura CV, Mourão KSM, Mangolin CA, Ferrarese-Filho O. Soybean (Glycine max) root lignification induced by ferulic acid. The possible mode of action. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1230-41. [PMID: 18626717 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid, in the form of feruloyl CoA, occupies a central position as an intermediate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Due to the allelopathic function, its effects were tested on root growth, H(2)O(2) and lignin contents, and activities of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root seedlings. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland's solution (pH 6.0), with or without 1.0 mM ferulic acid in a growth chamber (25 degrees C, 12/12 hr light/dark photoperiod, irradiance of 280 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) for 24 or 48 hr. Exogenously supplied ferulic acid induced premature cessation of root growth, with disintegration of the root cap, compression of cells in the quiescent center, increase of the vascular cylinder diameter, and earlier lignification of the metaxylem. Moreover, the allelochemical decreased CAD activity and H(2)O(2) level and increased the anionic isoform PODa5 activity and lignin content. The lignin monomer composition of ferulic acid-exposed roots revealed a significant increase of guaiacyl (G) units. When applied jointly with piperonylic acid (an inhibitor of the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, C4H), ferulic acid increased lignin content. By contrast, the application of 3,4-(methylenedioxy) cinnamic acid (an inhibitor of the 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, 4CL) with ferulic acid did not. Taken together, these results suggest that ferulic acid may be channeled into the phenylpropanoid pathway (by the 4CL reaction) and, further, may increase the lignin monomer amount solidifying the cell wall and restricting the root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D dos Santos
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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29
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Glombitza S, Dubuis PH, Thulke O, Welzl G, Bovet L, Götz M, Affenzeller M, Geist B, Hehn A, Asnaghi C, Ernst D, Seidlitz HK, Gundlach H, Mayer KF, Martinoia E, Werck-Reichhart D, Mauch F, Schäffner AR. Crosstalk and differential response to abiotic and biotic stressors reflected at the transcriptional level of effector genes from secondary metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 54:817-35. [PMID: 15604654 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolism significantly contributes to defensive measures against adverse abiotic and biotic cues. To investigate stress-induced, transcriptional alterations of underlying effector gene families, which encode enzymes acting consecutively in secondary metabolism and defense reactions, a DNA array (MetArray) harboring gene-specific probes was established. It comprised complete sets of genes encoding 109 secondary product glycosyltransferases and 63 glutathione-utilizing enzymes along with 62 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and 26 ABC transporters. Their transcriptome was monitored in different organs of unstressed plants and in shoots in response to herbicides, UV-B radiation, endogenous stress hormones, and pathogen infection. A principal component analysis based on the transcription of these effector gene families defined distinct responses and crosstalk. Methyl jasmonate and ethylene treatments were separated from a group combining reactions towards two sulfonylurea herbicides, salicylate and an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato . The responses to the herbicide bromoxynil and UV-B radiation were distinct from both groups. In addition, these analyses pinpointed individual effector genes indicating their role in these stress responses. A small group of genes was diagnostic in differentiating the response to two herbicide classes used. Interestingly, a subset of genes induced by P. syringae was not responsive to the applied stress hormones. Small groups of comprehensively induced effector genes indicate common defense strategies. Furthermore, homologous members within branches of these effector gene families displayed differential expression patterns either in both organs or during stress responses arguing for their non-redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Glombitza
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Institute of Developmental Genetics, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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30
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Gális I, Smith JL, Jameson PE. Salicylic acid-, but not cytokinin-induced, resistance to WClMV is associated with increased expression of SA-dependent resistance genes in Phaseolus vulgaris. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:459-466. [PMID: 15128033 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-week-old Phaseolus vulgaris plants, wick-fed with 1 mmol/L salicylic acid (SA) or 50 nmol/L dihydrozeatin (DHZ), showed partial inhibition of the accumulation of white clover mosaic virus (WClMV) in infected primary leaves. This inhibition was measured as a decrease in the accumulation of both viral mRNA and viral coat protein, especially at the early stages of infection. Salicylic acid treatment resulted in moderately increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), NPR1, PR1 and HSP70 genes that participate in resistance to pathogens in plants. In contrast, DHZ treatments did not induce significant changes in expression of these genes. The expression of the P. vulgaris alternative oxidase (AOX) gene homolog, an enzyme implicated in plant resistance to viruses, showed low constitutive expression during the first 11 days post-infection and was not affected by either SA or DHZ. It appears that, while SA induced the NPR1-PR1 pathogen defense pathway genes, both SA and DHZ may use a different pathway to induce resistance to WClMV infection in P. vulgaris plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gális
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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