1
|
Safran J, Tabi W, Ung V, Lemaire A, Habrylo O, Bouckaert J, Rouffle M, Voxeur A, Pongrac P, Bassard S, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Bonnin E, Larsen DS, Morel-Rouhier M, Girardet JM, Lefebvre V, Sénéchal F, Mercadante D, Pelloux J. Plant polygalacturonase structures specify enzyme dynamics and processivities to fine-tune cell wall pectins. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3073-3091. [PMID: 37202370 PMCID: PMC10396364 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) fine-tune pectins to modulate cell wall chemistry and mechanics, impacting plant development. The large number of PGs encoded in plant genomes leads to questions on the diversity and specificity of distinct isozymes. Herein, we report the crystal structures of 2 Arabidopsis thaliana PGs, POLYGALACTURONASE LATERAL ROOT (PGLR), and ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE2 (ADPG2), which are coexpressed during root development. We first determined the amino acid variations and steric clashes that explain the absence of inhibition of the plant PGs by endogenous PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs). Although their beta helix folds are highly similar, PGLR and ADPG2 subsites in the substrate binding groove are occupied by divergent amino acids. By combining molecular dynamic simulations, analysis of enzyme kinetics, and hydrolysis products, we showed that these structural differences translated into distinct enzyme-substrate dynamics and enzyme processivities: ADPG2 showed greater substrate fluctuations with hydrolysis products, oligogalacturonides (OGs), with a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≤4, while the DP of OGs generated by PGLR was between 5 and 9. Using the Arabidopsis root as a developmental model, exogenous application of purified enzymes showed that the highly processive ADPG2 had major effects on both root cell elongation and cell adhesion. This work highlights the importance of PG processivity on pectin degradation regulating plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Wafae Tabi
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Vanessa Ung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- UMR 8576 Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), 50 Avenue de Halley, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59658, France
| | - Maxime Rouffle
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles 78000, France
| | - Paula Pongrac
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33, Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRAE, UR 1268 Biopolymers, Interactions Assemblies, CS 71627, Nantes Cedex 3 44316, France
| | - Danaé Sonja Larsen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Valérie Lefebvre
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro—BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li P, Wei X, Wang Y, Liu H, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang J, Guo C, Sui S, Wang J, Wang R. Improvement of optimum pH and specific activity of pectate lyase from Bacillus RN.1 using loop replacement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1242123. [PMID: 37469444 PMCID: PMC10352616 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1242123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alkaline pectate lyase plays an important role in papermaking, biological refining and wastewater treatment, but its industrial applications are largely limited owing to its low activity and poor alkali resistance. Methods: The alkaline pectate lyase BspPel from Bacillus RN.1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and its activity and alkali resistance were improved by loop replacement. Simultaneously, the effect of R260 on enzyme alkaline tolerance was also explored. Results: Recombinant pectate lyase (BspPel-th) showed the highest activity at 60°C and pH 11.0, and showed significant stability over a wide pH range (3.0-11.0). The specific enzyme activity after purification was 139.4 U/mg, which was 4.4 times higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. BspPel-th has good affinity for apple pectin, since the V max and K m were 29 μmol/min. mL and 0.46 mol/L, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that the flexibility of the loop region of BspPel-th was improved. Conclusion: The modified BspPel-th has considerable potential for industrial applications with high pH processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhuang Guo
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Songsen Sui
- Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhucheng, Shandong, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Safran J, Ung V, Bouckaert J, Habrylo O, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Lemaire A, Voxeur A, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Mercadante D, Pelloux J, Sénéchal F. The specificity of pectate lyase VdPelB from Verticilium dahliae is highlighted by structural, dynamical and biochemical characterizations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123137. [PMID: 36639075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pectins, complex polysaccharides and major components of the plant primary cell wall, can be degraded by pectate lyases (PLs). PLs cleave glycosidic bonds of homogalacturonans (HG), the main pectic domain, by β-elimination, releasing unsaturated oligogalacturonides (OGs). To understand the catalytic mechanism and structure/function of these enzymes, we characterized VdPelB from Verticillium dahliae. We first solved the crystal structure of VdPelB at 1.2 Å resolution showing that it is a right-handed parallel β-helix structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further highlighted the dynamics of the enzyme in complex with substrates that vary in their degree of methylesterification, identifying amino acids involved in substrate binding and cleavage of non-methylesterified pectins. We then biochemically characterized wild type and mutated forms of VdPelB. Pectate lyase VdPelB was most active on non-methylesterified pectins, at pH 8.0 in presence of Ca2+ ions. The VdPelB-G125R mutant was most active at pH 9.0 and showed higher relative activity compared to native enzyme. The OGs released by VdPelB differed to that of previously characterized PLs, showing its peculiar specificity in relation to its structure. OGs released from Verticillium-partially tolerant and sensitive flax cultivars differed which could facilitate the identification VdPelB-mediated elicitors of defence responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Vanessa Ung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Campus CNRS Haute Borne, Avenue de Halley, 59658, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silva CJ. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Cervids and the Consequences of a Mutable Protein Conformation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12474-12492. [PMID: 35465121 PMCID: PMC9022204 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids (deer, elk, moose, etc.). It spreads readily from CWD-contaminated environments and among wild cervids. As of 2022, North American CWD has been found in 29 states, four Canadian provinces and South Korea. The Scandinavian form of CWD originated independently. Prions propagate their pathology by inducing a natively expressed prion protein (PrPC) to adopt the prion conformation (PrPSc). PrPC and PrPSc differ solely in their conformation. Like other prion diseases, transmissible CWD prions can arise spontaneously. The CWD prions can respond to selection pressures resulting in the emergence of new strain phenotypes. Annually, 11.5 million Americans hunt and harvest nearly 6 million deer, indicating that CWD is a potential threat to an important American food source. No tested CWD strain has been shown to be zoonotic. However, this may not be true for emerging strains. Should a zoonotic CWD strain emerge, it could adversely impact the hunting economy and game meat consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Silva
- Produce Safety & Microbiology
Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Przepiora T, Figaj D, Bogucka A, Fikowicz-Krosko J, Czajkowski R, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Skorko-Glonek J. The Periplasmic Oxidoreductase DsbA Is Required for Virulence of the Phytopathogen Dickeya solani. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020697. [PMID: 35054882 PMCID: PMC8775594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, the DsbA oxidoreductase is a crucial factor responsible for the introduction of disulfide bonds to extracytoplasmic proteins, which include important virulence factors. A lack of proper disulfide bonds frequently leads to instability and/or loss of protein function; therefore, improper disulfide bonding may lead to avirulent phenotypes. The importance of the DsbA function in phytopathogens has not been extensively studied yet. Dickeya solani is a bacterium from the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae family which is responsible for very high economic losses mainly in potato. In this work, we constructed a D. solani dsbA mutant and demonstrated that a lack of DsbA caused a loss of virulence. The mutant bacteria showed lower activities of secreted virulence determinants and were unable to develop disease symptoms in a potato plant. The SWATH-MS-based proteomic analysis revealed that the dsbA mutation led to multifaceted effects in the D. solani cells, including not only lower levels of secreted virulence factors, but also the induction of stress responses. Finally, the outer membrane barrier seemed to be disturbed by the mutation. Our results clearly demonstrate that the function played by the DsbA oxidoreductase is crucial for D. solani virulence, and a lack of DsbA significantly disturbs cellular physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przepiora
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jakub Fikowicz-Krosko
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Nicole Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment André Lwoff 10 rue Raphaël Dubois 69622, F69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng L, Guo Z, Cao S, Zhu B. Elucidating the degradation pattern of a new cold-tolerant pectate lyase used for efficient preparation of pectin oligosaccharides. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:121. [PMID: 38650291 PMCID: PMC10992097 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold-active pectate lyases have drawn increasing attention in food and biotechnological applications due to their ability to retain high catalytic efficiency under lower temperatures, which could be helpful for energy saving, cost reduction and flavor preservation. Herein, a new cold-tolerant pectate lyase (ErPelPL1) gene from Echinicola rosea was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Interestingly, ErPelPL1 retained high catalytic activity even at a low temperature (4 °C). ErPelPL1 exhibited optimal activity at 35 ℃, pH 8.0 with 1 mM of Ca2+. It showed high specific activity towards polygalacturonic acid (34.7 U/mg) and sodium polygalacturonate (59.3 U/mg). The combined thin-layer chromatography (TLC), fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) results indicated that ErPelPL1 endolytically degraded pectic substances into the oligosaccharides with degrees of depolymerization (Dps) of 1-6. In conclusion, this study mainly conducted biochemical characterization and product analysis of a cold-tolerant pectate lyase. Therefore, it provides a promising enzyme candidate for food and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zheng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zilong Guo
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shengsheng Cao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santos-Martin C, Wang G, Subedi P, Hor L, Totsika M, Paxman JJ, Heras B. Structural bioinformatic analysis of DsbA proteins and their pathogenicity associated substrates. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4725-4737. [PMID: 34504665 PMCID: PMC8405906 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The disulfide bond (DSB) forming system and in particular DsbA, is a key bacterial oxidative folding catalyst. Due to its role in promoting the correct assembly of a wide range of virulence factors required at different stages of the infection process, DsbA is a master virulence rheostat, making it an attractive target for the development of new virulence blockers. Although DSB systems have been extensively studied across different bacterial species, to date, little is known about how DsbA oxidoreductases are able to recognize and interact with such a wide range of substrates. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the DsbA enzymes, with special attention on their interaction with the partner oxidase DsbB and substrates associated with bacterial virulence. The structurally and functionally diverse set of bacterial proteins that rely on DsbA-mediated disulfide bond formation are summarized. Local sequence and secondary structure elements of these substrates are analyzed to identify common elements recognized by DsbA enzymes. This not only provides information on protein folding systems in bacteria but also offers tools for identifying new DsbA substrates and informs current efforts aimed at developing DsbA targeted anti-microbials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santos-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pramod Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason John Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng L, Xu Y, Li Q, Zhu B. Pectinolytic lyases: a comprehensive review of sources, category, property, structure, and catalytic mechanism of pectate lyases and pectin lyases. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:79. [PMID: 38650254 PMCID: PMC10992409 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases and pectin lyases have essential roles in various biotechnological applications, such as textile industry, paper making, pectic wastewater pretreatment, juice clarification and oil extraction. They can effectively cleave the α-1,4-glycosidic bond of pectin molecules back bone by β-elimination reaction to produce pectin oligosaccharides. In this way, it will not generate highly toxic methanol and has the advantages of good enzymatic selectivity, less by-products, mild reaction conditions and high efficiency. However, numerous researches have been done for several decades; there are still no comprehensive reviews to summarize the recent advances of pectate lyases and pectin lyases. This review tries to fill this gap by providing all relevant information, including the substrate, origin, biochemical properties, sequence analysis, mode of action, the three-dimensional structure and catalytic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zheng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yinxiao Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kanungo A, Bag BP. Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of pectinolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-019-00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
SAXS and homology modelling based structure characterization of pectin methylesterase a family 8 carbohydrate esterase from Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 641:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Zhou C, Xue Y, Ma Y. Characterization and overproduction of a thermo-alkaline pectate lyase from alkaliphilic Bacillus licheniformis with potential in ramie degumming. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Zhou C, Xue Y, Ma Y. Cloning, evaluation, and high-level expression of a thermo-alkaline pectate lyase from alkaliphilic Bacillus clausii with potential in ramie degumming. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3663-3676. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Zhou Z, Liu Y, Chang Z, Wang H, Leier A, Marquez-Lago TT, Ma Y, Li J, Song J. Structure-based engineering of a pectate lyase with improved specific activity for ramie degumming. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2919-2929. [PMID: 28028551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological applications of microbial pectate lyases (Pels) in plant fiber processing are promising, eco-friendly substitutes for conventional chemical degumming processes. However, to potentiate the enzymes' use for industrial applications, resolving the molecular structure to elucidate catalytic mechanisms becomes necessary. In this manuscript, we report the high resolution (1.45 Å) crystal structure of pectate lyase (pelN) from Paenibacillus sp. 0602 in apo form. Through sequence alignment and structural superposition with other members of the polysaccharide lyase (PL) family 1 (PL1), we determined that pelN shares the characteristic right-handed β-helix and is structurally similar to other members of the PL1 family, while exhibiting key differences in terms of catalytic and substrate binding residues. Then, based on information from structure alignments with other PLs, we engineered a novel pelN. Our rational design yielded a pelN mutant with a temperature for enzymatic activity optimally shifted from 67.5 to 60 °C. Most importantly, this pelN mutant displayed both higher specific activity and ramie fiber degumming ability when compared with the wild-type enzyme. Altogether, our rational design method shows great potential for industrial applications. Moreover, we expect the reported high-resolution crystal structure to provide a solid foundation for future rational, structure-based engineering of genetically enhanced pelNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhenying Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - André Leier
- Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tatiana T Marquez-Lago
- Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumar S, Jain KK, Singh A, Panda AK, Kuhad RC. Characterization of recombinant pectate lyase refolded from inclusion bodies generated in E. coli BL21(DE3). Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Schoch GA, Sammito M, Millán C, Usón I, Rudolph MG. Structure of a 13-fold superhelix (almost) determined from first principles. IUCRJ 2015; 2:177-87. [PMID: 25866655 PMCID: PMC4392412 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are cytoplasm-based transcription factors that bind a ligand, translate to the nucleus and initiate gene transcription in complex with a co-activator such as TIF2 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2). For structural studies the co-activator is usually mimicked by a peptide of circa 13 residues, which for the largest part forms an α-helix when bound to the receptor. The aim was to co-crystallize the glucocorticoid receptor in complex with a ligand and the TIF2 co-activator peptide. The 1.82 Å resolution diffraction data obtained from the crystal could not be phased by molecular replacement using the known receptor structures. HPLC analysis of the crystals revealed the absence of the receptor and indicated that only the co-activator peptide was present. The self-rotation function displayed 13-fold rotational symmetry, which initiated an exhaustive but unsuccessful molecular-replacement approach using motifs of 13-fold symmetry such as α- and β-barrels in various geometries. The structure was ultimately determined by using a single α-helix and the software ARCIMBOLDO, which assembles fragments placed by PHASER before using them as seeds for density modification model building in SHELXE. Systematic variation of the helix length revealed upper and lower size limits for successful structure determination. A beautiful but unanticipated structure was obtained that forms superhelices with left-handed twist throughout the crystal, stabilized by ligand interactions. Together with the increasing diversity of structural elements in the Protein Data Bank the results from TIF2 confirm the potential of fragment-based molecular replacement to significantly accelerate the phasing step for native diffraction data at around 2 Å resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume A. Schoch
- Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Sammito
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixach 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Millán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixach 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Usón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixach 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluis Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus G. Rudolph
- Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu W, Chen X, Li H, Zhu F, Hong Y, Varshney RK, Liang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of aerial and subterranean pods development provides insights into seed abortion in peanut. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:395-409. [PMID: 24793121 PMCID: PMC4152868 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The peanut is a special plant for its aerial flowering but subterranean fructification. The failure of peg penetration into the soil leads to form aerial pod and finally seed abortion. However, the mechanism of seed abortion during aerial pod development remains obscure. Here, a comparative transcriptome analysis between aerial and subterranean pods at different developmental stages was produced using a customized NimbleGen microarray representing 36,158 unigenes. By comparing 4 consecutive time-points, totally 6,203 differentially expressed genes, 4,732 stage-specific expressed genes and 2,401 specific expressed genes only in aerial or subterranean pods were identified in this study. Functional annotation showed their mainly involvement in biosynthesis, metabolism, transcription regulation, transporting, stress response, photosynthesis, signal transduction, cell division, apoptosis, embryonic development, hormone response and light signaling, etc. Emphasis was focused on hormone response, cell apoptosis, embryonic development and light signaling relative genes. These genes might function as potential candidates to provide insights into seed abortion during aerial pod development. Ten candidate genes were validated by Real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, consistent with up-regulation of auxin response relative genes in aerial pods, endogenous IAA content was also significantly increased by HPLC analysis. This study will further provide new molecular insight that auxin and auxin response genes potentially contribute to peanut seed and pod development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifen Li
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghe Zhu
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Hong
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324 India
| | - Xuanqiang Liang
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Crystal structure and substrate-binding mode of a novel pectate lyase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Pectin methylesterase and its proteinaceous inhibitor: a review. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2583-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Structural biology of pectin degradation by Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:301-16, table of contents. [PMID: 18535148 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00038-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Pectin is a structural polysaccharide that is integral for the stability of plant cell walls. During soft rot infection, secreted virulence factors from pectinolytic bacteria such as Erwinia spp. degrade pectin, resulting in characteristic plant cell necrosis and tissue maceration. Catabolism of pectin and its breakdown products by pectinolytic bacteria occurs within distinct cellular environments. This process initiates outside the cell, continues within the periplasmic space, and culminates in the cytoplasm. Although pectin utilization is well understood at the genetic and biochemical levels, an inclusive structural description of pectinases and pectin binding proteins by both extracellular and periplasmic enzymes has been lacking, especially following the recent characterization of several periplasmic components and protein-oligogalacturonide complexes. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the protein folds and mechanisms of pectate lyases, polygalacturonases, and carbohydrate esterases and the binding specificities of two periplasmic pectic binding proteins from Enterobacteriaceae. This review provides a structural understanding of the molecular determinants of pectin utilization and the mechanisms driving catabolite selectivity and flow through the pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
Improvement of the thermostability and activity of a pectate lyase by single amino acid substitutions, using a strategy based on melting-temperature-guided sequence alignment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:1183-9. [PMID: 18156340 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02220-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vast number of random mutagenesis experiments that have targeted protein thermostability, single amino acid substitutions that increase the apparent melting temperature (Tm) of the enzyme more than 1 to 2 degrees C are rare and often require the creation of a large library of mutated genes. Here we present a case where a single beneficial mutation (R236F) of a hemp fiber-processing pectate lyase of Xanthomonas campestris origin (PL(Xc)) produced a 6 degrees C increase in Tm and a 23-fold increase in the half-life at 45 degrees C without compromising the enzyme's catalytic efficiency. This success was based on a variation of sequence alignment strategy where a mesophilic amino acid sequence is matched with the sequences of its thermophilic counterparts that have established Tm values. Altogether, two-thirds of the nine targeted single amino acid substitutions were found to have effects either on the thermostability or on the catalytic activity of the enzyme, evidence of a high success rate of mutation without the creation of a large gene library and subsequent screening of clones. Combination of R236F with another beneficial mutation (A31G) resulted in at least a twofold increase in specific activity while preserving the improved Tm value. To understand the structural basis for the increased thermal stability or activity, the variant R236F and A31G R236F proteins and wild-type PL(Xc) were purified and crystallized. By structure analysis and computational methods, hydrophobic desolvation was found to be the driving force for the increased stability with R236F.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ochiai A, Itoh T, Maruyama Y, Kawamata A, Mikami B, Hashimoto W, Murata K. A novel structural fold in polysaccharide lyases: Bacillus subtilis family 11 rhamnogalacturonan lyase YesW with an eight-bladed beta-propeller. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:37134-45. [PMID: 17947240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704663200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan (RG) lyase produced by plant pathogenic and saprophytic microbes plays an important role in degrading plant cell walls. An extracellular RG lyase YesW from saprophytic Bacillus subtilis is a member of polysaccharide lyase family 11 and cleaves glycoside bonds in polygalacturonan as well as RG type-I through a beta-elimination reaction. Crystal structures of YesW and its complex with galacturonan disaccharide, a reaction product analogue, were determined at 1.4 and 2.5 A resolutions with final R-factors of 16.4% and 16.6%, respectively. The enzyme is composed of an eight-bladed beta-propeller with a deep cleft in the center as a basic scaffold, and its structural fold has not been seen in polysaccharide lyases analyzed thus far. Structural analysis of the disaccharide-bound YesW and a site-directed mutagenesis study suggested that Arg-452 and Lys-535 stabilize the carboxyl group of the acidic polysaccharide molecule and Tyr-595 makes a stack interaction with the sugar pyranose ring. In addition to amino acid residues binding to the disaccharide, one calcium ion, which is coordinated by Asp-401, Glu-422, His-363, and His-399, may mediate the enzyme activity. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a new structural category with a beta-propeller fold in polysaccharide lyases and provides structural insights into substrate binding by RG lyase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ochiai
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kowadlo G, Hall NE, Burgess AW. De novo design of beta-helical polypeptides. Growth Factors 2007; 25:168-90. [PMID: 18049953 DOI: 10.1080/08977190701679772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins, including several growth factor receptors such as the IGF-1R and EGFR family, contain variants of the beta-helix fold. Inspection of the irregular protein beta-helices suggested that different families of regular beta-helical polypeptides can be designed using a series of hinged vectors and the constraints imposed by the geometry of a peptide backbone. We have conceived beta-helices with five and six beta-strands per turn and designed, in detail, a series of regular beta-helices with rhomboidal or triangular cross-sections. Each beta-helix was modeled by threading C(alpha) atoms to follow the vectorial beta-helix and then creating the H-bonded polypeptide backbone and appropriate side-chain orientations. The conformational stability of these regular beta-helices was assessed using molecular dynamics simulations. Several potential repeat amino acid sequences were identified for different geometries of beta-helix. Regular beta-helices offer new possibilities for the study of protein folding, the production of nanofibers, catalysts, inhibitors of growth factor receptors and drug carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Kowadlo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Tumor Biology Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hennetin J, Jullian B, Steven AC, Kajava AV. Standard Conformations of β-Arches in β-Solenoid Proteins. J Mol Biol 2006; 358:1094-105. [PMID: 16580019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Strand-turn-strand motifs found in beta-helical (more generally, beta-solenoid) proteins differ fundamentally from those found in globular proteins. The latter are primarily beta-hairpins in which the two strands form an antiparallel beta-sheet. In the former, the two strands are relatively rotated by approximately 90 degrees around the strand axes so that they interact via the side-chains, not via the polypeptide backbones. We call the latter structures, beta-arches, and their turns, beta-arcs. In beta-solenoid proteins, beta-arches stack in-register to form beta-arcades in which parallel beta-sheets are assembled from corresponding strands in successive layers. The number of beta-solenoids whose three-dimensional structures have been determined is now large enough to support a detailed analysis and classification of beta-arc conformations. Here, we present a systematic account of beta-arcs distinguished by the number of residues, their conformations, and their propensity to stack into arcades with other like or unlike arches. The trends to emerge from this analysis have implications for sequence-based detection and structural prediction of other beta-solenoid proteins as well as for identification of amyloidogenic sequences and elucidation of amyloid fibril structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Hennetin
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS FRE-2593, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Beta-rolls and beta-helices belong to a larger group of topologically similar proteins with solenoid folds: because their regular secondary structure elements are exclusively beta-strands, they are referred to as beta-solenoids. The number of beta-solenoids whose structures are known is now large enough to support a systematic analysis. Here we survey the distinguishing structural features of beta-solenoids, also documenting their notable diversity. Appraisal of these structures suggests a classification based on handedness, twist, oligomerization state, and coil shape. In addition, beta-solenoids are distinguished by the number of chains that wind around a common axis: the majority are single-stranded but there is a recently discovered subset of triple-stranded beta-solenoids. This survey has revealed some relationships of the amino acid sequences of beta-solenoids with their structures and functions-in particular, the repetitive character of the coil sequences and conformations that recur in tracts of tandem repeats. We have proposed the term beta-arc for the distinctive turns found in beta-solenoids and beta-arch for the corresponding strand-turn-strand motifs. The evolutionary mechanisms underlying these proteins are also discussed. This analysis has direct implications for sequence-based detection, structural prediction, and de novo design of other beta-solenoid proteins. The abundance of virulence factors, toxins and allergens among beta-solenoids, as well as commonalities of beta-solenoids with amyloid fibrils, imply that this class of folds may have a broader role in human diseases than was previously recognized. Thus, identification of genes with putative beta-solenoid domains promises to be a fertile direction in the search for viable targets in the development of new antibiotics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS FRE-2593, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maruyama Y, Hashimoto W, Mikami B, Murata K. Crystal Structure of Bacillus sp. GL1 Xanthan Lyase Complexed with a Substrate: Insights into the Enzyme Reaction Mechanism. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:974-86. [PMID: 15979090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. GL1 xanthan lyase, a member of polysaccharide lyase family 8 (PL-8), acts exolytically on the side-chains of pentasaccharide-repeating polysaccharide xanthan and cleaves the glycosidic bond between glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and pyruvylated mannose (PyrMan) through a beta-elimination reaction. To clarify the enzyme reaction mechanism, i.e. its substrate recognition and catalytic reaction, we determined crystal structures of a mutant enzyme, N194A, in complexes with the product (PyrMan) and a substrate (pentasacharide) and in a ligand-free form at 1.8, 2.1, and 2.3A resolution. Based on the structures of the mutant in complexes with the product and substrate, we found that xanthan lyase recognized the PyrMan residue at subsite -1 and the GlcUA residue at +1 on the xanthan side-chain and underwent little interaction with the main chain of the polysaccharide. The structure of the mutant-substrate complex also showed that the hydroxyl group of Tyr255 was close to both the C-5 atom of the GlcUA residue and the oxygen atom of the glycosidic bond to be cleaved, suggesting that Tyr255 likely acts as a general base that extracts the proton from C-5 of the GlcUA residue and as a general acid that donates the proton to the glycosidic bond. A structural comparison of catalytic centers of PL-8 lyases indicated that the catalytic reaction mechanism is shared by all members of the family PL-8, while the substrate recognition mechanism differs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Maruyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wadai H, Yamaguchi KI, Takahashi S, Kanno T, Kawai T, Naiki H, Goto Y. Stereospecific amyloid-like fibril formation by a peptide fragment of beta2-microglobulin. Biochemistry 2005; 44:157-64. [PMID: 15628856 DOI: 10.1021/bi0485880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of the L/D-stereospecificity of amino acids is important in obtaining further insight into the mechanism of the formation of amyloid fibrils. Beta(2)-microglobulin is a major component of amyloid fibrils deposited in patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis. A 22-residue peptide of beta(2)-microglobulin, Ser20-Lys41 (L-K3 peptide), obtained by digestion with Acromobacter protease I, formed amyloid-like fibrils in 50% (v/v) 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and 10 mM HCl at 25 degrees C, as confirmed by thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism spectra, and atomic force microscopy images. A synthetic K3 peptide composed of D-amino acids (D-K3 peptide) formed similar fibrils but with opposite chirality as indicated by circular dichroism spectra. A mixture of L-K3 and D-K3 peptides also formed fibrils, although the L- and D-amino acid composition of each fibril is unknown. To examine the possible cross-reactivity between L- and D-enantiomers, we carried out seeding experiments in which preformed seeds were extended by monomers. The results revealed that only the homologous extensions proceed smoothly, i.e., the growth of L-seeds by L-monomers or D-seeds by D-monomers. The results suggest that, while the fibrils derived from L- and D-peptides form in a similar manner but with opposite stereochemistry, a cross-reaction between them is prevented because the geometry of the mixed sheet cannot satisfy dominant factors for beta-sheet stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Wadai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Czerwinski EW, Midoro-Horiuti T, White MA, Brooks EG, Goldblum RM. Crystal structure of Jun a 1, the major cedar pollen allergen from Juniperus ashei, reveals a parallel beta-helical core. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:3740-6. [PMID: 15539389 PMCID: PMC2653420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409655200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen from cedar and cypress trees is a major cause of seasonal hypersensitivity in humans in several regions of the Northern Hemisphere. We report the first crystal structure of a cedar allergen, Jun a 1, from the pollen of the mountain cedar Juniperus ashei (Cupressaceae). The core of the structure consists primarily of a parallel beta-helix, which is nearly identical to that found in the pectin/pectate lyases from several plant pathogenic microorganisms. Four IgE epitopes mapped to the surface of the protein are accessible to the solvent. The conserved vWiDH sequence is covered by the first 30 residues of the N terminus. The potential reactive arginine, analogous to the pectin/pectate lyase reaction site, is accessible to the solvent, but the substrate binding groove is blocked by a histidine-aspartate salt bridge, a glutamine, and an alpha-helix, all of which are unique to Jun a 1. These observations suggest that steric hindrance in Jun a 1 precludes enzyme activity. The overall results suggest that it is the structure of Jun a 1 that makes it a potent allergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund W Czerwinski
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0647, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jenkins J, Shevchik VE, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Pickersgill RW. The crystal structure of pectate lyase Pel9A from Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:9139-45. [PMID: 14670977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311390200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The "family 9 polysaccharide lyase" pectate lyase L (Pel9A) from Erwinia chrysanthemi comprises a 10-coil parallel beta-helix domain with distinct structural features including an asparagine ladder and aromatic stack at novel positions within the superhelical structure. Pel9A has a single high affinity calcium-binding site strikingly similar to the "primary" calcium-binding site described previously for the family Pel1A pectate lyases, and there is strong evidence for a common second calcium ion that binds between enzyme and substrate in the "Michaelis" complex. Although the primary calcium ion binds substrate in subsite -1, it is the second calcium ion, whose binding site is formed by the coming together of enzyme and substrate, that facilitates abstraction of the C5 proton from the sacharride in subsite +1. The role of the second calcium is to withdraw electrons from the C6 carboxylate of the substrate, thereby acidifying the C5 proton facilitating its abstraction and resulting in an E1cb-like anti-beta-elimination mechanism. The active site geometries and mechanism of Pel1A and Pel9A are closely similar, but the catalytic base is a lysine in the Pel9A enzymes as opposed to an arginine in the Pel1A enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Jenkins
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nyvall P, Corre E, Boisset C, Barbeyron T, Rousvoal S, Scornet D, Kloareg B, Boyen C. Characterization of mannuronan C-5-epimerase genes from the brown alga Laminaria digitata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:726-35. [PMID: 14526115 PMCID: PMC219047 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is an industrially important polysaccharide obtained commercially by harvesting brown algae. The final step in alginate biosynthesis, the epimerization of beta-1,4-d-mannuronic acid to alpha-1,4-l-guluronic acid, a structural change that controls the physicochemical properties of the alginate, is catalyzed by the enzyme mannuronan C-5-epimerase. Six different cDNAs with homology to bacterial mannuronan C-5-epimerases were isolated from the brown alga Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae). Hydrophobic cluster analysis indicated that the proteins encoded by the L. digitata sequences have important structural similarities to the bacterial mannuronan C-5-epimerases, including conservation of the catalytic site. The expression of the C-5-epimerase genes was examined by northern-blot analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in L. digitata throughout a year. Expression was also monitored in protoplast cultures by northern and western blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and activity measurements. From both the structural comparisons and the expression pattern, it appears that the cDNAs isolated from L. digitata encode functional mannuronan C-5-epimerases. The phylogenetic relationships of the bacterial and brown algal enzymes and the inferences on the origin of alginate biosynthetic machinery are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pi Nyvall
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1931, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Laboratoires Goëmar, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff cedex, Brittany, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferguson N, Berriman J, Petrovich M, Sharpe TD, Finch JT, Fersht AR. Rapid amyloid fiber formation from the fast-folding WW domain FBP28. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9814-9. [PMID: 12897238 PMCID: PMC187847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1333907100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The WW domains are small proteins that contain a three-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheet. The 40-residue murine FBP28 WW domain rapidly formed twirling ribbon-like fibrils at physiological temperature and pH, with morphology typical of amyloid fibrils. These ribbons were unusually wide and well ordered, making them highly suitable for structural studies. Their x-ray and electron-diffraction patterns displayed the characteristic amyloid fiber 0.47-nm reflection of the cross-beta diffraction signature. Both conventional and electron cryomicroscopy showed clearly that the ribbons were composed of many 2.5-nm-wide subfilaments that ran parallel to the long axis of the fiber. There was a region of lower density along the center of each filament. Lateral association of these filaments generated twisted, often interlinked, sheets up to 40 nm wide and many microns in length. The pitch of the helix varied from 60 to 320 nm, depending on the width of the ribbon. The wild-type FBP28 fibers were formed under conditions in which multiexponential folding kinetics is observed in other studies and which was attributed to a change in the mechanism of folding. It is more likely that those phases result from initial events in the off-pathway aggregation observed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ferguson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Protein Engineering, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Marín-Rodríguez MC, Smith DL, Manning K, Orchard J, Seymour GB. Pectate lyase gene expression and enzyme activity in ripening banana fruit. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 51:851-7. [PMID: 12777045 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023057202847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct cDNA clones showing sequence homology to higher-plant pectate lyase (Pel) genes were isolated from ripening banana fruits. The transcripts were detected only in fruit tissue and both were strongly ripening-related. Yeast transformation with the most highly expressed Pel clone produced a recombinant protein with pectate lyase activity, demonstrating that this sequence was likely to encode a pectate lyase protein in planta. An assay developed for measuring the action of the endogenous enzyme from banana pulp tissue revealed a significant increase in calcium-dependent pectate lyase activity during ripening. The enhanced levels of enzyme activity corresponded with an increase in soluble polyuronides from banana pulp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Marín-Rodríguez
- Horticulture Research International, Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moctezuma E. The peanut gynophore: a developmental and physiological perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) produces flowers aerially, but it is able to "sow" its own seeds as a result of the growth of a specialized organ called the gynophore. The peanut gynophore is sensitive to light, touch, and gravity, and it is capable of transporting the recently fertilized ovules into the soil. For gynophore growth to occur, many physiological changes in plant hormone accumulation and distribution take place throughout its development. The unique characteristics and physiological events occurring during the gynophore's growth and development, such as its growth rates and indole-3-acetic acid redistribution during gravistimulation, will be reviewed. The peanut gynophore illustrates that the study of the odd or unusual can often provide valuable answers about the typical.Key words: Arachis hypogaea, geocarpy, gravitropism, gynophore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), peanut.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jing H, Takagi J, Liu JH, Lindgren S, Zhang RG, Joachimiak A, Wang JH, Springer TA. Archaeal surface layer proteins contain beta propeller, PKD, and beta helix domains and are related to metazoan cell surface proteins. Structure 2002; 10:1453-64. [PMID: 12377130 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The surface layer of archaeobacteria protects cells from extreme environments and, in Methanosarcina, may regulate cell adhesion. We identify three domain types that account for the complete architecture of numerous Methanosarcina surface layer proteins (SLPs). We solve the crystal structure for two of these domains, which correspond to the two N-terminal domains of an M. mazei SLP. One domain displays a unique, highly symmetrical, seven-bladed beta propeller fold, and the other belongs to the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) superfamily fold. The third domain is predicted to adopt a beta helix fold. These domains have homologs in metazoan cell surface proteins, suggesting remarkable relationships between domains in archaeal SLPs and metazoan cell surface proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jing
- Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Charnock SJ, Brown IE, Turkenburg JP, Black GW, Davies GJ. Convergent evolution sheds light on the anti-beta -elimination mechanism common to family 1 and 10 polysaccharide lyases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12067-72. [PMID: 12221284 PMCID: PMC129399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.182431199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2002] [Accepted: 07/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed beta-elimination of sugar uronic acids, exemplified by the degradation of plant cell wall pectins, plays an important role in a wide spectrum of biological processes ranging from the recycling of plant biomass through to pathogen virulence. The three-dimensional crystal structure of the catalytic module of a "family PL-10" polysaccharide lyase, Pel10Acm from Cellvibrio japonicus, solved at a resolution of 1.3 A, reveals a new polysaccharide lyase fold and is the first example of a polygalacturonic acid lyase that does not exhibit the "parallel beta-helix" topology. The "Michaelis" complex of an inactive mutant in association with the substrate trigalacturonate/Ca2+ reveals the catalytic machinery harnessed by this polygalacturonate lyase, which displays a stunning resemblance, presumably through convergent evolution, to the tetragalacturonic acid complex observed for a structurally unrelated polygalacturonate lyase from family PL-1. Common coordination of the -1 and +1 subsite saccharide carboxylate groups by a protein-liganded Ca2+ ion, the positioning of an arginine catalytic base in close proximity to the alpha-carbon hydrogen and numerous other conserved enzyme-substrate interactions, considered in light of mutagenesis data for both families, suggest a generic polysaccharide anti-beta-elimination mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Charnock
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Johansson K, El-Ahmad M, Friemann R, Jörnvall H, Markovic O, Eklund H. Crystal structure of plant pectin methylesterase. FEBS Lett 2002; 514:243-9. [PMID: 11943159 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a principal component in the primary cell wall of plants. During cell development, pectin is modified by pectin methylesterases to give different properties to the cell wall. This report describes the first crystal structure of a plant pectin methylesterase. The beta-helical structure embodies a central cleft, lined by several aromatic residues, that has been deduced to be suitable for pectin binding. The active site is found at the center of this cleft where Asp157 is suggested to act as the nucleophile, Asp136 as an acid/base and Gln113/Gln135 to form an anion hole to stabilize the transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenth Johansson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jenkins J, Pickersgill R. The architecture of parallel beta-helices and related folds. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 77:111-75. [PMID: 11747907 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(01)00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional structures have been determined of a large number of proteins characterized by a repetitive fold where each of the repeats (coils) supplies a strand to one or more parallel beta-sheets. Some of these proteins form superfamilies of proteins, which have probably arisen by divergent evolution from a common ancestor. The classical example is the family including four families of pectinases without obviously related primary sequences, the phage P22 tailspike endorhamnosidase, chrondroitinase B and possibly pertactin from Bordetella pertusis. These show extensive stacking of similar residues to give aliphatic, aromatic and polar stacks such as the asparagine ladder. This suggests that coils can be added or removed by duplication or deletion of the DNA corresponding to one or more coils and explains how homologous proteins can have different numbers of coils. This process can also account for the evolution of other families of proteins such as the beta-rolls, the leucine-rich repeat proteins, the hexapeptide repeat family, two separate families of beta-helical antifreeze proteins and the spiral folds. These families need not be related to each other but will share features such as relative untwisted beta-sheets, stacking of similar residues and turns between beta-strands of approximately 90 degrees often stabilized by hydrogen bonding along the direction of the parallel beta-helix.Repetitive folds present special problems in the comparison of structures but offer attractive targets for structure prediction. The stacking of similar residues on a flat parallel beta-sheet may account for the formation of amyloid with beta-strands at right-angles to the fibril axis from many unrelated peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jenkins
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jenkins J, Mayans O, Smith D, Worboys K, Pickersgill RW. Three-dimensional structure of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectin methylesterase reveals a novel esterase active site. J Mol Biol 2001; 305:951-60. [PMID: 11162105 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most structures of neutral lipases and esterases have been found to adopt the common alpha/beta hydrolase fold and contain a catalytic Ser-His-Asp triad. Some variation occurs in both the overall protein fold and in the location of the catalytic triad, and in some enzymes the role of the aspartate residue is replaced by a main-chain carbonyl oxygen atom. Here, we report the crystal structure of pectin methylesterase that has neither the common alpha/beta hydrolase fold nor the common catalytic triad. The structure of the Erwinia chrysanthemi enzyme was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement and refined at 2.4 A to a conventional crystallographic R-factor of 17.9 % (R(free) 21.1 %). This is the first structure of a pectin methylesterase and reveals the enzyme to comprise a right-handed parallel beta-helix as seen in the pectinolytic enzymes pectate lyase, pectin lyase, polygalacturonase and rhamnogalacturonase, and unlike the alpha/beta hydrolase fold of rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase with which it shares esterase activity. Pectin methylesterase has no significant sequence similarity with any protein of known structure. Sequence conservation among the pectin methylesterases has been mapped onto the structure and reveals that the active site comprises two aspartate residues and an arginine residue. These proposed catalytic residues, located on the solvent-accessible surface of the parallel beta-helix and in a cleft formed by external loops, are at a location similar to that of the active site and substrate-binding cleft of pectate lyase. The structure of pectin methylesterase is an example of a new family of esterases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jenkins
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Benen JA, Kester HC, Parenicová L, Visser J. Characterization of Aspergillus niger pectate lyase A. Biochemistry 2000; 39:15563-9. [PMID: 11112543 DOI: 10.1021/bi000693w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger plyA gene encoding pectate lyase A (EC 4.2.99. 3) was cloned from a chromosomal lambda(EMBL4) library using the Aspergillus nidulans pectate lyase encoding gene [Dean, R. A., and Timberlake, W. E. (1989) Plant Cell 1, 275-284] as a probe. The plyA gene was overexpressed using a promoter fusion with the A. niger pyruvate kinase promoter. Purification of the recombinant pectate lyase A resulted in the identification of two enzyme forms of which one appeared to be N-glycosylated and the other appeared to be free of N-glycosylation. The two enzyme forms showed identical specific activities. The N-glycosylation free pectate lyase A was further characterized with respect to product formation on polygalacturonic acid (alpha-1,4 linked D-galacturonic acid) and mode of action on oligogalacturonides of degree of polymerization 2-8. The bond cleavage frequencies for tetra-, penta-, and hexagalacturonides were studied as a function of [CaCl(2)]. The bond cleavage frequencies changed in a [CaCl(2)]-dependent way for penta- and hexagalacturonide. Kinetic studies using tetra- and hexagalacturonide revealed a strong sigmoidal [CaCl(2)]-dependent relation. The role of Ca(2+) ions in substrate binding is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Benen
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang W, Matte A, Li Y, Kim YS, Linhardt RJ, Su H, Cygler M. Crystal structure of chondroitinase B from Flavobacterium heparinum and its complex with a disaccharide product at 1.7 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1999; 294:1257-69. [PMID: 10600383 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of acidic heteropolysaccharides, including such molecules as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin and keratan sulfate. Cleavage of the O-glycosidic bond within GAGs can be accomplished by hydrolases as well as lyases, yielding disaccharide and oligosaccharide products. We have determined the crystal structure of chondroitinase B, a glycosaminoglycan lyase from Flavobacterium heparinum, as well as its complex with a dermatan sulfate disaccharide product, both at 1.7 A resolution. Chondroitinase B adopts the right-handed parallel beta-helix fold, found originally in pectate lyase and subsequently in several polysaccharide lyases and hydrolases. Sequence homology between chondroitinase B and a mannuronate lyase from Pseudomonas sp. suggests this protein also adopts the beta-helix fold. Binding of the disaccharide product occurs within a positively charged cleft formed by loops extending from the surface of the beta-helix. Amino acid residues responsible for recognition of the disaccharide, as well as potential catalytic residues, have been identified. Two arginine residues, Arg318 and Arg364, are found to interact with the sulfate group attached to O-4 of N-acetylgalactosamine. Cleavage of dermatan sulfate likely occurs at the reducing end of the disaccharide, with Glu333 possibly acting as the general base.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montréal, Quebéc, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
van Santen Y, Benen JA, Schröter KH, Kalk KH, Armand S, Visser J, Dijkstra BW. 1.68-A crystal structure of endopolygalacturonase II from Aspergillus niger and identification of active site residues by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30474-80. [PMID: 10521427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases specifically hydrolyze polygalacturonate, a major constituent of plant cell wall pectin. To understand the catalytic mechanism and substrate and product specificity of these enzymes, we have solved the x-ray structure of endopolygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger and we have carried out site-directed mutagenesis studies. The enzyme folds into a right-handed parallel beta-helix with 10 complete turns. The beta-helix is composed of four parallel beta-sheets, and has one very small alpha-helix near the N terminus, which shields the enzyme's hydrophobic core. Loop regions form a cleft on the exterior of the beta-helix. Site-directed mutagenesis of Asp(180), Asp(201), Asp(202), His(223), Arg(256), and Lys(258), which are located in this cleft, results in a severe reduction of activity, demonstrating that these residues are important for substrate binding and/or catalysis. The juxtaposition of the catalytic residues differs from that normally encountered in inverting glycosyl hydrolases. A comparison of the endopolygalacturonase II active site with that of the P22 tailspike rhamnosidase suggests that Asp(180) and Asp(202) activate the attacking nucleophilic water molecule, while Asp(201) protonates the glycosidic oxygen of the scissile bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y van Santen
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen University, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Roy C, Kester H, Visser J, Shevchik V, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J, Benen J. Modes of action of five different endopectate lyases from Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:3705-9. [PMID: 10368144 PMCID: PMC93847 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.12.3705-3709.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five endopectate lyases from the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi, PelA, PelB, PelD, PelI, and PelL, were analyzed with respect to their modes of action on polymeric and oligomeric substrates (degree of polymerization, 2 to 8). On polygalacturonate, PelB showed higher reaction rates than PelD, PelI, and PelA, whereas the reaction rates for PelL were extremely low. The product progression during polygalacturonate cleavage showed a typical depolymerization profile for each enzyme and demonstrated their endolytic character. PelA, PelI, and PelL released oligogalacturonates of different sizes, whereas PelD and PelB released mostly unsaturated dimer and unsaturated trimer, respectively. Upon prolonged incubation, all enzymes degraded the primary products further, to unsaturated dimer and trimer, except for PelL, which degraded the primary products to unsaturated tetramer and pentamer in addition to unsaturated dimer and trimer. The bond cleavage frequencies on oligogalacturonates revealed differences in the modes of action of these enzymes that were commensurate with the product progression profiles. The preferential products formed from the oligogalacturonates were unsaturated dimer for PelD, unsaturated trimer for PelB, and unsaturated tetramer for PelI and PelL. For PelA, preferential products were dependent on the sizes of the oligogalacturonates. Whereas PelB and PelD displayed their highest activities on hexagalacturonate and tetragalacturonate, respectively, PelA, PelI, and PelL were most active on the octamer, the largest substrate used. The bond cleavage frequencies and reaction rates were used to estimate the number of subsites of each enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Roy
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Micro-organisms, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Heffron S, Moe GR, Sieber V, Mengaud J, Cossart P, Vitali J, Jurnak F. Sequence profile of the parallel beta helix in the pectate lyase superfamily. J Struct Biol 1998; 122:223-35. [PMID: 9724624 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1998.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The parallel beta helix structure found in the pectate lyase superfamily has been analyzed in detail. A comparative analysis of known structures has revealed a unique sequence profile, with a strong positional preference for specific amino acids oriented toward the interior of the parallel beta helix. Using the unique sequence profile, search patterns have been constructed and applied to the sequence databases to identify a subset of proteins that are likely to fold into the parallel beta helix. Of the 19 families identified, 39% are known to be carbohydrate-binding proteins, and 50% belong to a broad category of proteins with sequences containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The most striking result is the sequence match between the search pattern and four contiguous segments of internalin A, a surface protein from the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. A plausible model of the repetitive LRR sequences of internalin A has been constructed and favorable 3D-1D profile scores have been calculated. Moreover, spectroscopic features characteristic of the parallel beta helix topology in the pectate lyases are present in the circular dichroic spectrum of internalin A. Altogether, the data support the hypothesis that sequence search patterns can be used to identify proteins, including a subset of LRR proteins, that are likely to fold into the parallel beta helix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Heffron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-4560, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vitali J, Schick B, Kester HC, Visser J, Jurnak F. The tree-dimensional structure of aspergillus niger pectin lyase B at 1.7-A resolution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:69-80. [PMID: 9449837 PMCID: PMC35189 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/1997] [Accepted: 09/19/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of Aspergillus niger pectin lyase B (PLB) has been determined by crystallographic techniques at a resolution of 1.7 A. The model, with all 359 amino acids and 339 water molecules, refines to a final crystallographic R factor of 16.5%. The polypeptide backbone folds into a large right-handed cylinder, termed a parallel beta helix. Loops of various sizes and conformations protrude from the central helix and probably confer function. The largest loop of 53 residues folds into a small domain consisting of three antiparallel beta strands, one turn of an alpha helix, and one turn of a 3(10) helix. By comparison with the structure of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase C (PelC), the primary sequence alignment between the pectate and pectin lyase subfamilies has been corrected and the active site region for the pectin lyases deduced. The substrate-binding site in PLB is considerably less hydrophilic than the comparable PelC region and consists of an extensive network of highly conserved Trp and His residues. The PLB structure provides an atomic explanation for the lack of a catalytic requirement for Ca2+ in the pectin lyase family, in contrast to that found in the pectate lyase enzymes. Surprisingly, however, the PLB site analogous to the Ca2+ site in PelC is filled with a positive charge provided by a conserved Arg in the pectin lyases. The significance of the finding with regard to the enzymatic mechanism is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vitali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92512, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bauer DW, Collmer A. Molecular cloning, characterization, and mutagenesis of a pel gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachyrmans encoding a member of the Erwinia chrysanthemi pelADE family of pectate lyases. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1997; 10:369-379. [PMID: 9100381 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pelS gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans 859 was cloned by heterologous expression in nonpectolytic P. syringae pv. syringae BUVS1, using genomic DNA libraries constructed with two novel broad-host-range cosmid vectors, pCPP34 and pCPP47. Screening of P. syringae pv. syringae transconjugants for the ability to pit pectate media at pH 6.0 and 8.5 yielded several overlapping clones of the same DNA region. Ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing gels, activity-stained with diagnostically buffered substrate overlays, revealed that this region encoded a single pectate lyase (PelS) with a pI of 9.4. pelS was subcloned from cosmid pCPP5020 and sequenced, revealing it to encode a member of the Erwinia chrysanthemi PelADE family, with highest similarity to Pseudomonas viridiflava PelV. A pelS probe hybridized at high stringency in DNA gel blots with total DNA from P. syringae pv. lachrymans strains 859 and Pla5, P. syringae pv. tabaci, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, P. syringae pv. glycinea, P. fluorescens (marginalis), P. viridiflava, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, but not with P. syringae pv. pisi, P. syringae pv. syringae, P. syringae pv. tomato, P. syringae pv. papulans, E. chrysanthemi, or Ralstonia (Pseudomonas or Burkholderia) solanacearum. The PelS sequence revealed an N-terminal signal peptide, whose processing in Escherichia coli was confirmed by protein sequence analysis. PelS was similar to E. chrysanthemi PelE in its substrate preference and ability to reduce the viscosity of pectate and to macerate potato tuber tissue. A pelS:: omega Kmr mutation was marker-exchanged into P. syringae pv. lachrymans Pla5, pelS was also subcloned into the broad-host-range expression vector pML122 under control of the vector nptII promoter, and then transformed into P. syringae pv. lachrymans Pla5 to produce a strain overproducing PelS. Necrotic lesions developed in cotyledons following inoculation with all of the P. syringae pv. lachrymans Pla5 derivatives, regardless of their Pel phenotype. However, only cotyledons infected with pelS+ strains showed evidence of maceration and yielded Pel activity upon extraction. In contrast, pelS+ P. syringae pv. syringae BUVS1(pCPP5020) produced no symptoms in cucumber cotyledons. Thus, PelS in P. syringae pv. lachrymans appears to alter the final symptoms in infected cucumber cotyledons without contributing to pathogenicity or altering host range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Bauer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4203, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|