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Bertrand M, Rousselot S, Rioux M, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M. Concurrent Crystallization Mechanism Leading to Low Temperature Percolation of LAGP Glass-Ceramic Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28818-28828. [PMID: 38757776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Sintering of ceramic electrolytes (CE) is the most efficient way to obtain a dense, all ceramic solid-state battery with oxide-based materials. However, the high temperature required for this process leads to detrimental reactivity between CE and the active material. Crystalline ceramics are necessary for highly conductive oxide materials. Still, thermomechanical properties of glass-phase materials can be used to obtain a denser and more conductive CE. Glass-phase CE can be produced with Nasicon-type CE. Here, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) glass is used as a model to investigate the formability, densification, and conduction properties upon crystallization. A complete study of the crystallization mechanism is first performed to fully understand how a high conductivity of 6.3 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at 30 °C with 92% relative density is obtained at a sintering temperature of only 550 °C without pressure. This is approximately 200 °C below the usual sintering temperature of LAGP. X-ray diffraction is then used to calculate the amount of crystalline phase as a function of time. A combined study of reaction kinetics and conductivity evolution reveals an autocatalytic nucleation effect, which produces an early crystallization pathway. Density is studied to quantify the ability of the glass to flow during the crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bertrand
- Département de Chimie/Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
| | - Steeve Rousselot
- Département de Chimie/Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Rioux
- Département de Chimie/Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
| | - David Aymé-Perrot
- Green H2 Production, TotalEnergies SE, La Défense, 2 Pl. Jean Millier, Paris 92078, France
| | - Mickael Dollé
- Département de Chimie/Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
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2
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Melcher J, Dierolf M, Günther B, Achterhold K, Pfeiffer D, Pfeiffer F. High-energy X-ray diffraction experiment employing a compact synchrotron X-ray source based on inverse Compton scattering. Z Med Phys 2024:S0939-3889(24)00029-1. [PMID: 38631968 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important material analysis technique with a widespread use of laboratory systems. These systems typically operate at low X-ray energies (from 5 keV to 22 keV) since they rely on the small bandwidth of K-lines like copper. The narrow bandwidth is essential for precise measurements of the crystal structure in these systems. Inverse Compton X-ray source (ICS) could pave the way to XRD at high X-ray energies in a laboratory setting since these sources provide brilliant energy-tunable and partially coherent X-rays. This study demonstrates high-energy XRD at an ICS with strongly absorbing mineralogical samples embedded in soft tissue. A quantitative comparison of the measured XRD patterns with calculations of their expected shapes validates the performance of ICSs for XRD. This analysis was performed for two types of kidney stones of different materials. Since these stones are not isolated in a human body, the influence of the surrounding soft tissue on the XRD pattern is investigated and a correction for this soft tissue contribution is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Melcher
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniela Pfeiffer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany; TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Extractive Waste as a Resource: Quartz, Feldspars, and Rare Earth Elements from Gneiss Quarries of the Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province (Piedmont, Northern Italy). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for raw materials requires the optimization of extractive processes and innovative approaches, such as the recovery of quarrying and processing waste. Waste materials from gneiss (ranging from blocks up to residual sludge) used as dimension stone (Beola and Serizzo from Piedmont, northern Italy) were characterized for chemistry, mineralogy, and petrography: quartz and feldspars (plagioclase and K-feldspar) are the most abundant minerals, followed by micas (biotite and minor muscovite) and traces of chlorite and epidote (allanite). Quartz and feldspars could be reused in the industrial minerals sector, especially in the ceramics industry; depending on the purity requirements of the raw materials, some mica separation treatments may be required. The most critical issues relate to the small grain size and the relative abundance of mica in some commercial varieties. The presence of allanite opens new possibilities for the recovery of rare earth elements (REE, critical raw materials).
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A Review of the Phyllosilicates in Gale Crater as Detected by the CheMin Instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity Rover. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, landed on Mars in August 2012 to investigate the ~3.5-billion-year-old (Ga) fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary deposits of Aeolis Mons (informally known as Mount Sharp) and the surrounding plains (Aeolis Palus) in Gale crater. After nearly nine years, Curiosity has traversed over 25 km, and the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffraction instrument on-board Curiosity has analyzed 30 drilled rock and three scooped soil samples to date. The principal strategic goal of the mission is to assess the habitability of Mars in its ancient past. Phyllosilicates are common in ancient Martian terrains dating to ~3.5–4 Ga and were detected from orbit in some of the lower strata of Mount Sharp. Phyllosilicates on Earth are important for harboring and preserving organics. On Mars, phyllosilicates are significant for exploration as they are hypothesized to be a marker for potential habitable environments. CheMin data demonstrate that ancient fluvio-lacustrine rocks in Gale crater contain up to ~35 wt. % phyllosilicates. Phyllosilicates are key indicators of past fluid–rock interactions, and variation in the structure and composition of phyllosilicates in Gale crater suggest changes in past aqueous environments that may have been habitable to microbial life with a variety of possible energy sources.
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Bristow TF, Grotzinger JP, Rampe EB, Cuadros J, Chipera SJ, Downs GW, Fedo CM, Frydenvang J, McAdam AC, Morris RV, Achilles CN, Blake DF, Castle N, Craig P, Des Marais DJ, Downs RT, Hazen RM, Ming DW, Morrison SM, Thorpe MT, Treiman AH, Tu V, Vaniman DT, Yen AS, Gellert R, Mahaffy PR, Wiens RC, Bryk AB, Bennett KA, Fox VK, Millken RE, Fraeman AA, Vasavada AR. Brine-driven destruction of clay minerals in Gale crater, Mars. Science 2021; 373:198-204. [PMID: 34244410 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mars' sedimentary rock record preserves information on geological (and potential astrobiological) processes that occurred on the planet billions of years ago. The Curiosity rover is exploring the lower reaches of Mount Sharp, in Gale crater on Mars. A traverse from Vera Rubin ridge to Glen Torridon has allowed Curiosity to examine a lateral transect of rock strata laid down in a martian lake ~3.5 billion years ago. We report spatial differences in the mineralogy of time-equivalent sedimentary rocks <400 meters apart. These differences indicate localized infiltration of silica-poor brines, generated during deposition of overlying magnesium sulfate-bearing strata. We propose that destabilization of silicate minerals driven by silica-poor brines (rarely observed on Earth) was widespread on ancient Mars, because sulfate deposits are globally distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Bristow
- Eobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - J P Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E B Rampe
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J Cuadros
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - S J Chipera
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - G W Downs
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - C M Fedo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Frydenvang
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A C McAdam
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R V Morris
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - C N Achilles
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D F Blake
- Eobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - N Castle
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - P Craig
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - D J Des Marais
- Eobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - R T Downs
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R M Hazen
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - D W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - S M Morrison
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - M T Thorpe
- Jacobs Technology-Jacobs JETS Contract, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, at NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - A H Treiman
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - V Tu
- Jacobs Technology-Jacobs JETS Contract, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, at NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D T Vaniman
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - A S Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R Gellert
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R C Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A B Bryk
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K A Bennett
- U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - V K Fox
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R E Millken
- Department of Earth, Environmental Sciences and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - A A Fraeman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - A R Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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6
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Agarwal V, Fadil Y, Wan A, Maslekar N, Tran BN, Mat Noor RA, Bhattacharyya S, Biazik J, Lim S, Zetterlund PB. Influence of Anionic Surfactants on the Fundamental Properties of Polymer/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18338-18347. [PMID: 33835791 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are frequently employed in the fabrication of polymer/graphene-based nanocomposites via emulsion techniques. However, the impact of surfactants on the electrical and mechanical properties of such nanocomposite films remains to be explored. We have systematically studied the impact of two anionic surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)] on intrinsic properties of the nanocomposite films comprising reduced graphene oxide in a matrix of poly(styrene-stat-n-butyl acrylate). Using these ambient temperature film-forming systems, we fabricated films with different concentrations of the surfactants (1-7 wt %, relative to the organic phase). Significant differences in film properties were observed both as a function of amount and type of surfactant. Thermally reduced films exhibited concentration-dependent increases in surface roughness, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties with increasing SDS content. When compared with SDBS, SDS films exhibited an order of magnitude higher electrical conductivity values at every concentration (highest value of ∼4.4 S m-1 for 7 wt % SDS) and superior mechanical properties at higher surfactant concentrations. The present results illustrate how the simple inclusion of a benzene ring in the SDS structure (as in SDBS) can cause a significant change in the electrical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. Overall, the present results demonstrate how nanocomposite properties can be judiciously manipulated by altering the concentration and/or type of surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yasemin Fadil
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Alice Wan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Namrata Maslekar
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bich Ngoc Tran
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rabiatul A Mat Noor
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Saroj Bhattacharyya
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sean Lim
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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7
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High Effective Preparation of Amorphous-Like Si Nanoparticles Using Spark Erosion Followed by Bead Milling. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030594. [PMID: 33673540 PMCID: PMC7997184 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to prepare the silicon nanoparticles with the nanocrystal-embedded amorphous structure through spark erosion followed by bead milling. Spark erosion breaks up monocrystal silicon ingots into micro/nanoparticles, refines the crystal grains, makes the crystals randomly disordered, and increases isotropic character. Bead milling further refines the crystal grains to a few nanometers and increases the amorphous portion in the structure, eventually forming an amorphous structure with the nanocrystals embedded. Spark erosion saves much time and energy for bead milling. The crystallite size and the amount of amorphous phase could be controlled through varying pulse durations of spark discharge and bead milling time. The final particles could contain the nanocrystals as small as 4 nm and the content of amorphous phase as high as 84% and could be considered as amorphous-like Si nanoparticles. This processing route for Si nanoparticles greatly reduced the production time and the energy consumption and, more importantly, is structure-controllable and scalable for mass production of the products with higher purity.
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8
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Toraya H. Accurate and time-saving quantification of a component present in a very small amount in a mixture by the direct derivation method. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In quantitative phase analysis (QPA) using the direct derivation (DD) method, total sums of diffracted/scattered intensities for individual components are used as observed quantities. Fluctuation in their relative intensity ratios induces errors in derived weight fractions, and it ought to be suppressed for improving the accuracy in QPA, in particular, of a component that is present in a small amount. The fluctuation is primarily caused by the termination in summing/integrating diffracted/scattered intensities on the high-angle side. It is usually associated with changing the 2θ range in whole-powder-pattern fitting (WPPF) used to decompose the mixture pattern into individual component patterns. In this study, calculated patterns for individual components, fitted in WPPF, are normalized so as to give the unit area when they are separately integrated over their definition ranges in 2θ. The termination effect could effectively be reduced by extending the definition range to a certain high-angle limit. Scale parameters for adjusting the calculated patterns become non-fluctuating against the change of the 2θ range in WPPF. Thus, the time spent for intensity data collection of mixture patterns can be reduced by shortening the scan range. The present procedure has been tested with binary mixtures containing small amounts of crystalline phases of 0.02–0.4 wt%. QPA could be conducted with errors of 0.01–0.03 wt% for both inorganic materials chosen as ideal samples and pharmaceutical materials as practical ones. QPA of an amorphous component present in a small amount is also discussed.
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9
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Doménech-Carbó A, Bosch-Reig F, Montoya N. ATR-FTIR and XRD quantification of solid mixtures using the asymptotic constant ratio (ACR) methods. Application to geological samples of sodium and potassium feldspars. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118328. [PMID: 32299036 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two asymptotic constant ratio methods applied to the quantification of individual components of solid samples using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are described. The methods involve the measurement of the peak current/peak areas of selected signals (diffraction peaks in XRD and absorption bands in ATR-FTIR) relative to the signal of standard added in constant proportion to the sample and the sample enriched with the analyte following the usual standard additions methodology. The proposed method compensates the absorption effects appearing in XRD and the presence of overlapping absorption bands of interferents by means of an asymptotic representation thus avoiding the need of the knowledge of the absorption parameters of the matrix and analytes. The method was tested for mixtures of different metal oxides and sodium and potassium feldspars with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco Bosch-Reig
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Achilles CN, Rampe EB, Downs RT, Bristow TF, Ming DW, Morris RV, Vaniman DT, Blake DF, Yen AS, McAdam AC, Sutter B, Fedo CM, Gwizd S, Thompson LM, Gellert R, Morrison SM, Treiman AH, Crisp JA, Gabriel TSJ, Chipera SJ, Hazen RM, Craig PI, Thorpe MT, Des Marais DJ, Grotzinger JP, Tu VM, Castle N, Downs GW, Peretyazhko TS, Walroth RC, Sarrazin P, Morookian JM. Evidence for Multiple Diagenetic Episodes in Ancient Fluvial-Lacustrine Sedimentary Rocks in Gale Crater, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2020; 125:e2019JE006295. [PMID: 32999799 PMCID: PMC7507756 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Curiosity rover's exploration of rocks and soils in Gale crater has provided diverse geochemical and mineralogical data sets, underscoring the complex geological history of the region. We report the crystalline, clay mineral, and amorphous phase distributions of four Gale crater rocks from an 80-m stratigraphic interval. The mineralogy of the four samples is strongly influenced by aqueous alteration processes, including variations in water chemistries, redox, pH, and temperature. Localized hydrothermal events are evidenced by gray hematite and maturation of amorphous SiO2 to opal-CT. Low-temperature diagenetic events are associated with fluctuating lake levels, evaporative events, and groundwater infiltration. Among all mudstones analyzed in Gale crater, the diversity in diagenetic processes is primarily captured by the mineralogy and X-ray amorphous chemistry of the drilled rocks. Variations indicate a transition from magnetite to hematite and an increase in matrix-associated sulfates suggesting intensifying influence from oxic, diagenetic fluids upsection. Furthermore, diagenetic fluid pathways are shown to be strongly affected by unconformities and sedimentary transitions, as evidenced by the intensity of alteration inferred from the mineralogy of sediments sampled adjacent to stratigraphic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. T. Downs
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - B. Sutter
- Jacobs at NASA Johnson Space CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - C. M. Fedo
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - S. Gwizd
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - L. M. Thompson
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - J. A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - T. S. J. Gabriel
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | | | - R. M. Hazen
- Carnegie Institute for ScienceWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | - J. P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - V. M. Tu
- Jacobs at NASA Johnson Space CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - N. Castle
- Planetary Science InstituteTucsonAZUSA
| | - G. W. Downs
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | | | | | | | - J. M. Morookian
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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11
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Ripmeester M, Duford DA, Yuan S. Understanding the behaviour of dodecylamine as a model cationic collector in oil sands tailings dewatering applications using a novel FTIR based method. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ripmeester
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Research & Development Centre, Analytical Research Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - David A. Duford
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Research & Development Centre, Analytical Research Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Simon Yuan
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Research & Development Centre, Analytical Research Edmonton Alberta Canada
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12
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Mendiola-Alvarez SY, Guzmán-Mar JL, Turnes-Palomino G, Maya-Alejandro F, Caballero-Quintero A, Hernández-Ramírez A, Hinojosa-Reyes L. Synthesis of Cr 3+-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles: characterization and evaluation of their visible photocatalytic performance and stability. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:144-153. [PMID: 28914168 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1380715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cr3+-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Ti-Cr) were synthesized by microwave-assisted sol-gel method. The Ti-Cr catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zetametry. The anatase mesoporous Ti-Cr material exhibited a specific surface area of 54.5 m2/g. XPS analysis confirmed the proper substitution of Ti4+ cations by Cr3+ cations in the TiO2 matrix. The particle size was of average size of 17 nm for the undoped TiO2 but only 9.5 nm for Ti-Cr. The Cr atoms promoted the formation of hydroxyl radicals and modified the surface adsorptive properties of TiO2 due to the increase in surface acidity of the material. The photocatalytic evaluation demonstrated that the Ti-Cr catalyst completely degraded (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid under visible light irradiation, while undoped TiO2 and P25 allowed 45.7% and 31.1%, respectively. The rate of degradation remained 52% after three cycles of catalyst reuse. The higher visible light photocatalytic activity of Ti-Cr was attributed to the beneficial effect of Cr3+ ions on the TiO2 surface creating defects within the TiO2 crystal lattice, which can act as charge-trapping sites, reducing the electron-hole recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Luis Guzmán-Mar
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL , San Nicolás de los Garza , México
| | - Gemma Turnes-Palomino
- b Department of Chemistry , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | | | - Adolfo Caballero-Quintero
- c Laboratorio de Química Forense, Criminalística y Servicios Periciales , Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León , Monterrey , México
| | - Aracely Hernández-Ramírez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL , San Nicolás de los Garza , México
| | - Laura Hinojosa-Reyes
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL , San Nicolás de los Garza , México
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Bristow TF, Rampe EB, Achilles CN, Blake DF, Chipera SJ, Craig P, Crisp JA, Des Marais DJ, Downs RT, Gellert R, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Hazen RM, Horgan B, Hogancamp JV, Mangold N, Mahaffy PR, McAdam AC, Ming DW, Morookian JM, Morris RV, Morrison SM, Treiman AH, Vaniman DT, Vasavada AR, Yen AS. Clay mineral diversity and abundance in sedimentary rocks of Gale crater, Mars. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar3330. [PMID: 29881776 PMCID: PMC5990309 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clay minerals provide indicators of the evolution of aqueous conditions and possible habitats for life on ancient Mars. Analyses by the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity show that ~3.5-billion year (Ga) fluvio-lacustrine mudstones in Gale crater contain up to ~28 weight % (wt %) clay minerals. We demonstrate that the species of clay minerals deduced from x-ray diffraction and evolved gas analysis show a strong paleoenvironmental dependency. While perennial lake mudstones are characterized by Fe-saponite, we find that stratigraphic intervals associated with episodic lake drying contain Al-rich, Fe3+-bearing dioctahedral smectite, with minor (3 wt %) quantities of ferripyrophyllite, interpreted as wind-blown detritus, found in candidate aeolian deposits. Our results suggest that dioctahedral smectite formed via near-surface chemical weathering driven by fluctuations in lake level and atmospheric infiltration, a process leading to the redistribution of nutrients and potentially influencing the cycling of gases that help regulate climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Bristow
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.B.); (E.B.R.)
| | - Elizabeth B. Rampe
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.B.); (E.B.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joy A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Robert T. Downs
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ralf Gellert
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert M. Hazen
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Briony Horgan
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, UMR6112, CNRS, Université Nantes, Université Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | - Amy C. McAdam
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Doug W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | | | - Shaunna M. Morrison
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | | | | | - Ashwin R. Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Albert S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Daly RT, Schultz PH. The delivery of water by impacts from planetary accretion to present. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2632. [PMID: 29707636 PMCID: PMC5916508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical models and observational evidence indicate that water-rich asteroids and comets deliver water to objects throughout the solar system, but the mechanisms by which this water is captured have been unclear. New experiments reveal that impact melts and breccias capture up to 30% of the water carried by carbonaceous chondrite-like projectiles under impact conditions typical of the main asteroid belt impact and the early phases of planet formation. This impactor-derived water resides in two distinct reservoirs: in impact melts and projectile survivors. Impact melt hosts the bulk of the delivered water. Entrapment of water within impact glasses and melt-bearing breccias is therefore a plausible source of hydration features associated with craters on the Moon and elsewhere in the solar system and likely contributed to the early accretion of water during planet formation.
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Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO2 sedimentary rock at Gale crater. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7071-6. [PMID: 27298370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607098113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tridymite, a low-pressure, high-temperature (>870 °C) SiO2 polymorph, was detected in a drill sample of laminated mudstone (Buckskin) at Marias Pass in Gale crater, Mars, by the Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray diffraction instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity The tridymitic mudstone has ∼40 wt.% crystalline and ∼60 wt.% X-ray amorphous material and a bulk composition with ∼74 wt.% SiO2 (Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer analysis). Plagioclase (∼17 wt.% of bulk sample), tridymite (∼14 wt.%), sanidine (∼3 wt.%), cation-deficient magnetite (∼3 wt.%), cristobalite (∼2 wt.%), and anhydrite (∼1 wt.%) are the mudstone crystalline minerals. Amorphous material is silica-rich (∼39 wt.% opal-A and/or high-SiO2 glass and opal-CT), volatile-bearing (16 wt.% mixed cation sulfates, phosphates, and chlorides-perchlorates-chlorates), and has minor TiO2 and Fe2O3T oxides (∼5 wt.%). Rietveld refinement yielded a monoclinic structural model for a well-crystalline tridymite, consistent with high formation temperatures. Terrestrial tridymite is commonly associated with silicic volcanism, and detritus from such volcanism in a "Lake Gale" catchment environment can account for Buckskin's tridymite, cristobalite, feldspar, and any residual high-SiO2 glass. These cogenetic detrital phases are possibly sourced from the Gale crater wall/rim/central peak. Opaline silica could form during diagenesis from high-SiO2 glass, as amorphous precipitated silica, or as a residue of acidic leaching in the sediment source region or at Marias Pass. The amorphous mixed-cation salts and oxides and possibly the crystalline magnetite (otherwise detrital) are primary precipitates and/or their diagenesis products derived from multiple infiltrations of aqueous solutions having variable compositions, temperatures, and acidities. Anhydrite is post lithification fracture/vein fill.
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Treiman AH, Bish DL, Vaniman DT, Chipera SJ, Blake DF, Ming DW, Morris RV, Bristow TF, Morrison SM, Baker MB, Rampe EB, Downs RT, Filiberto J, Glazner AF, Gellert R, Thompson LM, Schmidt ME, Le Deit L, Wiens RC, McAdam AC, Achilles CN, Edgett KS, Farmer JD, Fendrich KV, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Morookian JM, Newcombe ME, Rice MS, Spray JG, Stolper EM, Sumner DY, Vasavada AR, Yen AS. Mineralogy, provenance, and diagenesis of a potassic basaltic sandstone on Mars: CheMin X-ray diffraction of the Windjana sample (Kimberley area, Gale Crater). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2016; 121:75-106. [PMID: 27134806 PMCID: PMC4845591 DOI: 10.1002/2015je004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Windjana drill sample, a sandstone of the Dillinger member (Kimberley formation, Gale Crater, Mars), was analyzed by CheMin X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the MSL Curiosity rover. From Rietveld refinements of its XRD pattern, Windjana contains the following: sanidine (21% weight, ~Or95); augite (20%); magnetite (12%); pigeonite; olivine; plagioclase; amorphous and smectitic material (~25%); and percent levels of others including ilmenite, fluorapatite, and bassanite. From mass balance on the Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) chemical analysis, the amorphous material is Fe rich with nearly no other cations-like ferrihydrite. The Windjana sample shows little alteration and was likely cemented by its magnetite and ferrihydrite. From ChemCam Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS) chemical analyses, Windjana is representative of the Dillinger and Mount Remarkable members of the Kimberley formation. LIBS data suggest that the Kimberley sediments include at least three chemical components. The most K-rich targets have 5.6% K2O, ~1.8 times that of Windjana, implying a sediment component with >40% sanidine, e.g., a trachyte. A second component is rich in mafic minerals, with little feldspar (like a shergottite). A third component is richer in plagioclase and in Na2O, and is likely to be basaltic. The K-rich sediment component is consistent with APXS and ChemCam observations of K-rich rocks elsewhere in Gale Crater. The source of this sediment component was likely volcanic. The presence of sediment from many igneous sources, in concert with Curiosity's identifications of other igneous materials (e.g., mugearite), implies that the northern rim of Gale Crater exposes a diverse igneous complex, at least as diverse as that found in similar-age terranes on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Bish
- Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
| | | | | | - David F Blake
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
| | - Doug W Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division NASA Johnson Space Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Richard V Morris
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division NASA Johnson Space Center Houston Texas USA
| | | | | | - Michael B Baker
- Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Elizabeth B Rampe
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division NASA Johnson Space Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Robert T Downs
- Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Justin Filiberto
- Department of Geology Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois USA
| | - Allen F Glazner
- Department of Geological Sciences University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Ralf Gellert
- Department of Physics University of Guelf Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Lucy M Thompson
- Department of Earth Sciences University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Mariek E Schmidt
- Department of Earth Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Laetitia Le Deit
- Laboratoire Planétologie et Géodynamique de Nantes, LPGN/CNRS UMR6112, and Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Roger C Wiens
- Space Remote Sensing Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Amy C McAdam
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Cherie N Achilles
- Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
| | | | - Jack D Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Kim V Fendrich
- Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - John P Grotzinger
- Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London UK
| | | | - Megan E Newcombe
- Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Melissa S Rice
- Department of Earth Sciences Western Washington University Bellingham Washington USA
| | - John G Spray
- Department of Earth Sciences University of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Edward M Stolper
- Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Dawn Y Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California Davis California USA
| | - Ashwin R Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Albert S Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
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Harris W, Norman White G. X-ray Diffraction Techniques for Soil Mineral Identification. METHODS OF SOIL ANALYSIS PART 5-MINERALOGICAL METHODS 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser5.5.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Santini TC. Application of the Rietveld refinement method for quantification of mineral concentrations in bauxite residues (alumina refining tailings). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Bish D, Blake D, Vaniman D, Sarrazin P, Bristow T, Achilles C, Dera P, Chipera S, Crisp J, Downs RT, Farmer J, Gailhanou M, Ming D, Morookian JM, Morris R, Morrison S, Rampe E, Treiman A, Yen A. The first X-ray diffraction measurements on Mars. IUCRJ 2014; 1:514-22. [PMID: 25485131 PMCID: PMC4224469 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514021150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Mars Science Laboratory landed in Gale crater on Mars in August 2012, and the Curiosity rover then began field studies on its drive toward Mount Sharp, a central peak made of ancient sediments. CheMin is one of ten instruments on or inside the rover, all designed to provide detailed information on the rocks, soils and atmosphere in this region. CheMin is a miniaturized X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence (XRD/XRF) instrument that uses transmission geometry with an energy-discriminating CCD detector. CheMin uses onboard standards for XRD and XRF calibration, and beryl:quartz mixtures constitute the primary XRD standards. Four samples have been analysed by CheMin, namely a soil sample, two samples drilled from mudstones and a sample drilled from a sandstone. Rietveld and full-pattern analysis of the XRD data reveal a complex mineralogy, with contributions from parent igneous rocks, amorphous components and several minerals relating to aqueous alteration. In particular, the mudstone samples all contain one or more phyllosilicates consistent with alteration in liquid water. In addition to quantitative mineralogy, Rietveld refinements also provide unit-cell parameters for the major phases, which can be used to infer the chemical compositions of individual minerals and, by difference, the composition of the amorphous component.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bish
- Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cherie Achilles
- Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Vaniman DT, Bish DL, Ming DW, Bristow TF, Morris RV, Blake DF, Chipera SJ, Morrison SM, Treiman AH, Rampe EB, Rice M, Achilles CN, Grotzinger JP, McLennan SM, Williams J, Bell JF, Newsom HE, Downs RT, Maurice S, Sarrazin P, Yen AS, Morookian JM, Farmer JD, Stack K, Milliken RE, Ehlmann BL, Sumner DY, Berger G, Crisp JA, Hurowitz JA, Anderson R, Des Marais DJ, Stolper EM, Edgett KS, Gupta S, Spanovich N, Agard C, Alves Verdasca JA, Anderson R, Archer D, Armiens-Aparicio C, Arvidson R, Atlaskin E, Atreya S, Aubrey A, Baker B, Baker M, Balic-Zunic T, Baratoux D, Baroukh J, Barraclough B, Bean K, Beegle L, Behar A, Bender S, Benna M, Bentz J, Berger J, Berman D, Blanco Avalos JJ, Blaney D, Blank J, Blau H, Bleacher L, Boehm E, Botta O, Bottcher S, Boucher T, Bower H, Boyd N, Boynton B, Breves E, Bridges J, Bridges N, Brinckerhoff W, Brinza D, Brunet C, Brunner A, Brunner W, Buch A, Bullock M, Burmeister S, Cabane M, Calef F, Cameron J, Campbell JI, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Caride Rodriguez J, Carmosino M, Carrasco Blazquez I, Charpentier A, Choi D, Clark B, Clegg S, Cleghorn T, Cloutis E, Cody G, Coll P, Conrad P, Coscia D, Cousin A, Cremers D, Cros A, Cucinotta F, d'Uston C, Davis S, Day MK, de la Torre Juarez M, DeFlores L, DeLapp D, DeMarines J, Dietrich W, Dingler R, Donny C, Drake D, Dromart G, Dupont A, Duston B, Dworkin J, Dyar MD, Edgar L, Edwards C, Edwards L, Ehresmann B, Eigenbrode J, Elliott B, Elliott H, Ewing R, Fabre C, Fairen A, Farley K, Fassett C, Favot L, Fay D, Fedosov F, Feldman J, Feldman S, Fisk M, Fitzgibbon M, Flesch G, Floyd M, Fluckiger L, Forni O, Fraeman A, Francis R, Francois P, Franz H, Freissinet C, French KL, Frydenvang J, Gaboriaud A, Gailhanou M, Garvin J, Gasnault O, Geffroy C, Gellert R, Genzer M, Glavin D, Godber A, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Golovin D, Gomez Gomez F, Gomez-Elvira J, Gondet B, Gordon S, Gorevan S, Grant J, Griffes J, Grinspoon D, Guillemot P, Guo J, Guzewich S, Haberle R, Halleaux D, Hallet B, Hamilton V, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Harpold D, Harri AM, Harshman K, Hassler D, Haukka H, Hayes A, Herkenhoff K, Herrera P, Hettrich S, Heydari E, Hipkin V, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Hudgins J, Huntress W, Hviid S, Iagnemma K, Indyk S, Israel G, Jackson R, Jacob S, Jakosky B, Jensen E, Jensen JK, Johnson J, Johnson M, Johnstone S, Jones A, Jones J, Joseph J, Jun I, Kah L, Kahanpaa H, Kahre M, Karpushkina N, Kasprzak W, Kauhanen J, Keely L, Kemppinen O, Keymeulen D, Kim MH, Kinch K, King P, Kirkland L, Kocurek G, Koefoed A, Kohler J, Kortmann O, Kozyrev A, Krezoski J, Krysak D, Kuzmin R, Lacour JL, Lafaille V, Langevin Y, Lanza N, Lasue J, Le Mouelic S, Lee EM, Lee QM, Lees D, Lefavor M, Lemmon M, Malvitte AL, Leshin L, Leveille R, Lewin-Carpintier E, Lewis K, Li S, Lipkaman L, Little C, Litvak M, Lorigny E, Lugmair G, Lundberg A, Lyness E, Madsen M, Mahaffy P, Maki J, Malakhov A, Malespin C, Malin M, Mangold N, Manhes G, Manning H, Marchand G, Marin Jimenez M, Martin Garcia C, Martin D, Martin M, Martinez-Frias J, Martin-Soler J, Martin-Torres FJ, Mauchien P, McAdam A, McCartney E, McConnochie T, McCullough E, McEwan I, McKay C, McNair S, Melikechi N, Meslin PY, Meyer M, Mezzacappa A, Miller H, Miller K, Minitti M, Mischna M, Mitrofanov I, Moersch J, Mokrousov M, Molina Jurado A, Moores J, Mora-Sotomayor L, Mueller-Mellin R, Muller JP, Munoz Caro G, Nachon M, Navarro Lopez S, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Nealson K, Nefian A, Nelson T, Newcombe M, Newman C, Nikiforov S, Niles P, Nixon B, Noe Dobrea E, Nolan T, Oehler D, Ollila A, Olson T, Owen T, de Pablo Hernandez MA, Paillet A, Pallier E, Palucis M, Parker T, Parot Y, Patel K, Paton M, Paulsen G, Pavlov A, Pavri B, Peinado-Gonzalez V, Pepin R, Peret L, Perez R, Perrett G, Peterson J, Pilorget C, Pinet P, Pla-Garcia J, Plante I, Poitrasson F, Polkko J, Popa R, Posiolova L, Posner A, Pradler I, Prats B, Prokhorov V, Purdy SW, Raaen E, Radziemski L, Rafkin S, Ramos M, Raulin F, Ravine M, Reitz G, Renno N, Richardson M, Robert F, Robertson K, Rodriguez Manfredi JA, Romeral-Planello JJ, Rowland S, Rubin D, Saccoccio M, Salamon A, Sandoval J, Sanin A, Sans Fuentes SA, Saper L, Sautter V, Savijarvi H, Schieber J, Schmidt M, Schmidt W, Scholes DD, Schoppers M, Schroder S, Schwenzer S, Sebastian Martinez E, Sengstacken A, Shterts R, Siebach K, Siili T, Simmonds J, Sirven JB, Slavney S, Sletten R, Smith M, Sobron Sanchez P, Spray J, Squyres S, Stalport F, Steele A, Stein T, Stern J, Stewart N, Stipp SLS, Stoiber K, Sucharski B, Sullivan R, Summons R, Sun V, Supulver K, Sutter B, Szopa C, Tan F, Tate C, Teinturier S, ten Kate I, Thomas P, Thompson L, Tokar R, Toplis M, Torres Redondo J, Trainer M, Tretyakov V, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, VanBommel S, Varenikov A, Vasavada A, Vasconcelos P, Vicenzi E, Vostrukhin A, Voytek M, Wadhwa M, Ward J, Webster C, Weigle E, Wellington D, Westall F, Wiens RC, Wilhelm MB, Williams A, Williams R, Williams RBM, Wilson M, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Wolff M, Wong M, Wray J, Wu M, Yana C, Yingst A, Zeitlin C, Zimdar R, Zorzano Mier MP. Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Science 2013; 343:1243480. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bish DL, Blake DF, Vaniman DT, Chipera SJ, Morris RV, Ming DW, Treiman AH, Sarrazin P, Morrison SM, Downs RT, Achilles CN, Yen AS, Bristow TF, Crisp JA, Morookian JM, Farmer JD, Rampe EB, Stolper EM, Spanovich N. X-ray diffraction results from Mars Science Laboratory: mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale crater. Science 2013; 341:1238932. [PMID: 24072925 DOI: 10.1126/science.1238932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 ± 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe(3+)- and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bish
- Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Chipera SJ, Bish DL. Fitting Full X-Ray Diffraction Patterns for Quantitative Analysis: A Method for Readily Quantifying Crystalline and Disordered Phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2013.31a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Duling MG, Stefaniak AB, Lawrence RB, Chipera SJ, Virji MA. Release of beryllium from mineral ores in artificial lung and skin surface fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2012; 34:313-322. [PMID: 21866318 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-011-9421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to some manufactured beryllium compounds via skin contact or inhalation can cause sensitization. A portion of sensitized persons who inhale beryllium may develop chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Little is understood about exposures to naturally occurring beryllium minerals. The purpose of this study was to assess the bioaccessibility of beryllium from bertrandite ore. Dissolution of bertrandite from two mine pits (Monitor and Blue Chalk) was evaluated for both the dermal and inhalation exposure pathways by determining bioaccessibility in artificial sweat (pH 5.3 and pH 6.5), airway lining fluid (SUF, pH 7.3), and alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (PSF, pH 4.5). Significantly more beryllium was released from Monitor pit ore than Blue Chalk pit ore in artificial sweat buffered to pH 5.3 (0.88 ± 0.01% vs. 0.36 ± 0.00%) and pH 6.5 (0.09 ± 0.00% vs. 0.03 ± 0.01%). Rates of beryllium released from the ores in artificial sweat were faster than previously measured for manufactured forms of beryllium (e.g., beryllium oxide), known to induce sensitization in mice. In SUF, levels of beryllium were below the analytical limit of detection. In PSF, beryllium dissolution was biphasic (initial rapid diffusion followed by latter slower surface reactions). During the latter phase, dissolution half-times were 1,400 to 2,000 days, and rate constants were ~7 × 10(-10) g/(cm(2)·day), indicating that bertrandite is persistent in the lung. These data indicate that it is prudent to control skin and inhalation exposures to bertrandite dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Duling
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Bac BH, Song Y, Moon Y, Kim MH, Kang IM. Effective utilization of incinerated municipal solid waste incineration ash: zeolitic material synthesis and silica extraction. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2010; 28:714-722. [PMID: 20124315 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x09360056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effective utilization of two types of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ashes, namely air-cooled ash (ACS) and water-cooled ash (WCS) samples obtained from a municipal solid waste incineration plant, was examined by applying zeolitic material synthesis and silica extraction. The influence of the experimental conditions including the ratio of sample : NaOH solution, the reaction temperature and time, and the concentration of NaOH solution were investigated. The results for the 25 experimental trials can be summarized as: (1) the formation of tobermorite and/or pectolite-1A as a major component in most conditions; (2) the synthesis of hydroxycancrinite as a major phase at 200 degrees C; (3) a dramatic increase in the extracted SiO(2) yield at 1 : 30 value of sample : NaOH ratio and 200 degrees C, even at short reaction times; and (4) relatively high SiO(2) yields for WCS ashes rather than ACS ashes. An increase in the reaction time improved the quantity of synthesized zeolitic materials. The reaction temperature determined the type of zeolite. An increase in the NaOH concentration can be an essential factor to improve zeolitic material synthesis, but it significantly reduced the yield of SiO(2) extraction. In conclusion, suitable conditions for obtaining both SiO(2) extraction and synthesized zeolites from the ashes of the incinerated solid waste materials should be: 200 degrees C reaction temperature; a 1 : 30 (g : mL) value for the sample : NaOH ratio; 2 mol L(-1) NaOH concentration; and a reaction time of more than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Hoang Bac
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Vukomanović M, Mitrić M, Skapin SD, Zagar E, Plavec J, Ignjatović N, Uskoković D. Influence of ultrasonic processing on the macromolecular properties of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) alone and in its biocomposite with hydroxyapatite. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:902-908. [PMID: 20163978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and a poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HAp) composite processed in an ultrasonic field at higher (25 degrees C) and lower (8 degrees C) temperatures were studied with respect to the molecular properties of the obtained materials. The processing of the PLGA and the PLGA/HAp composite in an ultrasonic field resulted in a change of molar mass averages of the polymer/polymeric part of these materials, while an amorphous structure and a 50:50 lactide-to-glycolide co-monomer ratio were preserved without the formation of crystalline oligomers. However, mobility of polymeric chains obtained after ultrasonic processing was lower indicating ordering the structure of polymeric chains as a result of processing. Additionally, it was observed that the mobility of the PLGA macromolecules was lower within the composite in comparison with the mobility of the chains within the PLGA alone in the case when both were obtained after ultrasonic processing. This was a consequence of the structure formation through the interactions between the PLGA and the HAp. Based on these results different degradation rate of PLGA in composite can be expected, which is important in the application of this material for the controlled drug delivery of medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vukomanović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Stefaniak AB, Abbas Virji M, Harvey CJ, Sbarra DC, Day GA, Hoover MD. Influence of artificial gastric juice composition on bioaccessibility of cobalt- and tungsten-containing powders. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Livi KJT, Senesi GS, Scheinost AC, Sparks DL. Microscopic examination of nanosized mixed Ni-Al hydroxide surface precipitates on pyrophyllite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:1299-1304. [PMID: 19350894 DOI: 10.1021/es8015606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The nature of Ni-hydroxide precipitates on pyrophyllite were reexamined by analytical electron microscopy (AEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Chemical analysis of precipitates showed that the precipitate contains about 20% Al. HRTEM imaging showed that the precipitate was amorphous and PXRD failed to find any crystalline peaks associated with cnrystalline Ni-Al layered double-hydroxide (LDH) or alpha-Ni(OH)2. These results confirmed the conclusion from EXAFS spectroscopic data that Al coprecipitated with Ni on Al-rich substrates to form Ni-Al LDH surface precipitates. However, the HRTEM data clarifies that although the bonding environment of the precipitate is like that of Ni-AI LDH, no long-range ordering of the structure exists. The study illustrates the need for TEM observations to complement EXAFS data and the potential importance of amorphous materials in environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J T Livi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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Dong W, Gilmore C, Barr G, Dallman C, Feeder N, Terry S. A Quick Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures. 1. Powder X-Ray Diffraction. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2260-76. [PMID: 17876772 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A method of analyzing mixtures of APIs and excipients using X-ray powder diffraction is described. It uses a simple algorithm based on linear regression in which the pure component phases are fitted to the mixture pattern using linear least squares. Unlike many methods that use only the peaks in the powder pattern, this technique uses all the measured data points in the 2theta scan with minimal data processing. In practice, using 33 different samples on three diffractometers, the method can be shown to work well for mixtures with up to three components, giving mean errors between 1.7% and 3.9% for two-phase mixtures, and 4.0% and 8.6% for three-phase mixtures. These results compare favorably to those given by traditional Rietveld refinement. It is also shown that the Bruker GADDS system, which is designed for high throughput crystallization experiments, is capable of giving results of comparable accuracy to those derived from traditional, single sample diffractometers. It is possible to identify those mixtures for which one or more pure phase X-ray powder patterns are not available with a detection limit around 10%. The techniques are implemented in the PolySNAP computer program. The method requires very little computer time or user interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- WestCHEM, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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31
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Size-selective poorly soluble particulate reference materials for evaluation of quantitative analytical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2071-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stefaniak AB, Chipera SJ, Day GA, Sabey P, Dickerson RM, Sbarra DC, Duling MG, Lawrence RB, Stanton ML, Scripsick RC. Physicochemical characteristics of aerosol particles generated during the milling of beryllium silicate ores: implications for risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:1468-1481. [PMID: 18836922 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802349883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of beryllium dusts generated during milling of ores and cutting of beryl-containing gemstones is associated with development of beryllium sensitization and low prevalence of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Inhalation of beryllium aerosols generated during primary beryllium production and machining of the metal, alloys, and ceramics are associated with sensitization and high rates of CBD, despite similar airborne beryllium mass concentrations among these industries. Understanding the physicochemical properties of exposure aerosols may help to understand the differential immunopathologic mechanisms of sensitization and CBD and lead to more biologically relevant exposure standards. Properties of aerosols generated during the industrial milling of bertrandite and beryl ores were evaluated. Airborne beryllium mass concentrations among work areas ranged from 0.001 microg/m(3) (beryl ore grinding) to 2.1 microg/m(3) (beryl ore crushing). Respirable mass fractions of airborne beryllium-containing particles were < 20% in low-energy input operation areas (ore crushing, hydroxide product drumming) and > 80% in high-energy input areas (beryl melting, beryl grinding). Particle specific surface area decreased with processing from feedstock ores to drumming final product beryllium hydroxide. Among work areas, beryllium was identified in three crystalline forms: beryl, poorly crystalline beryllium oxide, and beryllium hydroxide. In comparison to aerosols generated by high-CBD risk primary production processes, aerosol particles encountered during milling had similar mass concentrations, generally lower number concentrations and surface area, and contained no identifiable highly crystalline beryllium oxide. One possible explanation for the apparent low prevalence of CBD among workers exposed to beryllium mineral dusts may be that characteristics of the exposure material do not contribute to the development of lung burdens sufficient for progression from sensitization to CBD. In comparison to high-CBD risk exposures where the chemical nature of aerosol particles may confer higher bioavailability, respirable ore dusts likely confer considerably less. While finished product beryllium hydroxide particles may confer bioavailability similar to that of high-CBD risk aerosols, physical exposure factors (i.e., large particle sizes) may limit development of alveolar lung burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Stefaniak AB, Day GA, Harvey CJ, Leonard SS, Schwegler-Berry DE, Chipera SJ, Sahakian NM, Chisholm WP. Characteristics of dusts encountered during the production of cemented tungsten carbides. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2007; 45:793-803. [PMID: 18212475 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.45.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of cobalt (Co) and tungsten carbide (WC) particles, but not Co or WC alone, may cause hard metal disease, risk of which does not appear to be uniform across cemented tungsten carbide (CTC) production processes. Inhalation of Co alone or in the presence of WC may cause asthma. Hypothesizing that aerosol size, chemical content, heterogeneity, and constituent compaction may be important exposure factors, we characterized aerosols from representative CTC manufacturing processes. Six work areas were sampled to characterize aerosol size distributions (dust, Co) and 12 work areas were sampled to characterize physicochemical properties (using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry [SEM-EDX]). Bulk feedstock and process-generated powders were characterized with SEM-EDX and x-ray diffraction. The dust mass median diameter was respirable and the cobalt respirable mass fraction was highest (37%) in grinding. Morphology of particles changed with processing: individual, agglomerate, or aggregates (pre-sintered materials), then mostly compacted particles (subsequent to sintering). Elemental composition of particles became increasingly heterogeneous: mostly discrete Co or W particles (prior to spray drying), then heterogeneous W/Co particles (subsequent work areas). Variability in aerosol respirability and chemical heterogeneity could translate into differences in toxicity and support detailed characterization of physicochemical properties during exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Chua LHC, Robertson AP, Yee WK, Shuy EB, Lo EYM, Lim TT, Tan SK. Use of fluorescein as a ground water tracer in brackish water aquifers. GROUND WATER 2007; 45:85-8. [PMID: 17257342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A drift and pumpback experiment was conducted in a brackish water sandfill. The sandfill was reclaimed from the sea in the eastern part of Singapore and contains sands with low organic and clay/silt contents. The high salinity in the ground water precludes the use of chloride and bromide as tracers in such an environment, and a field experiment was conducted to assess the viability of using fluorescein as a tracer in brackish water aquifers. Nitrate was used as a second tracer to serve as a check. Initial laboratory studies showed that fluorescence was unaffected over the range of electrical conductivity and pH of the ground water. Results from the field experiment show that fluorescein appears to behave conservatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd H C Chua
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Nanyang Technologial University, Singapore.
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