1
|
Yan M, Yang D, He Y, Ma Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Gao J. Alfalfa Responses to Intensive Soil Compaction: Effects on Plant and Root Growth, Phytohormones and Internal Gene Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:953. [PMID: 38611482 PMCID: PMC11013635 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The perennial legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is of high value in providing cheap and high-nutritive forages. Due to a lack of tillage during the production period, the soil in which alfalfa grows prunes to become compacted through highly mechanized agriculture. Compaction deteriorates the soil's structure and fertility, leading to compromised alfalfa development and productivity. However, the way alfalfa responses to different levels of soil compaction and the underlying molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effects of gradient compacted soil on the growth of different cultivars of alfalfa, especially the root system architecture, phytohormones and internal gene expression profile alterations. The results showed that alfalfa growth was facilitated by moderate soil compaction, but drastically inhibited when compaction was intensified. The inhibition effect was universal across different cultivars, but with different severity. Transcriptomic and physiological studies revealed that the expression of a set of genes regulating the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids was significantly repressed in compaction treated alfalfa roots, and this might have resulted in a modified secondary cell wall and xylem vessel formation. Phytohormones, like ABA, are supposed to play pivotal roles in the regulation of the overall responses. These findings provide directions for the improvement of field soil management in alfalfa production and the molecular breeding of alfalfa germplasm with better soil compaction resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yan
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dongming Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yijun He
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Ma
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Quanzhen Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Allelopathic Compounds Identified in Medicago sativa L. Seedling Exudate against Escherichia coli. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062645. [PMID: 36985619 PMCID: PMC10056293 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the allelopathic properties of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) seedling exudates on the germination of seeds of various species were investigated. The compounds responsible for the allelopathic effects of alfalfa were identified and characterized by employing liquid chromatography ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry. Crude exudates inhibited the germination of seeds of all various plant species tested. Overall, nine compounds in alfalfa were identified and quantified. The most predominant compounds were a hyperoside representing a flavonoid glucoside, the non-proteinogenic amino acid canavanine, and two dipeptides, identified as H-Glu-Tyr-OH and H-Phe-Glu-OH. The latter corresponds to the first finding that dipeptides are exuded from alfalfa seedlings. In addition, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of alfalfa exudate and its identified compounds were elucidated. Both hyperoside and canavanine revealed the best antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values that ranged from 8 to 32 and 32 to 256 µg/mL, respectively. Regarding the antibiofilm action, hyperoside and canavanine caused a decline in the percentage of E. coli isolates that possessed a strong and moderate biofilm-forming potential from 68.42% to 21.05% and 31.58%, respectively. Studies on their inhibiting effects exhibit that these major substances are predominantly responsible for the allelopathic and antimicrobial effects of the crude exudates.
Collapse
|
3
|
Leoni F, Hazrati H, Fomsgaard IS, Moonen AC, Kudsk P. Determination of the Effect of Co-cultivation on the Production and Root Exudation of Flavonoids in Four Legume Species Using LC-MS/MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9208-9219. [PMID: 34346216 PMCID: PMC8389803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids play a key role in the regulation of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions, and factors determining their release have been investigated in most of the common forage legumes. However, little is known about the response of flavonoid production and release to co-cultivation with other crop species. This study investigated alterations in the concentration of flavonoids in plant tissues and root exudates in four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)] co-cultivated with durum wheat [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.]. For this purpose, we carried out two experiments in a greenhouse, one with glass beads as growth media for root exudate extraction and one with soil as growth media for flavonoid detection in shoot and root biomass, using LC-MS/MS analysis. This study revealed that interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture. In contrast, the concentration of flavonoids significantly increased both in legume biomass and in root exudates. Changes in flavonoid concentration involved daidzein, genistein, medicarpin, and formononetin, which have been found to be involved in legume nodulation and regulation of plant-plant interaction. We hypothesize that legumes responded to the co-cultivation with wheat by promoting nodulation and increasing exudation of allelopathic compounds, respectively, to compensate for the lack of nutrients caused by the presence of wheat in the cultivation system and to reduce the competitiveness of neighboring plants. Future studies should elucidate the bioactivity of flavonoid compounds in cereal-legume co-cultivation systems and their specific role in the nodulation process and inter-specific plant interactions such as potential effects on weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Leoni
- Group
of Agroecology, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hossein Hazrati
- Department
of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S. Fomsgaard
- Department
of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Anna-Camilla Moonen
- Group
of Agroecology, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Per Kudsk
- Department
of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toyofuku M, Okutani F, Nakayasu M, Hamamoto S, Takase H, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Enhancement of developmentally regulated daidzein secretion from soybean roots in field conditions as compared with hydroponic culture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1165-1169. [PMID: 33784734 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of metabolite secretions by field-grown plants remain scarce. We analyzed daidzein secretion by field-grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was higher during early vegetative stages than reproductive stages, a trend that was also seen for hydroponically grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was up to 10 000-fold higher under field conditions than hydroponic conditions, leading to a more accurate simulation of rhizosphere daidzein content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Toyofuku
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
| | - Fuki Okutani
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
AKTAŞ T, ÇÖLGEÇEN H, ATAR H. Formononetin Production by Large-Scale Cell Suspension Cultures of Medicago sativa L. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2021. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.725512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
6
|
Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stassen MJJ, Hsu SH, Pieterse CMJ, Stringlis IA. Coumarin Communication Along the Microbiome-Root-Shoot Axis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:169-183. [PMID: 33023832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants shape their rhizosphere microbiome by secreting root exudates into the soil environment. Recently, root-exuded coumarins were identified as novel players in plant-microbiome communication. Beneficial members of the root-associated microbiome stimulate coumarin biosynthesis in roots and their excretion into the rhizosphere. The iron-mobilizing activity of coumarins facilitates iron uptake from the soil environment, while their selective antimicrobial activity shapes the root microbiome, resulting in promotion of plant growth and health. Evidence is accumulating that, in analogy to strigolactones and flavonoids, coumarins may act in microbiome-to-root-to-shoot signaling events. Here, we review this multifaceted role of coumarins in bidirectional chemical communication along the microbiome-root-shoot axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max J J Stassen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shu-Hua Hsu
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Putra R, Powell JR, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Is it time to include legumes in plant silicon research? Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Putra
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tay KC, Tan LTH, Chan CK, Hong SL, Chan KG, Yap WH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH, Goh BH. Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31402861 PMCID: PMC6676344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex yet common disease, is caused by uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth due to a variety of gene mutations. Seeking effective treatments for cancer is a major research focus, as the incidence of cancer is on the rise and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs is major concern. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and combinations of substances that may be effective against cancer with relatively low toxicity/better side effect profile compared to standard anticancer therapy. Drug discovery work with natural products has demonstrated that natural compounds display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer effects. In this review, we discuss formononetin (C16H12O4), which originates mainly from red clovers and the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. The compound comes from a class of 7-hydroisoflavones with a substitution of methoxy group at position 4. Formononetin elicits antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo by modulating numerous signaling pathways to induce cell apoptosis (by intrinsic pathway involving Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins) and cell cycle arrest (by regulating mediators like cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1), suppress cell proliferation [by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway], and inhibit cell invasion [by regulating growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 proteins]. Co-treatment with other chemotherapy drugs such as bortezomib, LY2940002, U0126, sunitinib, epirubicin, doxorubicin, temozolomide, and metformin enhances the anticancer potential of both formononetin and the respective drugs through synergistic effect. Compiling the evidence thus far highlights the potential of formononetin to be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ching Tay
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sok Lai Hong
- Centre for Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Services, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group (MHTR), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai J, Zhang LY, Liu W, Tian Y, Xiong JS, Wang YH, Li RJ, Li HM, Wen J, Mysore KS, Boller T, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. Role of the Nod Factor Hydrolase MtNFH1 in Regulating Nod Factor Levels during Rhizobial Infection and in Mature Nodules of Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:397-414. [PMID: 29367305 PMCID: PMC5868697 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia depends on bacterial Nod factors (NFs) that trigger symbiosis-related NF signaling in host plants. NFs are modified oligosaccharides of chitin with a fatty acid moiety. NFs can be cleaved and inactivated by host enzymes, such as MtNFH1 (MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA NOD FACTOR HYDROLASE1). In contrast to related chitinases, MtNFH1 hydrolyzes neither chitin nor chitin fragments, indicating a high cleavage preference for NFs. Here, we provide evidence for a role of MtNFH1 in the symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti Upon rhizobial inoculation, MtNFH1 accumulated at the curled tip of root hairs, in the so-called infection chamber. Mutant analysis revealed that lack of MtNFH1 delayed rhizobial root hair infection, suggesting that excess amounts of NFs negatively affect the initiation of infection threads. MtNFH1 deficiency resulted in nodule hypertrophy and abnormal nodule branching of young nodules. Nodule branching was also stimulated in plants expressing MtNFH1 driven by a tandem CaMV 35S promoter and plants inoculated by a NF-overproducing S. meliloti strain. We suggest that fine-tuning of NF levels by MtNFH1 is necessary for optimal root hair infection as well as for NF-regulated growth of mature nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lan-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Song Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ru-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Thomas Boller
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang M, Cheng ST, Wang HY, Wu JH, Luo YM, Wang Q, Wang FX, Xia GX. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of defence responses triggered by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in cotton. J Proteomics 2016; 152:226-235. [PMID: 27871873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen fungus Rhizoctonia solani is destructive, causing disease in various important crops. To date, little is known about the host defence mechanism in response to invasion of R. solani. Here, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis was employed to investigate pathogen-responsive proteins in the disease tolerant/resistant cotton cultivar CRI35. A total of 174 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified after inoculation of cotton plants with R. solani. Functional categorization analysis indicated that these DAPs can be divided into 12 subclasses. Notably, a large portion of DAPs are known to function in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the expression of several histone-modifying and DNA methylating proteins were significantly induced upon challenge with the fungus, indicating that the redox homeostasis and epigenetic regulation are important for cotton defence against the pathogen. Additionally, the expression of proteins involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was markedly changed in response to pathogen invasion, which may reflect a particular contribution of secondary metabolism in protection against the fungal attack in cotton. Together, our results indicate that the defence response of cotton plants to R. solani infection is active and multifaceted and involves the induction of proteins from various innate immunity-related pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Cotton damping-off is a destructive disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. To date, the host defence mechanism involved in the disease protection remains largely unknown. Here, we reported the first proteomic analysis on cotton immune responses against R. solani infection. Employing iTRAQ technique, we obtained a total of 174 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) that can be classified into 12 functional groups. Further analysis indicated that ROS homeostasis, epigenetic regulation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were tightly associated with the innate immune responses against R. solani infection in cotton. The obtained data provide not only important information for understanding the molecular mechanism involved in plant-R. solani interaction but also application clues for genetic breeding of crops with improved R. solani resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shou-Ting Cheng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jia-He Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Luo
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fu-Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu CW, Murray JD. The Role of Flavonoids in Nodulation Host-Range Specificity: An Update. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E33. [PMID: 27529286 PMCID: PMC5039741 DOI: 10.3390/plants5030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are crucial signaling molecules in the symbiosis between legumes and their nitrogen-fixing symbionts, the rhizobia. The primary function of flavonoids in the interaction is to induce transcription of the genes for biosynthesis of the rhizobial signaling molecules called Nod factors, which are perceived by the plant to allow symbiotic infection of the root. Many legumes produce specific flavonoids that only induce Nod factor production in homologous rhizobia, and therefore act as important determinants of host range. Despite a wealth of evidence on legume flavonoids, relatively few have proven roles in rhizobial infection. Recent studies suggest that production of key "infection" flavonoids is highly localized at infection sites. Furthermore, some of the flavonoids being produced at infection sites are phytoalexins and may have a role in the selection of compatible symbionts during infection. The molecular details of how flavonoid production in plants is regulated during nodulation have not yet been clarified, but nitrogen availability has been shown to play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Liu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh A, Gupta R, Pandey R. Rice Seed Priming with Picomolar Rutin Enhances Rhizospheric Bacillus subtilis CIM Colonization and Plant Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146013. [PMID: 26742102 PMCID: PMC4711789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of rutin, a bioflavonoid on the growth and biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis strain CIM was investigated. In addition to swimming, swarming, and twitching potentials of B. subtilis CIM (BS), one picomolar (1 pM) of rutin was also observed to boost the biofilm forming ability of the bacterium. Bio-priming of rice seeds with BS and rutin not only augmented root and shoot lengths but also the photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoid. Similarly, high accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed in the leaves. Fluorescent microscopic images revealed that BS plus rutin enhanced callose deposition in the leaves. It was also established that the least formation of reactive oxygen species in BS plus rutin treated rice plants was due to higher free radicals scavenging activity and total antioxidant potential. The results highlight chemo attractant nature of BS towards rutin, which by enhancing biofilm formation and root colonization indirectly strengthened the plants' defensive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Department of Microbial Technology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lira MA, Nascimento LRS, Fracetto GGM. Legume-rhizobia signal exchange: promiscuity and environmental effects. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:945. [PMID: 26441880 PMCID: PMC4561803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although signal exchange between legumes and their rhizobia is among the best-known examples of this biological process, most of the more characterized data comes from just a few legume species and environmental stresses. Although a relative wealth of information is available for some model legumes and some of the major pulses such as soybean, little is known about tropical legumes. This relative disparity in current knowledge is also apparent in the research on the effects of environmental stress on signal exchange; cool-climate stresses, such as low-soil temperature, comprise a relatively large body of research, whereas high-temperature stresses and drought are not nearly as well understood. Both tropical legumes and their environmental stress-induced effects are increasingly important due to global population growth (the demand for protein), climate change (increasing temperatures and more extreme climate behavior), and urbanization (and thus heavy metals). This knowledge gap for both legumes and their environmental stresses is compounded because whereas most temperate legume-rhizobia symbioses are relatively specific and cultivated under relatively stable environments, the converse is true for tropical legumes, which tend to be promiscuous, and grow in highly variable conditions. This review will clarify some of this missing information and highlight fields in which further research would benefit our current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Lira
- Agronomy Department, Federal Rural University of PernambucoRecife, Brazil
- National Council for Research and Scientific and Technological DevelopmentBrasília, Brazil
| | - Luciana R. S. Nascimento
- Agronomy Department, Federal Rural University of PernambucoRecife, Brazil
- National Council for Research and Scientific and Technological DevelopmentBrasília, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Breakspear A, Liu C, Roy S, Stacey N, Rogers C, Trick M, Morieri G, Mysore KS, Wen J, Oldroyd GED, Downie JA, Murray JD. The root hair "infectome" of Medicago truncatula uncovers changes in cell cycle genes and reveals a requirement for Auxin signaling in rhizobial infection. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4680-701. [PMID: 25527707 PMCID: PMC4311213 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia colonize legume roots via plant-made intracellular infection threads. Genetics has identified some genes involved but has not provided sufficient detail to understand requirements for infection thread development. Therefore, we transcriptionally profiled Medicago truncatula root hairs prior to and during the initial stages of infection. This revealed changes in the responses to plant hormones, most notably auxin, strigolactone, gibberellic acid, and brassinosteroids. Several auxin responsive genes, including the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana Auxin Response Factor 16, were induced at infection sites and in nodule primordia, and mutation of ARF16a reduced rhizobial infection. Associated with the induction of auxin signaling genes, there was increased expression of cell cycle genes including an A-type cyclin and a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex. There was also induction of several chalcone O-methyltransferases involved in the synthesis of an inducer of Sinorhizobium meliloti nod genes, as well as a gene associated with Nod factor degradation, suggesting both positive and negative feedback loops that control Nod factor levels during rhizobial infection. We conclude that the onset of infection is associated with reactivation of the cell cycle as well as increased expression of genes required for hormone and flavonoid biosynthesis and that the regulation of auxin signaling is necessary for initiation of rhizobial infection threads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Breakspear
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Chengwu Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonali Roy
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Stacey
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Rogers
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Morieri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Division of Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Division of Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - J Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bahulikar RA, Torres-Jerez I, Worley E, Craven K, Udvardi MK. Diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with switchgrass in the native tallgrass prairie of northern Oklahoma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5636-43. [PMID: 25002418 PMCID: PMC4178587 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02091-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial C4 grass native to North America that is being developed as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. Industrial nitrogen fertilizers enhance switchgrass biomass production but add to production and environmental costs. A potential sustainable alternative source of nitrogen is biological nitrogen fixation. As a step in this direction, we studied the diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) associated with native switchgrass plants from the tallgrass prairie of northern Oklahoma (United States), using a culture-independent approach. DNA sequences from the nitrogenase structural gene, nifH, revealed over 20 putative diazotrophs from the alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gammaproteobacteria and the firmicutes associated with roots and shoots of switchgrass. Alphaproteobacteria, especially rhizobia, predominated. Sequences derived from nifH RNA indicated expression of this gene in several bacteria of the alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gammaproteobacterial groups associated with roots. Prominent among these were Rhizobium and Methylobacterium species of the alphaproteobacteria, Burkholderia and Azoarcus species of the betaproteobacteria, and Desulfuromonas and Geobacter species of the deltaproteobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Bahulikar
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Eric Worley
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kelly Craven
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Li Z, Li C, Gou J, Zhang Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of an isoflavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase from Pueraria lobata. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1173-85. [PMID: 24700248 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel isoflavone 7- O -glucosyltransferase PlUGT1 was isolated from Pueraria lobata . PlUGT1 could convert daidzein to daidzin, genistein to genistin as well as formononetin to ononin. Pueraria lobata roots are traditionally consumed as a rich source of isoflavone glycosides that have various human health benefits. However, to date, the genes encoding isoflavone UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have only been isolated from the roots of soybean seedlings (GmIF7GT), soybean seeds (UGT73F2) and Glycyrrhiza echinata cell suspension cultures (GeIF7GT). To investigate the isoflavone metabolism in P. lobata, 40 types of partial UGT cDNAs were isolated from P. lobata, and seven full-length UGT candidates with preferential expression in roots were identified. Functional assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that one of these UGT candidates, designated PlUGT1 (official UGT designation UGT88E12), efficiently glycosylated isoflavone aglycones at the 7-hydroxy group. Recombinant PlUGT1 purified from Escherichia coli cells was characterized and shown to be relatively specific for isoflavone aglycones, while flavonoid substrates were poorly accepted. The biochemical results suggested that PlUGT1 was an isoflavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase. The deduced amino acid sequence of PlUGT1 shared only 26 % identity with GeIF7GT, 27 % with UGT73F2 and 63 % with GmIF7GT. The PlUGT1 gene was highly expressed in P. lobata roots relative to other organs and strongly induced by methyl jasmonate signal in P. lobata cell suspension culture. The transcript abundance of PlUGT1 was correlated with the accumulation pattern of isoflavone glycosides such as daidzin in P. lobata plants or in cell suspension culture. The biochemical properties and gene expression profile supported the idea that PlUGT1 could play a role in isoflavone glycosylation in P. lobata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sinorhizobium meliloti chemoreceptor McpU mediates chemotaxis toward host plant exudates through direct proline sensing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3404-15. [PMID: 24657863 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00115-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chemotaxis is an important attribute that aids in establishing symbiosis between rhizobia and their legume hosts. Plant roots and seeds exude a spectrum of molecules into the soil to attract their bacterial symbionts. The alfalfa symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti possesses eight chemoreceptors to sense its environment and mediate chemotaxis toward its host. The methyl accepting chemotaxis protein McpU is one of the more abundant S. meliloti chemoreceptors and an important sensor for the potent attractant proline. We established a dominant role of McpU in sensing molecules exuded by alfalfa seeds. Mass spectrometry analysis determined that a single germinating seed exudes 3.72 nmol of proline, producing a millimolar concentration near the seed surface which can be detected by the chemosensory system of S. meliloti. Complementation analysis of the mcpU deletion strain verified McpU as the key proline sensor. A structure-based homology search identified tandem Cache (calcium channels and chemotaxis receptors) domains in the periplasmic region of McpU. Conserved residues Asp-155 and Asp-182 of the N-terminal Cache domain were determined to be important for proline sensing by evaluating mutant strains in capillary and swim plate assays. Differential scanning fluorimetry revealed interaction of the isolated periplasmic region of McpU (McpU40-284) with proline and the importance of Asp-182 in this interaction. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we determined that proline binds with a Kd (dissociation constant) of 104 μM to McpU40-284, while binding was abolished when Asp-182 was substituted by Glu. Our results show that McpU is mediating chemotaxis toward host plants by direct proline sensing.
Collapse
|
19
|
Buffard D, Esnault R, Kondorosi A. Role of plant defence in alfalfa during symbiosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 12:175-88. [PMID: 24415165 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During effective symbiosis, rhizobia colonize their hosts, and avoid plant defence mechanisms. To determine whether the host defence responses can be elicited by the symbiotic bacteria, specific markers involved in incompatible pathogenic interactions are required. The available markers of alfalfa defence mechanisms are described and their use in the study of the symbiotic interaction discussed. As defence-related gene expression in roots is not always related to defence mechanisms, other model systems have been established allowing confirmation of an important role of bacterial surface components in alfalfa-Rhizobium meliloti interactions. Nod factors at high concentrations have been shown to elicit defence-like responses in Medicago cell suspensions and roots. Elicitation of defence mechanisms by high levels of Nod factors in Rhizobium-infected roots may be a part of the mechanism by which nodulation is feed-back regulated.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:1-20. [PMID: 23774057 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land-adapted plants appeared between about 480 and 360 million years ago in the mid-Palaeozoic era, originating from charophycean green algae. The successful adaptation to land of these prototypes of amphibious plants - when they emerged from an aquatic environment onto the land - was achieved largely by massive formation of "phenolic UV light screens". In the course of evolution, plants have developed the ability to produce an enormous number of phenolic secondary metabolites, which are not required in the primary processes of growth and development but are of vital importance for their interaction with the environment, for their reproductive strategy and for their defense mechanisms. From a biosynthetic point of view, beside methylation catalyzed by O-methyltransferases, acylation and glycosylation of secondary metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and various derived phenolic compounds, are fundamental chemical modifications. Such modified metabolites have altered polarity, volatility, chemical stability in cells but also in solution, ability for interaction with other compounds (co-pigmentation) and biological activity. The control of the production of plant phenolics involves a matrix of potentially overlapping regulatory signals. These include developmental signals, such as during lignification of new growth or the production of anthocyanins during fruit and flower development, and environmental signals for protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. For some of the key compounds, such as the flavonoids, there is now an excellent understanding of the nature of those signals and how the signal transduction pathway connects through to the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic genes. Within the plant environment, different microorganisms can coexist that can establish various interactions with the host plant and that are often the basis for the synthesis of specific phenolic metabolites in response to these interactions. In the rhizosphere, increasing evidence suggests that root specific chemicals (exudates) might initiate and manipulate biological and physical interactions between roots and soil organisms. These interactions include signal traffic between roots of competing plants, roots and soil microbes, and one-way signals that relate the nature of chemical and physical soil properties to the roots. Plant phenolics can also modulate essential physiological processes such as transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. Some interesting effects of plant phenolics are also the ones associated with the growth hormone auxin. An additional role for flavonoids in functional pollen development has been observed. Finally, anthocyanins represent a class of flavonoids that provide the orange, red and blue/purple colors to many plant tissues. According to the coevolution theory, red is a signal of the status of the tree to insects that migrate to (or move among) the trees in autumn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Cheynier
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'oenologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR. The evolution of phenylpropanoid metabolism in the green lineage. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:123-52. [PMID: 23350798 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.758083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic secondary metabolites are only produced by plants wherein they play important roles in both biotic and abiotic defense in seed plants as well as being potentially important bioactive compounds with both nutritional and medicinal benefits reported for animals and humans as a consequence of their potent antioxidant activity. During the long evolutionary period in which plants have adapted to the environmental niches in which they exist (and especially during the evolution of land plants from their aquatic algal ancestors), several strategies such as gene duplication and convergent evolution have contributed to the evolution of this pathway. In this respect, diversity and redundancy of several key genes of phenolic secondary metabolism such as polyketide synthases, cytochrome P450s, Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases have played an essential role. Recent technical developments allowing affordable whole genome sequencing as well as a better inventory of species-by-species chemical diversity have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of tools we have to assess how these pathways evolved. In parallel, reverse genetics combined with detailed molecular phenotyping is allowing us to elucidate the functional importance of individual genes and metabolites and by this means to provide further mechanistic insight into their biological roles. In this review, phenolic metabolite-related gene sequences (for a total of 65 gene families including shikimate biosynthetic genes) are compared across 23 independent species, and the phenolic metabolic complement of various plant species are compared with one another, in attempt to better understand the evolution of diversity in this crucial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Makarova LE, Smirnov VI, Klyba LV, Petrova IG, Dudareva LV. Role of allelopathic compounds in the regulation and development of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683812030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Popovici J, Walker V, Bertrand CD, Bellvert F, Fernandez MP, Comte G. Strain specificity in the Myricaceae-Frankia symbiosis is correlated to plant root phenolics. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:682-689. [PMID: 32480923 DOI: 10.1071/fp11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in the interaction between plants and their environment. For example, mutualistic nitrogen-fixing symbioses typically involve phenolic-based recognition between host plants and bacteria. Although these mechanisms are well studied in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis, little is known about the role of plant phenolics in the symbiosis between actinorhizal plants and the actinobacterium Frankia. In this study, the responsiveness of two Myricaceae plant species, Myrica gale L. and Morella cerifera L., to Frankia inoculation was correlated with the plant-bacteria compatibility status. Two Frankia strains were inoculated: ACN14a, compatible with both M. gale and M. cerifera and Ea112, compatible only with M. cerifera. The effect of inoculation on root phenolic metabolism was evaluated by metabolic profiling based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and principal component analysis (PCA). Our results revealed that: (i) both Frankia strains induced major modifications in root phenolic content of the two Myricaceae species and (ii) strain-dependant modifications of the phenolic contents were detected. The main plant compounds differentially affected by Frankia inoculation are phenols, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This work provides evidence that during the initial phases of symbiotic interactions, Myricaceae plants adapt their secondary metabolism in accordance with the compatibility status of Frankia bacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Walker
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Dric Bertrand
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Comte
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, 43, Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mutwil M, Klie S, Tohge T, Giorgi FM, Wilkins O, Campbell MM, Fernie AR, Usadel B, Nikoloski Z, Persson S. PlaNet: combined sequence and expression comparisons across plant networks derived from seven species. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:895-910. [PMID: 21441431 PMCID: PMC3082271 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The model organism Arabidopsis thaliana is readily used in basic research due to resource availability and relative speed of data acquisition. A major goal is to transfer acquired knowledge from Arabidopsis to crop species. However, the identification of functional equivalents of well-characterized Arabidopsis genes in other plants is a nontrivial task. It is well documented that transcriptionally coordinated genes tend to be functionally related and that such relationships may be conserved across different species and even kingdoms. To exploit such relationships, we constructed whole-genome coexpression networks for Arabidopsis and six important plant crop species. The interactive networks, clustered using the HCCA algorithm, are provided under the banner PlaNet (http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg.de). We implemented a comparative network algorithm that estimates similarities between network structures. Thus, the platform can be used to swiftly infer similar coexpressed network vicinities within and across species and can predict the identity of functional homologs. We exemplify this using the PSA-D and chalcone synthase-related gene networks. Finally, we assessed how ontology terms are transcriptionally connected in the seven species and provide the corresponding MapMan term coexpression networks. The data support the contention that this platform will considerably improve transfer of knowledge generated in Arabidopsis to valuable crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mutwil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Federico M. Giorgi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Malcolm M. Campbell
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Parmar N, Dufresne J. Beneficial Interactions of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms. SOIL BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19769-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
26
|
Phillips DA, Joseph CM, Hirsch PR. Occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:4573-7. [PMID: 16535739 PMCID: PMC1389295 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.11.4573-4577.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AN ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT SOIL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE SEPARATED TWO TYPES OF MOLECULES IMPORTANT FOR BACTERIA: flavonoids and small hydrophilic organic compounds. Two flavonoids, identified previously as inducers of nodulation genes in Rhizobium meliloti, were detected in rhizosphere soil from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In addition, biologically significant quantities (micromoles per kilogram) of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides were found in all soils tested. Long-term wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plots that had received manure contained elevated amounts of nucleosides, and in a separate experiment, the presence of legumes in a wheat-cropping sequence increased soil nucleosides. Intact bacterial cells accounted for less than 1% of the free nucleosides detected. These results suggest new testable hypotheses for molecular ecologists and differ from those obtained with older, harsher techniques.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Root-secreted chemicals mediate multi-partite interactions in the rhizosphere, where plant roots continually respond to and alter their immediate environment. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates initiate and modulate dialogue between roots and soil microbes. For example, root exudates serve as signals that initiate symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, root exudates maintain and support a highly specific diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere of a given particular plant species, thus suggesting a close evolutionary link. In this review, we focus mainly on compiling the information available on the regulation and mechanisms of root exudation processes, and provide some ideas related to the evolutionary role of root exudates in shaping soil microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar V Badri
- Centre for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and LA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Schliemann W, Ammer C, Strack D. Metabolite profiling of mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:112-46. [PMID: 17706732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite profiling of soluble primary and secondary metabolites, as well as cell wall-bound phenolic compounds from roots of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) was carried out by GC-MS, HPLC and LC-MS. These analyses revealed a number of metabolic characteristics over 56 days of symbiotic interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices, when compared to the controls, i.e. nonmycorrhizal roots supplied with low and high amounts of phosphate. During the most active stages of overall root mycorrhization, elevated levels of certain amino acids (Glu, Asp, Asn) were observed accompanied by increases in amounts of some fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acids), indicating a mycorrhiza-specific activation of plastidial metabolism. In addition, some accumulating fungus-specific fatty acids (palmitvaccenic and vaccenic acids) were assigned that may be used as markers of fungal root colonization. Stimulation of the biosynthesis of some constitutive isoflavonoids (daidzein, ononin and malonylononin) occurred, however, only at late stages of root mycorrhization. Increase of the levels of saponins correlated AM-independently with plant growth. Only in AM roots was the accumulation of apocarotenoids (cyclohexenone and mycorradicin derivatives) observed. The structures of the unknown cyclohexenone derivatives were identified by spectroscopic methods as glucosides of blumenol C and 13-hydroxyblumenol C and their corresponding malonyl conjugates. During mycorrhization, the levels of typical cell wall-bound phenolics (e.g. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, ferulic acid) did not change; however, high amounts of cell wall-bound tyrosol were exclusively detected in AM roots. Principal component analyses of nonpolar primary and secondary metabolites clearly separated AM roots from those of the controls, which was confirmed by an hierarchical cluster analysis. Circular networks of primary nonpolar metabolites showed stronger and more frequent correlations between metabolites in the mycorrhizal roots. The same trend, but to a lesser extent, was observed in nonmycorrhizal roots supplied with high amounts of phosphate. These results indicate a tighter control of primary metabolism in AM roots compared to control plants. Network correlation analyses revealed distinct clusters of amino acids and sugars/aliphatic acids with strong metabolic correlations among one another in all plants analyzed; however, mycorrhizal symbiosis reduced the cluster separation and enlarged the sugar cluster size. The amino acid clusters represent groups of metabolites with strong correlations among one another (cliques) that are differently composed in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots. In conclusion, the present work shows for the first time that there are clear differences in development- and symbiosis-dependent primary and secondary metabolism of M. truncatula roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willibald Schliemann
- Department of Secondary Metabolism, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Steinkellner S, Lendzemo V, Langer I, Schweiger P, Khaosaad T, Toussaint JP, Vierheilig H. Flavonoids and strigolactones in root exudates as signals in symbiotic and pathogenic plant-fungus interactions. Molecules 2007; 12:1290-306. [PMID: 17909485 PMCID: PMC6149470 DOI: 10.3390/12071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant compounds are important signals in several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. The present review is limited to two groups of secondary plant compounds, flavonoids and strigolactones, which have been reported in root exudates. Data on flavonoids as signaling compounds are available from several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions, whereas only recently initial data on the role of strigolactones as plant signals in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis have been reported. Data from other plant-microbe interactions and strigolactones are not available yet. In the present article we are focusing on flavonoids in plant-fungal interactions such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association and the signaling between different Fusarium species and plants. Moreover the role of strigolactones in the AM association is discussed and new data on the effect of strigolactones on fungi, apart from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegrid Steinkellner
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
| | - Venasius Lendzemo
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Maroua, Cameroon; E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Langer
- Institut für Bodenforschung, Department für Wald- und Bodenwissenschaften, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: ;
| | - Peter Schweiger
- Institut für Bodenforschung, Department für Wald- und Bodenwissenschaften, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: ;
| | - Thanasan Khaosaad
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
| | - Jean-Patrick Toussaint
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; E-mail:
| | - Horst Vierheilig
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang J, Subramanian S, Zhang Y, Yu O. Flavone synthases from Medicago truncatula are flavanone-2-hydroxylases and are important for nodulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:741-51. [PMID: 17434990 PMCID: PMC1914186 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavones are important copigments found in the flowers of many higher plants and play a variety of roles in plant adaptation to stress. In Medicago species, flavones also act as signal molecules during symbiotic interaction with the diazotropic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. They are the most potent nod gene inducers found in root exudates. However, flavone synthase II (FNS II), the key enzyme responsible for flavone biosynthesis, has not been characterized in Medicago species. We cloned two FNS II genes from Medicago truncatula using known FNS II sequences from other species and named them MtFNSII-1 and MtFNSII-2. Functional assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) suggested that the catalytic mechanisms of both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were similar to the other known legume FNS II from licorice (Glycyrrhiza echinata). MtFNSII converted flavanones to 2-hydroxyflavanones instead of flavones whereas FNS II from the nonlegume Gerbera hybrida, converted flavanones to flavones directly. The two MtFNSII genes had distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. MtFNSII-1 was highly expressed in roots and seeds whereas MtFNSII-2 was highly expressed in flowers and siliques. In addition, MtFNSII-2 was inducible by S. meliloti and methyl jasmonate treatment, whereas MtFNSII-1 was not. Histochemical staining of transgenic hairy roots carrying the promoter-reporter constructs indicated that the MtFNSII-2 induction was tissue specific, mostly localized to vascular tissues and root hairs. RNA interference-mediated suppression of MtFNSII genes resulted in flavone depleted roots and led to significantly reduced nodulation when inoculated with S. meliloti. Our results provide genetic evidence supporting that flavones are important for nodulation in M. truncatula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Weisskopf L, Tomasi N, Santelia D, Martinoia E, Langlade NB, Tabacchi R, Abou-Mansour E. Isoflavonoid exudation from white lupin roots is influenced by phosphate supply, root type and cluster-root stage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 171:657-68. [PMID: 16866966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The internal concentration of isoflavonoids in white lupin (Lupinus albus) cluster roots and the exudation of isoflavonoids by these roots were investigated with respect to the effects of phosphorus (P) supply, root type and cluster-root developmental stage. To identify and quantify the major isoflavonoids exuded by white lupin roots, we used high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) in mass spectrometry (MS). The major exuded isoflavonoids were identified as genistein and hydroxygenistein and their corresponding mono- and diglucoside conjugates. Exudation of isoflavonoids during the incubation period used was higher in P-deficient than in P-sufficient plants and higher in cluster roots than in noncluster roots. The peak of exudation occurred in juvenile and immature cluster roots, while exudation decreased in mature cluster roots.Cluster-root exudation activity was characterized by a burst of isoflavonoids at the stage preceding the peak of organic acid exudation. The potential involvement of ATP-citrate lyase in controlling citrate and isoflavonoid exudation is discussed, as well as the possible impact of phenolics in repelling rhizosphere microbial citrate consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Weisskopf
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Duzan HM, Mabood F, Zhou X, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. Nod factor induces soybean resistance to powdery mildew. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:1022-30. [PMID: 16310369 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess highly sensitive perception systems by which microbial signal molecules are recognized. In the Bradyrhizobium-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) symbiosis, recognition is initiated through exchange of signal molecules, generally flavonoids from soybean and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (Nod factors) from the microsymbiont. Application of the Nod factor Nod Bj-V (C18:1, MeFuc) induced soybean resistance to powdery mildew caused by Microsphaera diffusa. Addition of Nod factor (concentrations ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-10) M) to soybean root systems led to reductions in disease incidence. The lowest disease incidence was caused by Nod factor treatment at 10(-6) M. The effect of Nod factor application on fungal growth and development was measured at 4, 12, 48, and 96 h after inoculation. Colony diameter and number of germ tubes per conidium were decreased by 10(-6) M Nod factor. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC.4.3.1.1.) is the first enzyme of the phenyl propanoid pathway, and is commonly activated as part of plant responses to disease. Treatment of soybean seedlings with Nod factor, through stem wounds, induced PAL activity; the most rapid increase followed treatment with 10(-6) M Nod factor. These data show that soybean plants are able to detect root applied LCO and respond by increased disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa M Duzan
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que., Canada H9X 3V9
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Revelles O, Espinosa-Urgel M, Molin S, Ramos JL. The davDT operon of Pseudomonas putida, involved in lysine catabolism, is induced in response to the pathway intermediate delta-aminovaleric acid. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:3439-46. [PMID: 15150230 PMCID: PMC415776 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.11.3439-3446.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a soil microorganism that attaches to seeds and efficiently colonizes the plant's rhizosphere. Lysine is one of the major compounds in root exudates, and P. putida KT2440 uses this amino acid as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Lysine is channeled to delta-aminovaleric acid and then further degraded to glutaric acid via the action of the davDT gene products. We show that the davDT genes form an operon transcribed from a single sigma70-dependent promoter. The relatively high level of basal expression from the davD promoter increased about fourfold in response to the addition of exogenous lysine to the culture medium. However, the true inducer of this operon seems to be delta-aminovaleric acid because in a mutant unable to metabolize lysine to delta-aminovaleric acid, this compound, but not lysine, acted as an effector. Effective induction of the P. putida P(davD) promoter by exogenously added lysine requires efficient uptake of this amino acid, which seems to proceed by at least two uptake systems for basic amino acids that belong to the superfamily of ABC transporters. Mutants in these ABC uptake systems retained basal expression from the davD promoter but exhibited lower induction levels in response to exogenous lysine than the wild-type strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Revelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Novák K, Lisá L, Skrdleta V. Rhizobial nod gene-inducing activity in pea nodulation mutants: dissociation of nodulation and flavonoid response. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004; 120:546-555. [PMID: 15032816 DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The root exudates of 24 pea (Pisum sativum L.) non-nodulating mutants, originating from cv. 'Finale', were tested for Rhizobium nodulation (nod) gene-inducing activity to reveal potential differences from the wild type. The interaction with flavonoid receptor NodD of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 248 was monitored as the activity of the regulated operon nodABC fused to the reporter gene lacZ. In the uninoculated plants, the only decreased exudate activity was found in the line Risnod17 and ascribed to the impaired root growth in this line. Consequently, constitutive deficiency in the flavonoid nod gene inducers is not a cause of the asymbiotic phenotypes in the studied set. On the other hand, line Risnod5 had constitutively higher nod gene-inducing activity which might be responsible for its conditional nodulation and Fix(-) phenotype when the nodules are present. Monitoring of the response of wild-type plants to inoculation revealed an increase in nod gene-inducing activity (Ini response) starting first day after inoculation. The chosen mutant lines Risnod22 (putative locus sym9) and Risnod25 (putatively sym8) showed Ini as well indicating that the flavonoid burst can be mutationally dissociated from nodule initiation. On the other hand, absence of Ini in Risnod20 (assumed sym19) suggests branching of the signal transduction pathway downstream of this mutation and places it upstream of the two former mutations in the transduction of the bacterial Nod factor signal. More intense Ini response observed in the supernodulating mutant RisfixC, included in the study for its contrasting symbiotic phenotype, suggests common regulation of nodulation and Ini response via systemic shoot factor. The time shift in the exudation of isoflavonoid phytoalexin pisatin compared to Ini, its increased level in Risnod25 and lowered level in RisfixC are consistent with the regulatory role of plant defence in nodule initiation, which might be mediated directly by isoflavonoids as negative regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Novák
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská l083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Vierheilig H, Piché Y. Signalling in arbuscular mycorrhiza: facts and hypotheses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 505:23-39. [PMID: 12083464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5235-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Vierheilig
- Centre de Recherche en Biologic Forestère, Pavillon C.- E.- Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Campanella BF, Bock C, Schröder P. Phytoremediation to increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Potential and limitations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; 9:73-85. [PMID: 11885420 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is already regarded as an efficient technique to remove or degrade various pollutants in soils, water and sediments. However, hydrophobic organic molecules such as PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs are much less responsive to bioremediation strategies than, for example, BTEX or LAS. PCDD/Fs and PCBs represent 3 prominent groups of persistent organic pollutants that share common chemical, toxicological and environmental properties. Their widespread presence in the environment may be explained by their chemical and biological stability. This review considers their fate and dissipation mechanisms. It is then possible to identify major sinks and to understand biological activities useful for remediation. Public health and economic priorities lead to the conclusion that alternative techniques to physical treatments are required. This review focuses on particular problems encountered in biodegradation and bioavailability of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. It highlights the potential and limitations of plants and micro-organisms as bioremediation agents and summarises how plants can be used to augment bacterial activity. Phytoremediation is shown to provide some new possibilities in reducing risks associated with dioxins and PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Campanella
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Agricultural University, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tebayashi S, Ishihara A, Iwamura H. Elicitor-induced changes in isoflavonoid metabolism in red clover roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:681-689. [PMID: 11413204 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.357.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
When roots of 5-d-old red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seedlings were treated with chitohexaose and CuCl(2), constitutive glucosidic conjugates of formononetin (F) and (-)-maackiain (Ma) promptly disappeared. Free F and Ma, which were not detected in the control tissues, rapidly appeared to reach the maximum levels 24 h after the initiation of treatment and then declined. The pattern of appearance and disappearance was the same between the tissues treated with chitohexaose and CuCl(2). The enzyme activities related to isoflavonoid metabolism were investigated using crude extracts from elicitor-treated roots. The conjugate-forming glucosyltransferase and malonyltransferase activities were lost or markedly reduced after elicitor treatment. On the other hand, malonylesterase and glucosidase activities remained unchanged or showed only slight increase. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity disappeared following elicitor treatment. These results indicated that free aglycones were produced from the conjugate pool by hydrolysis under conditions in which the biosynthetic pathway was extinguished. The amount of Ma produced did not explain that of MaGM lost (about 45%). Since Ma, but not its conjugates, served as a substrate for peroxidase from the elicitor-treated roots, Ma was considered to be converted to insoluble materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tebayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
The Biosynthesis, Degradation, Transport and Possible Function of Cyanogenic Glucosides. EVOLUTION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(00)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
41
|
Pinior A, Wyss U, Piché Y, Vierheilig H. Plants colonized by AM fungi regulate further root colonization by AM fungi through altered root exudation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/b99-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of root exudates from non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants colonized by one of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora rosea Nicolson & Schenck, Glomus intraradices Smith & Schenck, or Glomus mosseae (Nicolson & Gerdemann) Gerd. & Trappe) on hyphal growth of Gi. rosea and G. intraradices in axenic culture and on root colonization by G. mosseae in soil was investigated. Root exudates from non-mycorrhizal cucumber plants clearly stimulated hyphal growth, whereas root exudates from all mycorrhizal cucumber plants tested showed no stimulation of the hyphal growth of Gi. rosea and only a slight stimulation of the hyphal growth of G. intraradices. Moreover, root exudates from all mycorrhizal cucumber plants inhibited root colonization by G. mosseae compared with the water-treated controls. These results suggest that plants colonized by AM fungi regulate further mycorrhization via their root exudates.Key words: Glomales, Gigaspora rosea, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, root exudates, regulation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Induction of nodABC genes of R. ciceri was studied by constructing nodABC-lacZ fusion. The root exudates of the homologous hosts induced the expression of nodABC genes but those of heterologous hosts failed to do so. The HPLC analysis of the root exudates of C. arietinum showed the presence of 6-7 compounds with retention times matching to flavonoids like naringenin, hesperetin, daidzein, naringin, 7 OH coumarin and luteolin. Induction studies using the standard flavonoids showed naringenin, followed by daidzein, as most potent inducer of the nodABC genes of R. ciceri. Naringenin in combination with daidzein showed a synergistic effect on the expression of nodABC genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
McKhann HI, Paiva NL, Dixon RA, Hirsch AM. Expression of genes for enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in the early stages of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 439:45-54. [PMID: 9781294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5335-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H I McKhann
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1606, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pueppke SG, Bolanos-Vasquez MC, Werner D, Bec-Ferte MP, Prome JC, Krishnan HB. Release of flavonoids by the soybean cultivars McCall and peking and their perception as signals by the nitrogen-fixing symbiont sinorhizobium fredii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:599-606. [PMID: 9625713 PMCID: PMC34980 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.2.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1997] [Accepted: 03/09/1998] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii strain USDA191 forms N-fixing nodules on the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars (cvs) McCall and Peking, but S. fredii strain USDA257 nodulates only cv Peking. We wondered whether specificity in this system is conditioned by the release of unique flavonoid signals from one of the cultivars or by differential perception of signals by the strains. We isolated flavonoids and used nodC and nolX, which are nod-box-dependent and -independent nod genes, respectively, to determine how signals activate genes in the microsymbionts. Seeds of cv McCall and cv Peking contain the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, as well as their glucosyl and malonylglucosyl glycosides. Roots exude picomolar concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and coumestrol. Amounts are generally higher in cv Peking than in cv McCall, and the presence of rhizobia markedly influences the level of specific signals. Nanomolar concentrations of daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol induce expression of nodC and nolX in strain USDA257, but the relative nolX-inducing activities of these signals differ in strain USDA191. Glycitein and the conjugates are inactive. Strain USDA257 deglycosylates daidzin and genistin into daidzein and genistein, respectively, thereby converting inactive precursors into active inducers. Although neither soybean cultivar contains unique nod-gene-inducing flavonoids, strain- and cultivar-specific interactions are characterized by distinct patterns of signal release and response.
Collapse
|
45
|
Palumbo JD, Kado CI, Phillips DA. An isoflavonoid-inducible efflux pump in Agrobacterium tumefaciens is involved in competitive colonization of roots. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:3107-13. [PMID: 9620959 PMCID: PMC107810 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.12.3107-3113.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1D1609, which was originally isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), contains genes that increase competitive root colonization on that plant by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. Mutant strain I-1 was isolated by its isoflavonoid-inducible neomycin resistance following mutagenesis with the transposable promoter probe Tn5-B30. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed the transposon had inserted in the first open reading frame, ifeA, of a three-gene locus (ifeA, ifeB, and ifeR), which shows high homology to bacterial efflux pump operons. Assays on alfalfa showed that mutant strain I-1 colonized roots normally in single-strain tests but was impaired significantly (P < or = 0.01) in competition against wild-type strain 1D1609. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments, which produced strains I-4 (ifeA::gusA) and I-6 (ifeA::omega-Tc), confirmed the importance of ifeA for competitive root colonization. Exposure to the isoflavonoid coumestrol increased beta-glucuronidase activity in strain I-4 21-fold during the period when coumestrol accumulation in wild-type cells declined. In the same test, coumestrol accumulation in mutant strain I-6 did not decline. Expression of the ifeA-gusA reporter was also induced by the alfalfa root isoflavonoids formononetin and medicarpin but not by two triterpenoids present in alfalfa. These results show that an efflux pump can confer measurable ecological benefits on A. tumefaciens in an environment where the inducing molecules are known to be present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Palumbo
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Volpin, Phillips. Respiratory Elicitors from Rhizobium meliloti Affect Intact Alfalfa Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:777-83. [PMID: 9490771 PMCID: PMC35137 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/1997] [Accepted: 11/12/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecules produced by Rhizobium meliloti increase respiration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. Maximum respiratory increases, measured either as CO2 evolution or as O2 uptake, were elicited in roots of 3-d-old seedlings by 16 h of exposure to living or dead R. meliloti cells at densities of 10(7) bacteria/mL. Excising roots after exposure to bacteria and separating them into root-tip- and root-hair-containing segments showed that respiratory increases occurred only in the root-hair region. In such assays, CO2 production by segments with root hairs increased by as much as 100% in the presence of bacteria. Two partially purified compounds from R. meliloti 1021 increased root respiration at very low, possibly picomolar, concentrations. One factor, peak B, resembled known pathogenic elicitors because it produced a rapid (15-min), transitory increase in respiration. A second factor, peak D, was quite different because root respiration increased slowly for 8 h and was maintained at the higher level. These molecules differ from lipo-chitin oligosaccharides active in root nodulation for the following reasons: (a) they do not curl alfalfa root hairs, (b) they are synthesized by bacteria in the absence of known plant inducer molecules, and (c) they are produced by a mutant R. meliloti that does not synthesize known lipo-chitin oligosaccharides. The peak-D compound(s) may benefit both symbionts by increasing CO2, which is required for growth of R. meliloti, and possibly by increasing the energy that is available in the plant to form root nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volpin
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Charrier B, Coronado C, Kondorosi A, Ratet P. Molecular characterization and expression of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) flavanone-3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase encoding genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:773-786. [PMID: 8541503 DOI: 10.1007/bf00041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant phenolic compounds involved in leguminous plant-microbe interactions. Genes implied in the central branch (chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI)) or in the isoflavonoid branch of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway have been characterized in Medicago sativa. No information is available to date, however, on genes whose products are involved in the synthesis of other types of flavonoids. In this paper we present the genomic organization as well as the nucleotide sequence of one flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) encoding gene of M. sativa, containing two introns and exhibiting 82-89% similarity at the amino acid level to other F3H proteins. This is the first report on the genomic organization of a f3h gene so far. We present also the sequence of a partial dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) M. sativa cDNA clone. Southern blot experiments indicated that f3h and dfr genes are each represented by a single gene within the tetraploid genome of M. sativa. By a combination of Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis, we showed that both f3h and dfr genes are expressed in flowers, nodules and roots, with a pattern distinct from chs expression. Finally, we show that dfr is expressed in M. sativa leaves whereas f3h is not. The role played by these two genes in organs other than flowers remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Charrier
- Institut des Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Isoflavonoid phytoalexin pisatin is not recognized by the flavonoid receptor NodD ofRhizobium leguminosarum bv.viciœ. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
49
|
Volpin H, Phillips DA, Okon Y, Kapulnik Y. Suppression of an Isoflavonoid Phytoalexin Defense Response in Mycorrhizal Alfalfa Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 108:1449-1454. [PMID: 12228554 PMCID: PMC157523 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.4.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids and steady-state mRNA levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone isomerase, and isoflavone reductase were followed during a rapid, nearly synchronous infection of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots by the vesicular arbuscular fungus Glomus intraradices (Schenck & Smith) to test whether previously indicated suppression of the host defense response is regulated by changes in the steady-state mRNA level. Relative amounts of steady-state phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA in the mycorrhizal roots doubled between d 14 and 18 and then immediately declined by 75% to reach and maintain a value lower than the control roots through d 21. Relative levels of chalcone isomerase mRNA in the inoculated roots increased 6-fold between d 14 and 17 and then decreased rapidly to the control level. Isoflavone reductase mRNA was not induced by mycorrhizal colonization. High-performance liquid chromatography, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry analyses showed consistent increases in formononetin levels and transient increases in medicarpin-3-O-glycoside and formononetin conjugates in the inoculated roots when colonization began. As colonization increased, levels of formononetin conjugates declined in mycorrhizal roots below those in uncolonized controls. Medicarpin aglycone, an alfalfa phytoalexin normally associated with pathogenic infections, was not detected at any stage. These findings supply detailed evidence that, during early colonization of plant roots by symbiotic Glomus, defense transcripts are induced and then subsequently suppressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Volpin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (H.V., Y.O.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Coronado C, Zuanazzi JAS, Sallaud C, Quirion JC, Esnault R, Husson HP, Kondorosi A, Ratet P. Alfalfa Root Flavonoid Production Is Nitrogen Regulated. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 108:533-542. [PMID: 12228491 PMCID: PMC157372 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.2.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids produced by legume roots are signal molecules acting both as chemoattractants and nod gene inducers for the symbiotic Rhizobium partner. Combined nitrogen inhibits the establishment of the symbiosis. To know whether nitrogen nutrition could act at the level of signal production, we have studied the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes as well as the production of flavonoids in the roots of plants grown under nitrogen-limiting or nonlimiting conditions. We show here that growth of the plant under nitrogen-limiting conditions results in the enhancement of expression of the flavonoid biosynthesis genes chalcone synthase and isoflavone reductase and in an increase of root flavonoid and isoflavonoid production as well as in the Rhizobium meliloti nod gene-inducing activity of the root extract. These results indicate that in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots, the production of flavonoids can be influenced by the nitrogen nutrition of the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Coronado
- Institut des Sciences Vegetales (C.C., J.A.S.Z., C.S., R.E., A.K., P.R.) and Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (J.A.S.Z., J.-C.Q., H.-P.H.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|