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Vannini A, Carbognani M, Chiari G, Forte TGW, Lumiero F, Malcevschi A, Rodolfi M, Ganino T, Petraglia A. Effects of Wood-Derived Biochar on Germination, Physiology, and Growth of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3254. [PMID: 36501294 PMCID: PMC9741182 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) soil amendments could partially counteract soil carbon (C) stock decrease in broad-leaved forests in Italy; however, its effects on the growth of representative tree species—Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus cerris L.—has not yet been addressed. We examine whether seed germination and growth of these species are affected by addition of BC obtained from deciduous broadleaf trees. Seeds were left to germinate in greenhouse conditions under three different BC amendments: 0% (control), 10% and 20% (v/v). Seedlings were then subjected to controlled conditions under the same BC percentage. Biochar effects on seed germination were assessed measuring germination time and percentage, while effects on photosynthesis were assessed using leaf chlorophyll content (mg/m2) and photosynthetic efficiency (FV/FM). Plant growth was estimated by recording leaf number, longest leaf length and plant height. Biochar treatments had no negative effects on germination and early growth stage of the two species. Positive effects were found on the chlorophyll content of both species (ca. +8%) regardless of the treatment and on the leaf number (+30%), leaf length (+14%) and plant height (+48%) of Q. cerris (only with 10% BC). Biochar applications seem, therefore, a suitable method for increasing broad-leaved forest C stock in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Chiari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - T’ai G. W. Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Lumiero
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Malcevschi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Margherita Rodolfi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Ganino
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of BioEconomy (IBE-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Li X, He D, Chen G, Yang J, Yang Z, Guo XJ, Wang C, Zhu S, Huang Y, Chen H, Huang G, Zhang D, Ye C. Responses of leaf functional traits to different hydrological regimes and leaf economics spectrum in the water level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:939452. [PMID: 36119629 PMCID: PMC9478546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.939452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A unique riparian ecosystem has been created as a result of anti-seasonal flooding after reservoir operations, which notably influences the distribution patterns of plant communities and their functional characteristics in the riparian zone. Plant functional traits which reflect the physiological and ecological processes of plants in particular ecosystems are crucial for indicating the variations in the ecosystem structure and function. To better understand the adaptation strategies of plants to hydrological changes and provide a scientific basis for the selection of species in the re-vegetation of the newly formed ecosystems, 14 leaf functional traits and leaf economics spectrum (LES) of 19 dominant plants under different hydrological conditions were investigated in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The results showed that anti-seasonal flooding has significant effects on the leaf functional traits of plants (P < 0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of annual plants was significantly higher than that of perennial plants (P < 0.05), and there was a significant correlation between leaf phenotypic and photosynthetic traits (P < 0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil water content and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting the leaf function of dominant species, indicating that hydrologic factors were still important environmental factors affecting leaf functional traits of dominant species in the WLFZ. And annuals from the WLFZ have characteristics of thick leaves, high photosynthetic rate, short lifespan, and high nutrient concentrations, which make them close to the fast investment-return end of LES. On the contrary, perennials are close to the slow investment-return end of LES. The high productivity investment of annuals is better than the high defense investment of perennials for adapting to the special habitats in the WLFZ. These results indicated that different functional plants in the WLFZ of the TGR under different hydrological regimes can adopt different strategies by weighing the associations and trade-offs between their economic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Di He
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhengjian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiao juan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Congfeng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shijiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Center of Ecological Conservation and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guiyun Huang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Dingjun Zhang
- Rare Plants Research Institute of Yangtze River, Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zeng F, Zhu L, Wang G, Liang Y, Ma D, Wang J. Higher CO 2 Assimilation in Selected Rice Recombinant Inbred Lines Is Driven by Higher CO 2 Diffusion and Light Use Efficiency Related to Leaf Anatomy and Mesophyll Cell Density. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:915050. [PMID: 35812953 PMCID: PMC9261980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.915050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf anatomy determining the light distribution within the leaf and exerting influence on CO2 diffusion is considered to have dramatic potential for photosynthesis performance increase. In this study, we observed that two rice recombinant inbred lines, H138 and H217 (RILF11 plants from Sasanishiki × IRAT10), have higher net CO2 assimilation (An) than their parent Sasanishiki due mainly to the improvement of leaf anatomy. Our results showed that An positively correlated with anatomy traits' mesophyll cell number per cross-sectional area (NO.mescell/Acros) and mesophyll area (Ames). NO.mescell/Acros exert direct and indirect effects on An. Compared to Sasanishiki flag leaves, IRAT10, H138, and H217 have higher mesophyll cell numbers. Simultaneously, higher chlorophyll content and expression of genes encoding the light-harvesting protein of PSII and PSI (Lhcb1, 2, 3 and Lhca1, 2, 3) were recorded in IRAT10, H138, and H217, which facilitates light use efficiency. Higher electron transport rate and RuBP concentration were recorded in IRAT10, H138, and H217 flag leaves. Retinoblastoma-related gene (OsRBR1), exerting effects on mesophyll cell density, can be used to modify leaf anatomy for improving leaf photosynthesis. Additionally, higher stomatal conductance and mesophyll conductance were also recorded in H138 and H217 than in Sasanishiki. Furthermore, we modeled mesophyll conductance through anatomical traits, and the results revealed that chloroplast thickness was the dominant factor restricting CO2 diffusion within mesophyll cells rather than cell wall thickness. Higher RuBP content accompanied by higher CO2 concentration within the carboxylation set in H138 and H217 flag leaves contributed to higher CO2 assimilation.
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Hu Y, Feng C, Yang L, Edger PP, Kang M. Genomic population structure and local adaptation of the wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab059. [PMID: 35043184 PMCID: PMC8993681 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The crop wild relative, Fragaria nilgerrensis, is adapted to a variety of diverse habitats across its native range in China. Thus, discoveries made in this species could serve useful to guide the development of new superior strawberry cultivars that are resilient to new or variable environments. However, the genetic diversity and genetic architecture of traits in this species underlying important adaptive traits remain poorly understood. Here, we used whole-genome resequencing data from 193 F. nilgerrensis individuals spanning the distribution range in China to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and the genomic basis of local adaptation. We identified four genetic groups, with the western group located in Hengduan Mountains exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Redundancy analysis suggests that both environment and geographic variables shaped a significant proportion of genomic variation. Our analyses revealed that the environmental difference explains more of the observed genetic variation than geographic distance. This suggests that adaptation to distinct habitats, unique combination of abiotic factors, likely drove genetic differentiation. Lastly, by implementing selective sweeps scans and genome-environment association analysis throughout the genome, we identified the genetic variation associated with local adaptation and investigated the functions of putative candidate genes in F. nilgerrensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Rane J, Singh AK, Tiwari M, Prasad PVV, Jagadish SVK. Effective Use of Water in Crop Plants in Dryland Agriculture: Implications of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidative System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:778270. [PMID: 35082809 PMCID: PMC8784697 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under dryland conditions, annual and perennial food crops are exposed to dry spells, severely affecting crop productivity by limiting available soil moisture at critical and sensitive growth stages. Climate variability continues to be the primary cause of uncertainty, often making timing rather than quantity of precipitation the foremost concern. Therefore, mitigation and management of stress experienced by plants due to limited soil moisture are crucial for sustaining crop productivity under current and future harsher environments. Hence, the information generated so far through multiple investigations on mechanisms inducing drought tolerance in plants needs to be translated into tools and techniques for stress management. Scope to accomplish this exists in the inherent capacity of plants to manage stress at the cellular level through various mechanisms. One of the most extensively studied but not conclusive physiological phenomena is the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging them through an antioxidative system (AOS), which determines a wide range of damage to the cell, organ, and the plant. In this context, this review aims to examine the possible roles of the ROS-AOS balance in enhancing the effective use of water (EUW) by crops under water-limited dryland conditions. We refer to EUW as biomass produced by plants with available water under soil moisture stress rather than per unit of water (WUE). We hypothesize that EUW can be enhanced by an appropriate balance between water-saving and growth promotion at the whole-plant level during stress and post-stress recovery periods. The ROS-AOS interactions play a crucial role in water-saving mechanisms and biomass accumulation, resulting from growth processes that include cell division, cell expansion, photosynthesis, and translocation of assimilates. Hence, appropriate strategies for manipulating these processes through genetic improvement and/or application of exogenous compounds can provide practical solutions for improving EUW through the optimized ROS-AOS balance under water-limited dryland conditions. This review deals with the role of ROS-AOS in two major EUW determining processes, namely water use and plant growth. It describes implications of the ROS level or content, ROS-producing, and ROS-scavenging enzymes based on plant water status, which ultimately affects photosynthetic efficiency and growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Rane
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - P. V. Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Bernado WDP, Rakocevic M, Santos AR, Ruas KF, Baroni DF, Abraham AC, Pireda S, Oliveira DDS, Cunha MD, Ramalho JC, Campostrini E, Rodrigues WP. Biomass and Leaf Acclimations to Ultraviolet Solar Radiation in Juvenile Plants of Coffea arabica and C. canephora. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040640. [PMID: 33800618 PMCID: PMC8065693 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the negative impacts of increased ultraviolet radiation intensity on plants, these organisms continue to grow and produce under the increased environmental UV levels. We hypothesized that ambient UV intensity can generate acclimations in plant growth, leaf morphology, and photochemical functioning in modern genotypes of Coffea arabica and C. canephora. Coffee plants were cultivated for ca. six months in a mini greenhouse under either near ambient (UVam) or reduced (UVre) ultraviolet regimes. At the plant scale, C. canephora was substantially more impacted by UVam when compared to C. arabica, investing more carbon in all juvenile plant components than under UVre. When subjected to UVam, both species showed anatomic adjustments at the leaf scale, such as increases in stomatal density in C. canephora, at the abaxial and adaxial cuticles in both species, and abaxial epidermal thickening in C. arabica, although without apparent impact on the thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Surprisingly, C. arabica showed more efficient energy dissipation mechanism under UVam than C. canephora. UVam promoted elevated protective carotenoid content and a greater use of energy through photochemistry in both species, as reflected in the photochemical quenching increases. This was associated with an altered chlorophyll a/b ratio (significantly only in C. arabica) that likely promoted a greater capability to light energy capture. Therefore, UV levels promoted different modifications between the two Coffea sp. regarding plant biomass production and leaf morphology, including a few photochemical differences between species, suggesting that modifications at plant and leaf scale acted as an acclimation response to actual UV intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace de Paula Bernado
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Miroslava Rakocevic
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Anne Reis Santos
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Katherine Fraga Ruas
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Danilo Força Baroni
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Ana Cabrera Abraham
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Saulo Pireda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Dhiego da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (S.P.); (D.d.S.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - José Cochicho Ramalho
- PlantStress and Biodiversity Lab., Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; or
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (W.d.P.B.); (A.R.S.); (K.F.R.); (D.F.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Avenida Brejo do Pinto, S/N, 65975-000 Maranhão, Brazil
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Popovic M, Minceva M. Standard Thermodynamic Properties, Biosynthesis Rates, and the Driving Force of Growth of Five Agricultural Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671868. [PMID: 34135926 PMCID: PMC8202407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Elemental composition of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Oryza sativa L. (Asian rice), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), Saccharum spp. L. (sugarcane), and Zea mays L. (corn) was used to calculate their empirical formulas (unit carbon formulas) and growth stoichiometry. The empirical formulas were used to find standard enthalpy of formation, standard molar entropy, standard Gibbs energy of formation, and standard molar heat capacity. A comparison was made between thermodynamic properties of live matter of the analyzed plants and other unicellular and multicellular organisms. Moreover, the growth process was analyzed through standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy of biosynthesis. The average standard Gibbs energy of biosynthesis was found to be +463.0 kJ/C-mol. Thus, photosynthesis provides energy and carbon for plant growth. The average intercepted photosynthetic energy was found to be 15.5 MJ/C-mol for the analyzed plants. However, due to inefficiency, a great fraction of the intercepted photosynthetic energy cannot be used by plants. The average usable photosynthetic energy was found to be -2.3 MJ/C-mol. The average thermodynamic driving force for growth is -1.9 MJ/C-mol. Driving forces of growth of C3 and C4 plants were compared. It was found that C4 plants have a greater driving force of growth than C3 plants, which reflects the greater efficiency of C4 photosynthesis. The relationship between the driving force and growth rates was analyzed by determining phenomenological L coefficients. The determined phenomenological coefficients span two orders of magnitude, depending on plant species and environmental conditions. The L coefficient of P. vulgaris was found to be lower than that of other plants, due to additional energy requirements of nitrogen fixation.
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Du J, Kirui A, Huang S, Wang L, Barnes WJ, Kiemle SN, Zheng Y, Rui Y, Ruan M, Qi S, Kim SH, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Mutations in the Pectin Methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 Influence Cellulose Biosynthesis and Wall Integrity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3576-3597. [PMID: 32883711 PMCID: PMC7610292 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are abundant in the cell walls of dicotyledonous plants, but how they interact with other wall polymers and influence wall integrity and cell growth has remained mysterious. Here, we verified that QUASIMODO2 (QUA2) is a pectin methyltransferase and determined that QUA2 is required for normal pectin biosynthesis. To gain further insight into how pectin affects wall assembly and integrity maintenance, we investigated cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose organization, cortical microtubules, and wall integrity signaling in two mutant alleles of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) QUA2, qua2 and tsd2 In both mutants, crystalline cellulose content is reduced, cellulose synthase particles move more slowly, and cellulose organization is aberrant. NMR analysis shows higher mobility of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides in the mutants. Microtubules in mutant hypocotyls have aberrant organization and depolymerize more readily upon treatment with oryzalin or external force. The expression of genes related to wall integrity, wall biosynthesis, and microtubule stability is dysregulated in both mutants. These data provide insights into how homogalacturonan is methylesterified upon its synthesis, the mechanisms by which pectin functionally interacts with cellulose, and how these interactions are translated into intracellular regulation to maintain the structural integrity of the cell wall during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Shixin Huang
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lianglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - William J Barnes
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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9
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Emerging research in plant photosynthesis. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:137-150. [PMID: 32573736 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis involves capturing light energy and, most often, converting it to chemical energy stored as reduced carbon. It is the source of food, fuel, and fiber and there is a resurgent interest in basic research on photosynthesis. Plants make excellent use of visible light energy; leaves are ideally suited to optimize light use by having a large area per amount of material invested and also having leaf angles to optimize light utilization. It is thought that plants do not use green light but in fact they use green light better than blue light under some conditions. Leaves also have mechanisms to protect against excess light and how these work in a stochastic light environment is currently a very active area of current research. The speed at which photosynthesis can begin when leaves are first exposed to light and the speed of induction of protective mechanisms, as well as the speed at which protective mechanisms dissipate when light levels decline, have recently been explored. Research is also focused on reducing wasteful processes such as photorespiration, when oxygen instead of carbon dioxide is used. Some success has been reported in altering the path of carbon in photorespiration but on closer inspection there appears to be unforeseen effects contributing to the good news. The stoichiometry of interaction of light reactions with carbon metabolism is rigid and the time constants vary tremendously presenting large challenges to regulatory mechanisms. Regulatory mechanisms will be the topic of photosynthesis research for some time to come.
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10
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Zhang M, Zhang S, Ye M, Jiang L, Vallejos CE, Wu R. The genetic control of leaf allometry in the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. BMC Genet 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32169029 PMCID: PMC7071654 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maximize photosynthetic efficiency, plants have evolved a capacity by which leaf area scales allometrically with leaf mass through interactions with the environment. However, our understanding of genetic control of this allometric relationship remains limited. RESULTS We integrated allometric scaling laws expressed at static and ontogenetic levels into genetic mapping to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that mediate how leaf area scales with leaf mass and how such leaf allometry, under the control of these QTLs, varies as a response to environment change. A major QTL detected by the static model constantly affects the allometric growth of leaf area vs. leaf mass for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in two different environments. The ontogenetic model identified this QTL plus a few other QTLs that determine developmental trajectories of leaf allometry, whose expression is contingent heavily upon the environment. CONCLUSIONS Our results gain new insight into the genetic mechanisms of how plants program their leaf morphogenesis to adapt to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - C Eduardo Vallejos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 326511, USA
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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11
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Cao P, Kim SJ, Xing A, Schenck CA, Liu L, Jiang N, Wang J, Last RL, Brandizzi F. Homeostasis of branched-chain amino acids is critical for the activity of TOR signaling in Arabidopsis. eLife 2019; 8:e50747. [PMID: 31808741 PMCID: PMC6937141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved hub of nutrient sensing and metabolic signaling. In plants, a functional connection of TOR activation with glucose availability was demonstrated, while it is yet unclear whether branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a primary input of TOR signaling as they are in yeast and mammalian cells. Here, we report on the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant over-accumulating BCAAs. Through chemical interventions targeting TOR and by examining mutants of BCAA biosynthesis and TOR signaling, we found that BCAA over-accumulation leads to up-regulation of TOR activity, which causes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated endomembranes. Finally, we show that activation of TOR is concomitant with alteration of cell expansion, proliferation and specialized metabolism, leading to pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. These results demonstrate that BCAAs contribute to plant TOR activation and reveal previously uncharted downstream subcellular processes of TOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Anqi Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Lu Liu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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12
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Lee H, Golicz AA, Bayer PE, Severn-Ellis AA, Chan CKK, Batley J, Kendrick GA, Edwards D. Genomic comparison of two independent seagrass lineages reveals habitat-driven convergent evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3689-3702. [PMID: 29912443 PMCID: PMC6022596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that live fully submerged in the sea. They evolved from land plant ancestors, with multiple species representing at least three independent return-to-the-sea events. This raises the question of whether these marine angiosperms followed the same adaptation pathway to allow them to live and reproduce under the hostile marine conditions. To compare the basis of marine adaptation between seagrass lineages, we generated genomic data for Halophila ovalis and compared this with recently published genomes for two members of Zosteraceae, as well as genomes of five non-marine plant species (Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, Phoenix dactylifera, Musa acuminata, and Spirodela polyrhiza). Halophila and Zosteraceae represent two independent seagrass lineages separated by around 30 million years. Genes that were lost or conserved in both lineages were identified. All three species lost genes associated with ethylene and terpenoid biosynthesis, and retained genes related to salinity adaptation, such as those for osmoregulation. In contrast, the loss of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex is unique to H. ovalis. Through comparison of two independent return-to-the-sea events, this study further describes marine adaptation characteristics common to seagrass families, identifies species-specific gene loss, and provides molecular evidence for convergent evolution in seagrass lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- HueyTyng Lee
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Agnieszka A Golicz
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philipp E Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Cell Wall Properties and Leaf Architecture. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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14
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Xu Y, Sechet J, Wu Y, Fu Y, Zhu L, Li J, Zhang Y, Gineau E, Gaertner C, Zhou J, Fan X, Liu Y, Zhou L, Mouille G, Lin X. Rice Sucrose Partitioning Mediated by a Putative Pectin Methyltransferase and Homogalacturonan Methylesterification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1595-1608. [PMID: 28495893 PMCID: PMC5490883 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG) is the main component of pectins. HG methylesterification has recently emerged as a key determinant controlling cell attachment, organ formation, and phyllotaxy. However, whether and how HG methylesterification affects intercellular metabolite transport has rarely been reported. Here, we identified and characterized knockout mutants of the rice (Oryza sativa) OsQUA2 gene encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase. Osqua2 mutants exhibit a remarkable decrease in the degree of methylesterification of HG in the culm-sieve element cell wall and a markedly reduced grain yield. The culm of Osqua2 mutant plants contains excessive sucrose (Suc), and a 13CO2 feeding experiment showed that the Suc overaccumulation in the culm was caused by blocked Suc translocation. These and other findings demonstrate that OsQUA2 is essential for maintaining a high degree of methylesterification of HG in the rice culm-sieve element cell wall, which may be critical for efficient Suc partitioning and grain filling. In addition, our results suggest that the apoplastic pathway is involved in long-distance Suc transport in rice. The identification and characterization of the OsQUA2 gene and its functionality revealed a previously unknown contribution of HG methylesterification and provided insight into how modification of the cell wall regulates intercellular transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Yingbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Suzhou 215155, China
| | - Yaping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Longfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jincai Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center For Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
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