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Shen Y, Mao L, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Lv J, Deng M, Liu Z, Yang B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Involved in Trichome Formation in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1090. [PMID: 38674502 PMCID: PMC11054266 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized organs located in the plant epidermis that play important defense roles against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms regulating the development of pepper epidermal trichomes and the related regulatory genes at the molecular level are not clear. Therefore, we performed transcriptome analyses of A114 (less trichome) and A115 (more trichome) to dig deeper into the genes involved in the regulatory mechanisms of epidermal trichome development in peppers. In this study, the epidermal trichome density of A115 was found to be higher by phenotypic observation and was highest in the leaves at the flowering stage. A total of 39,261 genes were quantified by RNA-Seq, including 11,939 genes not annotated in the previous genome analysis and 18,833 differentially expressed genes. Based on KEGG functional enrichment, it was found that DEGs were mainly concentrated in three pathways: plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, and plant hormone signal transduction. We further screened the DEGs associated with the development of epidermal trichomes in peppers, and the expression of the plant signaling genes GID1B-like (Capana03g003488) and PR-6 (Capana09g001847), the transcription factors MYB108 (Capana05g002225) and ABR1-like (Capana04g001261), and the plant resistance genes PGIP-like (Capana09g002077) and At5g49770 (Capana08g001721) in the DEGs were higher at A115 compared to A114, and were highly expressed in leaves at the flowering stage. In addition, based on the WGCNA results and the establishment of co-expression networks showed that the above genes were highly positively correlated with each other. The transcriptomic data and analysis of this study provide a basis for the study of the regulatory mechanisms of pepper epidermal trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lianzhen Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yao Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Junheng Lv
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Minghua Deng
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.S.); (L.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
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2
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Diao Z, Yang R, Wang Y, Cui J, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Gong B, Huang Y, Yu G, Yao H, Guo J, Zhang H, Shen J, Gust AA, Cai Y. Functional screening of the Arabidopsis 2C protein phosphatases family identifies PP2C15 as a negative regulator of plant immunity by targeting BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13447. [PMID: 38561315 PMCID: PMC10984862 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6-interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well-known co-receptor of plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1-mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000-seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild-type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Diao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Rongqian Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junmei Cui
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiaosong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Benqiang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Guozhi Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huipeng Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinya Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinbo Shen
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant BiochemistryEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
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3
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Jing T, Wu Y, Yu Y, Li J, Mu X, Xu L, Wang X, Qi G, Tang J, Wang D, Yang S, Hua J, Gou M. Copine proteins are required for brassinosteroid signaling in maize and Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2028. [PMID: 38459051 PMCID: PMC10923931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Copine proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously found in eukaryotes, and their indispensable roles in different species were proposed. However, their exact function remains unclear. The phytohormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play vital roles in plant growth, development and environmental responses. A key event in effective BR signaling is the formation of functional BRI1-SERK receptor complex and subsequent transphosphorylation upon ligand binding. Here, we demonstrate that BONZAI (BON) proteins, which are plasma membrane-associated copine proteins, are critical components of BR signaling in both the monocot maize and the dicot Arabidopsis. Biochemical and molecular analyses reveal that BON proteins directly interact with SERK kinases, thereby ensuring effective BRI1-SERK interaction and transphosphorylation. This study advances the knowledge on BR signaling and provides an important target for optimizing valuable agronomic traits, it also opens a way to study steroid hormone signaling and copine proteins of eukaryotes in a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiankun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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4
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Ngou BPM, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Kadota Y, Shirasu K. Evolutionary trajectory of pattern recognition receptors in plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:308. [PMID: 38302456 PMCID: PMC10834447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors play pivotal roles in many biological processes, including immunity, development, and reproduction, across diverse organisms. How cell-surface receptors evolve to become specialised in different biological processes remains elusive. To shed light on the immune-specificity of cell-surface receptors, we analyzed more than 200,000 genes encoding cell-surface receptors from 350 genomes and traced the evolutionary origin of immune-specific leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) in plants. Surprisingly, we discovered that the motifs crucial for co-receptor interaction in LRR-RLPs are closely related to those of the LRR-receptor-like kinase (RLK) subgroup Xb, which perceives phytohormones and primarily governs growth and development. Functional characterisation further reveals that LRR-RLPs initiate immune responses through their juxtamembrane and transmembrane regions, while LRR-RLK-Xb members regulate development through their cytosolic kinase domains. Our data suggest that the cell-surface receptors involved in immunity and development share a common origin. After diversification, their ectodomains, juxtamembrane, transmembrane, and cytosolic regions have either diversified or stabilised to recognise diverse ligands and activate differential downstream responses. Our work reveals a mechanism by which plants evolve to perceive diverse signals to activate the appropriate responses in a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
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5
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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6
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Li C, Zhang S, Li J, Huang S, Zhao T, Lv S, Liu J, Wang S, Liu X, He S, Zhang Y, Xiao F, Wang F, Gao J, Wang X. PHB3 interacts with BRI1 and BAK1 to mediate brassinosteroid signal transduction in Arabidopsis and tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1510-1524. [PMID: 38130037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that are essential in plant growth and development. BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and BRI1 ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1), which are located on the plasma membrane, function as co-receptors that accept and transmit BR signals. PROHIBITIN 3 (PHB3) was identified in both BRI1 and BAK1 complexes by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS analysis. Biochemical data showed that BRI1/BAK1 interacted with PHB3 in vitro and in vivo. BRI1/BAK1 phosphorylated PHB3 in vitro. When the Thr-80 amino acid in PHB3 was mutated to Ala, the mutant protein was not phosphorylated by BRI1 and the mutant protein interaction with BRI1 was abolished in the yeast two-hybrid assay. BAK1 did not phosphorylate the mutant protein PHB3T54A . The loss-of-function phb3 mutant showed a weaker BR signal than the wild-type. Genetic analyses revealed that PHB3 is a BRI1/BAK1 downstream substrate that participates in BR signalling. PHB3 has five homozygous in tomato, and we named the closest to AtPHB3 as SlPHB3.1. Biochemical data showed that SlBRI1/SlSERK3A/SlSERK3B interacted with SlPHB3.1 and SlPHB3.3. The CRISPR-Cas9 method generated slphb3.1 mutant led to a BR signal stunted relatively in tomatoes. PHB3 is a new component of the BR signal pathway in both Arabidopsis and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shandong Institute of Innovation and Development, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jingjuan Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Siqi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Xian Highness Agricultural Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Xian, Shaanxi, 710086, China
| | - Shen He
- Xian Highness Agricultural Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Xian, Shaanxi, 710086, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Fengde Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Yun N, Mody TA, Vaddepalli P, Schneitz K. Arabidopsis MCTP family member QUIRKY regulates the formation of the STRUBBELIG receptor kinase complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2538-2554. [PMID: 37668394 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays a central role in organogenesis. Tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) requires signaling mediated by a cell surface complex containing the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) and the multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region protein QUIRKY (QKY). QKY is required to stabilize SUB at the plasma membrane. However, it is unclear what the in vivo architecture of the QKY/SUB signaling complex is, how it is controlled, and how it relates to the maintenance of SUB at the cell surface. We addressed these questions using a combination of genetics, yeast 2-hybrid assays, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in epidermal cells of seedling roots. We found that QKY promotes the formation of SUB homooligomers in vivo. Homooligomerization of SUB appeared to involve its extracellular domain. We also showed that QKY and SUB physically interact and form a complex at the cell surface in vivo. In addition, the data showed that the N-terminal C2A-B region of QKY interacts with the intracellular domain of SUB. They further revealed that this interaction is essential to maintain SUB levels at the cell surface. Finally, we provided evidence that QKY forms homomultimers in vivo in a SUB-independent manner. We suggest a model in which the physical interaction of QKY with SUB mediates the oligomerization of SUB and attenuates its internalization, thereby maintaining sufficiently high levels of SUB at the cell surface required for the control of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Nicole Yun
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Tejasvinee Atul Mody
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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8
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Fallahzadeh-Mamaghami V, Weber H, Kemmerling B. BAK-up: the receptor kinase BAK-TO-LIFE 2 enhances immunity when BAK1 is lacking. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:42. [PMID: 37747566 PMCID: PMC10519891 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1/SERK3) and its closest homolog BAK1-LIKE 1 (BKK1/SERK4) are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) belonging to the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) family. They act as co-receptors of various other LRR-RKs and participate in multiple signaling events by complexing and transphosphorylating ligand-binding receptors. Initially identified as the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) co-receptor, BAK1 also functions in plant immunity by interacting with pattern recognition receptors. Mutations in BAK1 and BKK1 cause severely stunted growth and cell death, characterized as autoimmune cell death. Several factors play a role in this type of cell death, including RKs and components of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) signaling pathways, glycosylation factors, ER quality control components, nuclear trafficking components, ion channels, and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). The Shan lab has recently discovered a novel RK BAK-TO-LIFE 2 (BTL2) that interacts with BAK1 and triggers cell death in the absence of BAK1 and BKK1. This RK compensates for the loss of BAK1-mediated pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) by activating phytocytokine-mediated immune and cell death responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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9
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Liu F, Zeng M, Sun Y, Chen Z, Chen Z, Wang L, Cui JR, Zhang F, Lv D, Chen X, Xu Y, Duan KX, Wang Y, Wang Y. BAK1 protects the receptor-like kinase BIR2 from SNIPER2a/b-mediated degradation to promote pattern-triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3566-3584. [PMID: 37378590 PMCID: PMC10473216 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection of microbial infections by plants induces the rapid formation of immune receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. However, how this process is controlled to ensure proper immune signaling remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the Nicotiana benthamiana membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BAK1-INTERACTING RLK 2 (NbBIR2) constitutively associates with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (NbBAK1) in vivo and in vitro and promotes complex formation with pattern recognition receptors. In addition, NbBIR2 is targeted by 2 RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligases, SNC1-INFLUENCING PLANT E3 LIGASE REVERSE 2a (NbSNIPER2a) and NbSNIPER2b, for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation in planta. NbSNIPER2a and NbSNIPER2b interact with NbBIR2 in vivo and in vitro and are released from NbBIR2 upon treatment with different microbial patterns. Furthermore, accumulation of NbBIR2 in response to microbial patterns is tightly associated with NbBAK1 abundance in N. benthamiana. NbBAK1 acts as a modular protein that stabilizes NbBIR2 by competing with NbSNIPER2a or NbSNIPER2b for association with NbBIR2. Similar to NbBAK1, NbBIR2 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity and resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in N. benthamiana, whereas NbSNIPER2a and NbSNIPER2b have the opposite effect. Together, these results reveal a feedback regulatory mechanism employed by plants to tailor pattern-triggered immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Rong Cui
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fushuang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Han C, Wang L, Lyu J, Shi W, Yao L, Fan M, Bai MY. Brassinosteroid signaling and molecular crosstalk with nutrients in plants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:541-553. [PMID: 36914050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to optimize their growth and development in response to fluctuating nutrient levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones that play critical roles in plant growth and developmental processes as well as plant responses to environmental stimuli. Recently, multiple molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain the integration of BRs with different nutrient signaling processes to coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the BR signaling pathway and the multifaceted roles of BR in the intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes of sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. Further understanding and exploring these BR-related processes and mechanisms will facilitate advances in crop breeding for higher resource efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jinyang Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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11
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Zhang L, Hua C, Janocha D, Fliegmann J, Nürnberger T. Plant cell surface immune receptors-Novel insights into function and evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102384. [PMID: 37276832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants use surface resident and intracellular immune receptors to provide robust immunity against microbial infections. The contribution of the two receptor types to plant immunity differs spatially and temporally. The ongoing identification of new plant cell surface immune receptors and their microbial-derived immunogenic ligands reveal a previously unexpected complexity of plant surface sensors involved in the detection of specific microbial species. Comparative analyses of the plant species distribution of cell surface immune receptors indicate that plants harbor larger sets of genus- or species-specific surface receptors in addition to very few widespread pattern sensors. Leucine-rich repeat surface and intracellular immune sensors emerge as two polymorphic receptor classes whose evolutionary trajectories appear to be linked. This is consistent with their functional cooperativity in providing full plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denis Janocha
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
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12
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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13
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Rao W, Wan L, Wang E. Plant immunity in soybean: progress, strategies, and perspectives. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:52. [PMID: 37323469 PMCID: PMC10267034 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important commercial crops worldwide. Soybean hosts diverse microbes, including pathogens that may cause diseases and symbionts that contribute to nitrogen fixation. Study on soybean-microbe interactions to understand pathogenesis, immunity, and symbiosis represents an important research direction toward plant protection in soybean. In terms of immune mechanisms, current research in soybean lags far behind that in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarized the shared and unique mechanisms involved in the two-tiered plant immunity and the virulence function of pathogen effectors between soybean and Arabidopsis, providing a molecular roadmap for future research on soybean immunity. We also discussed disease resistance engineering and future perspectives in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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14
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Huang Y, Cui J, Li M, Yang R, Hu Y, Yu X, Chen Y, Wu Q, Yao H, Yu G, Guo J, Zhang H, Wu S, Cai Y. Conservation and divergence of flg22, pep1 and nlp20 in activation of immune response and inhibition of root development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111686. [PMID: 36963637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and their corresponding ligands have been identified. However, it is largely unknown how similar and different these ligands are in inducing plant innate immunity and affecting plant development. In this study, we examined three well characterized ligands in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely flagellin 22 (flg22), plant elicitor peptide 1 (pep1) and a conserved 20-amino-acid fragment found in most necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (nlp20). Our quantitative analyses detected the differences in amplitude in the early immune responses of these ligands, with nlp20-induced responses typically being slower than those mediated by flg22 and pep1. RNA sequencing showed the shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was mostly enriched in defense response, whereas nlp20-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially regulated by flg22 and pep1. The three elicitors all inhibited primary root growth, especially pep1, which inhibited both auxin transport and signaling pathway. In addition, pep1 significantly inhibited the cell division and genes involved in cell cycle. Compared with flg22 and nlp20, pep1 induced much stronger expression of its receptor in roots, suggesting a potential positive feedback regulation in the activation of immune response. Despite PRRs and their co-receptor BAK1 were necessary for both PAMP induced immune response and root growth inhibition, bik1 mutant only showed impaired defense response but relatively normal root growth inhibition, suggesting BIK1 acts differently in these two biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junmei Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Rongqian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Lusyno Biotech Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinya Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Yi Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, PR China.
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15
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Hurst CH, Turnbull D, Xhelilaj K, Myles S, Pflughaupt RL, Kopischke M, Davies P, Jones S, Robatzek S, Zipfel C, Gronnier J, Hemsley PA. S-acylation stabilizes ligand-induced receptor kinase complex formation during plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1588-1596.e6. [PMID: 36924767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases are key transducers of extracellular stimuli, such as the presence of beneficial or pathogenic microbes or secreted signaling molecules. Receptor kinases are regulated by numerous post-translational modifications.1,2,3 Here, using the immune receptor kinases FLS24 and EFR,5 we show that S-acylation at a cysteine conserved in all plant receptor kinases is crucial for function. S-acylation involves the addition of long-chain fatty acids to cysteine residues within proteins, altering their biochemical properties and behavior within the membrane environment.6 We observe S-acylation of FLS2 at C-terminal kinase domain cysteine residues within minutes following the perception of its ligand, flg22, in a BAK1 co-receptor and PUB12/13 ubiquitin ligase-dependent manner. We demonstrate that S-acylation is essential for FLS2-mediated immune signaling and resistance to bacterial infection. Similarly, mutating the corresponding conserved cysteine residue in EFR suppressed elf18-triggered signaling. Analysis of unstimulated and activated FLS2-containing complexes using microscopy, detergents, and native membrane DIBMA nanodiscs indicates that S-acylation stabilizes, and promotes retention of, activated receptor kinase complexes at the plasma membrane to increase signaling efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Hurst
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kaltra Xhelilaj
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sally Myles
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Robin L Pflughaupt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Jones
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Gronnier
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piers A Hemsley
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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16
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He Y, Meng X. Dual function of the CHS3-CSA1 immune receptor pair. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:375-378. [PMID: 36804916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors mediate specific recognition of pathogen effectors to initiate effector-triggered immunity. Recently, studies by Schulze et al., Yang et al., and Gu et al. collectively show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NLR pair CHS3-CSA1 acts through two distinct activation modes to recognize different pathogen effectors, thus revealing the dual function of the CHS3-CSA1 pair in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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17
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Sun Y, Wang X, Liu F, Guo H, Wang J, Wei Z, Kang Z, Tang C. A Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-like Kinase TaBIR1 Contributes to Wheat Resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076438. [PMID: 37047410 PMCID: PMC10095076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell surface-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) recognize invading pathogens and transduce the immune signals inside host cells, subsequently triggering immune responses to fight off pathogen invasion. Nonetheless, our understanding of the role of RLKs in wheat resistance to the biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) remains limited. During the differentially expressed genes in Pst infected wheat leaves, a Leucine-repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) gene TaBIR1 was significantly upregulated in the incompatible wheat-Pst interaction. qRT-PCR verified that TaBIR1 is induced at the early infection stage of Pst. The transient expression of TaBIR1-GFP protein in N. bentamiana cells and wheat mesophyll protoplasts revealed its plasma membrane location. The knockdown of TaBIR1 expression by VIGS (virus induced gene silencing) declined wheat resistance to stripe rust, resulting in reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, callose deposition, and transcripts of pathogenesis-related genes TaPR1 and TaPR2, along with increased Pst infection area. Ectopic overexpression of TaBIR1 in N. benthamiana triggered constitutive immune responses with significant cell death, callose accumulation, and ROS production. Moreover, TaBIR1 triggered immunity is dependent on NbBAK1, the silencing of which significantly attenuated the defense response triggered by TaBIR1. TaBIR1 interacted with the NbBAK1 homologues in wheat, co-receptor TaSERK2 and TaSERK5, the transient expression of which could restore the impaired defense due to NbBAK1 silencing. Taken together, TaBIR1 is a cell surface RLK that contributes to wheat stripe rust resistance, probably as a positive regulator of plant immunity in a BAK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Feiyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zetong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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18
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Zhang Y, Yin Z, Pi L, Wang N, Wang J, Peng H, Dou D. A Nicotiana benthamiana receptor-like kinase regulates Phytophthora resistance by coupling with BAK1 to enhance elicitin-triggered immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36661038 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are crucial for plant immunity. Most LRR-RLKs that act as receptors directly recognize ligands via a large extracellular domain (ECD), whereas LRR-RLK that serve as regulators are relatively small and contain fewer LRRs. Here, we identified LRR-RLK regulators using high-throughput tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based gene silencing in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We used the cell-death phenotype caused by INF1, an oomycete elicitin that induces pattern-triggered immunity, as an indicator. By screening 33 small LRR-RLKs (≤6 LRRs) of unknown function, we identified ELICITIN INSENSITIVE RLK 1 (NbEIR1) as a positive regulator of INF1-induced immunity and oomycete resistance. Nicotiana benthamiana mutants of eir1 generated by CRISPR/Cas9-editing showed significantly compromised immune responses to INF1 and were more vulnerable to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. NbEIR1 associates with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (NbBAK1) and a downstream component, BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (NbBSK1). NbBSK1 also contributes to INF1-induced defense and P. capsici resistance. Upon INF1 treatment, NbEIR1 was released from NbBAK1 and NbBSK1 in vivo. Moreover, the silencing of NbBSK1 compromised the association of NbEIR1 with NbBAK1. We also showed that NbEIR1 regulates flg22-induced immunity and associates with its receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (NbFLS2). Collectively, our results suggest that NbEIR1 is a novel regulatory element for BAK1-dependent immunity. NbBSK1-NbEIR1 association is required for maintaining the NbEIR1/NbBAK1 complex in the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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19
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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21
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Großeholz R, Wanke F, Rohr L, Glöckner N, Rausch L, Scholl S, Scacchi E, Spazierer AJ, Shabala L, Shabala S, Schumacher K, Kummer U, Harter K. Computational modeling and quantitative physiology reveal central parameters for brassinosteroid-regulated early cell physiological processes linked to 5elongation growth of the Arabidopsis root. eLife 2022; 11:73031. [PMID: 36069528 PMCID: PMC9525061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) are key hormonal regulators of plant development. However, whereas the individual components of BR perception and signaling are well characterized experimentally, the question of how they can act and whether they are sufficient to carry out the critical function of cellular elongation remains open. Here, we combined computational modeling with quantitative cell physiology to understand the dynamics of the plasma membrane (PM)-localized BR response pathway during the initiation of cellular responses in the epidermis of the Arabidopsis root tip that are be linked to cell elongation. The model, consisting of ordinary differential equations, comprises the BR-induced hyperpolarization of the PM, the acidification of the apoplast and subsequent cell wall swelling. We demonstrate that the competence of the root epidermal cells for the BR response predominantly depends on the amount and activity of H+-ATPases in the PM. The model further predicts that an influx of cations is required to compensate for the shift of positive charges caused by the apoplastic acidification. A potassium channel was subsequently identified and experimentally characterized, fulfilling this function. Thus, we established the landscape of components and parameters for physiological processes potentially linked to cell elongation, a central process in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luiselotte Rausch
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobard, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Offor BC, Mhlongo MI, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins Identified in Arabidopsis Wild Type, lbr2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Treated with LPSs from Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060606. [PMID: 35736313 PMCID: PMC9230897 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognise bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from the environment via plasma membrane (PM)-localised pattern recognition receptor(s) (PRRs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are known as MAMPs from gram-negative bacteria that are most likely recognised by PRRs and trigger defence responses in plants. The Arabidopsis PRR(s) and/or co-receptor(s) complex for LPS and the associated defence signalling remains elusive. As such, proteomic identification of LPS receptors and/or co-receptor complexes will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underly LPS perception and defence signalling in plants. The Arabidopsis LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-related-2 (LBR2) have been shown to recognise LPS and trigger defence responses while brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) acts as a co-receptor for several PRRs. In this study, Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and T-DNA knock out mutants (lbr2-2 and bak1-4) were treated with LPS chemotypes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc) over a 24 h period. The PM-associated protein fractions were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by data analysis using ByonicTM software. Using Gene Ontology (GO) for molecular function and biological processes, significant LPS-responsive proteins were grouped according to defence and stress response, perception and signalling, membrane transport and trafficking, metabolic processes and others. Venn diagrams demarcated the MAMP-responsive proteins that were common and distinct to the WT and mutant lines following treatment with the two LPS chemotypes, suggesting contributions from differential LPS sub-structural moieties and involvement of LBR2 and BAK1 in the LPS-induced MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Moreover, the identification of RLKs and RLPs that participate in other bacterial and fungal MAMP signalling proposes the involvement of more than one receptor and/or co-receptor for LPS perception as well as signalling in Arabidopsis defence responses.
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23
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Ngou BPM, Jones JDG, Ding P. Plant immune networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:255-273. [PMID: 34548213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self- and non-self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular pathogen-/damage-derived molecules or apoplastic pathogen-derived effectors. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors. Activation of both PRRs and NLRs elevates defense gene expression and accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which results in SA-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. These receptors, together with their coreceptors, form networks to mediate downstream immune responses. In addition, cell-surface and intracellular immune systems are interdependent and function synergistically to provide robust resistance against pathogens. Here, we summarize the interactions between these immune systems and attempt to provide a holistic picture of plant immune networks. We highlight current challenges and discuss potential new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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24
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Liu X, Zhou Y, Du M, Liang X, Fan F, Huang G, Zou Y, Bai J, Lu D. The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 is targeted by the ubiquitin ligases ATL31 and ATL6 for proteasome-mediated degradation to fine-tune immune signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:679-697. [PMID: 34599338 PMCID: PMC8774090 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are triggered when pattern recognition receptors recognize microbial molecular patterns. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) acts as a signaling hub of plant immunity. BIK1 homeostasis is maintained by a regulatory module in which CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE28 (CPK28) regulates BIK1 turnover via the activities of two E3 ligases. Immune-induced alternative splicing of CPK28 attenuates CPK28 function. However, it remained unknown whether CPK28 is under proteasomal control. Here, we demonstrate that CPK28 undergoes ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, which is enhanced by flagellin treatment. Two closely related ubiquitin ligases, ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31) and ATL6, specifically interact with CPK28 at the plasma membrane; this association is enhanced by flagellin elicitation. ATL31/6 directly ubiquitinate CPK28, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, ATL31/6 promotes the stability of BIK1 by mediating CPK28 degradation. Consequently, ATL31/6 positively regulate BIK1-mediated immunity. Our findings reveal another mechanism for attenuating CPK28 function to maintain BIK1 homeostasis and enhance immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xuelian Liang
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Guozhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Jiaojiao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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25
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Xu K, Jourquin J, Njo MF, Nguyen L, Beeckman T, Fernandez AI. The Phloem Intercalated With Xylem-Correlated 3 Receptor-Like Kinase Constitutively Interacts With Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 and Is Involved in Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:706633. [PMID: 35087541 PMCID: PMC8786740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) play fundamental roles in cell-to-cell and plant-environment communication. LRR-RLKs can function as receptors perceiving endogenous or external ligands, or as coreceptors, which stabilize the complex, and enhance transduction of the intracellular signal. The LRR-RLK BAK1 is a coreceptor for different developmental and immunity pathways. In this article, we identified PXY-CORRELATED 3 (PXC3) as a BAK1-interacting LRR-RLK, which was previously reported to be transcribed in vascular tissues co-expressed with PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY), the receptor of the TDIF/CLE41 peptide. Characterization of pxc3 loss-of-function mutants revealed reduced hypocotyl stele width and vascular cells compared to wild type, indicating that PXC3 plays a role in the vascular development in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, our data suggest that PXC3 might function as a positive regulator of the CLE41/TDIF-TDR/PXY signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Fransiska Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Perchepied L, Chevreau E, Ravon E, Gaillard S, Pelletier S, Bahut M, Berthelot P, Cournol R, Schouten HJ, Vergne E. Successful intergeneric transfer of a major apple scab resistance gene (Rvi6) from apple to pear and precise comparison of the downstream molecular mechanisms of this resistance in both species. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:843. [PMID: 34802418 PMCID: PMC8607633 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scab is the most important fungal disease of apple and pear. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and European pear (Pyrus communis L.) are genetically related but they are hosts of two different fungal species: Venturia inaequalis for apple and V. pyrina for European pear. The apple/V. inaequalis pathosystem is quite well known, whereas knowledge about the pear/V. pyrina pathosystem is still limited. The aim of our study was to analyse the mode of action of a major resistance gene of apple (Rvi6) in transgenic apple and pear plants interacting with the two scab species (V. inaequalis and V. pyrina), in order to determine the degree of functional transferability between the two pathosystems. Results Transgenic pear clones constitutively expressing the Rvi6 gene from apple were compared to a scab transgenic apple clone carrying the same construct. After inoculation in greenhouse with V. pyrina, strong defense reactions and very limited sporulation were observed on all transgenic pear clones tested. Microscopic observations revealed frequent aborted conidiophores in the Rvi6 transgenic pear / V. pyrina interaction. The macro- and microscopic observations were very comparable to the Rvi6 apple / V. inaequalis interaction. However, this resistance in pear proved variable according to the strain of V. pyrina, and one of the strains tested overcame the resistance of most of the transgenic pear clones. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of apple and pear resistant interactions with V. inaequalis and V. pyrina, respectively, revealed different cascades of molecular mechanisms downstream of the pathogen recognition by Rvi6 in the two species. Signal transduction was triggered in both species with calcium (and G-proteins in pear) and interconnected hormonal signaling (jasmonic acid in pear, auxins in apple and brassinosteroids in both species), without involvement of salicylic acid. This led to the induction of defense responses such as a remodeling of primary and secondary cell wall, lipids biosynthesis (galactolipids in apple and cutin and cuticular waxes in pear), systemic acquired resistance signal generation (in apple) or perception in distal tissues (in pear), and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids (flavonoids in apple but also lignin in pear). Conclusion This study is the first example of a successful intergeneric transfer of a resistance gene among Rosaceae, with a resistance gene functioning towards another species of pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08157-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perchepied
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - E Chevreau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - E Ravon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - S Gaillard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - S Pelletier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - M Bahut
- Univ Angers, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - P Berthelot
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - R Cournol
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - H J Schouten
- Wageningen Univ & Res, Plant Breeding, NL-6700, Wageningen, AJ, Netherlands
| | - E Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France.
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27
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Wang C, Tang S, Zhang Q, Shang Z, Liu X, Diao X, Zhao M. Kinase activity is required for the receptor kinase DROOPY LEAF1 to control leaf droopiness. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1976561. [PMID: 34523390 PMCID: PMC8525978 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1976561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) that control all aspects of plant life in a kinase-dependent or -independent manner. DROOPY LEAF1 (DPY1), which is a subfamily II LRR-RLK authentic kinase, controls leaf droopiness by negatively regulating early brassinosteroid (BR) signaling in foxtail millet. In this study, we proved that overexpressing kinase-inactive DPY1 does not rescue the droopy leaf phenotype of dpy1 plants because the mutated DPY1 cannot repress BR signaling, suggesting that kinase activity is required for DPY1 to control BR signaling. Moreover, seven DPY1 sites potentially transphosphorylated by SiBAK1 were identified as crucial for DPY1 activation. These findings highlight the importance of kinase activity for the functionality of DPY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological and Food Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xigang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meicheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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28
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El Kasmi F. How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2177-2188. [PMID: 34623378 PMCID: PMC8589443 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
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Shang Y, Yang D, Ha Y, Nam KH. BAK1-induced RPK1 phosphorylation is essential for RPK1-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 573:125-131. [PMID: 34403809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Being sessile, plants must deploy highly exquisite systems to respond to various internal and external signals for modulating growth and development throughout their lifespan. Many studies on Arabidopsis have shown that leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, including BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and receptor-like protein kinase 1 (RPK1), are suitable for such pleiotropic demands of plants. Previously, BAK1 and RPK1 were independently proven to be involved in the regulation of premature cell death. BAK1 inhibits spontaneous cell death and promotes defense-induced cell death. Meanwhile, RPK1 mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through complexation with CaM4 and RbohF in an age-dependent manner. In the present study, RPK1-induced cell death and growth retardation were abolished both with respect to the phenotype and ROS production in bak1 mutants. Moreover, BAK1 interacts with RPK1 and mediates its unidirectional phosphorylation in plants. Further, BAK1-mediated RPK1 phosphorylation is indispensable for RPK1-CaM4 interaction, which is vital for ROS production, resulting in cell death. The presence of BAK1 enhanced the expression of cell death- and senescence-related genes, such as ORE1, PR1, SAG12, and SIRK in RPK1-mediated signaling cascades. Overall, in Arabidopsis, in addition to independent cell death regulation by BAK1 and RPK1, multiple-layers control cell death and premature senescence via the coordinated action of BAK1 and RPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Dami Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Jiang C, Li B, Song Z, Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H. PtBRI1.2 promotes shoot growth and wood formation through a brassinosteroid-mediated PtBZR1-PtWNDs module in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6350-6364. [PMID: 34089602 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 (BRI1) plays important roles in various signalling pathways controlling plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanism of BRI1 in brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated signalling for shoot growth and wood formation in woody plants is largely unknown. In this study, PtBRI1.2, a brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 gene, was overexpressed in poplar. Shoot growth and wood formation of transgenic plants were examined and the regulatory genes involved were verified. PtBRI1.2 was localized to the plasma membrane, with a predominant expression in leaves. Ectopic expression of PtBRI1.2 in Arabidopsis bri1-201 and bri1-5 mutants rescued their retarded-growth phenotype. Overexpression of PtBRI1.2 in poplar promoted shoot growth and wood formation in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that overexpression of PtBRI1.2 promoted the accumulation of PtBZR1 (BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1) in the nucleus, which subsequently activated PtWNDs (WOOD-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN transcription factors) to up-regulate expression of secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes involved in wood formation. Our results suggest that PtBRI1.2 plays a crucial role in regulating shoot growth and wood formation by activating BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jiang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms of early plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3449-3467. [PMID: 34403694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Deepika D, Singh A. Plant phospholipase D: novel structure, regulatory mechanism, and multifaceted functions with biotechnological application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:106-124. [PMID: 34167393 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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33
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Vu LD, Xu X, Zhu T, Pan L, van Zanten M, de Jong D, Wang Y, Vanremoortele T, Locke AM, van de Cotte B, De Winne N, Stes E, Russinova E, De Jaeger G, Van Damme D, Uauy C, Gevaert K, De Smet I. The membrane-localized protein kinase MAP4K4/TOT3 regulates thermomorphogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2842. [PMID: 33990595 PMCID: PMC8121802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to mild warm temperature conditions by increased elongation growth of organs to enhance cooling capacity, in a process called thermomorphogenesis. To this date, the regulation of thermomorphogenesis has been exclusively shown to intersect with light signalling pathways. To identify regulators of thermomorphogenesis that are conserved in flowering plants, we map changes in protein phosphorylation in both dicots and monocots exposed to warm temperature. We identify MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE KINASE4 (MAP4K4)/TARGET OF TEMPERATURE3 (TOT3) as a regulator of thermomorphogenesis that impinges on brassinosteroid signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, we show that TOT3 plays a role in thermal response in wheat, a monocot crop. Altogether, the conserved thermal regulation by TOT3 expands our knowledge of thermomorphogenesis beyond the well-studied pathways and can contribute to ensuring food security under a changing climate. Plants respond to warmth via growth processes termed thermomorphogenesis. Here, via a phosphoproteomics approach, the authors show that the mitogen activated protein kinase TOT3 regulates thermomorphogenesis in both wheat and Arabidopsis and modifies brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lixia Pan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorrit de Jong
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yaowei Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanremoortele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna M Locke
- Soybean & Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy De Winne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Headquarters, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Xing J, Zhang L, Duan Z, Lin J. Coordination of Phospholipid-Based Signaling and Membrane Trafficking in Plant Immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:407-420. [PMID: 33309101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In plants, defense-associated signal transduction involves key membrane-related processes, such as phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking. Coordination of these processes occurs in the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane (PM) and luminal/extracellular membranes. Deciphering the spatiotemporal organization of phospholipids and lipid-protein interactions provides crucial information on the mechanisms that link phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of these connections, including deployment of key enzymes and molecules in phospholipid pathways, and roles of lipid diversity in membrane trafficking. We highlight the mechanisms that mediate feedback between phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking to regulate plant immunity, including their novel roles in balancing endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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35
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Lee HK, Goring DR. Two subgroups of receptor-like kinases promote early compatible pollen responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana pistil. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1198-1211. [PMID: 33097927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, cell-cell communication between the compatible pollen grain/growing pollen tube and the pistil is an essential component for successful sexual reproduction. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the later stages of this dialogue are mediated by several peptide ligands and receptors that guide pollen tubes to the ovules for the release of sperm cells. Despite a detailed understanding of these processes, a key gap remains regarding the nature of the regulators that function at the earlier stages which are essential steps leading to fertilization. Here, we report on new functions for A. thaliana Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) genes belonging to the LRR-II and LRR-VIII-2 RLK subgroups in the female reproductive tract to regulate compatible pollen hydration and the early stages of pollen tube growth. Mutant pistils for the A. thaliana RKF1 gene cluster were observed to support reduced wild-type pollen hydration and, when combined with the SERK1 and SERK3/BAK1 mutations, reduced pollen tube travel distances occurred. As these mutant pistils displayed a wild-type morphology, we propose that the observed altered compatible pollen responses result from an impaired pollen-pistil dialogue at these early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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36
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Shah AN, Tanveer M, Abbas A, Yildirim M, Shah AA, Ahmad MI, Wang Z, Sun W, Song Y. Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Stem Lodging and Kernel Abortion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699085. [PMID: 34868101 PMCID: PMC8636062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Noor Shah
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Asad Abbas
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | | | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Youhong Song
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de Azevedo Manhães AME, Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L. Plant plasma membrane-resident receptors: Surveillance for infections and coordination for growth and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:79-101. [PMID: 33305880 PMCID: PMC7855669 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs (RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth, development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs (RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Amazonicas CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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38
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Galindo-Trigo S, Blümke P, Simon R, Butenko MA. Emerging mechanisms to fine-tune receptor kinase signaling specificity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:41-51. [PMID: 32623322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms need to constantly inform their cellular machinery about the biochemical and physical status of their surroundings to adapt and thrive. While some external signals are also sensed intracellularly, a considerable share of external information is registered already at the plasma membrane (PM). Receptor kinases (RKs) are crucial for plant cells to integrate such cues from the environment, from microbes, or from other cells to coordinate their physiological response and their development. Early studies on RK signaling depicted the path from external signal to internal response in a linear fashion, but recent findings show that these cellular information highways are highly interconnected and pass signals through molecular intersections. In this review, we first discuss how individual RKs simultaneously contribute to the transduction and deconvolution of a multitude of signals by controlled assembly into diverse RK complexes, exemplified by FERONIA signaling versatility. We then elaborate on how cells can exert highly localized control over the assembly, interaction and composition of such complexes in order to attain essential cellular output specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo-Trigo
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick Blümke
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Hohmann U, Ramakrishna P, Wang K, Lorenzo-Orts L, Nicolet J, Henschen A, Barberon M, Bayer M, Hothorn M. Constitutive Activation of Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase Signaling Pathways by BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3 Chimera. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3311-3323. [PMID: 32796127 PMCID: PMC7534472 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases with extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains (LRR-RKs) form the largest group of membrane signaling proteins in plants. LRR-RKs can sense small molecule, peptide, or protein ligands and may be activated by ligand-induced interaction with a shape complementary SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) coreceptor kinase. We have previously shown that SERKs can also form constitutive, ligand-independent complexes with the LRR ectodomains of BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3 (BIR3) receptor pseudokinases, negative regulators of LRR-RK signaling. Here, we report that receptor chimera in which the extracellular LRR domain of BIR3 is fused to the cytoplasmic kinase domains of the SERK-dependent LRR-RKs BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, HAESA and ERECTA form tight complexes with endogenous SERK coreceptors in the absence of ligand stimulus. Expression of these chimeras under the control of the endogenous promoter of the respective LRR-RK leads to strong gain-of-function brassinosteroid, floral abscission, and stomatal patterning phenotypes, respectively. Importantly, a BIR3-GASSHO1 (GSO1)/SCHENGEN3 (SGN3) chimera can partially complement sgn3 Casparian strip formation phenotypes, suggesting that SERK proteins also mediate GSO1/SGN3 receptor activation. Collectively, our protein engineering approach may be used to elucidate the physiological functions of orphan LRR-RKs and to identify their receptor activation mechanism in single transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Orts
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Nicolet
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Henschen
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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DROOPY LEAF1 controls leaf architecture by orchestrating early brassinosteroid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21766-21774. [PMID: 32817516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002278117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf architecture directly determines canopy structure, and thus, grain yield in crops. Leaf droopiness is an agronomic trait primarily affecting the cereal leaf architecture but the genetic basis and underlying molecular mechanism of this trait remain unclear. Here, we report that DROOPY LEAF1 (DPY1), an LRR receptor-like kinase, plays a crucial role in determining leaf droopiness by controlling the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling output in Setaria, an emerging model for Panicoideae grasses. Loss-of-function mutation in DPY1 led to malformation of vascular sclerenchyma and low lignin content in leaves, and thus, an extremely droopy leaf phenotype, consistent with its preferential expression in leaf vascular tissues. DPY1 interacts with and competes for SiBAK1 and as a result, causes a sequential reduction in SiBRI1-SiBAK1 interaction, SiBRI1 phosphorylation, and downstream BR signaling. Conversely, DPY1 accumulation and affinity of the DPY1-SiBAK1 interaction are enhanced under BR treatment, thus preventing SiBRI1 from overactivation. As such, those findings reveal a negative feedback mechanism that represses leaf droopiness by preventing an overresponse of early BR signaling to excess BRs. Notably, plants overexpressing DPY1 have more upright leaves, thicker stems, and bigger panicles, suggesting potential utilization for yield improvement. The maize ortholog of DPY1 rescues the droopy leaves in dpy1, suggesting its conserved function in Panicoideae. Together, our study provides insights into how BR signaling is scrutinized by DPY1 to ensure the upward leaf architecture.
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41
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Steinbrenner AD. The evolving landscape of cell surface pattern recognition across plant immune networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:135-146. [PMID: 32615401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To recognize diverse threats, plants monitor extracellular molecular patterns and transduce intracellular immune signaling through receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. Pattern recognition occurs through a prototypical network of interacting proteins, comprising A) receptors that recognize inputs associated with a growing number of pest and pathogen classes (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, caterpillars), B) co-receptor kinases that participate in binding and signaling, and C) cytoplasmic kinases that mediate first stages of immune output. While this framework has been elucidated in reference accessions of model organisms, network components are part of gene families with widespread variation, potentially tuning immunocompetence for specific contexts. Most dramatically, variation in receptor repertoires determines the range of ligands acting as immunogenic inputs for a given plant. Diversification of receptor kinase (RK) and related receptor-like protein (RLP) repertoires may tune responses even within a species. Comparative genomics at pangenome scale will reveal patterns and features of immune network variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA; Washington Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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42
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Schlöffel MA, Salzer A, Wan WL, van Wijk R, Del Corvo R, Šemanjski M, Symeonidi E, Slaby P, Kilian J, Maček B, Munnik T, Gust AA. The BIR2/BIR3-Associated Phospholipase Dγ1 Negatively Regulates Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:371-384. [PMID: 32152212 PMCID: PMC7210654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved effective strategies to defend themselves against pathogen invasion. Starting from the plasma membrane with the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors, internal cellular signaling pathways are induced to ultimately fend off the attack. Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), which has been proposed to play a second messenger role in immunity. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PLD family consists of 12 members, and for some of these, a specific function in resistance toward a subset of pathogens has been shown. We demonstrate here that Arabidopsis PLDγ1, but not its close homologs PLDγ2 and PLDγ3, is specifically involved in plant immunity. Genetic inactivation of PLDγ1 resulted in increased resistance toward the virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea As pldγ1 mutant plants responded with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species to MAMP treatment, a negative regulatory function for this PLD isoform is proposed. Importantly, PA levels in pldγ1 mutants were not affected compared to stressed wild-type plants, suggesting that alterations in PA levels are not likely the cause for the enhanced immunity in the pldγ1 line. Instead, the plasma-membrane-attached PLDγ1 protein colocalized and associated with the BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES BIR2 and BIR3, which are known negative regulators of pattern-triggered immunity. Moreover, complex formation of PLDγ1 and BIR2 was further promoted upon MAMP treatment. Hence, we propose that PLDγ1 acts as a negative regulator of plant immune responses in complex with immunity-related proteins BIR2 and BIR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Schlöffel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Salzer
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Del Corvo
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maja Šemanjski
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Efthymia Symeonidi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Slaby
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics Unit, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Maček
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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44
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Plant Immunity: Danger Perception and Signaling. Cell 2020; 181:978-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Lv M, Li J. Molecular Mechanisms of Brassinosteroid-Mediated Responses to Changing Environments in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082737. [PMID: 32326491 PMCID: PMC7215551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant adaptations to changing environments rely on integrating external stimuli into internal responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of growth-promoting phytohormones, have been reported to act as signal molecules mediating these processes. BRs are perceived by cell surface receptor complex including receptor BRI1 and coreceptor BAK1, which subsequently triggers a signaling cascade that leads to inhibition of BIN2 and activation of BES1/BZR1 transcription factors. BES1/BZR1 can directly regulate the expression of thousands of downstream responsive genes. Recent studies in the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrated that BR biosynthesis and signal transduction, especially the regulatory components BIN2 and BES1/BZR1, are finely tuned by various environmental cues. Here, we summarize these research updates and give a comprehensive review of how BR biosynthesis and signaling are modulated by changing environments and how these changes regulate plant adaptive growth or stress tolerance.
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46
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Albert I, Hua C, Nürnberger T, Pruitt RN, Zhang L. Surface Sensor Systems in Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1582-1596. [PMID: 31822506 PMCID: PMC7140916 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein complexes at the cell surface facilitate the detection of danger signals from diverse pathogens and initiate a series of complex intracellular signaling events that result in various immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Albert
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Gou X, Li J. Paired Receptor and Coreceptor Kinases Perceive Extracellular Signals to Control Plant Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1667-1681. [PMID: 32144125 PMCID: PMC7140932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinase complexes regulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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48
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Großeholz R, Feldman-Salit A, Wanke F, Schulze S, Glöckner N, Kemmerling B, Harter K, Kummer U. Specifying the role of BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 in brassinosteroid signaling. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:456-469. [PMID: 30912278 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) are involved in the control of several developmental processes ranging from root elongation to senescence and adaptation to environmental cues. Thus, BR perception and signaling have to be precisely regulated. One regulator is BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1)-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 (BIR3). In the absence of BR, BIR3 forms complexes with BR insensitive 1 (BRI1) and BAK1. However, the biophysical and energetic requirements for complex formation in the absence of the ligand have yet to be determined. Using computational modeling, we simulated the potential complexes between the cytoplasmic domains of BAK1, BRI1 and BIR3. Our calculations and experimental data confirm the interaction of BIR3 with BAK1 and BRI1, with the BAK1 BIR3 interaction clearly favored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BIR3 and BRI1 share the same interaction site with BAK1. This suggests a competition between BIR3 and BRI1 for binding to BAK1, which results in preferential binding of BIR3 to BAK1 in the absence of the ligand thereby preventing the active participation of BAK1 in BR signaling. Our model also suggests that BAK1 and BRI1 can interact even while BAK1 is in complex with BIR3 at an additional binding site of BAK1 that does not allow active BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Großeholz
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Feldman-Salit
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Wang J, Chai J. Structural Insights into the Plant Immune Receptors PRRs and NLRs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1566-1581. [PMID: 32047048 PMCID: PMC7140948 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent progresses made in structural analysis of plant PRRs and NLRs show the advancements in cryo-EM structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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50
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Pandey S. Plant receptor-like kinase signaling through heterotrimeric G-proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1742-1751. [PMID: 31930311 PMCID: PMC7242010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins regulate multiple aspects of plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. While the core components of heterotrimeric G-proteins and their basic biochemistry are similar in plants and metazoans, key differences exist in their regulatory mechanisms. In particular, the activation mechanisms of plant G-proteins appear diverse and may include both canonical and novel modes. Classical G-protein-coupled receptor-like proteins exist in plants and interact with Gα proteins, but their ability to activate Gα by facilitating GDP to GTP exchange has not been demonstrated. Conversely, there is genetic and functional evidence that plant G-proteins interact with the highly prevalent receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and are phosphorylated by them. This suggests the exciting scenario that in plants the G-proteins integrate RLK-dependent signal perception at the plasma membrane with downstream effectors. Because RLKs are active kinases, it is also likely that the activity of plant G-proteins is regulated via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation rather than GTP-GDP exchange as in metazoans. This review discusses our current knowledge of the possible RLK-dependent regulatory mechanisms of plant G-protein signaling in the context of several biological systems and outlines the diversity that might exist in such regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
- Correspondence:
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