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Li H, Wang S, Zhai L, Cui Y, Tang G, Huo J, Li X, Bian S. The miR156/SPL12 module orchestrates fruit colour change through directly regulating ethylene production pathway in blueberry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:386-400. [PMID: 37797061 PMCID: PMC10826998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour change is an important event during fruit ripening in blueberry. It is well known that miR156/SPLs act as regulatory modules mediating anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene plays critical roles during colour change, but the intrinsic connections between the two pathways remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that blueberry VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 affects the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we first showed that VcMIR156a overexpression in blueberry led to enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis, decreased chlorophyll accumulation, and, intriguingly, concomitant elevation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and the level of the ethylene precursor ACC. Conversely, VcSPL12 enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis and ACC synthesis in fruits. Moreover, the treatment with ethylene substitutes and inhibitors attenuated the effects of VcMIR156a and VcSPL12 on pigment accumulation. Protein-DNA interaction assays indicated that VcSPL12 could specifically bind to the promoters and inhibit the activities of the ethylene biosynthetic genes VcACS1 and VcACO6. Collectively, our results show that VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 alters ethylene production through targeting VcACS1 and VcACO6, therefore governing fruit colour change. Additionally, VcSPL12 may directly interact with the promoter region of the chlorophyll biosynthetic gene VcDVR, thereby activating its expression. These findings established an intrinsic connection between the miR156/SPL regulatory module and ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shouwen Wang
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, London Research and Development CentreLondonONCanada
- Department of BiologyWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science and Technology InstituteMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Junwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Nakashima S, Yamakita E. In Situ Visible Spectroscopic Daily Monitoring of Senescence of Japanese Maple ( Acer palmatum) Leaves. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2030. [PMID: 37895412 PMCID: PMC10608717 DOI: 10.3390/life13102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of green leaves in autumn after their photosynthetic activities is associated with decreases in chlorophylls and increases in anthocyanins. However, the sequential orders of these processes are not well understood because of a lack of continuous monitoring of leaves in the same positions. Therefore, the senescence processes of Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) leaves were followed daily in the same positions for approximately 60 days using visible spectroscopy with an original handheld visible-near-infrared spectrometer. The obtained reflection spectra were converted to absorption spectra and band areas of chlorophyll a and anthocyanins were determined. Decreases in the chlorophyll a band area with time show two-step exponential decreases corresponding to slow and fast first-order decrease rates. A rapid decrease in chlorophyll a started after an increase in anthocyanin. Therefore, the leaf senescence started through a slow decrease in chlorophyll a (20-30 days), followed by a rapid increase in anthocyanins (~20 days), followed by a rapid decrease in chlorophyll a (10-20 days). The formation of anthocyanins has been proposed to protect leaf cells from losing chlorophylls through solar radiation damage. The obtained sequential changes of pigments support this light screen hypothesis. (199 words < 200 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakashima
- Research Institute for Natural Environment, Science and Technology (RINEST), 3-6-32 1F Tarumi-cho, Suita 564-0062, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Eri Yamakita
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Zou SC, Zhuo MG, Abbas F, Hu GB, Wang HC, Huang XM. Transcription factor LcNAC002 coregulates chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1913-1927. [PMID: 36843134 PMCID: PMC10315271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis, which often occur almost synchronously during fruit ripening, are crucial for vibrant coloration of fruits. However, the interlink point between their regulatory pathways remains largely unknown. Here, 2 litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivars with distinctively different coloration patterns during ripening, i.e. slow-reddening/stay-green "Feizixiao" (FZX) vs rapid-reddening/degreening "Nuomici" (NMC), were selected as the materials to study the key factors determining coloration. Litchi chinensis STAY-GREEN (LcSGR) was confirmed as the critical gene in pericarp chlorophyll loss and chloroplast breakdown during fruit ripening, as LcSGR directly interacted with pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), a key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation via the PAO pathway. Litchi chinensis no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon 2 (LcNAC002) was identified as a positive regulator in the coloration of litchi pericarp. The expression of LcNAC002 was significantly higher in NMC than in FZX. Virus-induced gene silencing of LcNAC002 significantly decreased the expression of LcSGR as well as L. chinensis MYELOBLASTOSIS1 (LcMYB1), and inhibited chlorophyll loss and anthocyanin accumulation. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that LcNAC002 significantly activates the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1. Furthermore, yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results showed that LcNAC002 directly binds to the promoters of LcSGR and LcMYB1. These findings suggest that LcNAC002 is an important ripening-related transcription factor that interlinks chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis by coactivating the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mao-Gen Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gui-Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, 16, Juxian Street, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Xu-Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Narai-Kanayama A, Yokosaka SI, Seo Y, Mikami K, Yoshino T, Matsuda H. Evidence of increases of phytol and chlorophyllide by enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls in smoothie made from spinach leaves. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37122139 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene alcohol found abundantly in nature as the phytyl side chain of chlorophylls. Free form of phytol and its metabolites have been attracting attention because they have a potential to improve the lipid and glucose metabolism. On the other hand, phytol is unfavorable for those who suffering from Refsum's disease. However, there is little information on the phytol contents in leafy vegetables rich in chlorophylls. This study indicated that raw spinach leaves contain phytol of 0.4-1.5 mg/100 g fresh weight. Furthermore, crude enzyme extracted from the leaves showed the enzyme activities involved in dephytylation of chlorophyll derivatives and they were high at mild alkaline pH and around 45°C, and lowered at 55°C or above. Under the optimum pH and temperature for such enzymes determined in the model reaction using the crude enzyme, phytol content in the smoothie made from raw spinach leaves increased with an increase of chlorophyllide, another reaction product. Comparison between the increased amounts of phytol and chlorophyllide showed that the enzymatic dephytylation of chlorophylls was critically responsible for the increase of phytol in the smoothie. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Phytol, which is released by the enzymes related to chlorophyll metabolism in plants, has been investigated because of its potential abilities to improve the lipid metabolism and blood glucose level. In contrast to such health benefits, they are known to be toxic for patients suffering from Refsum's disease. This research for the first time reports the phytol content in raw spinach leaves and that phytol can be increased in the smoothie made from spinach leaves by the action of endogenous enzymes on chlorophyll derivatives under a certain condition. These results help control phytol content in the smoothies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Narai-Kanayama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokosaka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Mikami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Ge X, Du J, Zhang L, Qu G, Hu J. PeCLH2 Gene Positively Regulate Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030538. [PMID: 36980811 PMCID: PMC10048402 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt is an important environmental stress factor, which seriously affects the growth, development and distribution of plants. Chlorophyllase plays an important role in stress response. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanism of chlorophyll (Chlase, CLH) genes in plants. We cloned PeCLH2 from Populus euphratica and found that PeCLH2 was differentially expressed in different tissues, especially in the leaves of P. euphratica. To further study the role of PeCLH2 in salt tolerance, PeCLH2 overexpression and RNA interference transgenic lines were established in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa and used for salt stress treatment and physiologic indexes studies. Overexpressing lines significantly improved tolerance to salt treatment and reduced reactive oxygen species production. RNA interference lines showed the opposite. Transcriptome analysis was performed on leaves of control and transgenic lines under normal growth conditions and salt stress to predict genes regulated during salt stress. This provides a basis for elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of PeCLH2 in response to salt stress and improving the tolerance of poplar under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62888862
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Gupta V, Meena NK, Sharma YK, Choudhary K. Comparative study of different polysaccharide‐based edible coatings on physicochemical attributes and bioactive compounds of mango cv. Dashehari fruits. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Gupta
- Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Agriculture University Kota India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Meena
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry Agriculture University Kota India
- Division of FS&PHT ICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry Agriculture University Kota India
| | - Kalpana Choudhary
- Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Agriculture University Jodhpur, Nagour Rajasthan
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7
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Jo M, Knapp M, Boggs DG, Brimberry M, Donnan PH, Bridwell-Rabb J. A structure-function analysis of chlorophyllase reveals a mechanism for activity regulation dependent on disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102958. [PMID: 36731794 PMCID: PMC10011514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll pigments are used by photosynthetic organisms to facilitate light capture and mediate the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy. Due to the indispensable nature of this pigment and its propensity to form reactive oxygen species, organisms heavily invest in its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. One key enzyme implicated in these processes is chlorophyllase, an α/β hydrolase that hydrolyzes the phytol tail of chlorophyll pigments to produce chlorophyllide molecules. This enzyme was discovered a century ago, but despite its importance to diverse photosynthetic organisms, there are still many missing biochemical details regarding how chlorophyllase functions. Here, we present the 4.46-Å resolution crystal structure of chlorophyllase from Triticum aestivum. This structure reveals the dimeric architecture of chlorophyllase, the arrangement of catalytic residues, an unexpected divalent metal ion-binding site, and a substrate-binding site that can accommodate a diverse range of pigments. Further, this structure exhibits the existence of both intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds. We investigated the importance of these architectural features using enzyme kinetics, mass spectrometry, and thermal shift assays. Through this work, we demonstrated that the oxidation state of the Cys residues is imperative to the activity and stability of chlorophyllase, illuminating a biochemical trigger for responding to environmental stress. Additional bioinformatics analysis of the chlorophyllase enzyme family reveals widespread conservation of key catalytic residues and the identified "redox switch" among other plant chlorophyllase homologs, thus revealing key details regarding the structure-function relationships in chlorophyllase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshik Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David G Boggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marley Brimberry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Li Y, Agarry IE, Ding D, Zalán Z, Huang P, Cai T, Chen K. Screening of dephytinization reaction of chlorophyll pigments with citrus acetone powder by UPLC-DAD-MS. J Food Sci 2023; 88:147-160. [PMID: 36517982 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of dephytylated chlorophyll standards is inefficient and the process is complicated, which hinders chlorophyll determination and related bioactive property investigation. In this paper, chlorophyll derivatives from four phytylated chlorophylls (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, and pheophytin b) before and after the enzymatic reaction were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized by UPLC-DAD-MS. A simple index was proposed to characterize chlorophyll pigments from their oxidized counterparts by the λmax of the typical peak of chlorophyll derivatives in UV-visible spectrum and their signal intensity ratios. The optimal reaction conditions for the enzymatic reaction of four chlorophyll pigments were optimized, and kinetic models were fitted. The results showed that the optimal temperatures for the enzymatic reactions of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, and pheophytin b were 30, 30, 60, and 60°C, respectively, and their optimal reaction time was 2, 3, 1, and 3 h, respectively. Kinetic models were fitted under optimal reaction conditions to study the Km and Vm values of the enzymatic reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Dephytylated chlorophylls, such as chlorophyllide and pheophorbide, are frequently determined in food industry and are always required to be prepared in lab with acetone powder from plant tissue. Moreover, chlorophyll pigments are easy to undergo oxidations, which make the characterization of dephytylated chlorophyll pigments more complicated and difficult. In this paper, four types of phytylated chlorophylls were investigated respectively about the dephytinization process with the citrus acetone powder, and the reaction mixture was analyzed with UPLC-DAD-MS, which can provide an important reference for relevant chlorophyll determination studies and the development of chlorophyll identification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Desheng Ding
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zsolt Zalán
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Pimiao Huang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Genes, Structural, and Biochemical Characterization of Four Chlorophyllases from Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911716. [PMID: 36233017 PMCID: PMC9570282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that chlorophyllase (CLH), a long-found chlorophyll (Chl) dephytylation enzyme for initiating Chl catabolism, has no function in leaf senescence-related Chl breakdown. Yet, CLH is considered to be involved in fruit degreening and responds to external and hormonal stimuli. The purpose of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical, structural properties, and gene expression of four CLHs from the Solanum lycopersicum genome so as to understand the roles of Solanum lycopersicum chlorophyllases (SlCLHs). SlCLH1/4 were the predominantly expressed CLH genes during leaf and fruit development/ripening stages, and SlCLH1 in mature green fruit was modulated by light. SlCLH1/2/3/4 contained a highly conserved GHSXG lipase motif and a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad. We identified Ser159, Asp226, and His258 as the essential catalytic triad by site-directed mutagenesis in recombinant SlCLH1. Kinetic analysis of the recombinant enzymes revealed that SlCLH1 had high hydrolysis activities against Chl a, Chl b, and pheophytin a (Phein a), but preferred Chl a and Chl b over Phein a; SlCLH2/3 only showed very low activity to Chl a and Chl b, while SlCLH4 showed no Chl dephytylation activity. The recombinant SlCLH1/2/3 had different pH stability and temperature optimum. Removal of the predicted N-terminal processing peptide caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant SlCLH1/2 but did not compromise SlCLH3 activity. These different characteristics among SlCLHs imply that they may have different physiological functions in tomato.
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Mitalo OW, Asiche WO, Kang SW, Ezura H, Akagi T, Kubo Y, Ushijima K. Examining the Role of Low Temperature in Satsuma Mandarin Fruit Peel Degreening via Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918226. [PMID: 35909736 PMCID: PMC9328020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peel degreening is the most conspicuous aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruits because of its importance for marketability. In this study, peel degreening in response to propylene (an ethylene analog) and at varying storage temperatures was characterized in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit. Propylene treatment triggered rapid peel degreening (within 4-6 days), indicated by an increase in the citrus color index (CCI) and chlorophyll loss. Peel degreening was also observed in fruit at 10°C and 15°C after 28-42 days, with gradual CCI increase and chlorophyll reduction. However, fruit at 5°C, 20°C, and 25°C remained green, and no substantial changes in peel CCI and chlorophyll content were recorded during the 42-day storage duration. The transcriptomes of peels of fruit treated with propylene for 4 days and those stored at varying temperatures for 28 days were then analyzed by RNA-Seq. We identified three categories of differentially expressed genes that were regulated by (i) propylene (and by analogy, ethylene) alone, (ii) low temperature (5°C, 10°C, or 15°C vs. 25°C) alone, and (iii) either propylene or low temperature. Gene-encoding proteins associated with chlorophyll degradation (such as CuSGR1, CuNOL, CuACD2, CuCAB2, and CuLHCB2) and a transcription factor (CuERF114) were differentially expressed by propylene or low temperature. To further examine temperature-induced pathways, we also monitored gene expression during on-tree fruit maturation vs. postharvest. The onset of on-tree peel degreening coincided with autumnal drops in field temperatures, and it was accompanied by differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. On the contrary, genes that were exclusively regulated by propylene (such as CuCOPT1 and CuPOX-A2) displayed insignificant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. These findings indicate that low temperatures could be involved in the fruit ripening-related peel degreening independently of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - William O. Asiche
- Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd, Thika, Kenya
| | - Seung W. Kang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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11
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Wang S, Wang T, Li Q, Xu C, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wu T. Phosphorylation of MdERF17 by MdMPK4 promotes apple fruit peel degreening during light/dark transitions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1980-2000. [PMID: 35166845 PMCID: PMC9048921 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As apple fruits (Malus domestica) mature, they accumulate anthocyanins concomitantly with losing chlorophyll (Chl); however, the molecular pathways and events that coordinate Chl degradation and fruit coloration have not been elucidated. We showed previously that the transcription factor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR17 (MdERF17) modulates Chl degradation in apple fruit peels and that variation in the pattern of MdERF17 serine (Ser) residues is responsible for differences in its transcriptional regulatory activity. Here, we report that MdERF17 interacts with and is phosphorylated by MAP KINASE4 (MdMPK4-14G). Phosphorylation of MdERF17 at residue Thr67 by MdMPK4-14G is necessary for its transcriptional regulatory activity and its regulation of Chl degradation. We also show that MdERF17 mutants with different numbers of Ser repeat insertions exhibit altered phosphorylation profiles, with more repeats increasing its interaction with MdMPK4. MdMPK4-14G can be activated by exposure to darkness and is involved in the dark-induced degreening of fruit peels. We also demonstrate that greater phosphorylation of MdERF17 by MdMPK4-14G is responsible for the regulation of Chl degradation during light/dark transitions. Overall, our findings reveal the mechanism by which MdMPK4 controls fruit peel coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ting Wu
- Author for correspondence: (T.W.), (Z.H.)
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12
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Poór P, Nawaz K, Gupta R, Ashfaque F, Khan MIR. Ethylene involvement in the regulation of heat stress tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:675-698. [PMID: 33713206 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of the rise in global temperature, heat stress has become a major concern for crop production. Heat stress deteriorates plant productivity and alters phenological and physiological responses that aid in precise monitoring and sensing of mild-to-severe transient heat stress. Plants have evolved several sophisticated mechanisms including hormone-signaling pathways to sense heat stimuli and acquire heat stress tolerance. In response to heat stress, ethylene, a gaseous hormone, is produced which is indispensable for plant growth and development and tolerance to various abiotic stresses including heat stress. The manipulation of ethylene in developing heat stress tolerance targeting ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways has brought promising out comes. Conversely increased ethylene biosynthesis and signaling seem to exhibit inhibitory effects in plant growth responses from primitive to maturity stages. This review mainly focuses on the recent studies of ethylene involvement in plant responses to heat stress and its functional regulation, and molecular mechanism underlying the plant responses in the mitigation of heat-induced damages. Furthermore, this review also describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other signaling molecules under heat stress and approaches to improve heat stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kashif Nawaz
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farha Ashfaque
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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13
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Gu S, Dai X, Jiang J, Liu Y. Enhancing the catalytic activity of cyanobacterial chlorophyllase from Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 through rational site-directed mutagenesis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Hu X, Khan I, Jiao Q, Zada A, Jia T. Chlorophyllase, a Common Plant Hydrolase Enzyme with a Long History, Is Still a Puzzle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121871. [PMID: 34946820 PMCID: PMC8702186 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllase (Chlase, CLH) is one of the earliest discovered enzymes present in plants and green algae. It was long considered to be the first enzyme involved in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, while strong evidence showed that it is not involved in Chl breakdown during leaf senescence. On the other hand, it is possible that CLH is involved in Chl breakdown during fruit ripening. Recently, it was discovered that Arabidopsis CLH1 is located in developing chloroplasts but not in mature chloroplasts, and it plays a role in protecting young leaves from long-term photodamage by catalysing Chl turnover in the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle. However, there remain other important questions related to CLH. In this article, we briefly reviewed the research progress on CLH and listed the main unanswered questions related to CLH for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Hu
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Imran Khan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Jiao
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ahmad Zada
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (I.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ting Jia
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (Q.J.)
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Cui Q, Huang J, Wu F, Li DZ, Zheng L, Hu G, Hu S, Zhang L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal that critical genes involved in pigment biosynthesis influence leaf color changes in a new sweet osmanthus cultivar 'Qiannan Guifei'. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12265. [PMID: 34707941 PMCID: PMC8504463 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) is one of the most important ornamental plant species in China. Many cultivars with different leaf color phenotypes and good ornamental value have recently been developed. For example, a new cultivar ‘Qiannan Guifei’, presents a rich variety of leaf colors, which change from red to yellow-green and ultimately to green as leaves develop, making this cultivar valuable for landscaping. However, the biochemical characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color changes of these phenotypes have not been elucidated. It has been hypothesized that the biosynthesis of different pigments in O. fragrans might change during leaf coloration. Here, we analyzed transcriptional changes in genes involved in chlorophyll (Chl), flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways and identified candidate genes responsible for leaf coloration in the new cultivar ‘Qiannan Guifei’. Methods Leaf samples were collected from ‘Qiannan Guifei’ plants at the red (R), yellow-green (YG) and green (G) leaf stages. We compared the different-colored leaves via leaf pigment concentrations, chloroplast ultrastructure, and transcriptomic data. We further analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the Chl, flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways. In addition, we used qRT-PCR to validate expression patterns of the DEGs at the three stages. Results We found that, compared with those at the G stage, chloroplasts at the R and YG stages were less abundant and presented abnormal morphologies. Pigment analyses revealed that the leaves had higher flavonoid and anthocyanin levels at the R stage but lower Chl and carotenoid concentrations. Similarly, Chl and carotenoid concentrations were lower at the YG stage than at the G stage. By using transcriptomic sequencing, we further identified 61 DEGs involved in the three pigment metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, seven structural genes (OfCHS, OfCHI, OfF3H, OfDFR, OfANS, OfUGT andOf3AT) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were expressed at the highest level at the R stage, thereby increasing the biosynthesis of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. Six putativeOfMYB genes, including three flavonoid-related activators and three repressors, were also highly expressed at the R stage, suggesting that they might coordinately regulate the accumulation of flavonoids, including anthocyanins. Additionally, expressions of the Chl biosynthesis-related genes OfHEMA, OfCHLG and OfCAO and the carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes OfHYB and OfZEP were upregulated from the R stage to the G stage, which increased the accumulation of Chl and carotenoids throughout leaf development. In summary, we screened the candidate genes responsible for the leaf color changes of ‘Qiannan Guifei’, improved current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying leaf coloration and provided potential targets for future leaf color improvement in O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Ze Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqun Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoqing Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Tian YN, Zhong RH, Wei JB, Luo HH, Eyal Y, Jin HL, Wu LJ, Liang KY, Li YM, Chen SZ, Zhang ZQ, Pang XQ. Arabidopsis CHLOROPHYLLASE 1 protects young leaves from long-term photodamage by facilitating FtsH-mediated D1 degradation in photosystem II repair. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1149-1167. [PMID: 33857689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic degradation of the photodamaged D1 core subunit during the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle is well understood, but chlorophyll turnover during D1 degradation remains unclear. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana CHLOROPHYLLASE 1 (CLH1) plays important roles in the PSII repair process. The abundance of CLH1 and CLH2 peaks in young leaves and is induced by high-light exposure. Seedlings of clh1 single and clh1-1/2-2 double mutants display increased photoinhibition after long-term high-light exposure, whereas seedlings overexpressing CLH1 have enhanced light tolerance compared with the wild type. CLH1 is localized in the developing chloroplasts of young leaves and associates with the PSII-dismantling complexes RCC1 and RC47, with a preference for the latter upon exposure to high light. Furthermore, degradation of damaged D1 protein is retarded in young clh1-1/2-2 leaves after 18-h high-light exposure but is rescued by the addition of recombinant CLH1 in vitro. Moreover, overexpression of CLH1 in a variegated mutant (var2-2) that lacks thylakoid protease FtsH2, with which CLH1 interacts, suppresses the variegation and restores D1 degradation. A var2-2 clh1-1/2-2 triple mutant shows more severe variegation and seedling death. Taken together, these results establish CLH1 as a long-sought chlorophyll dephytylation enzyme that is involved in PSII repair and functions in long-term adaptation of young leaves to high-light exposure by facilitating FtsH-mediated D1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hong-Lei Jin
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - La-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Qun Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, Degl'Innocenti A, Desii A, De Pasquale D, Ciofani G. Light-Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100181. [PMID: 34212510 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer-preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light-activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
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Wu W, Liao T, Du K, Wei H, Kang X. Transcriptome comparison of different ploidy reveals the mechanism of photosynthetic efficiency superiority of triploid poplar. Genomics 2021; 113:2211-2220. [PMID: 34022341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triploid poplars have obvious growth advantages, especially in leaf development and photosynthetic characteristics, but the molecular mechanism has not been revealed yet. In order to better understand the regulation mechanisms of leaf and chlorophyll development in the triploid poplars, we combined the leaf phenotypic data with the transcriptomic data of the 5th, 10th, and 25th leaves from triploid and diploid poplars, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and revealed that PpnGRF5-1 had a strong correlation with leaf development and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). PpnGRF5-1 overexpression transgenic plants showed that the leaf area, Pn, and chlorophyll concentration were significantly increased. Transcriptomic data analysis of the third leaf from PpnGRF5-1 overexpression transgenic plants showed that PpnGRF5-1 could up-regulate the expression levels of chlorophyll synthesis genes and down-regulate the transcription of chlorophyll degradation enzymes. Overall, our studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating triploid growth dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ting Liao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Zhang Z, He Y, Li L, Zhang X, Xu X, Shi Y, Wu JL. Characterization of a novel allele encoding pheophorbide a oxygenase in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1864606. [PMID: 33369525 PMCID: PMC7889113 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1864606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We identified a rapid cell death 2 (rcd2) mutant from an indica cultivar Zhongjian100 mutant bank. The red-brown lesions appeared firstly on young seedling leaves, then gradually merged and the leaves completely withered at the late tillering stage. rcd2 displayed apparent cell death at/around the lesions, accumulation of superoxide anion (O2-) and disturbed ROS scavenging system, impaired photosynthetic capacity with significantly reduced chlorophyll content. The lesion formation was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene and induced by natural light as well as mechanical wounding. A single base mutation (A1726T) at the 6th exon of OsMH_03G0040800 resulted in I576F substitution in the encoding protein, pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO). Functional complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype and PAO-knockout lines exhibited the similar phenotype to rcd2. The activity of PAO decreased significantly while the content of PAO substrate, pheophorbide a, increased apparently in rcd2. The expression of chlorophyll synthesis/degradation-related genes and the contents of metabolic intermediates were largely changed. Furthermore, the level of chlorophyllide a, the product of chlorophyllase, increased significantly, indicating chlorophyllase might play a role in chlorophyll degradation in rice. Our results suggested that the I576F substitution disrupted PAO function, leading to O2- accumulation and chlorophyll degradation breakdown in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Gu S, Dai X, Xu Z, Niu Q, Jiang J, Liu Y. Molecular, structural and biochemical characterization of a novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:14. [PMID: 33430874 PMCID: PMC7802212 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chlorophyllase catalyzes the hydrolysis of chlorophyll and produces chlorophyllide and phytol. Cyanobacterial chlorophyllases are likely to be more highly heterologously expressed than plant chlorophyllases. A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Results The putative N-terminal 28-amino-acid signal peptide sequence of O. acuminata chlorophyllase (OaCLH) is essential for its activity, but may confer poor solubility on OaCLH. The C-terminal fusion of a 6 × His tag caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant OaCLH, but an N-terminal 6 × His tag did not destroy its activity. The optimal pH and temperature for recombinant OaCLH activity are 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Recombinant OaCLH has hydrolysis activities against chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, bacteriochlorophyll a, and pheophytin a, but prefers chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a as substrates. The results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the catalytic triad of OaCLH consists of Ser159, Asp226, and His258. Conclusions The high-level expression and broad substrate specificity of recombinant OaCLH make it suitable for genetically engineering and a promising biocatalyst for industrial production, with applications in vegetable oil refining and laundry detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Dai
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Niu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd, 200137, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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Lin YP, Charng YY. Chlorophyll dephytylation in chlorophyll metabolism: a simple reaction catalyzed by various enzymes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110682. [PMID: 33288004 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is composed of a tetrapyrrole ring and a phytol tail, which facilitate light energy absorbance and assembly with photosynthetic protein complexes, respectively. Chl dephytylation, the hydrolytic removal of the phytol tail, is considered a pivotal step in diverse physiological processes, such as Chl salvage during repair of the photosystem, the Chl cycle in the adjustment of antenna size, and Chl breakdown in leaf senescence and fruit maturation. Moreover, phytol is a component of the tocopherols, a major form of vitamin E that is essential in the human diet. This phytol mostly comes from Chl hydrolysis. However, the authentic enzyme responsible for Chl dephytylation has proved elusive. CHLOROPHYLLASE (CLH) which was discovered over a century ago, was the first enzyme found to have dephytylation activity in vitro, but its role in Chl metabolism has been questioned and remains under debate. Recently, novel dephytylases, i.e., PHEOPHYTINASE (PPH) and CHLOROPHYLL DEPHYTYLASE1 (CLD1) have emerged from genetic studies, indicating that dephytylation in Chl catabolism involves different players and is more complicated than previously thought. Based on sequence homology, substrate specificity, and subcellular localization, CLH, PPH, and CLD1 belong to different types of dephytylase, which prompted us to re-examine the dilemmas and missing links that still exist in Chl metabolism. This review thus focuses on the hitherto unanswered questions involving the Chl dephytylation reaction by highlighting relevant literature, updating recent progress, and synthesizing ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Institut of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhu T, Wang X, Xu Z, Xu J, Li R, Liu N, Ding G, Sui S. Screening of key genes responsible for Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum' leaf color using transcriptome sequencing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242618. [PMID: 33227025 PMCID: PMC7682885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum' is an ornamental grass plant that produces purple leaves in high-light environments and light purple or green leaves in low-light environments, the latter of which greatly reduces its aesthetic appeal. Therefore, we aimed to identify the key genes associated with leaf coloration and elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the color changes in P. setaceum 'Rubrum' leaves. We performed transcriptome sequencing of P. setaceum 'Rubrum' leaves before and after shading. A total of 19,043 differentially expressed genes were identified, and the numbers of upregulated and downregulated genes at T1 stage, when compared with their expression at the T0 stage, were 10,761 and 8,642, respectively. The possible pathways that determine P. setaceum 'Rubrum' leaf color included flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. There were 31 differentially expressed genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, of which 21 were related to chlorophyll biosynthesis and 10 to chlorophyll degradation, as well as three transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of chlorophyll degradation. There were 31 key enzyme genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in P. setaceum 'Rubrum' leaves, with four transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin metabolism. The transcriptome data were verified and confirmed reliable by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. These findings provide a genetic basis for improving leaf color in P. setaceum 'Rubrum.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- College of Arts College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- College of Arts College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Arts College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GD); (SS)
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (GD); (SS)
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Mitalo OW, Otsuki T, Okada R, Obitsu S, Masuda K, Hojo Y, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Abe D, Asiche WO, Akagi T, Kubo Y, Ushijima K. Low temperature modulates natural peel degreening in lemon fruit independently of endogenous ethylene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4778-4796. [PMID: 32374848 PMCID: PMC7410192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peel degreening is an important aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruit, and previous studies have shown that it can be advanced by ethylene treatment or by low-temperature storage. However, the important regulators and pathways involved in natural peel degreening remain largely unknown. To determine how natural peel degreening is regulated in lemon fruit (Citrus limon), we studied transcriptome and physiochemical changes in the flavedo in response to ethylene treatment and low temperatures. Treatment with ethylene induced rapid peel degreening, which was strongly inhibited by the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Compared with 25 ºC, moderately low storage temperatures of 5-20 °C also triggered peel degreening. Surprisingly, repeated 1-MCP treatments failed to inhibit the peel degreening induced by low temperature. Transcriptome analysis revealed that low temperature and ethylene independently regulated genes associated with chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid metabolism, photosystem proteins, phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling, and transcription factors. Peel degreening of fruit on trees occurred in association with drops in ambient temperature, and it coincided with the differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. In contrast, genes that were uniquely regulated by ethylene showed no significant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that low temperature plays a prominent role in regulating natural peel degreening independently of ethylene in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W Mitalo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takumi Otsuki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rui Okada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Saeka Obitsu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kanae Masuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Daigo Abe
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shikoku Research Station, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - William O Asiche
- Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd, Thika, Kenya
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence: or
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Bai Q, Huang Y, Shen Y. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Abscisic Acid in Regulation of Fleshy Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:619953. [PMID: 33505417 PMCID: PMC7829184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.619953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ripening of fleshy fruits is coupled with the degradation of both chlorophyll and cell walls, as well as changes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, starch/sucrose, and carotenoids. These processes are controlled by phytohormones and other factors, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxin, polyamines, sugar, and reactive oxygen species. The ripening of climacteric fruits is controlled by ethylene and non-climacteric fruit ripening is regulated mainly by ABA. Also, ABA and ethylene may interact in both types of fruit ripening. ABA concentrations in fleshy fruits are regulated in response to developmental and environmental cues and are controlled by the relative rates of ABA biosynthesis and catabolism, the former mainly via 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and β-glucosidases and the latter via ABA 8'-hydroxylases (CYP707As) and β-glycosyltransferases. In strawberry fruit ripening, ABA is perceived via at least two receptors, Pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) and putative abscisic acid receptor (ABAR), which are linked separately to the conserved signaling pathway ABA-FaPYR1-FaABIl-FaSnRK2 and the novel signaling pathway ABA-FaABAR-FaRIPK1-FaABI4. Downstream signaling components include important transcription factors, such as AREB (ABA responsive element binding protein)/ABF (ABRE binding factors ABA responsive factor), ethylene response factor (ERF), and V-myb Myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), as well as ripening-related genes. Finally, a comprehensive model of ABA linked to ethylene, sugar, polyamines, auxin and reactive oxygen species in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening is proposed. Next, new integrated mechanisms, including two ABA signaling pathways, ABA and ethylene signaling pathways, and ABA/ethylene to other phytohormones are interesting and important research topics in ripening, especially in non-climacteric fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Yun Huang,
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyue Shen,
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Zhang S, Wu X, Cui J, Zhang F, Wan X, Liu Q, Zhong Y, Lin T. Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of yellow leaf coloration in Populus deltoides Marsh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216879. [PMID: 31112574 PMCID: PMC6529213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus deltoides Marsh has high ornamental value because its leaves remain yellow during the non-dormant period. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in P. deltoides Marsh. Thus, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional differences of yellow leaves (mutant) and green leaves (wild-type) of P. deltoides Marsh. Physiological experiments showed that the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid were lower in mutant leaves, and the flavonoid content did not differ significantly between mutant and wild-type leaves. Transcriptomic sequencing was further used to identify 153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Genome enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Among these, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (CHLP) genes associated with Chl biosynthesis showed down-regulation, while chlorophyllase (CLH) genes associated with Chl degradation were up-regulated in yellow leaves. The expression levels of these genes were further confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the estimation of the main precursors of Chl confirmed that CHLP is a vital enzyme for the yellow leaf color phenotype. Consequently, the formation of yellow leaf color is due to the disruption of Chl synthesis or catabolism rather than flavonoid synthesis. These results contribute to our understanding of mechanisms and regulation of leaf color variation in poplar at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolu Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xueqin Wan
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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26
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Queiroz Zepka L, Jacob-Lopes E, Roca M. Catabolism and bioactive properties of chlorophylls. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tee YK, Balasundram SK, Ding P, M Hanif AH, Bariah K. Determination of optimum harvest maturity and non-destructive evaluation of pod development and maturity in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using a multiparametric fluorescence sensor. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1700-1708. [PMID: 30206959 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of fluorescence indices (anthocyanin, flavonol, chlorophyll and nitrogen balance) were deployed to detect the pigments and colourless flavonoids in cacao pods of three commercial cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes (QH1003, KKM22 and MCBC1) using a fast and non-destructive multiparametric fluorescence sensor. The aim was to determine optimum harvest periods (either 4 or 5 months after pod emergence) of commercial cacao based on fluorescence indices of cacao development and bean quality. RESULTS As pod developed, cacao exhibited a rise with the peak of flavonol occurring at months 4 and 5 after pod maturity was initiated while nitrogen balance showed a decreasing trend during maturity. Cacao pods contained high chlorophyll as they developed but chlorophyll content declined significantly on pods that ripened at month 5. CONCLUSION Cacao pods harvested at months 4 and 5 can be considered as commercially-ready as the beans have developed good quality and comply with the Malaysian standard on cacao bean specification. Thus, cacao pods can be harvested earlier when they reach maturity at month 4 after pod emergence to avoid germinated beans and over fermentation in ripe pods harvested at month 5. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei-Kheng Tee
- Cocoa Upstream Technology Department, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Sg. Sumun, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siva K Balasundram
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Phebe Ding
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husni M Hanif
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariah
- Cocoa Downstream Technology Department, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovative and Technology Center, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus, Malaysia
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29
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Won MY, Min SC. Coating Satsuma mandarin using grapefruit seed extract-incorporated carnauba wax for its preservation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1649-1658. [PMID: 30483428 PMCID: PMC6233408 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE)-incorporated carnauba wax (CW) coating was developed to preserve Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.). GSE (1.00%, w/w)-incorporated CW (GSE-CW) coating emulsions and GSE (0.50%)-oregano oil (OO, 0.50%)-incorporated CW (GSE-OO-CW) coating emulsions reduced Penicillium italicum disease incidence (%) on mandarin surfaces by 23.6 ± 3.6 and 25.0 ± 5.0%, respectively, relative to that on uncoated mandarin samples (100%). GSE (1.00%)-CW coating emulsions exhibited a higher colloidal stability than GSE (0.50%)-OO (0.50%)-CW coating emulsions. During storage at 25 °C, GSE (1.00%)-CW coating was superior to CW coating in reducing P. italicum disease incidence. CW coating significantly reduced weight loss, respiration rate, and firmness loss during storage at 4 and 25 °C (P < 0.05). The ascorbic acid concentration and peel color were not affected by GSE-CW coating (P > 0.05). These results suggest that GSE-CW coating can extend the post-harvest shelf life of mandarins by inhibiting the growth of P. italicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Yeon Won
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
| | - Sea Cheol Min
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
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Xie J, Yao S, Ming J, Deng L, Zeng K. Variations in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and expression of genes involved in pigment metabolism response to oleocellosis in citrus fruits. Food Chem 2018; 272:49-57. [PMID: 30309573 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Yellow or green spots related to pigment changes found at the early stage of oleocellosis can cause severe economic damage. However, little information exists on pigment changes during oleocellosis development, so this study investigated the main changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolites and related gene expression. Among the variations, the increased contents of chlorophyll a and b, and decreased concentrations of lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene were responsible for chlorophyll and carotenoid changes, respectively. Regarding gene expression, the up-regulated genes, magnesium chelatase subunit H (MgCh), magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase 1/2 (MPEC1/2), protochlorophyllide reductase a, chloroplastic 1/2 (PORA1/2) and chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), regarding chlorophyll synthesis as well as the down-regulated genes, phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene dehydrogenase (PDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb), and zeaxanthin epoxidase 1/2 (ZEP 1/2) and the up-regulated genes (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 1/2 (ABA-HX 1/2), regarding carotenoid metabolism, constituted the major variations in oleocellosis peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Wu H, Shi N, An X, Liu C, Fu H, Cao L, Feng Y, Sun D, Zhang L. Candidate Genes for Yellow Leaf Color in Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Major Related Metabolic Pathways according to Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061594. [PMID: 29843474 PMCID: PMC6032196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of a crop depends on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development and chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis in common wheat because of its huge and complex genome. Ygm, a spontaneous yellow-green leaf color mutant of winter wheat, exhibits reduced Chl contents and abnormal chloroplast development. Thus, we searched for candidate genes associated with this phenotype. Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed using leaves from the yellow leaf color type (Y) and normal green color type (G) of the Ygm mutant progeny. We identified 1227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Y compared with G (i.e., 689 upregulated genes and 538 downregulated genes). Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in Chl biosynthesis (i.e., magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes), carotenoid biosynthesis (i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes), photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. We also identified heat shock protein (HSP) genes (sHSP, HSP70, HSP90, and DnaJ) and heat shock transcription factor genes that might have vital roles in chloroplast development. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the relevant DEGs confirmed the RNA-Seq results. Moreover, measurements of seven intermediate products involved in Chl biosynthesis and five carotenoid compounds involved in carotenoid-xanthophyll biosynthesis confirmed that CHLH and BCH are vital enzymes for the unusual leaf color phenotype in Y type. These results provide insights into leaf color variation in wheat at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Narong Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xuyao An
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li Cao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Daojie Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Lin YP, Wu MC, Charng YY. Identification of a Chlorophyll Dephytylase Involved in Chlorophyll Turnover in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2974-2990. [PMID: 27920339 PMCID: PMC5240737 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll turns over in green organs during photosystem repair and is salvaged via de- and rephytylation, but the enzyme involved in dephytylation is unknown. We have identified an Arabidopsis thaliana thylakoid protein with a putative hydrolase domain that can dephytylate chlorophyll in vitro and in vivo. The corresponding locus, CHLOROPHYLL DEPHYTYLASE1 (CLD1), was identified by mapping a semidominant, heat-sensitive, missense allele (cld1-1). CLD1 is conserved in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, sharing structural similarity with pheophytinase, which functions in chlorophyll breakdown during leaf senescence. Unlike pheophytinase, CLD1 is predominantly expressed in green organs and can dephytylate chlorophyll in vitro. The specific activity is significantly higher for the mutant protein encoded by cld1-1 than the wild-type enzyme, consistent with the semidominant nature of the cld1-1 mutation. Supraoptimal CLD1 activities in cld1-1 mutants and transgenic seedlings led to the proportional accumulation of chlorophyllides derived from chlorophyll dephytylation after heat shock, which resulted in light-dependent cotyledon bleaching. Reducing CLD1 expression diminished thermotolerance and the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under prolonged moderate heat stress. Taken together, our results suggest that CLD1 is the long-sought enzyme for removing the phytol chain from chlorophyll during its turnover at steady state within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chen Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Vergara-Domínguez H, Ríos JJ, Gandul-Rojas B, Roca M. Chlorophyll catabolism in olive fruits (var. Arbequina and Hojiblanca) during maturation. Food Chem 2016; 212:604-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li CF, Xu YX, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Huang DJ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Chen L. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles among three color and developmental stages in 'Anji Baicha' (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:195. [PMID: 27609021 PMCID: PMC5015330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new shoots of the albino tea cultivar 'Anji Baicha' are yellow or white at low temperatures and turn green as the environmental temperatures increase during the early spring. 'Anji Baicha' metabolite profiles exhibit considerable variability over three color and developmental stages, especially regarding the carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine concentrations. Previous studies focused on physiological characteristics, gene expression differences, and variations in metabolite abundances in albino tea plant leaves at specific growth stages. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating metabolite biosynthesis in various color and developmental stages in albino tea leaves have not been fully characterized. RESULTS We used RNA-sequencing to analyze 'Anji Baicha' leaves at the yellow-green, albescent, and re-greening stages. The leaf transcriptomes differed considerably among the three stages. Functional classifications based on Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that differentially expressed unigenes were mainly related to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Chemical analyses revealed higher β-carotene and theanine levels, but lower chlorophyll a levels, in the albescent stage than in the green stage. Furthermore, unigenes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and theanine biosyntheses were identified, and the expression patterns of the differentially expressed unigenes in these biosynthesis pathways were characterized. Through co-expression analyses, we identified the key genes in these pathways. These genes may be responsible for the metabolite biosynthesis differences among the different leaf color and developmental stages of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the results of transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of 'Anji Baicha' tea plants at various stages. The distinct transcriptome profiles for each color and developmental stage enabled us to identify changes to biosynthesis pathways and revealed the contributions of such variations to the albino phenotype of tea plants. Furthermore, comparisons of the transcriptomes and related metabolites helped clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the secondary metabolic pathways in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, Hangzhou China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Yen CC, Chuang YC, Ko CY, Chen LFO, Chen SS, Lin CJ, Chou YL, Shaw JF. Immobilization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CLH1 on APTES-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Potential in the Production of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080972. [PMID: 27472309 PMCID: PMC6273557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chlorophyllase 1 (CrCLH1) that could catalyze chlorophyll hydrolysis to chlorophyllide and phytol in vitro was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant CrCLH1 was immobilized through covalent binding with a cubic (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) coating on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs), which led to markedly improved enzyme performance and decreased biocatalyst costs for potential industrial application. The immobilized enzyme exhibited a high immobilization yield (98.99 ± 0.91 mg/g of gel) and a chlorophyllase assay confirmed that the immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 retained enzymatic activity (722.3 ± 50.3 U/g of gel). Biochemical analysis of the immobilized enzyme, compared with the free enzyme, showed higher optimal pH and pH stability for chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in an acidic environment (pH 3-5). In addition, compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme showed higher activity in chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in a high temperature environment (50-60 °C). Moreover, the immobilized enzyme retained a residual activity of more than 64% of its initial enzyme activity after 14 cycles in a repeated-batch operation. Therefore, APTES-coated MIONP-immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 can be repeatedly used to lower costs and is potentially useful for the industrial production of chlorophyll derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Sheau-Shyang Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Lin
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
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38
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Yin XR, Xie XL, Xia XJ, Yu JQ, Ferguson IB, Giovannoni JJ, Chen KS. Involvement of an ethylene response factor in chlorophyll degradation during citrus fruit degreening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:403-12. [PMID: 27037684 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation naturally occurs during plant senescence. However, in fruit such as citrus, it is a positive characteristic, as degreening is an important colour development contributing to fruit quality. In the present work, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, cv. Newhall fruit was used as a model for chlorophyll degradation. An ethylene response factor, CitERF13, was isolated and its transcriptional changes were closely correlated with fruit peel degreening during development or in response to ethylene. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays, as well as motif mutation, indicated that CitERF13 directly binds to the CitPPH promoter and enhances its activity. Transient and stable over-expression of CitERF13 resulted in rapid chlorophyll degradation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and led to accumulation of pheophorbide (Pheide) a, a metabolite of pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH). Similar results were observed from transient transformation of CitERF13 in citrus fruit peel. Moreover, this function of CitERF13 was conserved within Arabidopsis and tomato, as the homologs AtERF17 and SlERF16 similarly acted as activators of PPH genes and accelerators of chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian B Ferguson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Kräutler B. Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants--Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4882-907. [PMID: 26919572 PMCID: PMC4950323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fall colors have always been fascinating and are still a remarkably puzzling phenomenon associated with the breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves. As discovered in recent years, nongreen bilin-type Chl catabolites are generated, which are known as the phyllobilins. Collaborative chemical-biological efforts have led to the elucidation of the key Chl-breakdown processes in senescent leaves and in ripening fruit. Colorless and largely photoinactive phyllobilins are rapidly produced from Chl, apparently primarily as part of a detoxification program. However, fluorescent Chl catabolites accumulate in some senescent leaves and in peels of ripe bananas and induce a striking blue glow. The structural features, chemical properties, and abundance of the phyllobilins in the biosphere suggest biological roles, which still remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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40
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Kräutler B. Der Chlorophyllabbau in höheren Pflanzen - Phyllobiline als weitverbreitete, aber kaum sichtbare Zeichen von Reifung, Seneszenz und Zelltod. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Centrum für MolekulareBiowissenschaften (CMBI); Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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41
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Endo T, Fujii H, Sugiyama A, Nakano M, Nakajima N, Ikoma Y, Omura M, Shimada T. Overexpression of a citrus basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (CubHLH1), which is homologous to Arabidopsis activation-tagged bri1 suppressor 1 interacting factor genes, modulates carotenoid metabolism in transgenic tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:35-48. [PMID: 26795149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the transcription factors associated with carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruit, one transcription factor (CubHLH1) was selected through microarray screening in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit, which was treated with exogenous ethylene or gibberellin (GA), accelerating or retarding carotenoid accumulation in peel, respectively. The amino acid sequence of CubHLH1 has homology to Arabidopsis activation-tagged bri1 suppressor 1 (ATBS1) interacting factor (AIF), which is functionally characterized as a negative regulator of the brassinolide (BR) signalling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that protein for CubHLH1 could interact with Arabidopsis and tomato ATBS1. Overexpression of CubHLH1 caused a dwarf phenotype in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), suggesting that CubHLH1 has a similar function to Arabidopsis AIF. In the transgenic tomato fruit at ripening stage, the lycopene content was reduced along with the changes in carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression. The abscisic acid (ABA) content of all the transgenic tomato fruit was higher than that of the wild type. These results implied that CubHLH1 is considered to have a similar function to Arabidopsis AIFs and might be directly involved in carotenoid metabolism in mature citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Endo
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Aiko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Michiharu Nakano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Naoko Nakajima
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Ikoma
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Omura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Shimada
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
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42
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Chou YL, Ko CY, Yen CC, Chen LFO, Shaw JF. A Novel Recombinant Chlorophyllase1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for the Production of Chlorophyllide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9496-9503. [PMID: 26478543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural chlorophyll metabolites have exhibited physiological activity in vitro. In this study, a recombinant chlorophyllase1 gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrCLH1) was isolated and characterized. Recombinant CrCLH1 can perform chlorophyll dephytylation and produce chlorophyllide and phytol. In a transient assay, the subcellular localization of CrCLH1-green fluorescent protein was determined to be outside the chloroplast. Biochemical analyses of the activity of recombinant CrCLH1 indicated that its optimal pH value and temperature are 6.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Enzyme kinetic data revealed that the recombinant CrCLH1 had a higher catalytic efficiency for chlorophyll a than for chlorophyll b and bacteriochlorophyll a. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of chlorophyll hydrolysis, recombinant CrCLH1 catalyzed the conversion of chlorophyll a to pheophorbide a at pH 5. Therefore, recombinant CrCLH1 can be used as a biocatalyst to produce chlorophyllide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Chen K, Ríos JJ, Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Development of an accurate and high-throughput methodology for structural comprehension of chlorophylls derivatives. (II) Dephytylated derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:90-9. [PMID: 26277027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dephytylated chlorophylls (chlorophyllides and pheophorbides) are the starting point of the chlorophyll catabolism in green tissues, components of the chlorophyll pattern in storage/processed food vegetables, as well as the favoured structural arrangement for chlorophyll absorption. In addition, dephytylated native chlorophylls are prone to several modifications of their structure yielding pyro-, 13(2)-hydroxy- and 15(1)-hydroxy-lactone derivatives. Despite of these outstanding remarks only few of them have been analysed by MS(n). Besides new protocols for obtaining standards, we have developed a new high throughput methodology able to determine the fragmentation pathway of 16 dephytylated chlorophyll derivatives, elucidating the structures of the new product ions and new mechanisms of fragmentation. The new methodology combines, by first time, high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and powerful post-processing software. Native chlorophyllides and pheophorbides mainly exhibit product ions that involve the fragmentation of D ring, as well as additional exclusive product ions. The introduction of an oxygenated function at E ring enhances the progress of fragmentation reactions through the β-keto ester group, developing also exclusive product ions for 13(2)-hydroxy derivatives and for 15(1)-hydroxy-lactone ones. Consequently, while MS(2)-based reactions of phytylated chlorophyll derivatives point to fragmentations at the phytyl and propionic chains, dephytylated chlorophyll derivatives behave different as the absence of phytyl makes β-keto ester group and E ring more prone to fragmentation. Proposals of the key reaction mechanisms underlying the origin of new product ions have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Chen
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José Julián Ríos
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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Hu X, Makita S, Schelbert S, Sano S, Ochiai M, Tsuchiya T, Hasegawa SF, Hörtensteiner S, Tanaka A, Tanaka R. Reexamination of chlorophyllase function implies its involvement in defense against chewing herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:660-70. [PMID: 25583926 PMCID: PMC4348758 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllase (CLH) is a common plant enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of chlorophyll to form chlorophyllide, a more hydrophilic derivative. For more than a century, the biological role of CLH has been controversial, although this enzyme has been often considered to catalyze chlorophyll catabolism during stress-induced chlorophyll breakdown. In this study, we found that the absence of CLH does not affect chlorophyll breakdown in intact leaf tissue in the absence or the presence of methyl-jasmonate, which is known to enhance stress-induced chlorophyll breakdown. Fractionation of cellular membranes shows that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CLH is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the tonoplast of intact plant cells. These results indicate that CLH is not involved in endogenous chlorophyll catabolism. Instead, we found that CLH promotes chlorophyllide formation upon disruption of leaf cells, or when it is artificially mistargeted to the chloroplast. These results indicate that CLH is responsible for chlorophyllide formation after the collapse of cells, which led us to hypothesize that chlorophyllide formation might be a process of defense against chewing herbivores. We found that Arabidopsis leaves with genetically enhanced CLH activity exhibit toxicity when fed to Spodoptera litura larvae, an insect herbivore. In addition, purified chlorophyllide partially suppresses the growth of the larvae. Taken together, these results support the presence of a unique binary defense system against insect herbivores involving chlorophyll and CLH. Potential mechanisms of chlorophyllide action for defense are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Hu
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Satoru Makita
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Silvia Schelbert
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Shinsuke Sano
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Tohru Tsuchiya
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Shigeaki F Hasegawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (X.H., M.O., S.F.H., A.T., R.T.);Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara 250-0280, Japan (S.M., S.Sa.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.Sc., S.H.);Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (T.T.) and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies (T.T.), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and Japan Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science Technology Agency, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan (A.T., R.T.)
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Ohmiya A, Hirashima M, Yagi M, Tanase K, Yamamizo C. Identification of genes associated with chlorophyll accumulation in flower petals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113738. [PMID: 25470367 PMCID: PMC4254739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have an ability to prevent chlorophyll accumulation, which would mask the bright flower color, in their petals. In contrast, leaves contain substantial amounts of chlorophyll, as it is essential for photosynthesis. The mechanisms of organ-specific chlorophyll accumulation are unknown. To identify factors that determine the chlorophyll content in petals, we compared the expression of genes related to chlorophyll metabolism in different stages of non-green (red and white) petals (very low chlorophyll content), pale-green petals (low chlorophyll content), and leaves (high chlorophyll content) of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The expression of many genes encoding chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes, in particular Mg-chelatase, was lower in non-green petals than in leaves. Non-green petals also showed higher expression of genes involved in chlorophyll degradation, including STAY-GREEN gene and pheophytinase. These data suggest that the absence of chlorophylls in carnation petals may be caused by the low rate of chlorophyll biosynthesis and high rate of degradation. Similar results were obtained by the analysis of Arabidopsis microarray data. In carnation, most genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis were expressed at similar levels in pale-green petals and leaves, whereas the expression of chlorophyll catabolic genes was higher in pale-green petals than in leaves. Therefore, we hypothesize that the difference in chlorophyll content between non-green and pale-green petals is due to different levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Our study provides a basis for future molecular and genetic studies on organ-specific chlorophyll accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ohmiya
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masumi Hirashima
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yagi
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Koji Tanase
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamamizo
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
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Vergara-Domínguez H, Roca M, Gandul-Rojas B. Thylakoid peroxidase activity responsible for oxidized chlorophyll accumulation during ripening of olive fruits (Olea europaea L.). Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang W, Liu T, Ren G, Hörtensteiner S, Zhou Y, Cahoon EB, Zhang C. Chlorophyll degradation: the tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase in Arabidopsis seeds is still missing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:70-9. [PMID: 25059706 PMCID: PMC4149732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytyl diphosphate (PDP) is the prenyl precursor for tocopherol biosynthesis. Based on recent genetic evidence, PDP is supplied to the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway primarily by chlorophyll degradation and sequential phytol phosphorylation. Three enzymes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are known to be capable of removing the phytol chain from chlorophyll in vitro: chlorophyllase1 (CLH1), CLH2, and pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH), which specifically hydrolyzes pheophytin. While PPH, but not chlorophyllases, is required for in vivo chlorophyll breakdown during Arabidopsis leaf senescence, little is known about the involvement of these phytol-releasing enzymes in tocopherol biosynthesis. To explore the origin of PDP for tocopherol synthesis, seed tocopherol concentrations were determined in Arabidopsis lines engineered for seed-specific overexpression of PPH and in single and multiple mutants in the three genes encoding known dephytylating enzymes. Except for modestly increasing tocopherol content observed in the PPH overexpressor, none of the remaining lines exhibited significantly reduced tocopherol concentrations, suggesting that the known chlorophyll-derived phytol-releasing enzymes do not play major roles in tocopherol biosynthesis. Tocopherol content of seeds from double mutants in NONYELLOWING1 (NYE1) and NYE2, regulators of chlorophyll degradation, had modest reduction compared with wild-type seeds, although mature seeds of the double mutant retained significantly higher chlorophyll levels. These findings suggest that NYEs may play limited roles in regulating an unknown tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase. Meanwhile, seeds of wild-type over-expressing NYE1 had lower tocopherol levels, suggesting that phytol derived from NYE1-dependent chlorophyll degradation probably doesn't enter tocopherol biosynthesis. Potential routes of chlorophyll degradation are discussed in relation to tocopherol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Tianqi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Guodong Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
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Guyer L, Hofstetter SS, Christ B, Lira BS, Rossi M, Hörtensteiner S. Different mechanisms are responsible for chlorophyll dephytylation during fruit ripening and leaf senescence in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:44-56. [PMID: 25033826 PMCID: PMC4149727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown occurs in different green plant tissues (e.g. during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits). For different plant species, the PHEOPHORBIDE A OXYGENASE (PAO)/phyllobilin pathway has been described to be the major chlorophyll catabolic pathway. In this pathway, pheophorbide (i.e. magnesium- and phytol-free chlorophyll) occurs as a core intermediate. Most of the enzymes involved in the PAO/phyllobilin pathway are known; however, the mechanism of dephytylation remains uncertain. During Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf senescence, phytol hydrolysis is catalyzed by PHEOPHYTINASE (PPH), which is specific for pheophytin (i.e. magnesium-free chlorophyll). By contrast, in fruits of different Citrus spp., chlorophyllase, hydrolyzing phytol from chlorophyll, was shown to be active. Here, we enlighten the process of chlorophyll breakdown in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), both in leaves and fruits. We demonstrate the activity of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway and identify tomato PPH (SlPPH), which, like its Arabidopsis ortholog, was specifically active on pheophytin. SlPPH localized to chloroplasts and was transcriptionally up-regulated during leaf senescence and fruit ripening. SlPPH-silencing tomato lines were impaired in chlorophyll breakdown and accumulated pheophytin during leaf senescence. However, although pheophytin transiently accumulated in ripening fruits of SlPPH-silencing lines, ultimately these fruits were able to degrade chlorophyll like the wild type. We conclude that PPH is the core phytol-hydrolytic enzyme during leaf senescence in different plant species; however, fruit ripening involves other hydrolases, which are active in parallel to PPH or are the core hydrolases in fruits. These hydrolases remain unidentified, and we discuss the question of whether chlorophyllases might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Silvia Schelbert Hofstetter
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Bruno Silvestre Lira
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
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Lima MRM, Diaz SO, Lamego I, Grusak MA, Vasconcelos MW, Gil AM. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics of iron deficiency in soybean leaves. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3075-87. [PMID: 24738838 DOI: 10.1021/pr500279f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is an important agricultural concern that leads to lower yields and crop quality. A better understanding of the condition at the metabolome level could contribute to the design of strategies to ameliorate Fe-deficiency problems. Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient soybean leaf extracts and whole leaves were analyzed by liquid (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Overall, 30 compounds were measurable and identifiable (comprising amino and organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, polyphenols, and others), along with 22 additional spin systems (still unassigned). Thus, metabolite differences between treatment conditions could be evaluated for different compound families simultaneously. Statistically relevant metabolite changes upon Fe deficiency included higher levels of alanine, asparagine/aspartate, threonine, valine, GABA, acetate, choline, ethanolamine, hypoxanthine, trigonelline, and polyphenols and lower levels of citrate, malate, ethanol, methanol, chlorogenate, and 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate. The data indicate that the main metabolic impacts of Fe deficiency in soybean include enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, enhanced activation of oxidative stress protection mechanisms and enhanced amino acid accumulation. Metabolites showing accumulation differences in Fe-starved but visually asymptomatic leaves could serve as biomarkers for early detection of Fe-deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R M Lima
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Plant degreening: evolution and expression of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) dephytylation enzymes. Gene 2014; 546:359-66. [PMID: 24865932 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment on earth and even though it is known that its high photo-excitability necessitates a tight regulation of its degradation pathway, to date there are still several steps in chlorophyll breakdown that remain obscure. In order to better understand the 'degreening' processes that accompany leaf senescence and fruit ripening, we characterized the enzyme-encoding genes involved in dephytylation from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A single pheophytinase (PPH) gene and four chlorophyllase (CLH) genes were identified in the tomato genome. A phenetic analysis revealed two groups of CLHs in eudicot species and further evolutionary analysis indicated that these enzymes are under diverse selection pressures. A comprehensive expression profile analysis also suggested functional specificity for these dephytylating enzymes. The integrated analysis allows us to propose three general roles for chlorophyll dephytylation: i) PPH, which is under high selective constraint, is responsible for chlorophyll degradation during developmentally programed physiological processes; ii) Group I CLHs, which are under relaxed selection constraint, respond to environmental and hormonal stimuli and play a role in plant adaptation plasticity; and iii) Group II CLHs, which are also under high selective constraint, are mostly involved in chlorophyll recycling.
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