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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Valencia-Cantero E, Santoyo G. Plant growth-promoting bacteria potentiate antifungal and plant-beneficial responses of Trichoderma atroviride by upregulating its effector functions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301139. [PMID: 38517906 PMCID: PMC10959389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma uses different molecules to establish communication during its interactions with other organisms, such as effector proteins. Effectors modulate plant physiology to colonize plant roots or improve Trichoderma's mycoparasitic capacity. In the soil, these fungi can establish relationships with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs), thus affecting their overall benefits on the plant or its fungal prey, and possibly, the role of effector proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the induction of Trichoderma atroviride gene expression coding for effector proteins during the interaction with different PGPBs, Arabidopsis or the phytopathogen Fusarium brachygibbosum, and to determine whether PGPBs potentiates the beneficial effects of T. atroviride. During the interaction with F. brachygibbosum and PGPBs, the effector coding genes epl1, tatrx2 and tacfem1 increased their expression, especially during the consortia with the bacteria. During the interaction of T. atroviride with the plant and PGPBs, the expression of epl1 and tatrx2 increased, mainly with the consortium formed with Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270, Bacillus velezensis AF12, or B. halotolerans AF23. Additionally, the consortium formed by T. atroviride and R. badensis SER3 stimulated A. thaliana PR1:GUS and LOX2:GUS for SA- and JA-mediated defence responses. Finally, the consortium of T. atroviride with SER3 was better at inhibiting pathogen growth, but the consortium of T. atroviride with UM270 was better at promoting Arabidopsis growth. These results showed that the biocontrol capacity and plant growth-promoting traits of Trichoderma spp. can be potentiated by PGPBs by stimulating its effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Research, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Research, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Research, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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2
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Wang R, Zhou T, Wang Y, Dong J, Bai Y, Huang X, Chen C. Exploring the allelopathic autotoxicity mechanism of ginsenosides accumulation under ginseng decomposition based on integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1365229. [PMID: 38515624 PMCID: PMC10955472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1365229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacles seriously constrained the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The allelopathic autotoxicity of ginsenosides is the key "trigger" of continuous cropping obstacles in ginseng. During harvest, the ginseng plants could be broken and remain in the soil. The decomposition of ginseng residue in soil is one of the important release ways of ginsenosides. Therefore, the allelopathic mechanism of ginsenosides through the decomposed release pathway needs an in-depth study. To investigate this allelopathic regulation mechanism, the integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics was applied. The prototype ginsenosides in ginseng were detected converse to rare ginsenosides during decomposition. The rare ginsenosides caused more serious damage to ginseng hairy root cells and inhibited the growth of ginseng hairy roots more significantly. By high-throughput RNA sequencing gene transcriptomics study, the significantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained under prototype and rare ginsenoside interventions. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways, phytohormone signal transduction, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Based on the functional enrichment of DEGs, the targeted metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-MS/MS determination was applied to screen endogenous differential metabolized phytohormones (DMPs). The influence of prototype and rare ginsenosides on the accumulation of endogenous phytohormones was studied. These were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid, zeatin, and secondary metabolites, phytohormone signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. After integrating the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, ginsenosides could regulate the genes in phytohormone signaling pathways to influence the accumulation of JA, ABA, and SA. The conclusion was that the prototype ginsenosides were converted into rare ginsenosides by ginseng decomposition and released into the soil, which aggravated its allelopathic autotoxicity. The allelopathic mechanism was to intervene in the response regulation of genes related to the metabolic accumulation of endogenous phytohormones in ginseng. This result provides a reference for the in-depth study of continuous cropping obstacles of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Rahman FU, Khan IA, Aslam A, Liu R, Sun L, Wu Y, Aslam MM, Khan AU, Li P, Jiang J, Fan X, Liu C, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals pathogenesis-related gene 1 pathway against salicylic acid treatment in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L). Front Genet 2022; 13:1033288. [PMID: 36338979 PMCID: PMC9631220 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1033288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-studied phenolic plant hormone that plays an important role in plant defense against the hemi-biothrophic and biothrophic pathogens and depends on the living cells of host for the successful infection. In this study, a pathogenesis test was performed between Vitis davidii and V. vinifera cultivars against grape white rot disease (Coniella diplodiella). V. davidii was found to be resistant against this disease. SA contents were found to be higher in the resistant grape cultivar after different time points. RNA-seq analysis was conducted on susceptible grapevine cultivars after 12, 24, and 48 h of SA application with the hypothesis that SA may induce defense genes in susceptible cultivars. A total of 511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the RNA-seq data, including some important genes, VvWRKY1/2, VvNPR1, VvTGA2, and VvPR1, for the SA defense pathway. DEGs related to phytohormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways were also upregulated. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results of the significantly expressed transcripts were found to be consistent with the transcriptome data, with a high correlation between the two analyses. The pathogenesis-related gene 1 (VvPR1), which is an important marker gene for plant defense, was selected for further promoter analysis. The promoter sequence showed that it contains some important cis-elements (W-box, LS7, as-1, and TCA-element) to recruit the transcription factors VvWRKY, VvNPR1, and VvTGA2 to express the VvPR1 gene in response to SA treatment. Furthermore, the VvPR1 promoter was serially deleted into different fragments (-1,837, -1,443, -1,119, -864, -558, -436, and -192 ) bp and constructed vectors with the GUS reporter gene. Deletion analysis revealed that the VvPR1 promoter between -1837 bp to -558 bp induced significant GUS expression with respect to the control. On the basis of these results, the -558 bp region was assumed to be an important part of the VvPR1 promoter, and this region contained the important cis-elements related to SA, such as TCA-element (-1,472 bp), LS7 (-1,428 bp), and as-1 (-520 bp), that recruit the TFs and induce the expression of the VvPR1 gene. This study expanded the available information regarding SA-induced defense in susceptible grapes and recognized the molecular mechanisms through which this defense might be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ur Rahman
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ahmad Khan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ali Aslam
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ruitao Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yandi Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Muzammal Aslam
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Asad Ullah Khan
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Kumar S, Zavaliev R, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Dillard L, Powers J, Withers J, Zhao J, Guan Z, Borgnia MJ, Bartesaghi A, Dong X, Zhou P. Structural basis of NPR1 in activating plant immunity. Nature 2022; 605:561-566. [PMID: 35545668 PMCID: PMC9346951 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NPR1 is a master regulator of the defence transcriptome induced by the plant immune signal salicylic acid1-4. Despite the important role of NPR1 in plant immunity5-7, understanding of its regulatory mechanisms has been hindered by a lack of structural information. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy and crystal structures of Arabidopsis NPR1 and its complex with the transcription factor TGA3. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis reveals that NPR1 is a bird-shaped homodimer comprising a central Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Bric-à-brac (BTB) domain, a BTB and carboxyterminal Kelch helix bundle, four ankyrin repeats and a disordered salicylic-acid-binding domain. Crystal structure analysis reveals a unique zinc-finger motif in BTB for interacting with ankyrin repeats and mediating NPR1 oligomerization. We found that, after stimulation, salicylic-acid-induced folding and docking of the salicylic-acid-binding domain onto ankyrin repeats is required for the transcriptional cofactor activity of NPR1, providing a structural explanation for a direct role of salicylic acid in regulating NPR1-dependent gene expression. Moreover, our structure of the TGA32-NPR12-TGA32 complex, DNA-binding assay and genetic data show that dimeric NPR1 activates transcription by bridging two fatty-acid-bound TGA3 dimers to form an enhanceosome. The stepwise assembly of the NPR1-TGA complex suggests possible hetero-oligomeric complex formation with other transcription factors, revealing how NPR1 reprograms the defence transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qinglin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lucas Dillard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jordan Powers
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Withers
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinshi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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5
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Khan IU, Ali A, Zareen S, Khan HA, Lim CJ, Park J, Pardo JM, Yun DJ. Non-Expresser of PR-Genes 1 Positively Regulates Abscisic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:815. [PMID: 35336696 PMCID: PMC8950481 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), is not only important for promoting abiotic stress responses but also plays a versatile and crucial role in plant immunity. The pathogen infection-induced dynamic accumulation of ABA mediates the degradation of non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) through the CUL3NPR3NPR4 proteasome pathway. However, the functional significance of NPR1 degradation by other E3 ligases in response to ABA remains unclear. Here, we report that NPR1 is induced transcriptionally by ABA and that npr1-1 mutation results in ABA insensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth. Mutants lacking NPR1 downregulate the expression of ABA-responsive transcription factors ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) and ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), and that of their downstream targets EM6, RAB18, RD26, and RD29B. The npr1-1 mutation also affects the transcriptional activity of WRKY18, which activates WRKY60 in the presence of ABA. Furthermore, NPR1 directly interacts with and is degraded by HOS15, a substrate receptor for the DDB1-CUL4 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that NPR1 acts as a positive regulator of ABA-responsive genes, whereas HOS15 promotes NPR1 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Shah Zareen
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Haris Ali Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Chae Jin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Junghoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jose M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain;
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
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Herrera-Vásquez A, Fonseca A, Ugalde JM, Lamig L, Seguel A, Moyano TC, Gutiérrez RA, Salinas P, Vidal EA, Holuigue L. TGA class II transcription factors are essential to restrict oxidative stress in response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1891-1905. [PMID: 33188435 PMCID: PMC7921300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a robust metabolic network for sensing and controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels upon stress conditions. Evidence shown here supports a role for TGA class II transcription factors as critical regulators of genes controlling ROS levels in the tolerance response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis. First, tga256 mutant plants showed reduced capacity to scavenge H2O2 and restrict oxidative damage in response to UV-B, and also to methylviologen-induced photooxidative stress. The TGA2 transgene (tga256/TGA2 plants) complemented these phenotypes. Second, RNAseq followed by clustering and Gene Ontology term analyses indicate that TGA2/5/6 positively control the UV-B-induced expression of a group of genes with oxidoreductase, glutathione transferase, and glucosyltransferase activities, such as members of the glutathione S-transferase Tau subfamily (GSTU), which encodes peroxide-scavenging enzymes. Accordingly, increased glutathione peroxidase activity triggered by UV-B was impaired in tga256 mutants. Third, the function of TGA2/5/6 as transcriptional activators of GSTU genes in the UV-B response was confirmed for GSTU7, GSTU8, and GSTU25, using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and ChIP analyses. Fourth, expression of the GSTU7 transgene complemented the UV-B-susceptible phenotype of tga256 mutant plants. Together, this evidence indicates that TGA2/5/6 factors are key regulators of the antioxidant/detoxifying response to an abiotic stress such as UV-B light overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Ugalde
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana Lamig
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás C Moyano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Salinas
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena A Vidal
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Holuigue
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Estrella-Maldonado H, Ramírez AG, Ortiz GF, Peraza-Echeverría S, Martínez-de la Vega O, Góngora-Castillo E, Santamaría JM. Transcriptomic analysis reveals key transcription factors associated to drought tolerance in a wild papaya (Carica papaya) genotype. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245855. [PMID: 33513158 PMCID: PMC7845985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the commercial papaya genotypes show susceptibility to water deficit stress and require high volumes of irrigation water to yield properly. To tackle this problem, we have collected wild native genotypes of Carica papaya that have proved to show better physiological performance under water deficit stress than the commercial cultivar grown in Mexico. In the present study, plants from a wild Carica papaya genotype and a commercial genotype were subjected to water deficit stress (WDS), and their response was characterized in physiological and molecular terms. The physiological parameters measured (water potential, photosynthesis, Fv/Fm and electrolyte leakage) confirmed that the papaya wild genotype showed better physiological responses than the commercial one when exposed to WDS. Subsequently, RNA-Seq was performed for 4 cDNA libraries in both genotypes (susceptible and tolerant) under well-watered conditions, and when they were subjected to WDS for 14 days. Consistently, differential expression analysis revealed that after 14 days of WDS, the wild tolerant genotype had a higher number of up-regulated genes, and a higher number of transcription factors (TF) that were differentially expressed in response to WDS, than the commercial genotype. Thus, six TF genes (CpHSF, CpMYB, CpNAC, CpNFY-A, CpERF and CpWRKY) were selected for further qRT-PCR analysis as they were highly expressed in response to WDS in the wild papaya genotype. qRT-PCR results confirmed that the wild genotype had higher expression levels (REL) in all 6 TF genes than the commercial genotype. Our transcriptomic analysis should help to unravel candidate genes that may be useful in the development of new drought-tolerant cultivars of this important tropical crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
- * E-mail: (EGC); (JMS)
| | - Jorge M. Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
- * E-mail: (EGC); (JMS)
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8
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Wang F, Tan H, Zhang Y, Huang L, Bao H, Ding Y, Chen Z, Zhu C. Salicylic acid application alleviates cadmium accumulation in brown rice by modulating its shoot to grain translocation in rice. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128034. [PMID: 33297052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination, which poses a serious threat to human health, has been recognized as a major threat to the agricultural system and crop production. Salicylic acid (SA) is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in against Cd toxicity. Previously, we found that spraying rice with SA could reduce the Cd accumulation in rice grains grown in Cd-contaminated soil. In this study, we studied the specific mechanism of SA spray on reducing Cd accumulation in rice grain. The results showed that treatment with SA could alleviate Cd toxicity in rice by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes that reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, but not by changing the pH, or total or available Cd of the soil. The key factor by which SA treatment reduced Cd accumulation in rice grains was by decreasing the Cd content in rice leaves at the flowering stage. This indicated that SA could modulate the Cd accumulation in shoots, reducing the Cd translocation to rice grains. Furthermore, SA could increase the H2O2 content, activating the SA-signaling pathway and modulating the expression levels of Cd transporters (OsLCT1 and OsLCD) in rice leaves to increase Cd tolerance and reduce Cd accumulation in the rice grain. Thus, spraying rice with SA may be effective measure to cope with Cd contamination in paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Haifeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yanfei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - ZhiXiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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9
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Li Y, Zhao M, Chen W, Du H, Xie X, Wang D, Dai Y, Xia Q, Wang G. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals that multiple hormone signal transduction and carbohydrate metabolic pathways are affected by Bacillus cereus in Nicotiana tabacum. Genomics 2020; 112:4254-4267. [PMID: 32679071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is thought to be a beneficial bacterium for plants in several aspects, such as promoting plant growth and inducing plant disease resistance. However, there is no detailed report on the effect of Bacillus cereus acting on Nicotiana tabacum. In the present study, RNA-based sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between B. cereus CGMCC 5977 and N. tabacum. A total of 7345 and 5604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from leaves inoculated with Bacillus cereus at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that the most DEGs could be significantly enriched in hormone signal transduction, the MAPK signaling pathway, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Furthermore, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis was severely affected by inoculation with Bacillus cereus. In the hormone signal pathway, multiple DEGs were involved in plant defense-related major hormones, including activation of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (Eth). Further analyses showed that other hormone-related genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), auxin (AUX), and cytokinin (CK) also showed changes. Notably, a large number of genes associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, catabolism of starch and oxidative stress were induced. In addition, the majority of DEGs related to nucleic acid sugar metabolism were also significantly upregulated. Biochemical assays showed that the starch content of B. cereus-treated leaves was reduced to 2.51 mg/g and 2.38 mg/g at 6 and 24 hpi, respectively, while that of the control sample was 5.42 mg/g. Overall, our results demonstrated that multiple hormone signal transduction and carbohydrate metabolic pathways are involved in the interaction of tobacco and B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Chongqing Institute of Tobacco Science, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongyi Du
- Technology Center of China, Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co.,Ltd, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Daibin Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Tobacco Science, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ya Dai
- Technology Center of China, Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co.,Ltd, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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10
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Chen J, Clinton M, Qi G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Reprogramming and remodeling: transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of salicylic acid-mediated plant defense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5256-5268. [PMID: 32060527 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As a plant hormone, salicylic acid (SA) plays essential roles in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Significant progress has been made in understanding the SA biosynthesis pathways and SA-mediated defense signaling networks in the past two decades. Plant defense responses involve rapid and massive transcriptional reprogramming upon the recognition of pathogens. Plant transcription factors and their co-regulators are critical players in establishing a transcription regulatory network and boosting plant immunity. A multitude of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators have been discovered, and their roles in SA-mediated defense responses have been reported. However, our understanding of plant transcriptional networks is still limited. As such, novel genomic tools and bioinformatic techniques will be necessary if we are to fully understand the mechanisms behind plant immunity. Here, we discuss current knowledge, provide an update on the SA biosynthesis pathway, and describe the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of SA-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael Clinton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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11
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Zhang X, Liu J, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhang S. GbWRKY1, a member of the WRKY transcription factor family identified from Gossypium barbadense, is involved in resistance to Verticillium wilt. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1667873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Genetics Laboratory, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Genetics Laboratory, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding, PR China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- Genetics Laboratory, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Genetics Laboratory, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
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12
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Chinnapandi B, Bucki P, Fitoussi N, Kolomiets M, Borrego E, Braun Miyara S. Tomato SlWRKY3 acts as a positive regulator for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by activating lipids and hormone-mediated defense-signaling pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1601951. [PMID: 31010365 PMCID: PMC6546140 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1601951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in vegetables, among them Meloidogyne spp. root-knot nematodes (RKNs), lead to extensive yield decline. A molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying plants' innate resistance may enable developing safe alternatives to harmful chemical nematicides in controlling RKNs. A tight relationship has been revealed between the WRKY transcription factors and RKN parasitism on tomato roots. We investigated the function role of tomato SlWRK3 and SlWRKY35 in regulating nematode disease development. Using promoter-GUS reporter gene fusions, we show that both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 are induced within 5 days of infection and through feeding-site development and gall maturation, with a much stronger response of the former vs. the latter to nematode infection. Histological analysis of nematode-feeding sites indicated a high expression of SlWRKY3 in developing and mature feeding cells and associated vasculature cells, whereas SlWRKY35 expression was only observed in mature feeding sites. Both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 promoters were induced by the defense phytohormones salicylic acid and indole-3-butyric acid, with no response to either jasmonic acid or methyl jasmonate. SlWRKY3 overexpression resulted in lower infection of the RKN Meloidogyne javanica, whereas knocking down SlWRKY3 resulted in increased infection. Phytohormone and oxylipin profiles determined by LC-MS/MS showed that the enhanced resistance in the former is coupled with an increased accumulation of defense molecules from the shikimate and oxylipin pathways. Our results pinpoint SlWRKY3 as a positive regulator of induced resistance in response to nematode invasion and infection, mostly during the early stages of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Chinnapandi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- CONTACT Sigal Braun Miyara Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Dröge-Laser W, Snoek BL, Snel B, Weiste C. The Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor family-an update. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:36-49. [PMID: 29860175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic (region) leucine zippers (bZIPs) are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms. Here, we have updated the classification of the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP-family, comprising 78 members, which have been assorted into 13 groups. Arabidopsis bZIPs are involved in a plethora of functions related to plant development, environmental signalling and stress response. Based on the classification, we have highlighted functional and regulatory aspects of selected well-studied bZIPs, which may serve as prototypic examples for the particular groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Basten L Snoek
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Weiste
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
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Vial-Pradel S, Keta S, Nomoto M, Luo L, Takahashi H, Suzuki M, Yokoyama Y, Sasabe M, Kojima S, Tada Y, Machida Y, Machida C. Arabidopsis Zinc-Finger-Like Protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) and Two Nucleolar Proteins Maintain Gene Body DNA Methylation in the Leaf Polarity Gene ETTIN (ARF3). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1385-1397. [PMID: 29415182 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) plays a critical role in leaf adaxial-abaxial partitioning by repressing expression of the abaxial-determining gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). We previously reported that six CpG dinucleotides in its exon 6 are thoroughly methylated by METHYLTRASFERASE1, that CpG methylation levels are inversely correlated with ETT/ARF3 transcript levels and that methylation levels at three out of the six CpG dinucleotides are decreased in as2-1. All these imply that AS2 is involved in epigenetic repression of ETT/ARF3 by gene body DNA methylation. The mechanism of the epigenetic repression by AS2, however, is unknown. Here, we tested mutations of NUCLEOLIN1 (NUC1) and RNA HELICASE10 (RH10) encoding nucleolus-localized proteins for the methylation in exon 6 as these mutations enhance the level of ETT/ARF3 transcripts in as2-1. Methylation levels at three specific CpGs were decreased in rh10-1, and two of those three overlapped with those in as2-1. Methylation levels at two specific CpGs were decreased in nuc1-1, and one of those three overlapped with that in as2-1. No site was affected by both rh10-1 and nuc1-1. One specific CpG was unaffected by these mutations. These results imply that the way in which RH10, NUC1 and AS2 are involved in maintaining methylation at five CpGs in exon 6 might be through at least several independent pathways, which might interact with each other. Furthermore, we found that AS2 binds specifically the sequence containing CpGs in exon 1 of ETT/ARF3, and that the binding requires the zinc-finger-like motif in AS2 that is structurally similar to the zinc finger-CxxC domain in vertebrate DNA methyltransferase1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vial-Pradel
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sumie Keta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lilan Luo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Department of Biology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shoko Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasunori Machida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Machida
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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15
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Takács Z, Poór P, Borbély P, Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I. H 2O 2 homeostasis in wild-type and ethylene-insensitive Never ripe tomato in response to salicylic acid treatment in normal photoperiod and in prolonged darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:74-85. [PMID: 29505970 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene proved to be an important modulator of salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. Since SA may regulate both the production and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which show light-dependency, the aim of this study was to compare H2O2 metabolism in the leaves of SA-treated wild-type (WT) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ailsa Craig) and in ethylene receptor Never-ripe (Nr) mutants grown in normal photoperiod or in prolonged darkness. H2O2 accumulation was higher in the WT than in the mutants in normal photoperiod after 1 mM SA treatment, while Nr leaves contained more H2O2 after light deprivation. The expression of certain superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and activity of the enzyme followed the same tendency as H2O2, which was scavenged by different enzymes in the two genotypes. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity was inhibited by SA in WT, while the mutants maintained enhanced enzyme activity in the dark. Thus, in WT, CAT inhibition was the major component of the H2O2 accumulation elicited by 1 mM SA in a normal photoperiod, since the expression and/or activity of ascorbate (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were induced in the leaves. The absence of APX and POD activation in mutant plants suggests that the regulation of these enzymes by SA needs functional ethylene signalling. While the block of ethylene perception in Nr mutants was overwritten in the transcription and activity of certain SOD and CAT isoenzymes during prolonged darkness, the low APX and POD activities led to H2O2 accumulation in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Péter Borbély
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2., Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
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16
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Barna B, Gémes K, Domoki M, Bernula D, Ferenc G, Bálint B, Nagy I, Fehér A. Arabidopsis NAP-related proteins (NRPs) contribute to the coordination of plant growth, developmental rate, and age-related pathogen resistance under short days. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:124-134. [PMID: 29362091 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleosome assembly protein-related proteins (NRPs) are histone chaperons involved in nucleosome turnover. Despite this basic cellular function, the Arabidopsis nrp1-1 nrp2-1 knock out mutant has been reported to exhibit only mild seedling root phenotypes and to significantly affect the expression of only few hundred genes Zhu et al. (2006). Here we report that NRP loss-of-function as well as the ectopic overexpression of At NRP1 significantly affected the growth, development, and the pathogen response of Arabidopsis plants under short day conditions. The nrp1-1 nrp2-1 mutant grew faster and flowered weeks earlier than the wild type and the overexpressor. The latter developed slower and flowered at a lower number of leaves than the mutant and the wild type. Moreover, the mutant was more sensitive, the overexpressor was more tolerant to pathogen-induced necrosis correlating with their more adult and juvenile character, respectively. Transcriptomic comparison of mature non-bolting plants agreed with the phenotypes. The presented and other published data indicate that although NRPs might not be absolutely required for normal plant growth and development, their level needs to be controlled to allow the epigenetic coordination of metabolic, growth, defence and developmental processes during the acclimation to unfavourable growth conditions such as short days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gémes
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Domoki
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Dóra Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Ferenc
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bálint
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd, Vállalkozók útja 7, 6782 Mórahalom, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd, Vállalkozók útja 7, 6782 Mórahalom, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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17
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Hussain RMF, Kim HK, Khurshid M, Akhtar MT, Linthorst HJM. Overexpression of AtWRKY50 is correlated with enhanced production of sinapic derivatives in Arabidopsis. Metabolomics 2018; 14:25. [PMID: 30830336 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION WRKY proteins belong to a plant-specific class of transcription factors. Seventy-four WKRY genes have been identified in Arabidopsis and many WRKY proteins are known to be involved in responses to stress, especially to biotic stress. They may act either as transcriptional activators or as repressors of genes that play roles in the stress response. A number of studies have proposed the connection of Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factors in induced pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, although no direct evidence has been presented for specific WRKY-PR promoter interactions. OBJECTIVE We previously identified AtWRKY50 as a transcriptional activator of SAR gene PR1. Although PR1 accumulates to high levels in plants after attack by pathogens, its function is still elusive. Here we investigated the effects of overexpression of several WRKY proteins, including AtWRKY50, on the metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. METHODS The influence of overexpression of WRKY proteins on the metabolites of Arabidopsis was investigated by using an NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic approach. The 1H NMR data was analysed using the multivariate data analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the metabolome of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing AtWRKY50 was different from wild type Arabidopsis and transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing other WRKY genes. Amongst other metabolites, sinapic acid and 1-O-sinapoyl-β-D-glucose especially appeared to be the most prominent discriminating metabolites, accumulating to levels 2 to 3 times higher in the AtWRKY50 overexpressor lines. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a possible involvement of AtWRKY50 in secondary metabolite production in Arabidopsis, in particular of hydroxycinnamates such as sinapic acid and 1-O-sinapoyl-β-D-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M F Hussain
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye K Kim
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Khurshid
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, P.O Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad T Akhtar
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Huub J M Linthorst
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Hussain RMF, Sheikh AH, Haider I, Quareshy M, Linthorst HJM. Arabidopsis WRKY50 and TGA Transcription Factors Synergistically Activate Expression of PR1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:930. [PMID: 30057584 PMCID: PMC6053526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PR1 is a salicylic acid (SA) inducible marker gene for systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, the regulation of PR1 in plants is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that AtWRKY50 transcription factor binds to two promoter elements of PR1 via its DNA binding domain. Interestingly, the DNA-binding sites for AtWRKY50 deviate significantly from the consensus WRKY binding W-box. The binding sites are located in close proximity to the binding sites for TGA transcription factors. Transactivation experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts derived from wild type, npr1-1 and tga256 mutant plants indicated that AtWRKY50 alone was able to induce expression of a PR1::β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, independent of TGAs or NPR1. However, co-expression of TGA2 or TGA5 with AtWRKY50 synergistically enhanced expression to high levels. Yeast-2-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments revealed that AtWRKY50 could interact with TGA2 and TGA5. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) it was established that AtWRKY50 and TGA2 or TGA5 simultaneously bind to the PR1 promoter. Taken together, these results support a role of AtWRKY50 in SA-induced expression of PR1. Highlights: AtWRKY50 specifically binds to LS10 region of PR1 promoter and interacts with TGAs to synergistically activate PR1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arsheed H. Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Arsheed H. Sheikh,
| | - Imran Haider
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Weng QY, Song JH, Zhao YT, Zheng X, Huang CC, Wang GY, Zhang J, Xing JH, Dong JG. T1N6_22 positively regulates Botrytis cinerea resistance but negatively regulates Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1318717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Saleh A, Withers J, Mohan R, Marqués J, Gu Y, Yan S, Zavaliev R, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Dong X. Posttranslational Modifications of the Master Transcriptional Regulator NPR1 Enable Dynamic but Tight Control of Plant Immune Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:169-82. [PMID: 26269953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NPR1, a master regulator of basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants, confers immunity through a transcriptional cascade, which includes transcription activators (e.g., TGA3) and repressors (e.g., WRKY70), leading to the massive induction of antimicrobial genes. How this single protein orchestrates genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming in response to immune stimulus remains a major question. Paradoxically, while NPR1 is essential for defense gene induction, its turnover appears to be required for this function, suggesting that NPR1 activity and degradation are dynamically regulated. Here we show that sumoylation of NPR1 by SUMO3 activates defense gene expression by switching NPR1's association with the WRKY transcription repressors to TGA transcription activators. Sumoylation also triggers NPR1 degradation, rendering the immune induction transient. SUMO modification of NPR1 is inhibited by phosphorylation at Ser55/Ser59, which keeps NPR1 stable and quiescent. Thus, posttranslational modifications enable dynamic but tight and precise control of plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaty Saleh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John Withers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rajinikanth Mohan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jorge Marqués
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shunping Yan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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The N-Terminus of the Floral Arabidopsis TGA Transcription Factor PERIANTHIA Mediates Redox-Sensitive DNA-Binding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153810. [PMID: 27128442 PMCID: PMC4851370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis TGA transcription factor (TF) PERIANTHIA (PAN) regulates the formation of the floral organ primordia as revealed by the pan mutant forming an abnormal pentamerous arrangement of the outer three floral whorls. The Arabidopsis TGA bZIP TF family comprises 10 members, of which PAN and TGA9/10 control flower developmental processes and TGA1/2/5/6 participate in stress-responses. For the TGA1 protein it was shown that several cysteines can be redox-dependently modified. TGA proteins interact in the nucleus with land plant-specific glutaredoxins, which may alter their activities posttranslationally. Here, we investigated the DNA-binding of PAN to the AAGAAT motif under different redox-conditions. The AAGAAT motif is localized in the second intron of the floral homeotic regulator AGAMOUS (AG), which controls stamen and carpel development as well as floral determinacy. Whereas PAN protein binds to this regulatory cis-element under reducing conditions, the interaction is strongly reduced under oxidizing conditions in EMSA studies. The redox-sensitive DNA-binding is mediated via a special PAN N-terminus, which is not present in other Arabidopsis TGA TFs and comprises five cysteines. Two N-terminal PAN cysteines, Cys68 and Cys87, were shown to form a disulfide bridge and Cys340, localized in a C-terminal putative transactivation domain, can be S-glutathionylated. Comparative land plant analyses revealed that the AAGAAT motif exists in asterid and rosid plant species. TGA TFs with N-terminal extensions of variable length were identified in all analyzed seed plants. However, a PAN-like N-terminus exists only in the rosids and exclusively Brassicaceae homologs comprise four to five of the PAN N-terminal cysteines. Redox-dependent modifications of TGA cysteines are known to regulate the activity of stress-related TGA TFs. Here, we show that the N-terminal PAN cysteines participate in a redox-dependent control of the PAN interaction with a highly conserved regulatory AG cis-element, emphasizing the importance of redox-modifications in the regulation of flower developmental processes.
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Caarls L, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. How salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 25859250 PMCID: PMC4373269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is a central process in plant immunity. The induction or repression of defense genes is orchestrated by signaling networks that are directed by plant hormones of which salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are the major players. Extensive cross-communication between the hormone signaling pathways allows for fine tuning of transcriptional programs, determining resistance to invaders and trade-offs with plant development. Here, we give an overview of how SA can control transcriptional reprogramming of JA-induced genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. SA can influence activity and/or localization of transcriptional regulators by post-translational modifications of transcription factors and co-regulators. SA-induced redox changes, mediated by thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, modify transcriptional regulators that are involved in suppression of JA-dependent genes, such as NPR1 and TGA transcription factors, which affects their localization or DNA binding activity. Furthermore, SA can mediate sequestering of JA-responsive transcription factors away from their target genes by stalling them in the cytosol or in complexes with repressor proteins in the nucleus. SA also affects JA-induced transcription by inducing degradation of transcription factors with an activating role in JA signaling, as was shown for the ERF transcription factor ORA59. Additionally, SA can induce negative regulators, among which WRKY transcription factors, that can directly or indirectly inhibit JA-responsive gene expression. Finally, at the DNA level, modification of histones by SA-dependent factors can result in repression of JA-responsive genes. These diverse and complex regulatory mechanisms affect important signaling hubs in the integration of hormone signaling networks. Some pathogens have evolved effectors that highjack hormone crosstalk mechanisms for their own good, which are described in this review as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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Omrane S, Sghyer H, Audéon C, Lanen C, Duplaix C, Walker AS, Fillinger S. Fungicide efflux and the MgMFS1 transporter contribute to the multidrug resistance phenotype inZymoseptoria triticifield isolates. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2805-23. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Omrane
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Hind Sghyer
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Colette Audéon
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Catherine Lanen
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Clémentine Duplaix
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Anne-Sophie Walker
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Sabine Fillinger
- UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; INRA; Avenue Lucien Brétignières F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
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Herrera-Vásquez A, Salinas P, Holuigue L. Salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species interplay in the transcriptional control of defense genes expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 25852720 PMCID: PMC4365548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in the transcriptional reprograming that occurs during the plant defense response against biotic and abiotic stress. In the course of the defense response, the transcription of different sets of defense genes is controlled in a spatio-temporal manner via SA-mediated mechanisms. Interestingly, different lines of evidence indicate that SA interplays with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in stressed plants. In this review we focus on the evidence that links SA, ROS, and GSH signals to the transcriptional control of defense genes. We discuss how redox modifications of regulators and co-regulators involved in SA-mediated transcriptional responses control the temporal patterns of gene expression in response to stress. Finally, we examine how these redox sensors are coordinated with the dynamics of cellular redox changes occurring in the defense response to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loreto Holuigue
- *Correspondence: Loreto Holuigue, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Fethe MH, Liu W, Burris JN, Millwood RJ, Mazarei M, Rudis MR, Yeaman DG, Dubosquielle M, Stewart CN. The performance of pathogenic bacterial phytosensing transgenic tobacco in the field. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:755-64. [PMID: 24618221 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytosensors are useful for rapid-on-the-plant detection of contaminants and agents that cause plant stress. Previously, we produced a series of plant pathogen-inducible synthetic promoters fused to an orange fluorescent protein (OFP) reporter gene and transformed them into tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana plants; in these transgenic lines, an OFP signal is expressed commensurate with the presence of plant pathogens. We report here the results of 2 years of field experiments using a subset of these bacterial phytosensing tobacco plants. Time-course analysis of field-grown phytosensors showed that a subset of plants responded predictably to treatments with Pseudomonas phytopathogens. There was a twofold induction in the OFP fluorescence driven by two distinct salicylic acid-responsive synthetic promoters, 4 × PR1 and 4 × SARE. Most notably, transgenic plants containing 4 × PR1 displayed the earliest and highest OFP induction at 48 and 72 h postinoculation (h p.i.) upon inoculation with two phytopathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and P. syringae pv. tabaci, respectively. These results demonstrate transgenic tobacco harbouring a synthetic inducible promoter-driven OFP could be used to facilitate monitoring and early-warning reporting of phytopathogen infections in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Fethe
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Zander M, Thurow C, Gatz C. TGA Transcription Factors Activate the Salicylic Acid-Suppressible Branch of the Ethylene-Induced Defense Program by Regulating ORA59 Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1671-1683. [PMID: 24989234 PMCID: PMC4119047 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), a hormone essential for defense against biotrophic pathogens, triggers increased susceptibility of plants against necrotrophic attackers by suppressing the jasmonic acid-ethylene (ET) defense response. Here, we show that this disease-promoting SA effect is abolished in plants lacking the three related TGACG sequence-specific binding proteins TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6 (class II TGAs). After treatment of plants with the ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), activation of all those genes that are suppressed by SA depended on class II TGAs. Rather than TGA binding sites, GCC-box motifs were significantly enriched in the corresponding promoters. GCC-box motifs are recognized by members of the superfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs). Of 11 activating ACC-induced APETALA2/ERFs, only ORA59 (for OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein59) and ERF96 were strongly suppressed by SA. ORA59 is the master regulator of the jasmonic acid-ET-induced defense program. ORA59 transcript levels do not reach maximal levels in the tga2 tga5 tga6 triple mutant, and this residual activity cannot be suppressed by SA. The ORA59 promoter contains an essential TGA binding site and is a direct target of class II TGAs as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. We suggest that class II TGAs at the ORA59 promoter constitute an important regulatory hub for the activation and SA suppression of ACC-induced genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zander
- Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Molecular Biology and Physiology of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Kumari R, Sharma V, Sharma V, Kumar S. Pleiotropic phenotypes of the salt-tolerant and cytosine hypomethylated leafless inflorescence, evergreen dwarf and irregular leaf lamina mutants of Catharanthus roseus possessing Mendelian inheritance. J Genet 2014; 92:369-94. [PMID: 24371160 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Catharanthus roseus, three morphological cum salt-tolerant chemically induced mutants of Mendelian inheritance and their wild-type parent cv Nirmal were characterized for overall cytosine methylation at DNA repeats, expression of 119 protein coding and seven miRNA-coding genes and 50 quantitative traits. The mutants, named after their principal morphological feature(s), were leafless inflorescence (lli), evergreen dwarf (egd) and irregular leaf lamina (ill). The Southern-blot analysis of MspI digested DNAs of mutants probed with centromeric and 5S and 18S rDNA probes indicated that, in comparison to wild type, the mutants were extensively demethylated at cytosine sites. Among the 126 genes investigated for transcriptional expression, 85 were upregulated and 41 were downregulated in mutants. All of the five genes known to be stress responsive had increased expression in mutants. Several miRNA genes showed either increased or decreased expression in mutants. The C. roseus counterparts of CMT3, DRM2 and RDR2 were downregulated in mutants. Among the cell, organ and plant size, photosynthesis and metabolism related traits studied, 28 traits were similarly affected in mutants as compared to wild type. Each of the mutants also expressed some traits distinctively. The egd mutant possessed superior photosynthesis and water retention abilities. Biomass was hyperaccumulated in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of the lli mutant. The ill mutant was richest in the pharmaceutical alkaloids catharanthine, vindoline, vincristine and vinblastine. The nature of mutations, origins of mutant phenotypes and evolutionary importance of these mutants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Klecker M, Gasch P, Peisker H, Dörmann P, Schlicke H, Grimm B, Mustroph A. A Shoot-Specific Hypoxic Response of Arabidopsis Sheds Light on the Role of the Phosphate-Responsive Transcription Factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:774-790. [PMID: 24753539 PMCID: PMC4044847 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.237990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses are often very specific, but signal transduction pathways can partially or completely overlap. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the transcriptional responses to phosphate starvation and oxygen deficiency stress comprise a set of commonly induced genes. While the phosphate deficiency response is systemic, under oxygen deficiency, most of the commonly induced genes are found only in illuminated shoots. This jointly induced response to the two stresses is under control of the transcription factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1 (PHR1), but not of the oxygen-sensing N-end rule pathway, and includes genes encoding proteins for the synthesis of galactolipids, which replace phospholipids in plant membranes under phosphate starvation. Despite the induction of galactolipid synthesis genes, total galactolipid content and plant survival are not severely affected by the up-regulation of galactolipid gene expression in illuminated leaves during hypoxia. However, changes in galactolipid molecular species composition point to an adaptation of lipid fluxes through the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast pathways during hypoxia. PHR1-mediated signaling of phosphate deprivation was also light dependent. Because a photoreceptor-mediated PHR1 activation was not detectable under hypoxia, our data suggest that a chloroplast-derived retrograde signal, potentially arising from metabolic changes, regulates PHR1 activity under both oxygen and phosphate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klecker
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Philipp Gasch
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Helga Peisker
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Hagen Schlicke
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
| | - Angelika Mustroph
- Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany (M.K., P.G., A.M.);Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany (H.P., P.D.); andPlant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (H.S., B.G.)
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Zhu D, Wu Z, Cao G, Li J, Wei J, Tsuge T, Gu H, Aoyama T, Qu LJ. TRANSLUCENT GREEN, an ERF family transcription factor, controls water balance in Arabidopsis by activating the expression of aquaporin genes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:601-15. [PMID: 24177687 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water is the most abundant molecule in almost all living organisms. Aquaporins are channel proteins that play critical roles in controlling the water content of cells. Here, we report the identification of an AP2/EREBP family transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana, TRANSLUCENT GREEN (TG), whose overexpression in transgenic plants gave enhanced drought tolerance and vitrified leaves. TG protein is localized in the nucleus, binds DRE and GCC elements in vitro, and acts as a transcriptional activator in yeast cells. Microarray analysis revealed a total of 330 genes regulated by TG, among which five genes encode aquaporins. A transient expression assay showed that TG directly binds to the promoters of three aquaporin genes, such as AtTIP1;1, AtTIP2;3, and AtPIP2;2, indicating that TG directly regulates the expression of these genes. Moreover, overexpression of AtTIP1;1 resulted in vitrified phenotypes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, similar to those observed in TG overexpression lines. Water injection into wild-type leaves recapitulated the vitrified leaf phenotypes, which was reversed by cutting off the water supply from vascular bundles. Taken together, our data support that TG controls water balance in Arabidopsis through directly activating the expression of aquaporin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danling Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Pan LJ, Jiang L. Identification and expression of the WRKY transcription factors of Carica papaya in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1215-25. [PMID: 24390238 PMCID: PMC3933750 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factor (TF) plays a very important role in the response of plants to various abiotic and biotic stresses. A local papaya database was built according to the GenBank expressed sequence tag database using the BioEdit software. Fifty-two coding sequences of Carica papaya WRKY TFs were predicted using the tBLASTn tool. The phylogenetic tree of the WRKY proteins was classified. The expression profiles of 13 selected C. papaya WRKY TF genes under stress induction were constructed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of these WRKY genes in response to 3 abiotic and 2 biotic stresses were evaluated. TF807.3 and TF72.14 are upregulated by low temperature; TF807.3, TF43.76, TF12.199 and TF12.62 are involved in the response to drought stress; TF9.35, TF18.51, TF72.14 and TF12.199 is involved in response to wound; TF12.199, TF807.3, TF21.156 and TF18.51 was induced by PRSV pathogen; TF72.14 and TF43.76 are upregulated by SA. The regulated expression levels of above eight genes normalized against housekeeping gene actin were significant at probability of 0.01 levels. These WRKY TFs could be related to corresponding stress resistance and selected as the candidate genes, especially, the two genes TF807.3 and TF12.199, which were regulated notably by four stresses respectively. This study may provide useful information and candidate genes for the development of transgenic stress tolerant papaya varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Pan
- College of the Department of Horticulture and Forestry of Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National Indoor Conservation Center of Virus-free Gemplasms of Fruit Crops, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Gangadharan A, Sreerekha MV, Whitehill J, Ham JH, Mackey D. The Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato type III effector HopM1 suppresses Arabidopsis defenses independent of suppressing salicylic acid signaling and of targeting AtMIN7. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82032. [PMID: 24324742 PMCID: PMC3855835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pto) delivers several effector proteins promoting virulence, including HopM1, into plant cells via type III secretion. HopM1 contributes to full virulence of Pto by inducing degradation of Arabidopsis proteins, including AtMIN7, an ADP ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola strain NPS3121 (Pph) lacks a functional HopM1 and elicits robust defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana, including accumulation of pathogenesis related 1 (PR-1) protein and deposition of callose-containing cell wall fortifications. We have examined the effects of heterologously expressed HopM1Pto on Pph-induced defenses. HopM1 suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression, a widely used marker for salicylic acid (SA) signaling and systemic acquired resistance. Surprisingly, HopM1 reduces PR-1 expression without affecting SA accumulation and also suppresses the low levels of PR-1 expression apparent in SA-signaling deficient plants. Further, HopM1 enhances the growth of Pto in SA-signaling deficient plants. AtMIN7 contributes to Pph-induced PR-1 expression. However, HopM1 fails to degrade AtMIN7 during Pph infection and suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression and callose deposition in wild-type and atmin7 plants. We also show that the HopM1-mediated suppression of PR-1 expression is not observed in plants lacking the TGA transcription factor, TGA3. Our data indicate that HopM1 promotes bacterial virulence independent of suppressing SA-signaling and links TGA3, AtMIN7, and other HopM1 targets to pathways distinct from the canonical SA-signaling pathway contributing to PR-1 expression and callose deposition. Thus, efforts to understand this key effector must consider multiple targets and unexpected outputs of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Gangadharan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mysore-Venkatarau Sreerekha
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Justin Whitehill
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jong Hyun Ham
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Logemann E, Birkenbihl RP, Rawat V, Schneeberger K, Schmelzer E, Somssich IE. Functional dissection of the PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 promoters reveals the importance of WRKY factors in mediating microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1165-1177. [PMID: 23496690 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
· In Arabidopsis thaliana, small peptides (AtPeps) encoded by PROPEP genes act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are perceived by two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases, PEPR1 and PEPR2, to amplify defense responses. In particular, expression of PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 is strongly and rapidly induced by AtPeps, in response to bacterial, oomycete, and fungal pathogens, and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). · The cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) within the PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 promoters that mediate MAMP responsiveness were delineated, employing parsley (Petroselinum crispum) protoplasts and transgenic A. thaliana plants harboring promoter-reporter constructs. By chromatin immunoprecipitation in vivo, DNA interactions with a specific transcription factor were detected. Furthermore, the PHASTCONS program was used to identify conserved regions of the PROPEP3 locus in different Brassicaceae species. · The major MAMP-responsive CRM within the PROPEP2 promoter is composed of several W boxes and an as1/OCS (activation sequence-1/octopine synthase) enhancer element, while in the PROPEP3 promoter the CRM is comprised of six W boxes. The WRKY33 transcription factor binds in vivo to these promoter regions in a MAMP-dependent manner. Both the position and orientation of the six W boxes are conserved within the PROPEP3 promoters of four other Brassicaceae family members. · WRKY factors are the major regulators of MAMP-induced PROPEP2 and PROPEP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Logemann
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Rainer P Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Vimal Rawat
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Gatz C. From pioneers to team players: TGA transcription factors provide a molecular link between different stress pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:151-9. [PMID: 23013435 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0078-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system encompasses an arsenal of defense genes that is activated upon recognition of a pathogen. Appropriate adjustment of gene expression is mediated by multiple interconnected signal transduction cascades that finally control the activity of transcription factors. These sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins act at the interface between the DNA and the regulatory protein network. In 1989, tobacco TGA1a was cloned as the first plant transcription factor. Since then, multiple studies have shown that members of the TGA family play important roles in defense responses against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against chemical stress. Here, we review 22 years of research on TGA factors which have yielded both consistent and conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gatz
- Georg-August-University of Göttingen (GAU), Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Vanden Bossche R, Demedts B, Vanderhaeghen R, Goossens A. Transient expression assays in tobacco protoplasts. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:227-39. [PMID: 23616000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sequence information generated through genome and transcriptome analysis from plant tissues has reached unprecedented sizes. Sequence homology-based annotations may provide hints for the possible function and roles of particular plant genes, but the functional annotation remains nonexistent or incomplete for many of them. To discover gene functions, transient expression assays are a valuable tool because they can be done more rapidly and at a higher scale than generating stably transformed tissues. Here, we describe a transient expression assay in protoplasts derived from suspension cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for the study of the transactivation capacities of transcription factors. To enhance throughput and reproducibility, this method can be automated, allowing medium-throughput screening of interactions between large compendia of potential transcription factors and gene promoters.
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Pieterse CM, Van der Does D, Zamioudis C, Leon-Reyes A, Van Wees SC. Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:489-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1753] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corné M.J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Van der Does
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
| | - Christos Zamioudis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
| | - Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Saskia C.M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
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36
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Wang F, Hou X, Tang J, Wang Z, Wang S, Jiang F, Li Y. A novel cold-inducible gene from Pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis), BcWRKY46, enhances the cold, salt and dehydration stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:4553-64. [PMID: 21938429 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
WRKY TFs belong to one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants and form integral parts of signaling webs that modulate many plant processes. BcWRKY46, a cDNA clone encoding a polypeptide of 284 amino acids and exhibited the structural features of group III of WRKY protein family, was isolated from the cold-treated leaves of Pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis) using the cDNA-AFLP technique. Expression of this gene was induced quickly and strongly in response to various environmental stresses, including low temperatures, ABA, salt and dehydration. Constitutive expression of BcWRKY46 in tobacco under the control of the CaMV35S promoter reduced the susceptibility of transgenic tobacco to freezing, ABA, salt and dehydration stresses. Our studies suggest that BcWRKY46 plays an important role in responding to ABA and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Moore JW, Loake GJ, Spoel SH. Transcription dynamics in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2809-20. [PMID: 21841124 PMCID: PMC3180793 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells maintain sophisticated gene transcription programs to regulate their development, communication, and response to the environment. Environmental stress cues, such as pathogen encounter, lead to dramatic reprogramming of transcription to favor stress responses over normal cellular functions. Transcription reprogramming is conferred by the concerted action of myriad transcription (co)factors that function directly or indirectly to recruit or release RNA Polymerase II. To establish an effective defense response, cells require transcription (co)factors to deploy their activity rapidly, transiently, spatially, and hierarchically. Recent findings suggest that in plant immunity these requirements are met by posttranslational modifications that accurately regulate transcription (co)factor activity as well as by sequential pulse activation of specific gene transcription programs that provide feedback and feedforward properties to the defense gene network. Here, we integrate these recent findings from plant defense studies into the emerging field of transcription dynamics in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven H. Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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van Verk MC, Neeleman L, Bol JF, Linthorst HJM. Tobacco Transcription Factor NtWRKY12 Interacts with TGA2.2 in vitro and in vivo. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 22639590 PMCID: PMC3355607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The promoter of the salicylic acid-inducible PR-1a gene of Nicotiana tabacum contains binding sites for transcription factor NtWRKY12 (WK-box at position -564) and TGA factors (as-1-like element at position -592). Transactivation experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts derived from wild type, npr1-1, tga256, and tga2356 mutant plants revealed that NtWRKY12 alone was able to induce a PR-1a::β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to high levels, independent of co-expressed tobacco NtNPR1, TGA2.1, TGA2.2, or endogenous Arabidopsis NPR1, TGA2/3/5/6. By in vitro pull-down assays with GST and Strep fusion proteins and by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer assays with protein-CFP and protein-YFP fusions in transfected protoplasts, it was shown that NtWRKY12 and TGA2.2 could interact in vitro and in vivo. Interaction of NtWRKY12 with TGA1a or TGA2.1 was not detectable by these techniques. A possible mechanism for the role of NtWRKY12 and TGA2.2 in PR-1a gene expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel C. van Verk
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Lyda Neeleman
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - John F. Bol
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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Capsicum annuum WRKYb transcription factor that binds to the CaPR-10 promoter functions as a positive regulator in innate immunity upon TMV infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:613-9. [PMID: 21771584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In plant, some WRKY transcription factors are known to play an important role in the transcriptional reprogramming associated with the immune response. By using WRKY-domain-specific differential display procedure, we isolated CaWRKYb gene, which is rapidly induced during an incompatible interaction between hot pepper and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) pathotype P(0) infection. The recombinant CaWRKYb bound to the W box-containing CaPR-10 promoter probes efficiently and the specificity of binding was confirmed by mutant study and competition with cold oligonucleotides. Also, in GUS reporter activity assay using Arabidopsis protoplasts with the CaPR-10 promoter, GUS activity was increased in the presence of CaWRKYb. And CaWRKYb-knockdown plant showed reduced number of hypersensitive response local lesions upon TMV-P(0) infection. Furthermore, CaWRKYb-knockdown plant exhibited compromised resistance to TMV-P(0) by accumulating more TMV, apparently through decreased expression of CaPR-10, CaPR-1, and CaPR-5. These results suggest that CaWRKYb is involved as a positive transcription factor in defense-related signal transduction pathways in hot pepper.
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Yamamoto YY, Yoshioka Y, Hyakumachi M, Maruyama K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Tokizawa M, Koyama H. Prediction of transcriptional regulatory elements for plant hormone responses based on microarray data. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:39. [PMID: 21349196 PMCID: PMC3058078 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones organize plant development and environmental adaptation through cell-to-cell signal transduction, and their action involves transcriptional activation. Recent international efforts to establish and maintain public databases of Arabidopsis microarray data have enabled the utilization of this data in the analysis of various phytohormone responses, providing genome-wide identification of promoters targeted by phytohormones. RESULTS We utilized such microarray data for prediction of cis-regulatory elements with an octamer-based approach. Our test prediction of a drought-responsive RD29A promoter with the aid of microarray data for response to drought, ABA and overexpression of DREB1A, a key regulator of cold and drought response, provided reasonable results that fit with the experimentally identified regulatory elements. With this succession, we expanded the prediction to various phytohormone responses, including those for abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, as well as for hydrogen peroxide, drought and DREB1A overexpression. Totally 622 promoters that are activated by phytohormones were subjected to the prediction. In addition, we have assigned putative functions to 53 octamers of the Regulatory Element Group (REG) that have been extracted as position-dependent cis-regulatory elements with the aid of their feature of preferential appearance in the promoter region. CONCLUSIONS Our prediction of Arabidopsis cis-regulatory elements for phytohormone responses provides guidance for experimental analysis of promoters to reveal the basis of the transcriptional network of phytohormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Y Yamamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yohei Yoshioka
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Hyakumachi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyonoshin Maruyama
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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41
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Pape S, Thurow C, Gatz C. Exchanging the as-1-like element of the PR-1 promoter by the as-1 element of the CaMV 35S promoter abolishes salicylic acid responsiveness and regulation by NPR1 and SNI1. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1669-1671. [PMID: 21139438 PMCID: PMC3115131 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) activates gene expression through a number of different mechanisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SA-induced PATHOGENESIS RELATED (PR)-1 promoter is regulated through TGA transcription factors binding to the two TGACG motifs of the so called as-1 (activation sequence-1)-like element which is located between base pair positions -665 and -641. Activation is mediated by the transcriptional co-activator NPR1 (NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1), which physically interacts with TGA factors. Moreover, the promoter is under the control of the negative regulator SNI1 (SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1, INDUCIBLE1). We have recently reported that SNI1-mediated repression of basal promoter activities and NPR1-dependent induction are maintained in a truncated PR-1 promoter that contains sequences between -816 and -573 upstream of the -68 promoter region. In this addendum, we report that the expression characteristics of this truncated PR-1 promoter is changed profoundly when its as-1-like element is replaced by the as-1 element of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter which also contains two TGACG motifs. The resulting chimeric promoter showed high constitutive activity that was independent from SA, NPR1 and SNI1. Thus, the configuration of two TGA binding sites within the PR-1 promoter determines whether NPR1 can induce and whether SNI1 can repress the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pape
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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