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Sánchez-Bermúdez M, del Pozo JC, Pernas M. Effects of Combined Abiotic Stresses Related to Climate Change on Root Growth in Crops. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:918537. [PMID: 35845642 PMCID: PMC9284278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to crop productivity that negatively affects food security worldwide. Increase in global temperatures are usually accompanied by drought, flooding and changes in soil nutrients composition that dramatically reduced crop yields. Against the backdrop of climate change, human population increase and subsequent rise in food demand, finding new solutions for crop adaptation to environmental stresses is essential. The effects of single abiotic stress on crops have been widely studied, but in the field abiotic stresses tend to occur in combination rather than individually. Physiological, metabolic and molecular responses of crops to combined abiotic stresses seem to be significantly different to individual stresses. Although in recent years an increasing number of studies have addressed the effects of abiotic stress combinations, the information related to the root system response is still scarce. Roots are the underground organs that directly contact with the soil and sense many of these abiotic stresses. Understanding the effects of abiotic stress combinations in the root system would help to find new breeding tools to develop more resilient crops. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the effects of combined abiotic stress in the root system in crops. First, we will provide a general overview of root responses to particular abiotic stresses. Then, we will describe how these root responses are integrated when crops are challenged to the combination of different abiotic stress. We will focus on the main changes on root system architecture (RSA) and physiology influencing crop productivity and yield and convey the latest information on the key molecular, hormonal and genetic regulatory pathways underlying root responses to these combinatorial stresses. Finally, we will discuss possible directions for future research and the main challenges needed to be tackled to translate this knowledge into useful tools to enhance crop tolerance.
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Arias CL, Quach T, Huynh T, Nguyen H, Moretti A, Shi Y, Guo M, Rasoul A, Van K, McHale L, Clemente TE, Alonso AP, Zhang C. Expression of AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 during soybean embryo development influences oil and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1327-1345. [PMID: 35306726 PMCID: PMC9241380 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil is one of the most consumed vegetable oils worldwide. Genetic improvement of its concentration in seeds has been historically pursued due to its direct association with its market value. Engineering attempts aiming to increase soybean seed oil presented different degrees of success that varied with the genetic design and the specific variety considered. Understanding the embryo's responses to the genetic modifications introduced, is a critical step to successful approaches. In this work, the metabolic and transcriptional responses to AtWRI1 and AtDGAT1 expression in soybean seeds were evaluated. AtWRI1 is a master regulator of fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, and AtDGAT1 encodes an enzyme catalysing the final and rate-limiting step of triacylglycerides biosynthesis. The events expressing these genes in the embryo did not show an increase in total FA content, but they responded with changes in the oil and carbohydrate composition. Transcriptomic studies revealed a down-regulation of genes putatively encoding for oil body packaging proteins, and a strong induction of genes annotated as lipases and FA biosynthesis inhibitors. Novel putative AtWRI1 targets, presenting an AW-box in the upstream region of the genes, were identified by comparison with an event that harbours only AtWRI1. Lastly, targeted metabolomics analysis showed that carbon from sugar phosphates could be used for FA competing pathways, such as starch and cell wall polysaccharides, contributing to the restriction in oil accumulation. These results allowed the identification of key cellular processes that need to be considered to break the embryo's natural restriction to uncontrolled seed lipid increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Lucía Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Tu Huynh
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ademar Moretti
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Yu Shi
- Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Amira Rasoul
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kyujung Van
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Leah McHale
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Soybean Research CenterColumbusOHUSA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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Zi X, Zhou S, Wu B. Alpha-Linolenic Acid Mediates Diverse Drought Responses in Maize ( Zea mays L.) at Seedling and Flowering Stages. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030771. [PMID: 35164035 PMCID: PMC8839722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water shortage caused by long-term drought is one of the most serious abiotic stress factors in maize. Different drought conditions lead to differences in growth, development, and metabolism of maize. In previous studies, proteomics and genomics methods have been widely used to explain the response mechanism of maize to long-term drought, but there are only a few articles related to metabolomics. In this study, we used transcriptome and metabolomics analysis to characterize the differential effects of drought stress imposed at seedling or flowering stages on maize. Through the association analysis of genes and metabolites, we found that maize leaves had 61 and 54 enriched pathways under seedling drought and flowering drought, respectively, of which 13 and 11 were significant key pathways, mostly related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenylpropanes, glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism. Interestingly, we found that the α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway differed significantly between the two treatments, and a total of 10 differentially expressed genes and five differentially abundant metabolites have been identified in this pathway. Some differential accumulation of metabolites (DAMs) was related to synthesis of jasmonic acid, which may be one of the key pathways underpinning maize response to different types of long-term drought. In general, metabolomics provides a new method for the study of water stress in maize and lays a theoretical foundation for drought-resistant cultivation of silage maize.
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Abreha KB, Enyew M, Carlsson AS, Vetukuri RR, Feyissa T, Motlhaodi T, Ng'uni D, Geleta M. Sorghum in dryland: morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of sorghum under drought stress. Planta 2021; 255:20. [PMID: 34894286 PMCID: PMC8665920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Droughts negatively affect sorghum's productivity and nutritional quality. Across its diversity centers, however, there exist resilient genotypes that function differently under drought stress at various levels, including molecular and physiological. Sorghum is an economically important and a staple food crop for over half a billion people in developing countries, mostly in arid and semi-arid regions where drought stress is a major limiting factor. Although sorghum is generally considered tolerant, drought stress still significantly hampers its productivity and nutritional quality across its major cultivation areas. Hence, understanding both the effects of the stress and plant response is indispensable for improving drought tolerance of the crop. This review aimed at enhancing our understanding and provide more insights on drought tolerance in sorghum as a contribution to the development of climate resilient sorghum cultivars. We summarized findings on the effects of drought on the growth and development of sorghum including osmotic potential that impedes germination process and embryonic structures, photosynthetic rates, and imbalance in source-sink relations that in turn affect seed filling often manifested in the form of substantial reduction in grain yield and quality. Mechanisms of sorghum response to drought-stress involving morphological, physiological, and molecular alterations are presented. We highlighted the current understanding about the genetic basis of drought tolerance in sorghum, which is important for maximizing utilization of its germplasm for development of improved cultivars. Furthermore, we discussed interactions of drought with other abiotic stresses and biotic factors, which may increase the vulnerability of the crop or enhance its tolerance to drought stress. Based on the research reviewed in this article, it appears possible to develop locally adapted cultivars of sorghum that are drought tolerant and nutrient rich using modern plant breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibrom B Abreha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Muluken Enyew
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Tileye Feyissa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tiny Motlhaodi
- Department of Agricultural Research, Private Bag, 0033, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dickson Ng'uni
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Research Station, P/B 7, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Mulatu Geleta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22, Lomma, Sweden
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Roy S, Mathur P. Delineating the mechanisms of elevated CO 2 mediated growth, stress tolerance and phytohormonal regulation in plants. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1345-1365. [PMID: 34169360 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has drastically affected natural ecosystems and crop productivity. Among several factors of global climate change, CO2 is considered to be the dynamic parameter that will regulate the responses of all biological system on earth in the coming decade. A number of experimental studies in the past have demonstrated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, growth and biomass, biochemical and physiological processes such as increased C:N ratio, secondary metabolite production, as well as phytohormone concentrations. On the other hand, elevated CO2 imparts an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of crop plants and seed quality. Investigations have also revealed effects of elevated CO2 both at cellular and molecular level altering expression of various genes involved in various metabolic processes and stress signaling pathways. Elevated CO2 is known to have mitigating effect on plants in presence of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature etc., while contrasting effects in the presence of different biotic agents i.e. phytopathogens, insects and herbivores. However, a well-defined crosstalk is incited by elevated CO2 both under abiotic and biotic stresses in terms of phytohormones concentration and secondary metabolites production. With this background, the present review attempts to shed light on the major effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth, physiological and molecular responses and will highlight the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other abiotic and biotic factors. The article will also provide deep insights into the phytohormones modulation under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
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Ana Paula A. Editorial Feature: Meet the PCP Editor-Ana Paula Alonso. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:385-386. [PMID: 33439260 PMCID: PMC8286133 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Ana Paula
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas College of Science, USA
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Chadalavada K, Kumari BDR, Kumar TS. Sorghum mitigates climate variability and change on crop yield and quality. Planta 2021; 253:113. [PMID: 33928417 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global food insecurity concerns due to climate change, emphasizes the need to focus on the sensitivity of sorghum to climate change and potential crop improvement strategies available, which is discussed in the current review to promote climate-smart agriculture. Climate change effects immensely disturb the global agricultural systems by reducing crop production. Changes in extreme weather and climate events such as high-temperature episodes and extreme rainfalls events, droughts, flooding adversely affect the production of staple food crops, posing threat to ecosystem resilience. The resulting crop losses lead to food insecurity and poverty and question the sustainable livelihoods of small farmer communities, particularly in developing countries. In view of this, it is essential to focus and adapt climate-resilient food crops which need lower inputs and produce sustainable yields through various biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant traits. Sorghum, "the camel of cereals", is one such climate-resilient food crop that is less sensitive to climate change vulnerabilities and also an important staple food in many parts of Asia and Africa. It is a rainfed crop and provides many essential nutrients. Understanding sorghum's sensitivity to climate change provides scope for improvement of the crop both in terms of quantity and quality and alleviates food and feed security in future climate change scenarios. Thus, the current review focused on understanding the sensitivity of sorghum crop to various stress events due to climate change and throws light on different crop improvement strategies available to pave the way for climate-smart agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Chadalavada
- Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India.
| | - B D Ranjitha Kumari
- Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Senthil Kumar
- Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Straube H, Niehaus M, Zwittian S, Witte CP, Herde M. Enhanced nucleotide analysis enables the quantification of deoxynucleotides in plants and algae revealing connections between nucleoside and deoxynucleoside metabolism. Plant Cell 2021; 33:270-289. [PMID: 33793855 PMCID: PMC8136904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Detecting and quantifying low-abundance (deoxy)ribonucleotides and (deoxy)ribonucleosides in plants remains difficult; this is a major roadblock for the investigation of plant nucleotide (NT) metabolism. Here, we present a method that overcomes this limitation, allowing the detection of all deoxy- and ribonucleotides as well as the corresponding nucleosides from the same plant sample. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and robustness enabling the reproducible detection and absolute quantification of these metabolites even if they are of low abundance. Employing the new method, we analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana null mutants of CYTIDINE DEAMINASE, GUANOSINE DEAMINASE, and NUCLEOSIDE HYDROLASE 1, demonstrating that the deoxyribonucleotide (dNT) metabolism is intricately interwoven with the catabolism of ribonucleosides (rNs). In addition, we discovered a function of rN catabolic enzymes in the degradation of deoxyribonucleosides in vivo. We also determined the concentrations of dNTs in several mono- and dicotyledonous plants, a bryophyte, and three algae, revealing a correlation of GC to AT dNT ratios with genomic GC contents. This suggests a link between the genome and the metabolome previously discussed but not experimentally addressed. Together, these findings demonstrate the potential of this new method to provide insight into plant NT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Straube
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Markus Niehaus
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Sarah Zwittian
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Witte
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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Straube H, Witte CP, Herde M. Analysis of Nucleosides and Nucleotides in Plants: An Update on Sample Preparation and LC-MS Techniques. Cells 2021; 10:689. [PMID: 33804650 PMCID: PMC8003640 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides fulfill many essential functions in plants. Compared to non-plant systems, these hydrophilic metabolites have not been adequately investigated in plants, especially the less abundant nucleotide species such as deoxyribonucleotides and modified or damaged nucleotides. Until recently, this was mainly due to a lack of adequate methods for in-depth analysis of nucleotides and nucleosides in plants. In this review, we focus on the current state-of-the-art of nucleotide analysis in plants with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and describe recent major advances. Tissue disruption, quenching, liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction, chromatographic strategies, and peculiarities of nucleotides and nucleosides in mass spectrometry are covered. We describe how the different steps of the analytical workflow influence each other, highlight the specific challenges of nucleotide analysis, and outline promising future developments. The metabolite matrix of plants is particularly complex. Therefore, it is likely that nucleotide analysis methods that work for plants can be applied to other organisms as well. Although this review focuses on plants, we also discuss advances in nucleotide analysis from non-plant systems to provide an overview of the analytical techniques available for this challenging class of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus-Peter Witte
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
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da Silva RG, Alves RDC, Zingaretti SM. Increased [CO 2] Causes Changes in Physiological and Genetic Responses in C 4 Crops: A Brief Review. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9111567. [PMID: 33202833 PMCID: PMC7697923 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change not only worries government representatives and organizations, but also attracts the attention of the scientific community in different contexts. In agriculture specifically, the cultivation and productivity of crops such as sugarcane, maize, and sorghum are influenced by several environmental factors. The effects of high atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) have been the subject of research investigating the growth and development of C4 plants. Therefore, this brief review presents some of the physiological and genetic changes in economically important C4 plants following exposure periods of increased [CO2] levels. In the short term, with high [CO2], C4 plants change photosynthetic metabolism and carbohydrate production. The photosynthetic apparatus is initially improved, and some responses, such as stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, are normally maintained throughout the exposure. Protein-encoding genes related to photosynthesis, such as the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, to sucrose accumulation and to biomass growth and are differentially regulated by [CO2] increase and can variably participate owing to the C4 species and/or other internal and external factors interfering in plant development. Despite the consensus among some studies, mainly on physiological changes, further studies are still necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms modulated under this condition. In addition, considering future scenarios, the combined effects of high environmental and [CO2] stresses need to be investigated so that the responses of maize, sugarcane, and sorghum are better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Gonçalves da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Rita de Cássia Alves
- Semi-Arid National Institute (INSA), Crop Production Center, Campina Grande, 58434-700 Paraíba, Brazil;
| | - Sonia Marli Zingaretti
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Jaboticabal, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil;
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirão Preto, 14096-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3603-6727
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11
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Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Walker TW, Holub P, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics for a Better Understanding of Plant Responses and Acclimation to Abiotic Factors Linked to Global Change. Metabolites 2020; 10:E239. [PMID: 32527044 PMCID: PMC7345909 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of ecometabolomic studies, which use metabolomic analyses to disentangle organisms' metabolic responses and acclimation to a changing environment, has grown exponentially in recent years. Here, we review the results and conclusions of ecometabolomic studies on the impacts of four main drivers of global change (increasing frequencies of drought episodes, heat stress, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N) loads) on plant metabolism. Ecometabolomic studies of drought effects confirmed findings of previous target studies, in which most changes in metabolism are characterized by increased concentrations of soluble sugars and carbohydrate derivatives and frequently also by elevated concentrations of free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenes, also commonly exhibited increased concentrations when drought intensified. Under heat and increasing N loads, soluble amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine were the most responsive metabolites. Foliar metabolic responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were dominated by greater production of monosaccharides and associated synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, rather than secondary metabolites synthesized along longer sugar pathways involving N-rich precursor molecules, such as those formed from cyclic amino acids and along the shikimate pathway. We suggest that breeding for crop genotypes tolerant to drought and heat stress should be based on their capacity to increase the concentrations of C-rich compounds more than the concentrations of smaller N-rich molecules, such as amino acids. This could facilitate rapid and efficient stress response by reducing protein catabolism without compromising enzymatic capacity or increasing the requirement for re-transcription and de novo biosynthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Tom W.N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
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Castro-Moretti FR, Cocuron JC, Vega FE, Alonso AP. Differential Metabolic Responses Caused by the Most Important Insect Pest of Coffee Worldwide, the Coffee Berry Borer ( Hypothenemus hampei). J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:2597-2605. [PMID: 32040302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The world's coffee supply is threatened by the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, the most destructive pest affecting coffee production and quality. This study hypothesized that coffee berry borer infestation induces distinct metabolic responses in the green coffee seeds of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (robusta). A targeted metabolomics approach was conducted using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantify intracellular metabolites in infested and uninfested arabica and robusta green seeds. In parallel, the seed biomass content and composition were assessed for the same conditions. Coffee berry borer attack induced increases in the levels of chlorogenic acids in arabica seeds, whereas organic acids and sugar alcohols were more abundant in infested robusta seeds. Most importantly, a set of compounds was identified as biomarkers differentiating the metabolic response of these taxa to the coffee berry borer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
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Cocuron JC, Koubaa M, Kimmelfield R, Ross Z, Alonso AP. A Combined Metabolomics and Fluxomics Analysis Identifies Steps Limiting Oil Synthesis in Maize Embryos. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:961-975. [PMID: 31530627 PMCID: PMC6836839 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in maize (Zea mays) has tremendous potential nutritional and economic benefits due to the rapidly growing demand for vegetable oil. In maize kernels, the endosperm and the embryo are the main sites for synthesis and accumulation of starch and oil, respectively. So far, breeding efforts to achieve elevated oil content in maize have resulted in smaller endosperms and therefore lower yield. Directly changing their carbon metabolism may be the key to increasing oil content in maize kernels without affecting yield. To test this hypothesis, the intracellular metabolite levels were compared in maize embryos from two different maize lines, ALEXHO S K SYNTHETIC (Alex) and LH59, which accumulate 48% and 34% of oil, respectively. Comparative metabolomics highlighted the metabolites and pathways that were active in the embryos and important for oil production. The contribution of each pathway to FAS in terms of carbon, reductant, and energy provision was assessed by measuring the carbon flow through the metabolic network (13C-metabolic flux analysis) in developing Alex embryos to build a map of carbon flow through the central metabolism. This approach combined mathematical modeling with biochemical quantification to identify metabolic bottlenecks in FAS in maize embryos. This study describes a combination of innovative tools that will pave the way for controlling seed composition in important food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Cocuron
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Mohamed Koubaa
- Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (Université de Technologie de Compiègne/École Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale, Équipe d'Accueil 4297 Transformations Integrées de la Matière Renouvelable), Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, course spéciale 60319, F-60203 Compiègne cedex, France
| | - Rebecca Kimmelfield
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zacchary Ross
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, Ohio 43016
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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Doppler M, Bueschl C, Kluger B, Koutnik A, Lemmens M, Buerstmayr H, Rechthaler J, Krska R, Adam G, Schuhmacher R. Stable Isotope-Assisted Plant Metabolomics: Combination of Global and Tracer-Based Labeling for Enhanced Untargeted Profiling and Compound Annotation. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1366. [PMID: 31708958 PMCID: PMC6824187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted approaches and thus biological interpretation of metabolomics results are still hampered by the reliable assignment of the global metabolome as well as classification and (putative) identification of metabolites. In this work we present an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based stable isotope assisted approach that combines global metabolome and tracer based isotope labeling for improved characterization of (unknown) metabolites and their classification into tracer derived submetabolomes. To this end, wheat plants were cultivated in a customized growth chamber, which was kept at 400 ± 50 ppm 13CO2 to produce highly enriched uniformly 13C-labeled sample material. Additionally, native plants were grown in the greenhouse and treated with either 13C9-labeled phenylalanine (Phe) or 13C11-labeled tryptophan (Trp) to study their metabolism and biochemical pathways. After sample preparation, liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis and automated data evaluation, the results of the global metabolome- and tracer-labeling approaches were combined. A total of 1,729 plant metabolites were detected out of which 122 respective 58 metabolites account for the Phe- and Trp-derived submetabolomes. Besides m/z and retention time, also the total number of carbon atoms as well as those of the incorporated tracer moieties were obtained for the detected metabolite ions. With this information at hand characterization of unknown compounds was improved as the additional knowledge from the tracer approaches considerably reduced the number of plausible sum formulas and structures of the detected metabolites. Finally, the number of putative structure formulas was further reduced by isotope-assisted annotation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) derived product ion spectra of the detected metabolites. A major innovation of this paper is the classification of the metabolites into submetabolomes which turned out to be valuable information for effective filtering of database hits based on characteristic structural subparts. This allows the generation of a final list of true plant metabolites, which can be characterized at different levels of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doppler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kluger
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Andrea Koutnik
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Justyna Rechthaler
- University of Applied Sciences Wr. Neustadt, Degree Programme Biotechnical Processes (FHWN-Tulln), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Wu F, Sun X, Zou B, Zhu P, Lin N, Lin J, Ji K. Transcriptional Analysis of Masson Pine ( Pinus massoniana) under High CO 2 Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E804. [PMID: 31614914 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanism of the response of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana), the main coniferous tree in southern China, to high CO2 stress, transcriptome sequencing was carried out to analyze the genome-wide responses of annual seedlings under different durations (0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h) of high CO2 stress. The results showed that a total of 3080/1908, 3110/2115 and 2684/1483 genes were up-/down-regulated after 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of treatment, respectively, compared with control check group (CK, 0 h). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that most of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in energy metabolism, carbohydrate synthesis, cell wall precursor synthesis and hormone regulation pathways. For energy metabolism, the expression of most genes involved in photosynthesis (including the light reaction and Calvin cycle) was generally inhibited, while the expression of genes related glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and PPP pathway was up-regulated. In addition, the increase in the CO2 concentration induced the up-regulation of gene expression in the sucrose synthesis pathway. Among all starch synthesis genes, GBSS (granule-bound starch synthase) had the highest expression level. On the other hand, during the synthesis of hemicellulose and pectin (cell wall precursor substances), the expression levels of GMD (GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase), MGP (Mannose-1-phosphate guanylyl transferase) and RHM (Rhamnose biosynthetic enzyme) were the highest, suggesting that the synthesis of the raw materials hemicellulose and pectin in Masson pine under stress were mainly supplied by GDP-Man, GDP-Fuc and UDP-Rha. Finally, stress inhibited gene expression in the ABA (Abscisic Acid) synthesis pathway and induced gene expression in the GA (Gibberellin), SA (Salicylic acid), BR(Brassinolide) and MeJA (Methyl Jasmonate) pathways. Stomatal switches were regulated by hormonal interactions. This experiment elaborated on the response and molecular mechanism of Masson pine to CO2 stress and aided in screening carbon sequestration genes for the corresponding molecular research of Masson pine in the future.
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Jardim VC, Santos SDS, Fujita A, Buckeridge MS. BioNetStat: A Tool for Biological Networks Differential Analysis. Front Genet 2019; 10:594. [PMID: 31293621 PMCID: PMC6598498 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of interactions among biological components can be carried out by using methods grounded on network theory. Most of these methods focus on the comparison of two biological networks (e.g., control vs. disease). However, biological systems often present more than two biological states (e.g., tumor grades). To compare two or more networks simultaneously, we developed BioNetStat, a Bioconductor package with a user-friendly graphical interface. BioNetStat compares correlation networks based on the probability distribution of a feature of the graph (e.g., centrality measures). The analysis of the structural alterations on the network reveals significant modifications in the system. For example, the analysis of centrality measures provides information about how the relevance of the nodes changes among the biological states. We evaluated the performance of BioNetStat in both, toy models and two case studies. The latter related to gene expression of tumor cells and plant metabolism. Results based on simulated scenarios suggest that the statistical power of BioNetStat is less sensitive to the increase of the number of networks than Gene Set Coexpression Analysis (GSCA). Also, besides being able to identify nodes with modified centralities, BioNetStat identified altered networks associated with signaling pathways that were not identified by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Carvalho Jardim
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana de Siqueira Santos
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Fujita
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang H, Gu X, Ding M, Lu W, Lu D. Activities of starch synthetic enzymes and contents of endogenous hormones in waxy maize grains subjected to post-silking water deficit. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7059. [PMID: 31065011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainfed maize in Southern China and frequently suffer water deficit at later plant growth periods. A pot trial in 2014–2015 was conducted to study the effects of drought stress (the relative soil moisture contents are 70–80% and 50–60% under control and water deficit conditions, respectively) after pollination on grain filling and starch accumulation, activities of starch synthetic enzymes, and contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), with Suyunuo5 as test material. The grain fresh weight, volume, and dry weight were not affected by drought before 10 days after pollination but were restricted thereafter. The reduction at maturity was reduced by 33.3%, 40.0%, and 32.3% in 2014 and by 21.7%, 24.3%, and 18.3% in 2015. The grain filling rate was suppressed by water deficit, whereas grain moisture and starch content were slightly affected. The starch accumulation was decreased by 33.5% and 20.0% at maturity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The activities of starch synthetic enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme) were downregulated by post-silking drought. The ABA content was increased, whereas IAA content was decreased when plants suffered water deficit during grain filling. In conclusion, post-silking water deficit increased ABA content, decreased IAA content, and weakened the activities of starch synthetic enzymes, which suppressed grain development and ultimately reduced grain weight.
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Zhao X, Li WF, Wang Y, Ma ZH, Yang SJ, Zhou Q, Mao J, Chen BH. Elevated CO 2 concentration promotes photosynthesis of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pinot noir') plantlet in vitro by regulating RbcS and Rca revealed by proteomic and transcriptomic profiles. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30696402 PMCID: PMC6352424 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant photosynthesis can be improved by elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2). In vitro growth under CO2 enriched environment can lead to greater biomass accumulation than the conventional in micropropagation. However, little is know about how eCO2 promotes transformation of grape plantlets in vitro from heterotrophic to autotrophic. In addition, how photosynthesis-related genes and their proteins are expressed under eCO2 and the mechanisms of how eCO2 regulates RbcS, Rca and their proteins have not been reported. RESULTS Grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pinot Noir') plantlets in vitro were cultured with 2% sucrose designated as control (CK), with eCO2 (1000 μmol·mol- 1) as C0, with both 2% sucrose and eCO2 as Cs. Here, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles associated with photosynthesis and growth in leaves of V. vinifera at different CO2 concentration were analyzed. A total of 1814 genes (465 up-regulated and 1349 down-regulated) and 172 proteins (80 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated) were significantly differentially expressed in eCO2 compared to CK. Photosynthesis-antenna, photosynthesis and metabolism pathways were enriched based on GO and KEGG. Simultaneously, 9, 6 and 48 proteins were involved in the three pathways, respectively. The leaf area, plantlet height, qP, ΦPSII and ETR increased under eCO2, whereas Fv/Fm and NPQ decreased. Changes of these physiological indexes are related to the function of DEPs. After combined analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic, the results make clear that eCO2 have different effects on gene transcription and translation. RbcS was not correlated with its mRNA level, suggesting that the change in the amount of RbcS is regulated at their transcript levels by eCO2. However, Rca was negatively correlated with its mRNA level, it is suggested that the change in the amount of its corresponding protein is regulated at their translation levels by eCO2. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic, proteomic and physiological analysis were used to evaluate eCO2 effects on photosynthesis. The eCO2 triggered the RbcS and Rca up-regulated, thus promoting photosynthesis and then advancing transformation of grape plantlets from heterotrophic to autotrophic. This research will helpful to understand the influence of eCO2 on plant growth and promote reveal the mechanism of plant transformation from heterotrophic to autotrophic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-Huan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Merewitz E, Peng Y, Ma X, Huang L, Yan Y. Metabolic Pathways Regulated by Chitosan Contributing to Drought Resistance in White Clover. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3039-3052. [PMID: 28703589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased endogenous chitosan (CTS) could be associated with improved drought resistance in white clover (Trifolium repens). Plants were pretreated with or without 1 mg/mL CTS and then were subjected to optimal or water-limited condition in controlled growth chambers for 6 days. Phenotypic and physiological results indicated that exogenous CTS significantly improved drought resistance of white clover. Metabolome results showed that exogenous CTS induced a significant increase in endogenous CTS content during dehydration accompanied by the maintenance of greater accumulation of sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, and other metabolites (ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, putrescine, and spermidine). These compounds are associated with osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, stress signaling, and energy metabolism under stress condition. Similarly, transcriptome revealed that many genes in relation to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy production and conversion, and ascorbate-glutathione and flavonoid metabolism were significantly up-regulated by CTS in response to dehydration stress. CTS-induced drought resistance was associated with the accumulation of stress protective metabolites, the enhancement of ascorbate-glutathione and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and increases in the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt, polyamine synthesis, and flavonoids metabolism contributing to improved osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, stress signaling, and energy production for stress defense, thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis under dehydration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Emily Merewitz
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130, China
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Oliveira VF, Silva EA, Carvalho MAM. Elevated CO2 Atmosphere Minimizes the Effect of Drought on the Cerrado Species Chrysolaena obovata. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:810. [PMID: 27379114 PMCID: PMC4905961 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chrysolaena obovata stores inulin in the rhizophores, associated with drought tolerance. While crop plants are widely studied concerning the interactive effects of high [CO2] and drought, few studies reported these effects in native species. Here, we evaluated the combined effects of these factors on water status and fructan metabolism in C. obovata, a native Cerrado species. Two lots of plants were kept at 380 and 760 ppm CO2 in open-top chambers. In each, [CO2] plants were divided into four groups and cultivated under different water availability: irrigation with 100 (control), 75 (low), 50 (medium), and 25% (severe drought) of the water evapotranspirated in the last 48 h. In each, water treatment plants were collected at 0, 9, 18, and 27 days. On day 27, all plants were re-watered to field capacity and, after 5 days, a new sampling was made. Water restriction caused a decrease in plant moisture, photosynthesis, and in enzymes of fructan metabolism. These changes were generally more pronounced in 25% plants under ambient [CO2]. In the later, increases in the proportion of hexoses and consequent modification of the fructan chain sizes were more marked than under high [CO2]. The results indicate that under elevated [CO2], the negative effects of water restriction on physiological processes were minimized, including the maintenance of rhizophore water potential, increase in water use efficiency, maintenance of photosynthesis and fructan reserves for a longer period, conditions that shall favor the conservation of this species in the predicted climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F. Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, São PauloBrazil
- Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São PauloBrazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, São PauloBrazil
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