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Sun X, Zhang EZ, Yu L, Du JB, Yang WY. Nitrogen allocation for CO 2 fixation promotes nitrogen use in the photosynthetic compensation of soybean under heterogeneous light after a pre-shading. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1755-1762. [PMID: 38162920 PMCID: PMC10754808 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution of sunlight around plants is constantly changing in natural and farmland environments. Previous studies showed that the photosynthesis of crops responds significantly to heterogeneous light conditions in fields. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, soybean plants were treated by heterogeneous light after a pre-shading (SH-HL) to simulate the light condition in relay strip intercropping. Gas exchange and nitrogen (N) of leaves were measured to evaluate the photosynthetic performance, as well as photosynthetic N- and water-use efficiency (PNUE and PWUE). Chlorophylls (Chl) and Rubisco were analyzed as representative photosynthetic N components. Results suggest that SH-HL treated soybean exhibited evident photosynthetic compensation as the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased significantly in unshaded leaves, from which the export of photosynthates was enhanced. Under SH-HL, leaf N concentration remained relatively stable in unshaded leaves. While Chl concentration decreased but Rubisco concentration increased in unshaded leaves, indicating preferential allocation of leaf N for CO2 fixation. Results also showed that PNUE increased and PWUE decreased in unshaded leaves under SH-HL. Therefore, we suggest that within-leaf N allocation for CO2 fixation in unshaded leaves rather than within-plant N distribution to unshaded leaves drives the photosynthetic compensation under heterogeneous light after a pre-shading. However, enhanced water loss from unshaded leaves is a cost for efficient N-use under these conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01392-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - En-Ze Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Wen-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130 China
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2
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Labarga D, Mairata A, Puelles M, Martín I, Albacete A, García-Escudero E, Pou A. The Rootstock Genotypes Determine Drought Tolerance by Regulating Aquaporin Expression at the Transcript Level and Phytohormone Balance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:718. [PMID: 36840066 PMCID: PMC9961603 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine rootstocks may supply water to the scion according to the transpiration demand, thus modulating plant responses to water deficit, but the scion variety can alter these responses, as well. The rootstock genotypes' effect on the scion physiological response, aquaporin expression, and hormone concentrations in the xylem and the leaf was assessed under well watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Under WW, vines grafted onto 1103P and R110 rootstocks (the more vigorous and drought-tolerant) showed higher photosynthesis (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), and hydraulic conductance (Khplant) compared with the less vigorous and drought-sensitive rootstock (161-49C), while under WS, there were hardly any differences between vines depending on the rootstock grafted. Besides, stomatal traits were affected by drought, which was related to gs, but not by the rootstock. Under WS conditions, all VvPIP and VvTIP aquaporins were up-regulated in the vines grafted onto 1103P and down-regulated in the ones grafted onto 161-49C. The 1103P capability to tolerate drought was enhanced by the up-regulation of all VvPIP and VvTIP aquaporins, lower ABA synthesis, and higher ACC/ABA ratios in leaves during WS compared with 161-49C. It was concluded that, under WW conditions, transpiration and stomatal control were rootstock-dependent. However, under WS conditions, alterations in the molecular components of water transport and hormone concentration of the scion resulted in similar gas exchange values in the studied scions grafted onto different rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labarga
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Andreu Mairata
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Miguel Puelles
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Escudero
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. De Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
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3
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Huang SR, Ai Y, Du JB, Yu L, Wang XC, Yang WY, Sun X. Photosynthetic compensation of maize in heterogeneous light is impaired by restricted photosynthate export. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:50-56. [PMID: 36206706 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When a plant is exposed to heterogeneous light, the photosynthesis of unshaded leaves is often stimulated to compensate for the decline in photosynthesis of shaded leaves, i.e., photosynthetic compensation. However, a decline of photosynthesis in unshaded leaves, which means an impairment of photosynthetic compensation, has also been widely reported. Herein, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.), 'Rongyu1210' (RY) and 'Zhongdan808' (ZD), were studied comparatively. Both cultivars performed evident photosynthetic compensation under heterogeneous light (HL) as the light phase begins (8:30 a.m.). However, as the light phase continues (10:30 a.m.), an impairment of photosynthetic compensation took place in HL-treated ZD, but not in HL-treated RY. For both cultivars, nitrogen content of unshaded leaves was higher under HL, indicating a preferential nitrogen distribution towards unshaded leaves. This is related to the photosynthetic compensation but not the cause of the impairment. In addition, no obvious difference was found in the response of photosynthates (sucrose and starch) to HL between cultivars at 8:30 a.m. However, at 10:30 a.m., the content of photosynthates decreased significantly in unshaded leaves of HL-treated RY, along with increased abundances of both sucrose transporters (SUTs) and H+-ATPase (EC 7.1.2.1). In contrast, it increased along with decreased abundances of SUTs and H+-ATPase in HL-treated ZD. These results suggest that the photosynthetic compensation is impaired when photosynthates export of unshaded leaves is restricted. This suggestion is further confirmed by the results of 13C labeling and dry weight detection on young leaves as 'sink'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Rong Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuan Ai
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Gámez-Arcas S, Muñoz FJ, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baslam M, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Almagro G, De Diego N, Doležal K, Novák O, Leal-López J, León Morcillo RJ, Castillo AG, Pozueta-Romero J. Glucose-6-P/phosphate translocator2 mediates the phosphoglucose-isomerase1-independent response to microbial volatiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2137-2154. [PMID: 36111879 PMCID: PMC9706466 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plastidial isoform of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI1) mediates photosynthesis, metabolism, and development, probably due to its involvement in the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived signals in vascular tissues. Microbial volatile compounds (VCs) with molecular masses of <45 Da promote photosynthesis, growth, and starch overaccumulation in leaves through PGI1-independent mechanisms. Exposure to these compounds in leaves enhances the levels of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2 (GPT2) transcripts. We hypothesized that the PGI1-independent response to microbial volatile emissions involves GPT2 action. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the responses of wild-type (WT), GPT2-null gpt2-1, PGI1-null pgi1-2, and pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants to small fungal VCs. In addition, we characterized the responses of pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants expressing GPT2 under the control of a vascular tissue- and root tip-specific promoter to small fungal VCs. Fungal VCs promoted increases in growth, starch content, and photosynthesis in WT and gpt2-1 plants. These changes were substantially weaker in VC-exposed pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants but reverted to WT levels with vascular and root tip-specific GPT2 expression. Proteomic analyses did not detect enhanced levels of GPT2 protein in VC-exposed leaves and showed that knocking out GPT2 reduced the expression of photosynthesis-related proteins in pgi1-2 plants. Histochemical analyses of GUS activity in plants expressing GPT2-GUS under the control of the GPT2 promoter showed that GPT2 is mainly expressed in root tips and vascular tissues around hydathodes. Overall, the data indicated that the PGI1-independent response to microbial VCs involves resetting of the photosynthesis-related proteome in leaves through long-distance GPT2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Leal-López
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Jorge León Morcillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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5
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Xing J, Cao X, Zhang M, Wei X, Zhang J, Wan X. Plant nitrogen availability and crosstalk with phytohormones signallings and their biotechnology breeding application in crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [PMID: 36435985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), one of the most important nutrients, limits plant growth and crop yields in sustainable agriculture system, in which phytohormones are known to play essential roles in N availability. Hence, it is not surprising that massive studies about the crosstalk between N and phytohormones have been constantly emerging. In this review, with the intellectual landscape of N and phytohormones crosstalk provided by the bibliometric analysis, we trace the research story of best-known crosstalk between N and various phytohormones over the last 20 years. Then, we discuss how N regulates various phytohormones biosynthesis and transport in plants. In reverse, we also summarize how phytohormones signallings modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to N availability. Besides, we expand to outline how phytohormones signallings regulate uptake, transport, and assimilation of N in plants. Further, we conclude advanced biotechnology strategies, explain their application, and provide potential phytohormones-regulated N use efficiency (NUE) targets in crops. Collectively, this review provides not only a better understanding on the recent progress of crosstalk between N and phytohormones, but also targeted strategies for improvement of NUE to increase crop yields in future biotechnology breeding of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Xing
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Cao
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Grisafi F, DeJong TM, Tombesi S. Fruit tree crop models: an update. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:441-457. [PMID: 34542149 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional structural plant models of tree crops are useful tools that were introduced more than two decades ago. They can represent the growth and development of a plant through the in silico simulation of the 3D architecture in connection with physiological processes. In tree crops, physiological processes such as photosynthesis, carbon allocation and growth are usually integrated into these models, although other functions such as water and nutrient uptake are often disregarded. The implementation of the 3D architecture involves different techniques such as L-system frameworks, pipe model concepts and Markovian models to simulate branching processes, bud fates and elongation of stems based on the production of metamers. The simulation of root architecture is still a challenge for researchers due to a limited amount of information and experimental issues in dealing with roots, because root development is not based on the production of metamers. This review aims to focus on functional-structural models of fruit tree crops, highlighting their physiological components. The potential and limits of these tools are reviewed to point out the topics that still need more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grisafi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy
| | - Theodore M DeJong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergio Tombesi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy
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Urban MO, Planchon S, Hoštičková I, Vanková R, Dobrev P, Renaut J, Klíma M, Vítámvás P. The Resistance of Oilseed Rape Microspore-Derived Embryos to Osmotic Stress Is Associated With the Accumulation of Energy Metabolism Proteins, Redox Homeostasis, Higher Abscisic Acid, and Cytokinin Contents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628167. [PMID: 34177973 PMCID: PMC8231708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the response of rapeseed microspore-derived embryos (MDE) to osmotic stress at the proteome level. The PEG-induced osmotic stress was studied in the cotyledonary stage of MDE of two genotypes: Cadeli (D) and Viking (V), previously reported to exhibit contrasting leaf proteome responses under drought. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) revealed 156 representative protein spots that have been selected for MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Sixty-three proteins have been successfully identified and divided into eight functional groups. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024552. Eight selected protein accumulation trends were compared with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Biomass accumulation in treated D was significantly higher (3-fold) than in V, which indicates D is resistant to osmotic stress. Cultivar D displayed resistance strategy by the accumulation of proteins in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, protein destination, and signaling functional groups, high ABA, and active cytokinins (CKs) contents. In contrast, the V protein profile displayed high requirements of energy and nutrients with a significant number of stress-related proteins and cell structure changes accompanied by quick downregulation of active CKs, as well as salicylic and jasmonic acids. Genes that were suitable for gene-targeting showed significantly higher expression in treated samples and were identified as phospholipase D alpha, peroxiredoxin antioxidant, and lactoylglutathione lyase. The MDE proteome profile has been compared with the leaf proteome evaluated in our previous study. Different mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress were revealed between the genotypes studied. This proteomic study is the first step to validate MDE as a suitable model for follow-up research on the characterization of new crossings and can be used for preselection of resistant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan O. Urban
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, “Environmental Research and Innovation,” (ERIN) Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Irena Hoštičková
- Department of Plant Production and Agroecology, University of South Bohemia in Ceské Budějovice, Ceské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, “Environmental Research and Innovation,” (ERIN) Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Miroslav Klíma
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Vítámvás
- Crop Research Institute, Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Prague, Czechia
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8
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Postma JA, Hecht VL, Hikosaka K, Nord EA, Pons TL, Poorter H. Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1072-1094. [PMID: 33280135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant population density is an important variable in agronomy and forestry and offers an experimental way to better understand plant-plant competition. We made a meta-analysis of responses of even-aged mono-specific stands to population density by quantifying for 3 stand and 33 individual plant variables in 334 experiments how much both plant biomass and phenotypic traits change with a doubling in density. Increasing density increases standing crop per area, but decreases the mean size of its individuals, mostly through reduced tillering and branching. Among the phenotypic traits, stem diameter is negatively affected, but plant height remains remarkably similar, partly due to an increased stem length-to-mass ratio and partly by increased allocation to stems. The reduction in biomass is caused by a lower photosynthetic rate, mainly due to shading of part of the foliage. Total seed mass per plant is also strongly reduced, marginally by lower mass per seed, but mainly because of lower seed numbers. Plants generally have fewer shoot-born roots, but their overall rooting depth seems hardly affected. The phenotypic plasticity responses to high densities correlate strongly with those to low light, and less with those to low nutrients, suggesting that at high density, shading affects plants more than nutrient depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Vera L Hecht
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eric A Nord
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Greenville University, Greenville, Illinois, USA
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Zhang N, van Westreenen A, He L, Evers JB, Anten NPR, Marcelis LFM. Light from below matters: Quantifying the consequences of responses to far-red light reflected upwards for plant performance in heterogeneous canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:102-113. [PMID: 32490539 PMCID: PMC7818183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vegetation stands, plants receive red to far-red ratio (R:FR) signals of varying strength from all directions. However, plant responses to variations in R:FR reflected from below have been largely ignored despite their potential consequences for plant performance. Using a heterogeneous rose canopy, which consists of bent shoots down in the canopy and vertically growing upright shoots, we quantified upward far-red reflection by bent shoots and its consequences for upright shoot architecture. With a three-dimensional plant model, we assessed consequences of responses to R:FR from below for plant photosynthesis. Bent shoots reflected substantially more far-red than red light, causing reduced R:FR in light reflected upwards. Leaf inclination angles increased in upright shoots which received low R:FR reflected from below. The increased leaf angle led to an increase in simulated plant photosynthesis only when this low R:FR was reflected off their own bent shoots and not when it reflected off neighbour bent shoots. We conclude that plant response to R:FR from below is an under-explored phenomenon which may have contrasting consequences for plant performance depending on the type of vegetation or crop system. The responses are beneficial for performance only when R:FR is reflected by lower foliage of the same plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Zhang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arian van Westreenen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lizhong He
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Zhu W, Han H, Liu A, Guan Q, Kang J, David L, Dufresne C, Chen S, Tian J. Combined ultraviolet and darkness regulation of medicinal metabolites in Mahonia bealei revealed by proteomics and metabolomics. J Proteomics 2020; 233:104081. [PMID: 33352312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Roots of Mahonia bealei have been used as traditional Chinese medicine with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to its high alkaloid content. Previously, we reported that alkaloid and flavonoid contents in the M. bealei leaves could be increased by the combined ultraviolet B and dark treatment (UV+D). To explore the underlying metabolic pathways and networks, proteomic and metabolomic analyses of the M. bealei leaves were conducted. Proteins related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, transport and signaling varied greatly under the UV + D. Among them, calmodulin involved in calcium signaling and ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in transport of berberine were increased. Significantly changed metabolites were overrepresented in phenylalanine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis. In addition, the levels of salicylic acid and gibberellin decreased in the UV group and increased in the UV + D group. These results indicate that multi-hormone crosstalk may regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids to alleviate oxidative stress caused by the UV + D treatment. Furthermore, protoberberine alkaloids may be induced through calcium signaling crosstalk with reaction oxygen species and transported to leaves. SIGNIFICANCE: Mahonia bealei root and stem, not leaf, were used as traditional medicine for a long history because of the high contents of active components. In the present study, UV-B combined with dark treatments induced the production of alkaloids and flavonoids in the M. bealei leaf, especially protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Multi-omics analyses indicated that multi-hormone crosstalk, enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle and active calcium signaling were involved. The study informs a strategy for utilization of the leaves, and improves understanding of the functions of secondary metabolites in M. bealei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Changsu Qiushi Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215500, PR China
| | - Haote Han
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Amin Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Qijie Guan
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianing Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
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11
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Paponov M, Kechasov D, Lacek J, Verheul MJ, Paponov IA. Supplemental Light-Emitting Diode Inter-Lighting Increases Tomato Fruit Growth Through Enhanced Photosynthetic Light Use Efficiency and Modulated Root Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1656. [PMID: 31998343 PMCID: PMC6965351 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of supplemental LED inter-lighting (80% red, 20% blue; 70 W m-2; light period 04:00-22:00) on the productivity and physiological traits of tomato plants (Flavance F1) grown in an industrial greenhouse with high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps (235 W m-2, 420 µmol m-2 s-1 at canopy). Physiological trait measurements included diurnal photosynthesis and fruit relative growth rates, fruit weight at specific positions in the truss, root pressure, xylem sap hormone and ion compositions, and fruit quality. In the control treatment with HPS lamps alone, the ratio of far-red to red light (FR:R) was 1.2 at the top of the canopy and increased to 5.4 at the bottom. The supplemental LED inter-lighting decreased the FR:R ratio at the middle and low positions in the canopy and was associated with greener leaves and higher photosynthetic light use efficiency (PLUE) in the leaves in the lower canopy. The use of LED inter-lighting increased the biomass and yield by increasing the fruit weight and enhancing plant growth. The PLUE of plants receiving supplemental LED light decreased at the end of the light period, indicating that photosynthesis of the supplemented plants at the end of the day might be limited by sink capacity. The supplemental LED lighting increased the size of fruits in the middle and distal positions of the truss, resulting in a more even size for each fruit in the truss. Diurnal analysis of fruit growth showed that fruits grew more quickly during the night on the plants receiving LED light than on unsupplemented control plants. This faster fruit growth during the night was related to an increased root pressure. The LED treatment also increased the xylem levels of the phytohormone jasmonate. Supplemental LED inter-lighting increased tomato fruit weight without affecting the total soluble solid contents in fruits by increasing the total assimilates available for fruit growth and by enhancing root activity through an increase in root pressure and water supply to support fruit growth during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paponov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Dmitry Kechasov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michel J. Verheul
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
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12
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Veselov SY, Timergalina LN, Akhiyarova GR, Kudoyarova GR, Korobova AV, Ivanov I, Arkhipova TN, Prinsen E. Study of cytokinin transport from shoots to roots of wheat plants is informed by a novel method of differential localization of free cytokinin bases or their ribosylated forms by means of their specific fixation. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1581-1594. [PMID: 29637285 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present report was to demonstrate how a novel approach for immunohistochemical localization of cytokinins in the leaf and particularly in the phloem may complement to the study of their long-distance transport. Different procedures of fixation were used to conjugate either cytokinin bases or their ribosides to proteins of cytoplasm to enable visualization and differential localization of these cytokinins in the leaf cells of wheat plants. In parallel to immunolocalization of cytokinins in the leaf cells, we immunoassayed distribution of free bases of cytokinins, their nucleotides and ribosides between roots and shoots of wheat plants as well as their presence in phloem sap after incubation of leaves in a solution supplemented with either trans-zeatin or isopentenyladenine. The obtained data show ribosylation of the zeatin applied to the leaves and its elevated level in the phloem sap supported by in vivo localization showing the presence of ribosylated forms of zeatin in leaf vessels. This suggests that conversion of zeatin to its riboside is important for the shoot-to-root transport of zeatin-type cytokinins in wheat. Exogenous isopentenyladenine was not modified, but diffused from the leaves as free base. These metabolic differences may not be universal and may depend on the plant species and age. Although the measurements of cytokinins in the phloem sap and root tissue is the most defining for determining cytokinin transport, study of immunolocalization of either free cytokinin bases or their ribosylated forms may be a valuable source of information for predicting their transport in the phloem and to the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila N Timergalina
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Guzel R Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Guzel R Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia.
| | - Alla V Korobova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Arkhipova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Els Prinsen
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerpen, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
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13
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Gu J, Li Z, Mao Y, Struik PC, Zhang H, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang J. Roles of nitrogen and cytokinin signals in root and shoot communications in maximizing of plant productivity and their agronomic applications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:320-331. [PMID: 30080619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential, often limiting, factor in plant growth and development. To regulate growth under limited nitrogen supply, plants sense the internal and external nitrogen status, and coordinate various metabolic processes and developmental programs accordingly. This coordination requires the transmission of various signaling molecules that move across the entire plant. Cytokinins, phytohormones derived from adenine and synthesized in various parts of the plant, are considered major local and long-distance messengers. Cytokinin metabolism and signaling are closely associated with nitrogen availability. They are systemically transported via the vasculature from plant roots to shoots, and vice versa, thereby coordinating shoot and root development. Tight linkage exists between the nitrogen signaling network and cytokinins during diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the cytokinin-nitrogen interactions and the communication systems involved in sensing rhizospheric nitrogen status and in regulating canopy development remain obscure. We review current knowledge on cytokinin biosynthesis, transport and signaling, nitrogen acquisition, metabolism and signaling, and their interactive roles in regulating root-shoot morphological and physiological characteristics. We also discuss the role of spatio-temporal regulation of cytokinins in enhancing beneficial crop traits of yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqi Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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14
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Ballaré CL, Pierik R. The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2530-2543. [PMID: 28102548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use photoreceptor proteins to detect the proximity of other plants and to activate adaptive responses. Of these photoreceptors, phytochrome B (phyB), which is sensitive to changes in the red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio of sunlight, is the one that has been studied in greatest detail. The molecular connections between the proximity signal (low R:FR) and a model physiological response (increased elongation growth) have now been mapped in considerable detail in Arabidopsis seedlings. We briefly review our current understanding of these connections and discuss recent progress in establishing the roles of other photoreceptors in regulating growth-related pathways in response to competition cues. We also consider processes other than elongation that are controlled by photoreceptors and contribute to plant fitness under variable light conditions, including photoresponses that optimize the utilization of soil resources. In examining recent advances in the field, we highlight emerging roles of phyB as a major modulator of hormones related to plant immunity, in particular salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA). Recent attempts to manipulate connections between light signals and defence in Arabidopsis suggest that it might be possible to improve crop health at high planting densities by targeting links between phyB and JA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Corot A, Roman H, Douillet O, Autret H, Perez-Garcia MD, Citerne S, Bertheloot J, Sakr S, Leduc N, Demotes-Mainard S. Cytokinins and Abscisic Acid Act Antagonistically in the Regulation of the Bud Outgrowth Pattern by Light Intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1724. [PMID: 29067031 PMCID: PMC5641359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bud outgrowth is a key process in the elaboration of yield and visual quality in rose crops. Although light intensity is well known to affect bud outgrowth, little is known on the mechanisms involved in this regulation. The objective of this work was to test if the control of bud outgrowth pattern along the stem by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) is mediated by sugars, cytokinins and/or abscisic acid in intact rose plants. Rooted cuttings of Rosa hybrida 'Radrazz' were grown in growth chambers under high PPFD (530 μmol m-2 s-1) until the floral bud visible stage. Plants were then either placed under low PPFD (90 μmol m-2 s-1) or maintained under high PPFD. Bud outgrowth inhibition by low PPFD was associated with lower cytokinin and sugar contents and a higher abscisic acid content in the stem. Interestingly, cytokinin supply to the stem restored bud outgrowth under low PPFD. On the other hand, abscisic acid supply inhibited outgrowth under high PPFD and antagonized bud outgrowth stimulation by cytokinins under low PPFD. In contrast, application of sugars did not restore bud outgrowth under low PPFD. These results suggest that PPFD regulation of bud outgrowth in rose involves a signaling pathway in which cytokinins and abscisic acid play antagonistic roles. Sugars can act as nutritional and signaling compounds and may be involved too, but do not appear as the main regulator of the response to PPFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corot
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hanaé Roman
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Odile Douillet
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hervé Autret
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Centre de Versailles-Grignon (IJPB), INRA, Agro-ParisTech, CNRS, Versailles, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Nathalie Leduc
- IRHS, Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Davière
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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17
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Osugi A, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Ueda N, Kiba T, Sakakibara H. Systemic transport of trans-zeatin and its precursor have differing roles in Arabidopsis shoots. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17112. [PMID: 28737742 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organ-to-organ signal transmission is essential for higher organisms to ensure coordinated biological reactions during metabolism and morphogenesis. Similar to organs in animals, plant organs communicate by various signalling molecules. Among them, cytokinins, a class of phytohormones, play a key role as root-to-shoot long-distance signals, regulating various growth and developmental processes in shoots1,2. Previous studies have proposed that trans-zeatin-riboside, a type of cytokinin precursor, is a major long-distance signalling form in xylem vessels and its action depends on metabolic conversion via the LONELY GUY enzyme in proximity to the site of action3-5. Here we report an additional long-distance signalling form of cytokinin: trans-zeatin, an active form. Grafting between various cytokinin biosynthetic and transportation mutants revealed that root-to-shoot translocation of trans-zeatin, a minor component of xylem cytokinin, controls leaf size but not meristem activity-related traits, whereas that of trans-zeatin riboside is sufficient for regulating both traits. Considering the ratio of trans-zeatin to trans-zeatin-riboside in xylem and their delivery rate change in response to environmental conditions, this dual long-distance cytokinin signalling system allows plants to fine-tune the manner of shoot growth to adapt to fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Osugi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nanae Ueda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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18
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Wu C, Cui K, Wang W, Li Q, Fahad S, Hu Q, Huang J, Nie L, Mohapatra PK, Peng S. Heat-Induced Cytokinin Transportation and Degradation Are Associated with Reduced Panicle Cytokinin Expression and Fewer Spikelets per Panicle in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:371. [PMID: 28367158 PMCID: PMC5355447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CTKs) regulate panicle size and mediate heat tolerance in crops. To investigate the effect of high temperature on panicle CTK expression and the role of such expression in panicle differentiation in rice, four rice varieties (Nagina22, N22; Huanghuazhan, HHZ; Liangyoupeijiu, LYPJ; and Shanyou63, SY63) were grown under normal conditions and subjected to three high temperature treatments and one control treatment in temperature-controlled greenhouses for 15 days during the early reproductive stage. The high temperature treatments significantly reduced panicle CTK abundance in heat-susceptible LYPJ, HHZ, and N22 varieties, which showed fewer spikelets per panicle in comparison with control plants. Exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine application mitigated the effect of heat injury on the number of spikelets per panicle. The high temperature treatments significantly decreased the xylem sap flow rate and CTK transportation rate, but enhanced cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) activity in heat-susceptible varieties. In comparison with the heat-susceptible varieties, heat-tolerant variety SY63 showed less reduction in panicle CTK abundance, an enhanced xylem sap flow rate, an improved CTK transport rate, and stable CKX activity under the high temperature treatments. Enzymes involved in CTK synthesis (isopentenyltransferase, LONELY GUY, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase) were inhibited by the high temperature treatments. Heat-induced changes in CTK transportation from root to shoot through xylem sap flow and panicle CTK degradation via CKX were closely associated with the effects of heat on panicle CTK abundance and panicle size. Heat-tolerant variety SY63 showed stable panicle size under the high temperature treatments because of enhanced transport of root-derived CTKs and stable panicle CKX activity. Our results provide insight into rice heat tolerance that will facilitate the development of rice varieties with tolerance to high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kehui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation for Grain Industry, JingzhouChina
| | - Wencheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qiuqian Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lixiao Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | | | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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19
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Cortleven A, Marg I, Yamburenko MV, Schlicke H, Hill K, Grimm B, Schaller GE, Schmülling T. Cytokinin Regulates the Etioplast-Chloroplast Transition through the Two-Component Signaling System and Activation of Chloroplast-Related Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:464-78. [PMID: 27388681 PMCID: PMC5074628 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the classical functions of the plant hormone cytokinin is the regulation of plastid development, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we employed a genetic approach to evaluate the role of cytokinin and its signaling pathway in the light-induced development of chloroplasts from etioplasts in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Cytokinin increases the rate of greening and stimulates ultrastructural changes characteristic for the etioplast-to-chloroplast transition. The steady-state levels of metabolites of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway leading to the production of chlorophyll are enhanced by cytokinin. This effect of cytokinin on metabolite levels arises due to the modulation of expression for chlorophyll biosynthesis genes such as HEMA1, GUN4, GUN5, and CHLM Increased expression of HEMA1 is reflected in an enhanced level of the encoded glutamyl-tRNA reductase, which catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mutant analysis indicates that the cytokinin receptors ARABIDOPSIS HIS KINASE2 (AHK2) and AHK3 play a central role in this process. Furthermore, the B-type ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1 (ARR1), ARR10, and ARR12 play an important role in mediating the transcriptional output during etioplast-chloroplast transition. B-type ARRs bind to the promotors of HEMA1 and LHCB6 genes, indicating that cytokinin-dependent transcription factors directly regulate genes of chlorophyll biosynthesis and the light harvesting complex. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for the cytokinin signaling pathway in chloroplast development, with the direct transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes as a key aspect for this hormonal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Ingke Marg
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Maria V Yamburenko
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Hagen Schlicke
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Kristine Hill
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (A.C., I.M., T.S.);Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (M.V.Y., K.H., G.E.S.); andDepartment of Plant Physiology, Humboldt Universität, Philippstrasse 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
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Sugiura D, Kojima M, Sakakibara H. Phytohormonal Regulation of Biomass Allocation and Morphological and Physiological Traits of Leaves in Response to Environmental Changes in Polygonum cuspidatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1189. [PMID: 27555859 PMCID: PMC4977362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants plastically change their morphological and physiological traits in response to environmental changes, which are accompanied by changes in endogenous levels of phytohormones. Although roles of phytohormones in various aspects of plant growth and development were elucidated, their importance in the regulation of biomass allocation was not fully investigated. This study aimed to determine causal relationships among changes in biomass allocation, morphological and physiological traits, and endogenous levels of phytohormones such as gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins (CKs) in response to environmental changes in Polygonum cuspidatum. Seedlings of P. cuspidatum were grown under two light intensities, each at three nitrogen availabilities. The seedlings grown in high light intensity and high nitrogen availability (HH) were subjected to three additional treatments: Defoliating half of the leaves (Def), transferral to low nitrogen availability (LowN), or low light intensity (LowL). Biomass allocation at the whole-plant level, morphological and physiological traits of each leaf, and endogenous levels of phytohormones in each leaf and shoot apex were measured. Age-dependent changes in leaf traits were also investigated. After the treatments, endogenous levels of GAs in the shoot apex and leaves significantly increased in Def, decreased in LowN, and did not change in LowL compared with HH seedlings. Among all of the seedlings, the levels of GAs in the shoot apex and leaves were strongly correlated with biomass allocation ratio between leaves and roots. The levels of GAs in the youngest leaves were highest, while the levels of CKs were almost consistent in each leaf. The levels of CKs were positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content in each leaf, whereas the levels of GAs were negatively correlated with the total non-structural carbohydrate content in each leaf. These results support our hypothesis that GAs and CKs are key regulatory factors that control biomass allocation, leaf morphology, and photosynthesis in response to changes in environmental variables in P. cuspidatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
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21
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Roy A, Sahoo D, Tripathy BC. Light-hormone interaction in the red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:393-402. [PMID: 25902895 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Red light perceived by the shoot bottom suppresses photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings mediated by phytochrome A. Shoots of these seedlings grown in red light having their shoot bottom exposed were deficient in chlorophyll and accumulated high concentration of trans-zeatin riboside. However, reduced presence of isopentynyl adenosine, dihydrozeatin riboside was observed in shoots of red-light-grown non-green seedlings in comparison to green seedling. The message abundance of cytokinin receptor (OsHK5), transporters (OsENT1, OsENT2), and response regulators (OsRR4, OsRR10) was downregulated in these red-light-grown non-green seedlings. Attenuation of greening process was reversed by application of exogenous cytokinin analogue, benzyladenine, or supplementing red light with blue light. In the same vein, the suppression of gene expression of cytokinin receptor, transporters, and type-A response regulators was reversed in red-light-grown seedlings treated with benzyladenine suggesting that the disarrayed cytokinin (CK) signaling cascade is responsible for non-greening of seedlings grown in red light. The reversal of red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis by blue light and benzyladenine demonstrates the interaction of light and cytokinin signaling cascades in the regulation of photomorphogenesis. Partial reversal of greening process by exogenous application of benzyladenine suggests, apart from CKs perception, transportation and responsiveness, other factors are also involved in modulation of suppression of photomorphogenesis by red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Roy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Regulation of Leaf Traits in Canopy Gradients. CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS: FROM BASICS TO APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Sugiura D, Sawakami K, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Terashima I, Tateno M. Roles of gibberellins and cytokinins in regulation of morphological and physiological traits in Polygonum cuspidatum responding to light and nitrogen availabilities. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:397-409. [PMID: 32480684 DOI: 10.1071/fp14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the roles of gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins (CKs) in regulation of morphological traits such as biomass allocation and leaf mass per area (LMA). Seedlings of Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. were grown under various light and N availabilities. We exogenously sprayed solutions of gibberellin (GA3), benzyl adenine (BA), uniconazole (an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis) or their mixtures on the aboveground parts, and changes in morphological and physiological traits and relative growth rate (RGR) were analysed. Endogenous levels of GAs and CKs in the control plants were also quantified. The morphological traits were changed markedly by the spraying. Biomass allocation to leaves was increased by GA3 and BA, whereas it decreased by uniconazole. GA3 decreased LMA, whereas uniconazole increased it. We found close relationships among morphological and physiological traits such as photosynthetic rate and net assimilation rate, and RGR under all growth conditions. Seedlings with high levels of endogenous GAs or CKs and low levels of endogenous GAs or CKs showed morphologies similar to those sprayed with GA3 or BA, and those sprayed with uniconazole, respectively. Thus we concluded these phytohormones are involved in the regulation of biomass allocation responding to either light or N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sawakami
- Nikko Botanical Garden, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1842 Hanaishi, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1435, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Tateno
- Nikko Botanical Garden, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1842 Hanaishi, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1435, Japan
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24
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Vercruyssen L, Tognetti VB, Gonzalez N, Van Dingenen J, De Milde L, Bielach A, De Rycke R, Van Breusegem F, Inzé D. GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR5 stimulates Arabidopsis chloroplast division, photosynthesis, and leaf longevity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:817-32. [PMID: 25604530 PMCID: PMC4348790 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.256180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf development relies on subsequent phases of cell proliferation and cell expansion. During the proliferation phase, chloroplasts need to divide extensively, and during the transition from cell proliferation to expansion, they differentiate into photosynthetically active chloroplasts, providing the plant with energy. The transcription factor GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR5 (GRF5) promotes the duration of the cell proliferation period during leaf development. Here, it is shown that GRF5 also stimulates chloroplast division, resulting in a higher chloroplast number per cell with a concomitant increase in chlorophyll levels in 35S:GRF5 leaves, which can sustain higher rates of photosynthesis. Moreover, 35S:GRF5 plants show delayed leaf senescence and are more tolerant for growth on nitrogen-depleted medium. Cytokinins also stimulate leaf growth in part by extending the cell proliferation phase, simultaneously delaying the onset of the cell expansion phase. In addition, cytokinins are known to be involved in chloroplast development, nitrogen signaling, and senescence. Evidence is provided that GRF5 and cytokinins synergistically enhance cell division and chlorophyll retention after dark-induced senescence, which suggests that they also cooperate to stimulate chloroplast division and nitrogen assimilation. Taken together with the increased leaf size, ectopic expression of GRF5 has great potential to improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Vercruyssen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Liesbeth De Milde
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (L.V., V.B.T., N.G., J.V.D., L.D.M., A.B., R.D.R., F.V.B., D.I.); and Central European Institute of Technology, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic (V.B.T., A.B.)
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25
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Dobrá J, Černý M, Štorchová H, Dobrev P, Skalák J, Jedelský PL, Lukšanová H, Gaudinová A, Pešek B, Malbeck J, Vanek T, Brzobohatý B, Vanková R. The impact of heat stress targeting on the hormonal and transcriptomic response in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:52-61. [PMID: 25575991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of the heat stress (HS, 40°C) to shoots, roots or whole plants substantially affects Arabidopsis physiological responses. Effective stress targeting was proved by determination of the expression of HS markers, HsfA2 and HSA32, which were quickly stimulated in the targeted organ(s), but remained low in non-stressed tissues for at least 2h. When shoots or whole plants were subjected to HS, a transient decrease in abscisic acid, accompanied by a small increase in active cytokinin levels, was observed in leaves, consistent with stimulation of transpiration, the main cooling mechanism in leaves. HS application targeted to part of plant resulted in a rapid stimulation of expression of components of cytokinin signaling pathway (especially of receptor genes) in the non-exposed tissues, which indicated fast inter-organ communication. Under all HS treatments, shoot apices responded by transient elevation of active cytokinin contents and stimulation of transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Duration of this stimulation was negatively correlated with stress strength. The impact of targeted HS on the expression of 63 selected genes, including those coding regulatory 14-3-3 proteins, was compared. Stimulation of GRF9 (GRF14μ) in stressed organs after 2-6h may be associated with plant stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dobrá
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Skalák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr L Jedelský
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Lukšanová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Gaudinová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Bedřich Pešek
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Vanek
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Radomíra Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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26
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Ma Z, Behling S, Ford ED. The contribution of dynamic changes in photosynthesis to shade tolerance of two conifer species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:730-743. [PMID: 25070983 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Generally 'shade tolerance' refers to the capacity of a plant to exist at low light levels but characteristics of shade can vary and must be taken into account in defining the term. We studied Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J.Forbes and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. under a forest canopy in the northwest of the Olympic Peninsula, USA, which has low annual sunshine hours and frequent overcast days. Using BF3 sunshine sensors, we surveyed diffuse and total light received by saplings growing under a range of canopy openness up to 30%. We measured variation in photosynthetic capacity over the growing season and within days and estimated photosynthesis induction in relation to ambient light. Three components of shade tolerance are associated with variation in light climate: (i) Total light on the floor of an 88-year stand of naturally regenerated T. heterophylla was greater on overcast than clear days. Light on overcast days varied throughout the day sometimes with a cyclical pattern. (ii) Photosynthetic capacity, Amax, varied both through the growing season and within days. Amax was generally greater in the latter part of the growing season, being limited by temperature and stomatal conductance, gs, at times during the early part. Saplings in more shaded areas had lower Amax and in the latter part of the growing season Amax was found to decline from mid-afternoon. (iii) Two patterns of photosynthesis induction to increased light were found. In a mean ambient light of 139 μmol m(-2) s(-1), induction had a curvilinear response to a step increase in light with a mean time constant, τ, of 112.3 s. In a mean ambient light of 74 μmol m(-2) s(-1), induction had a two-part increase: one with τ1 of 11.3 s and the other with τ2 of 184.0 s. These are the smallest published values of τ to date. (iv) Both variation in photosynthetic capacity and induction are components of shade tolerance where light varies over time. Amax acclimates to seasonal and diurnal changes in light and varies between microenvironments. The rapid induction processes can cause a rapid response of photosynthesis to changes in diffuse or direct light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ma
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA
| | - Shawn Behling
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA
| | - E David Ford
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA
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Ford ED. The dynamic relationship between plant architecture and competition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:275. [PMID: 24987396 PMCID: PMC4060642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, structural and functional changes are described in single-species, even-aged, stands undergoing competition for light. Theories of the competition process as interactions between whole plants have been advanced but have not been successful in explaining these changes and how they vary between species or growing conditions. This task now falls to researchers in plant architecture. Research in plant architecture has defined three important functions of individual plants that determine the process of canopy development and competition: (i) resource acquisition plasticity; (ii) morphogenetic plasticity; (iii) architectural variation in efficiency of interception and utilization of light. In this review, this research is synthesized into a theory for competition based on five groups of postulates about the functioning of plants in stands. Group 1: competition for light takes place at the level of component foliage and branches. Group 2: the outcome of competition is determined by the dynamic interaction between processes that exert dominance and processes that react to suppression. Group 3: species differences may affect both exertion of dominance and reaction to suppression. Group 4: individual plants may simultaneously exhibit, in different component parts, resource acquisition and morphogenetic plasticity. Group 5: mortality is a time-delayed response to suppression. Development of architectural models when combined with field investigations is identifying research needed to develop a theory of architectural influences on the competition process. These include analyses of the integration of foliage and branch components into whole-plant growth and precise definitions of environmental control of morphogenetic plasticity and its interaction with acquisition of carbon for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. David Ford
- School of Environmental and Forest Science, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
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28
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Cortleven A, Nitschke S, Klaumünzer M, AbdElgawad H, Asard H, Grimm B, Riefler M, Schmülling T. A novel protective function for cytokinin in the light stress response is mediated by the Arabidopsis histidine kinase2 and Arabidopsis histidine kinase3 receptors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1470-83. [PMID: 24424319 PMCID: PMC3938634 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate diverse processes in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with a reduced cytokinin status (i.e. cytokinin receptor mutants and transgenic cytokinin-deficient plants) are more susceptible to light stress compared with wild-type plants. This was reflected by a stronger photoinhibition after 24 h of high light (approximately 1,000 µmol m(-2) s(-1)), as shown by the decline in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry. Photosystem II, especially the D1 protein, is highly sensitive to the detrimental impact of light. Therefore, photoinhibition is always observed when the rate of photodamage exceeds the rate of D1 repair. We demonstrate that in plants with a reduced cytokinin status, the D1 protein level was strongly decreased upon light stress. Inhibition of the D1 repair cycle by lincomycin treatment indicated that these plants experience stronger photodamage. The efficiency of photoprotective mechanisms, such as nonenzymatic and enzymatic scavenging systems, was decreased in plants with a reduced cytokinin status, which could be a cause for the increased photodamage and subsequent D1 degradation. Additionally, slow and incomplete recovery in these plants after light stress indicated insufficient D1 repair. Mutant analysis revealed that the protective function of cytokinin during light stress depends on the Arabidopsis histidine KINASE2 (AHK2) and AHK3 receptors and the type B Arabidopsis response regulator1 (ARR1) and ARR12. We conclude that proper cytokinin signaling and regulation of specific target genes are necessary to protect leaves efficiently from light stress.
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Niinemets Ü, Tobias M. Scaling Light Harvesting from Moss “Leaves” to Canopies. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6988-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Precise allocation of limited resources between growth and defense is critical for plant survival. In shade-intolerant species, perception of competition signals by informational photoreceptors activates shade-avoidance responses and reduces the expression of defenses against pathogens and insects. The main mechanism underlying defense suppression is the simultaneous downregulation of jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling by low ratios of red:far-red radiation. Inactivation of phytochrome B by low red:far-red ratios appears to suppress jasmonate responses by altering the balance between DELLA and JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins in favor of the latter. Solar UVB radiation is a positive modulator of plant defense, signaling through jasmonate-dependent and jasmonate-independent pathways. Light, perceived by phytochrome B and presumably other photoreceptors, helps plants concentrate their defensive arsenals in photosynthetically valuable leaves. The discovery of connections between photoreceptors and defense signaling is revealing novel mechanisms that control key resource allocation decisions in plant canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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Macková H, Hronková M, Dobrá J, Turečková V, Novák O, Lubovská Z, Motyka V, Haisel D, Hájek T, Prášil IT, Gaudinová A, Štorchová H, Ge E, Werner T, Schmülling T, Vanková R. Enhanced drought and heat stress tolerance of tobacco plants with ectopically enhanced cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2805-15. [PMID: 23669573 PMCID: PMC3741687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Responses to drought, heat, and combined stress were compared in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants ectopically expressing the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase CKX1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana L. under the control of either the predominantly root-expressed WRKY6 promoter or the constitutive 35S promoter, and in the wild type. WRKY6:CKX1 plants exhibited high CKX activity in the roots under control conditions. Under stress, the activity of the WRKY6 promoter was down-regulated and the concomitantly reduced cytokinin degradation coincided with raised bioactive cytokinin levels during the early phase of the stress response, which might contribute to enhanced stress tolerance of this genotype. Constitutive expression of CKX1 resulted in an enlarged root system, a stunted, dwarf shoot phenotype, and a low basal level of expression of the dehydration marker gene ERD10B. The high drought tolerance of this genotype was associated with a relatively moderate drop in leaf water potential and a significant decrease in leaf osmotic potential. Basal expression of the proline biosynthetic gene P5CSA was raised. Both wild-type and WRKY6:CKX1 plants responded to heat stress by transient elevation of stomatal conductance, which correlated with an enhanced abscisic acid catabolism. 35S:CKX1 transgenic plants exhibited a small and delayed stomatal response. Nevertheless, they maintained a lower leaf temperature than the other genotypes. Heat shock applied to drought-stressed plants exaggerated the negative stress effects, probably due to the additional water loss caused by a transient stimulation of transpiration. The results indicate that modulation of cytokinin levels may positively affect plant responses to abiotic stress through a variety of physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Macková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dobrá
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lubovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Haisel
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Institute of Botany AS CR, Dukelska 135, 37982 Třebon, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Tom Prášil
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16106 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Gaudinová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ge
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences/Applied Genetics, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences/Applied Genetics, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radomíra Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Giraldo JP, Wheeler JK, Huggett BA, Holbrook NM. The role of leaf hydraulic conductance dynamics on the timing of leaf senescence. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 41:37-47. [PMID: 32480964 DOI: 10.1071/fp13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that an age-dependent reduction in leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) influences the timing of leaf senescence via limitation of the stomatal aperture on xylem compound delivery to leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the tropical trees Anacardium excelsum Kunth, Pittoniotis trichantha Griseb, and the temperate trees Acer saccharum Marsh. and Quercus rubra L. The onset of leaf senescence was preceded by a decline in Kleaf in tomato and the tropical trees, but not in the temperate trees. Age-dependent changes in Kleaf in tomato were driven by a reduction in leaf vein density without a proportional increase in the xylem hydraulic supply. A decline in stomatal conductance accompanied Kleaf reduction with age in tomato but not in tropical and temperate tree species. Experimental manipulations that reduce the flow of xylem-transported compounds into leaves with open stomata induced early leaf senescence in tomato and A. excelsum, but not in P. trichantha, A. saccharum and Q. rubra leaves. We propose that in tomato, a reduction in Kleaf limits the delivery of xylem-transported compounds into the leaves, thus making them vulnerable to senescence. In the tropical evergreen tree A. excelsum, xylem-transported compounds may play a role in signalling the timing of senescence but are not under leaf hydraulic regulation; leaf senescence in the deciduous trees A. trichanta, A. saccharum and Q. rubra is not influenced by leaf vascular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James K Wheeler
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brett A Huggett
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Hirth M, Dietzel L, Steiner S, Ludwig R, Weidenbach H, and JP, Pfannschmidt T. Photosynthetic acclimation responses of maize seedlings grown under artificial laboratory light gradients mimicking natural canopy conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:334. [PMID: 24062753 PMCID: PMC3770919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the ability of the C4 plant maize to perform long-term photosynthetic acclimation in an artificial light quality system previously used for analyzing short-term and long-term acclimation responses (LTR) in C3 plants. We aimed to test if this light system could be used as a tool for analyzing redox-regulated acclimation processes in maize seedlings. Photosynthetic parameters obtained from maize samples harvested in the field were used as control. The results indicated that field grown maize performed a pronounced LTR with significant differences between the top and the bottom levels of the plant stand corresponding to the strong light gradients occurring in it. We compared these data to results obtained from maize seedlings grown under artificial light sources preferentially exciting either photosystem II or photosystem I. In C3 plants, this light system induces redox signals within the photosynthetic electron transport chain which trigger state transitions and differential phosphorylation of LHCII (light harvesting complexes of photosystem II). The LTR to these redox signals induces changes in the accumulation of plastid psaA transcripts, in chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence values F \rm s/F \rm m, in Chl a/b ratios and in transient starch accumulation in C3 plants. Maize seedlings grown in this light system exhibited a pronounced ability to perform both short-term and long-term acclimation at the level of psaA transcripts, Chl fluorescence values F \rm s/F \rm m and Chl a/b ratios. Interestingly, maize seedlings did not exhibit redox-controlled variations of starch accumulation probably because of its specific differences in energy metabolism. In summary, the artificial laboratory light system was found to be well-suited to mimic field light conditions and provides a physiological tool for studying the molecular regulation of the LTR of maize in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hirth
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Lars Dietzel
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Sebastian Steiner
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Robert Ludwig
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- *Correspondence: Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France e-mail:
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Tholen D, Boom C, Zhu XG. Opinion: prospects for improving photosynthesis by altering leaf anatomy. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 197:92-101. [PMID: 23116676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering higher photosynthetic efficiency for greater crop yields has gained significant attention among plant biologists and breeders. To achieve this goal, manipulation of metabolic targets and canopy architectural features has been heavily emphasized. Given the substantial variations in leaf anatomical features among and within plant species, there is large potential to engineer leaf anatomy for improved photosynthetic efficiency. Here we review how different leaf anatomical features influence internal light distribution, delivery of CO(2) to Rubisco and water relations, and accordingly recommend features to engineer for increased leaf photosynthesis under different environments. More research is needed on (a) elucidating the genetic mechanisms controlling leaf anatomy, and (b) the development of a three dimensional biochemical and biophysical model of leaf photosynthesis, which can help pinpoint anatomical features required to gain a higher photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tholen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG (Chinese Academy of Sciences-German Max Planck Society) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Moreau D, Allard V, Gaju O, Le Gouis J, Foulkes MJ, Martre P. Acclimation of leaf nitrogen to vertical light gradient at anthesis in wheat is a whole-plant process that scales with the size of the canopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1479-90. [PMID: 22984122 PMCID: PMC3490594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vertical leaf nitrogen (N) gradient within a canopy is classically considered as a key adaptation to the local light environment that would tend to maximize canopy photosynthesis. We studied the vertical leaf N gradient with respect to the light gradient for wheat (Triticum aestivum) canopies with the aims of quantifying its modulation by crop N status and genetic variability and analyzing its ecophysiological determinants. The vertical distribution of leaf N and light was analyzed at anthesis for 16 cultivars grown in the field in two consecutive seasons under two levels of N. The N extinction coefficient with respect to light (b) varied with N supply and cultivar. Interestingly, a scaling relationship was observed between b and the size of the canopy for all the cultivars in the different environmental conditions. The scaling coefficient of the b-green area index relationship differed among cultivars, suggesting that cultivars could be more or less adapted to low-productivity environments. We conclude that the acclimation of the leaf N gradient to the light gradient is a whole-plant process that depends on canopy size. This study demonstrates that modeling leaf N distribution and canopy expansion based on the assumption that leaf N distribution parallels that of the light is inappropriate. We provide a robust relationship accounting for vertical leaf N gradient with respect to vertical light gradient as a function of canopy size.
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36
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Niinemets Ü, Keenan TF. Measures of light in studies on light-driven plant plasticity in artificial environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:156. [PMID: 22822407 PMCID: PMC3398413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Within-canopy variation in light results in profound canopy profiles in foliage structural, chemical, and physiological traits. Studies on within-canopy variations in key foliage traits are often conducted in artificial environments, including growth chambers with only artificial light, and greenhouses with and without supplemental light. Canopy patterns in these systems are considered to be representative to outdoor conditions, but in experiments with artificial and supplemental lighting, the intensity of artificial light strongly deceases with the distance from the light source, and natural light intensity in greenhouses is less than outdoors due to limited transmittance of enclosure walls. The implications of such changes in radiation conditions on canopy patterns of foliage traits have not yet been analyzed. We developed model-based methods for retrospective estimation of distance vs. light intensity relationships, for separation of the share of artificial and natural light in experiments with combined light and for estimation of average enclosure transmittance, and estimated daily integrated light at the time of sampling (Q(int,C)), at foliage formation (Q(int,G)), and during foliage lifetime (Q(int,av)). The implications of artificial light environments were analyzed for altogether 25 studies providing information on within-canopy gradients of key foliage traits for 70 species × treatment combinations. Across the studies with artificial light, Q(int,G) for leaves formed at different heights in the canopy varied from 1.8- to 6.4-fold due to changing the distance between light source and growing plants. In experiments with combined lighting, the share of natural light at the top of the plants varied threefold, and the share of natural light strongly increased with increasing depth in the canopy. Foliage nitrogen content was most strongly associated with Q(int,G), but photosynthetic capacity with Q(int,C), emphasizing the importance of explicit description of light environment during foliage lifetime. The reported and estimated transmittances of enclosures varied between 0.27 and 0.85, and lack of consideration of the reduction of light compared with outdoor conditions resulted in major underestimation of foliage plasticity to light. The study emphasizes that plant trait vs. light relationships in artificial systems are not directly comparable to natural environments unless modifications in lighting conditions in artificial environments are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA
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Majláth I, Szalai G, Soós V, Sebestyén E, Balázs E, Vanková R, Dobrev PI, Tari I, Tandori J, Janda T. Effect of light on the gene expression and hormonal status of winter and spring wheat plants during cold hardening. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:296-314. [PMID: 22257084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of light on gene expression and hormonal status during the development of freezing tolerance was studied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Mv Emese) and in the spring wheat variety Nadro. Ten-day-old plants (3-leaf stage) were cold hardened at 5°C for 12 days under either normal (250 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) or low (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) light conditions. Comprehensive analysis was carried out to explore the background of frost tolerance and the differences between these wheat varieties. Global genome analysis was performed, enquiring about the details of the cold signaling pathways. The expression level of a large number of genes is affected by light, and this effect may differ in different wheat genotypes. Photosynthesis-related processes probably play a key role in the enhancement of freezing tolerance; however, there are several other genes whose induction is light-dependent, so either there is cross-talk between signaling of chloroplast originating and other protective mechanisms or there are other light sensors that transduce signals to the components responsible for stress tolerance. Changes in the level of both plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, nitric oxide and ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and other stress-related protective substances (proline, phenolics) were investigated during the phases of the hardening period. Hormonal levels were also affected by light and their dynamics indicate that wheat plants try to keep growing during the cold-hardening period. The data from this experiment may provide a new insight into the cross talk between cold and light signaling in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Majláth
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
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Brouwer B, Ziolkowska A, Bagard M, Keech O, Gardeström P. The impact of light intensity on shade-induced leaf senescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1084-98. [PMID: 22171633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants often have to cope with altered light conditions, which in leaves induce various physiological responses ranging from photosynthetic acclimation to leaf senescence. However, our knowledge of the regulatory pathways by which shade and darkness induce leaf senescence remains incomplete. To determine to what extent reduced light intensities regulate the induction of leaf senescence, we performed a functional comparison between Arabidopsis leaves subjected to a range of shading treatments. Individually covered leaves, which remained attached to the plant, were compared with respect to chlorophyll, protein, histology, expression of senescence-associated genes, capacity for photosynthesis and respiration, and light compensation point (LCP). Mild shading induced photosynthetic acclimation and resource partitioning, which, together with a decreased respiration, lowered the LCP. Leaf senescence was induced only under strong shade, coinciding with a negative carbon balance and independent of the red/far-red ratio. Interestingly, while senescence was significantly delayed at very low light compared with darkness, phytochrome A mutant plants showed enhanced chlorophyll degradation under all shading treatments except complete darkness. Taken together, our results suggest that the induction of leaf senescence during shading depends on the efficiency of carbon fixation, which in turn appears to be modulated via light receptors such as phytochrome A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Erb M, Meldau S, Howe GA. Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:250-9. [PMID: 22305233 PMCID: PMC3346861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to perceive and respond is integral to biological immune systems, but to what extent can plants specifically recognize and respond to insects? Recent findings suggest that plants possess surveillance systems that are able to detect general patterns of cellular damage as well as highly specific herbivore-associated cues. The jasmonate (JA) pathway has emerged as the major signaling cassette that integrates information perceived at the plant-insect interface into broad-spectrum defense responses. Specificity can be achieved via JA-independent processes and spatio-temporal changes of JA-modulating hormones, including ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, cytokinins (CK), brassinosteroids (BR) and gibberellins (GB). The identification of receptors and ligands and an integrative view of hormone-mediated response systems are crucial to understand specificity in plant immunity to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Ballaré CL. Jasmonate-induced defenses: a tale of intelligence, collaborators and rascals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:249-57. [PMID: 21216178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have sophisticated defense systems to protect their tissues against the attack of herbivorous organisms. Many of these defenses are orchestrated by the oxylipin jasmonate. A growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of jasmonate-induced responses is tightly regulated by the ecological context of the plant. Ecological information is provided by molecular signals that indicate the nature of the attacker, the value of the attacked organs, phytochrome status and thereby proximity of competing plants, association with beneficial organisms and history of plant interactions with pathogens and herbivores. This review discusses recent advances in this field and highlights the need to map the activities of informational modulators to specific control points within our emerging model of jasmonate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Zhang P, Wang WQ, Zhang GL, Kaminek M, Dobrev P, Xu J, Gruissem W. Senescence-inducible expression of isopentenyl transferase extends leaf life, increases drought stress resistance and alters cytokinin metabolism in cassava. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:653-69. [PMID: 20590995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sheds its leaves during growth, especially within the tropical dry season. With the production of SAG12-IPT transgenic cassava we want to test the level of leaf retention and altered cytokinin metabolism of transgenic plants via the autoregulatory senescence inhibition system. After confirmation of transgene expression by molecular analysis and phenotype examination in greenhouse plants, two transgenic plant lines, 529-28 and 529-48, were chosen for further investigation. Detached mature leaves of 529-28 plants retained high levels of chlorophyll compared with wild-type leaves after dark-induced senescence treatment. Line 529-28 showed significant drought tolerance as indicated by stay-green capacity after drought stress treatment. Field experiments proved that leaf senescence syndrome was significantly delayed in 529-28 plants in comparison with wild-type and 529-48 plants. Physiological and agronomical characterizations of these plants also revealed that the induced expression of IPT had effects on photosynthesis, sugar allocation and nitrogen partitioning. Importantly, the 529-28 plants accumulated a high level of trans-zeatin-type cytokinins particularly of corresponding storage O-glucosides to maintain cytokinin homeostasis. Our study proves the feasibility of prolonging the leaf life of woody cassava and also sheds light on the control of cytokinin homeostasis in cassava leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Cassava Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Stamm P, Kumar PP. The phytohormone signal network regulating elongation growth during shade avoidance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2889-2903. [PMID: 20501746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to animals, plants maintain highly plastic growth and development throughout their life, which enables them to adapt to environmental fluctuations. Phytohormones coordinately regulate these adaptations by integrating environmental inputs into a complex signalling network. In this review, the focus is on the rapid elongation that occurs in response to canopy shading or submergence, and current knowledge and recent advances in deciphering the network of phytohormone signalling that regulates this response are explored. The review concentrates on the involvement of the phytohormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene. Despite the occurrence of considerable gaps in current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, it was possible to identify a network of phytohormone signalling intermediates at multiple levels that regulates elongation growth in response to canopy shade or submergence. Based on the observations that there are spatial and temporal differences in the interactions of phytohormones, the importance of more integrative approaches for future studies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Vos J, Evers JB, Buck-Sorlin GH, Andrieu B, Chelle M, de Visser PHB. Functional-structural plant modelling: a new versatile tool in crop science. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2101-15. [PMID: 19995824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants react to their environment and to management interventions by adjusting physiological functions and structure. Functional-structural plant models (FSPM), combine the representation of three-dimensional (3D) plant structure with selected physiological functions. An FSPM consists of an architectural part (plant structure) and a process part (plant functioning). The first deals with (i) the types of organs that are initiated and the way these are connected (topology), (ii) co-ordination in organ expansion dynamics, and (iii) geometrical variables (e.g. leaf angles, leaf curvature). The process part may include any physiological or physical process that affects plant growth and development (e.g. photosynthesis, carbon allocation). This paper addresses the following questions: (i) how are FSPM constructed, and (ii) for what purposes are they useful? Static, architectural models are distinguished from dynamic models. Static models are useful in order to study the significance of plant structure, such as light distribution in the canopy, gas exchange, remote sensing, pesticide spraying studies, and interactions between plants and biotic agents. Dynamic models serve quantitatively to integrate knowledge on plant functions and morphology as modulated by environment. Applications are in the domain of plant sciences, for example the study of plant plasticity as related to changes in the red:far red ratio of light in the canopy. With increasing availability of genetic information, FSPM will play a role in the assessment of the significance towards plant performance of variation in genetic traits across environments. In many crops, growers actively manipulate plant structure. FSPM is a promising tool to explore divergent management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vos
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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44
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Geometrical similarity analysis of photosynthetic light response curves, light saturation and light use efficiency. Oecologia 2010; 164:53-63. [PMID: 20425123 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption and use efficiency (LAUE mol mol(-1), daily gross photosynthesis per daily incident light) of each leaf depends on several factors, including the degree of light saturation. It is often discussed that upper canopy leaves exposed to direct sunlight are fully light-saturated. However, we found that upper leaves of three temperate species, a heliophytic perennial herb Helianthus tuberosus, a pioneer tree Alnus japonica, and a late-successional tree Fagus crenata, were not fully light-saturated even under full sunlight. Geometrical analysis of the photosynthetic light response curves revealed that all the curves of the leaves from different canopy positions, as well as from the different species, can be considered as different parts of a single non-rectangular hyperbola. The analysis consistently explained how those leaves were not fully light-saturated. Light use optimization models, called big leaf models, predicted that the degree of light saturation and LAUE are both independent of light environment. From these, we hypothesized that the upper leaves should not be fully light-saturated even under direct sunlight, but instead should share the light limitation with the shaded lower-canopy leaves, so as to utilize strong sunlight efficiently. Supporting this prediction, within a canopy of H. tuberosus, both the degree of light saturation and LAUE were independent of light environment within a canopy, resulting in proportionality between the daily photosynthesis and the daily incident light among the leaves.
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Kudo T, Kiba T, Sakakibara H. Metabolism and long-distance translocation of cytokinins. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:53-60. [PMID: 20074140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, distantly-located organs must communicate in order to adapt morphological and physiological features in response to environmental inputs. Among the recognized signaling molecules, a class of phytohormones known as the cytokinins functions as both local and long-distance regulatory signals for the coordination of plant development. This cytokinin-dependent communication system consists of orchestrated regulation of the metabolism, translocation, and signal transduction of this phytohormone class. Here, to gain insight into this elaborate signaling system, we summarize current models of biosynthesis, trans-membrane transport, and long-distance translocation of cytokinins in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kudo
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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46
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Lawson T, von Caemmerer S, Baroli I. Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 72 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Babosha AV. Regulation of resistance and susceptibility in wheat-powdery mildew pathosystem with exogenous cytokinins. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1892-903. [PMID: 19592133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dose-response relationship between resistance of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum, cultivar Zarya) to Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici Marchal. (Syn. Blumeria graminis), a causal organism of wheat powdery mildew and exogenous zeatin has been investigated. Two-week-old seedlings were inoculated with the pathogen. Zeatin or zeatinriboside were added to the nutrient solution immediately after inoculation. The dose-response curve of cytokinin in the most cases was multiphasic, with peaks of increased susceptibility occurring at 0.25-1.5 and 1.5-9microM cytokinin, separated by a region of increased resistance at 0.5-3microM cytokinin. The change in mineral nutrition or simultaneous treatment with thidiazuron revealed alterations of the dose-response curve ranging from a curve with maximum of resistance to a curve with maximum of susceptibility. Both multiphase nature of dose-response and its variability were proposed as possible explanations for earlier observed discrepancies in experimental data on modification of disease resistance by cytokinins. A mathematical model for two metabolic processes with substrate inhibition connected in-series was suggested to explain the multiphase dose-response. In this model, the product of the first reaction was used as substrate for the second reaction. Numerical experiments showed the changes in the shape of dose-response curve with changes in parameters dependent of cytokinin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Babosha
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden RAS, Botanicheskaya str. 4, 127276 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Werner T, Schmülling T. Cytokinin action in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:527-38. [PMID: 19740698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin regulates many important aspects of plant development in aerial and subterranean organs. The hormone is part of an intrinsic genetic network controlling organ development and growth in these two distinct environments that plants have to cope with. Cytokinin also mediates the responses to variable extrinsic factors, such as light conditions in the shoot and availability of nutrients and water in the root, and has a role in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Together, these activities contribute to the fine-tuning of quantitative growth regulation in plants. We review recent progress in understanding the cytokinin system and its links to the regulatory pathways that respond to internal and external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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García-Raso A, Cabot C, Fiol JJ, Spíchal L, Nisler J, Tasada A, Luna JM, Albertí FM, Sibole JV. Cytokinin activity of disubstituted aminopurines in Amaranthus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1529-1536. [PMID: 19450901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) receptors have different affinities for certain ligands, and consequently, studies of the plant's response to CK analogues constitute a good approach to identify active compounds that trigger specific plant responses. In this study, N(6) and N(6),N(6)-substituted CK analogues were synthesized and their CK-like activity was examined in the Amaranthus betacyanin and the bacterial receptor assay. The compounds showed CK-like activities that were not always associated with their binding affinity to the Arabidopsis receptors AHK3 and CRE1/AHK4. The highest level of activity in both bioassays was obtained for the N(6)-alkylaminopurines, which showed an especially high binding affinity to AHK3. In contrast to previously published data, we found remarkable activity of N(6),N(6)-alkylbenzylaminopurines in the Amaranthus betacyanin bioassay, which was not associated with their binding affinity to the tested receptors. The N(6),N(6)-substituted CK that showed the highest activity at the lowest concentration, N(6),N(6)-methylbenzylaminopurine (BAP-C1), was studied to determine its effect on different leaf parameters of whole Amaranthus plants, with benzylaminopurine (BAP) used as standard compound. The interaction with ethylene was examined in plants supplied with the ethylene-synthesis inhibitor aminooxiacetic acid (AOA). After 3d, the CKs supplied in the solution culture exerted effects on leaf dry weight and gas-exchange parameters. These effects of exogenous CKs are suggested to be ethylene-synthesis dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel García-Raso
- Grup de Química Bioinorgànica i Bioorgànica, Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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50
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De Kroon H, Visser EJW, Huber H, Mommer L, Hutchings MJ. A modular concept of plant foraging behaviour: the interplay between local responses and systemic control. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:704-12. [PMID: 19183298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we examined the notion that plant foraging for resources in heterogeneous environments must involve: (1) plasticity at the level of individual modules in reaction to localized environmental signals; and (2) the potential for modification of these responses either by the signals received from connected modules that may be exposed to different conditions, or by the signals reflecting the overall resource status of the plant. A conceptual model is presented to illustrate how plant foraging behaviour is achieved through these processes acting in concert, from the signal reception through signal transduction to morphological or physiological response. Evidence to support the concept is reviewed, using selective root placement under nutritionally heterogeneous conditions and elongation responses of stems and petioles to shade as examples. We discussed how the adoption of this model can promote understanding of the ecological significance of foraging behaviour. We also identified a need to widen the experimental repertoires of both molecular physiology and ecology in order to increase our insight into both the regulation and functioning of foraging responses, and their relationship with the patterns of environmental heterogeneity under which plants have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans De Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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