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Conz A, Salmona M, Diomede L. Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081869. [PMID: 37111090 PMCID: PMC10144565 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, consists of more than 1500 species distributed in more than 50 different phyla, with 99% of bacteria coming from about 30-40 species. The colon alone, which contains the largest population of the diverse human microbiota, can harbor up to 100 trillion bacteria. The gut microbiota is essential in maintaining normal gut physiology and health. Therefore, its disruption in humans is often associated with various pathological conditions. Different factors can influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, including host genetics, age, antibiotic treatments, environment, and diet. The diet has a marked effect, impacting the gut microbiota composition, beneficially or detrimentally, by altering some bacterial species and adjusting the metabolites produced in the gut environment. With the widespread use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in the diet, recent investigations have focused on their effect on the gut microbiota as a mediator of the potential impact generated by gastrointestinal-related disturbances, such as insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. We summarized the results from pre-clinical and clinical studies published over the last ten years that examined the single effects of the most consumed NNS: aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and saccharin. Pre-clinical studies have given conflicting results for various reasons, including the administration method and the differences in metabolism of the same NNS among the different animal species. A dysbiotic effect of NNS was observed in some human trials, but many other randomized controlled trials reported a lack of significant impacts on gut microbiota composition. These studies differed in the number of subjects involved, their dietary habits, and their lifestyle; all factors related to the baseline composition of gut microbiota and their response to NNS. The scientific community still has no unanimous consensus on the appropriate outcomes and biomarkers that can accurately define the effects of NNS on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conz
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
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2
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Koester LR, Hayman K, Anderson CJ, Tibbs-Cortes BW, Daniels KM, Seggerman FM, Gorden PJ, Lyte M, Schmitz-Esser S. Influence of a sodium-saccharin sweetener on the rumen content and rumen epithelium microbiota in dairy cattle during heat stress. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6894547. [PMID: 36511453 PMCID: PMC9838801 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a saccharin-based artificial sweetener was tested on animal performance measures and on the microbial communities associated with the rumen content and with the rumen epithelium during heat stress. Ten cannulated Holstein-Friesian milking dairy cattle were supplemented with 2 g of saccharin-based sweetener per day, top-dressed into individual feeders for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 14-day heat stress period. A control group of ten additional cows subjected to the same environmental conditions but not supplemented with sweetener were included for comparison. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on rumen content and rumen epithelium samples from all animals, and comparisons of rumen content microbiota and rumen epithelial microbiota were made between supplemented and control populations. Supplementation of the saccharin-based sweetener did not affect the rumen content microbiota, but differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota beta-diversity (PERMANOVA, P = 0.003, R2 = 0.12) and alpha-diversity (Chao species richness, P = 0.06 and Shannon diversity, P = 0.034) were detected between the supplemented and control experimental groups. Despite the changes detected in the microbial community, animal performance metrics including feed intake, milk yield, and short-chain fatty acid (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) concentrations were not different between experimental groups. Thus, under the conditions applied, supplementation with a saccharin-based sweetener does not appear to affect animal performance under heat stress. Additionally, we detected differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota due to heat stress when comparing initial, prestressed microbial communities to the communities after heat stress. Importantly, the changes occurring in the rumen epithelial microbiota may have implications on barrier integrity, oxygen scavenging, and urease activity. This research adds insight into the impact of saccharin-based sweeteners on the rumen microbiota and the responsivity of the rumen epithelial microbiota to different stimuli, providing novel hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kris Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chiron J Anderson
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bienvenido W Tibbs-Cortes
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Faith M Seggerman
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Xiao Y, Su D, Hu X, Yang G, Shan Y. Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9421-9431. [PMID: 35862634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) is closely related to the formation of metabolic diseases. Studies have confirmed that neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) possesses the biological activity of preventing glycolipid metabolism disorder. To explore the mechanism of its preventive activity against glucolipid metabolism disorder, HFD-treated rats were orally administered with NHDC for 12 weeks continuously. The results showed that, compared with the HFD group, the intervention of 40-80 mg/kg body weight of NHDC effectively downregulated the level of fasting blood glucose. Western blot analysis revealed that the treatment of NHDC alleviated the inhibitory effect of HFD on the expression of hepatic GLUT-4 and IRS-1. Further studies confirmed that NHDC reduced the degree of HFD-stimulated inflammation of ileum through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, ileum intestinal flora analysis showed that intragastric administration of NHDC reversed the change of Proteobacteria abundance and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio caused by HFD. At the generic level, NHDC promoted the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Oscillospira, and [Eubacterium], while reducing the relative abundance of Defluviitalea and Prevotella. Taken together, these findings suggest that NHDC possesses the biological activity of improving HFD-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Xiao
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Donglin Su
- Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Lianyuan Kanglu Biotech Co., Ltd., Lianyuan, Hunan 417100, China
| | - Guliang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Products Processing, Food Science and Engineering College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Liu C, Zhan S, Tian Z, Li N, Li T, Wu D, Zeng Z, Zhuang X. Food Additives Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friends or Enemies? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153049. [PMID: 35893902 PMCID: PMC9330785 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 21st century, the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally. Despite the pathogenesis of IBD remaining largely unclear, the interactions between environmental exposure, host genetics and immune response contribute to the occurrence and development of this disease. Growing evidence implicates that food additives might be closely related to IBD, but the involved molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Food additives may be categorized as distinct types in accordance with their function and property, including artificial sweeteners, preservatives, food colorant, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and so on. Various kinds of food additives play a role in modifying the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Therefore, this review comprehensively synthesizes the current evidence on the interplay between different food additives and gut microbiome alterations, and further elucidates the potential mechanisms of food additives–associated microbiota changes involved in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Shukai Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhenyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China;
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongxuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhirong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Abstract
Environmental chemicals can alter gut microbial community composition, known as dysbiosis. However, the gut microbiota is a highly dynamic system and its functions are still largely underexplored. Likewise, it is unclear whether xenobiotic exposure affects host health through impairing host-microbiota interactions. Answers to this question not only can lead to a more precise understanding of the toxic effects of xenobiotics but also can provide new targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we aim to identify the major challenges in the field of microbiota-exposure research and highlight the need to exam the health effects of xenobiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis in host bodies. Although the changes of gut microbiota frequently co-occur with the xenobiotic exposure, the causal relationship of xenobiotic-induced microbiota dysbiosis and diseases is rarely established. The high dynamics of the gut microbiota and the complex interactions among exposure, microbiota, and host, are the major challenges to decipher the specific health effects of microbiota dysbiosis. The next stage of study needs to combine various technologies to precisely assess the xenobiotic-induced gut microbiota perturbation and the subsequent health effects in host bodies. The exposure, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and disease outcomes have to be causally linked. Many microbiota-host interactions are established by previous studies, including signaling metabolites and response pathways in the host, which may use as start points for future research to examine the mechanistic interactions of exposure, gut microbiota, and host health. In conclusion, to precisely understand the toxicity of xenobiotics and develop microbiota-based therapies, the causal and mechanistic links of exposure and microbiota dysbiosis have to be established in the next stage study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States,CONTACT Kun Lu Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC27599, United States
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Hughes RL, Davis CD, Lobach A, Holscher HD. An Overview of Current Knowledge of the Gut Microbiota and Low-Calorie Sweeteners. NUTRITION TODAY 2021; 56:105-113. [PMID: 34211238 PMCID: PMC8240869 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the interrelationships among the diet, gut microbiota and health status, and then focuses specifically on published research assessing the relationship of low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) to selected aspects of the gut microbiota. Microbiome research is expanding as new data on its role in health and disease vulnerability emerge. The gut microbiome affects health, digestion, and susceptibility to disease. In the last 10 years, investigations of LNCS effects on the gut microbiota have proliferated, though results are conflicting and are often confounded by differences in study design such as study diet, the form of the test article, dosage, and study population. Staying current on microbiome research and the role of dietary inputs, like LNCS, will allow healthcare and nutrition practitioners to provide evidenced-based guidance to the individuals they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy D. Davis
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | | | - Hannah D. Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Serrano J, Smith KR, Crouch AL, Sharma V, Yi F, Vargova V, LaMoia TE, Dupont LM, Serna V, Tang F, Gomes-Dias L, Blakeslee JJ, Hatzakis E, Peterson SN, Anderson M, Pratley RE, Kyriazis GA. High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33431052 PMCID: PMC7802287 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NCAS) are widely used as a substitute for dietary sugars to control body weight or glycemia. Paradoxically, some interventional studies in humans and rodents have shown unfavorable changes in glucose homeostasis in response to NCAS consumption. The causative mechanisms are largely unknown, but adverse changes in gut microbiota have been proposed to mediate these effects. These findings have raised concerns about NCAS safety and called into question their broad use, but further physiological and dietary considerations must be first addressed before these results are generalized. We also reasoned that, since NCAS are bona fide ligands for sweet taste receptors (STRs) expressed in the intestine, some metabolic effects associated with NCAS use could be attributed to a common mechanism involving the host. RESULTS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel arm study exploring the effects of pure saccharin compound on gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in healthy men and women. Participants were randomized to placebo, saccharin, lactisole (STR inhibitor), or saccharin with lactisole administered in capsules twice daily to achieve the maximum acceptable daily intake for 2 weeks. In parallel, we performed a 10-week study administering pure saccharin at a high dose in the drinking water of chow-fed mice with genetic ablation of STRs (T1R2-KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. In humans and mice, none of the interventions affected glucose or hormonal responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or glucose absorption in mice. Similarly, pure saccharin supplementation did not alter microbial diversity or composition at any taxonomic level in humans and mice alike. No treatment effects were also noted in readouts of microbial activity such as fecal metabolites or short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, compared to WT, T1R2-KO mice were protected from age-dependent increases in fecal SCFA and the development of glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Short-term saccharin consumption at maximum acceptable levels is not sufficient to alter gut microbiota or induce glucose intolerance in apparently healthy humans and mice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number NCT03032640 , registered on January 26, 2017. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kathleen R. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Audra L. Crouch
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Veronika Vargova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Traci E. LaMoia
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Lydia M. Dupont
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vanida Serna
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Fenfen Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Laisa Gomes-Dias
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Joshua J. Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Scott N. Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthew Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Richard E. Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - George A. Kyriazis
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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Alternatives to antibiotics and trace elements (copper and zinc) to improve gut health and zootechnical parameters in piglets: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen J, Lei Y, Zhang Y, He S, Liu L, Dong X. Beyond sweetness: The high-intensity sweeteners and farm animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Sensing of nutrients by chemosensory cells in the gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in transmitting food-related signals, linking information about the composition of ingested foods to digestive processes. In recent years, a number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) responsive to a range of nutrients have been identified. Many are localised to intestinal enteroendocrine (chemosensory) cells, promoting hormonal and neuronal signalling locally, centrally and to the periphery. The field of gut sensory systems is relatively new and still evolving. Despite huge interest in these nutrient-sensing GPCR, both as sensors for nutritional status and targets for preventing the development of metabolic diseases, major challenges remain to be resolved. However, the gut expressed sweet taste receptor, resident in L-enteroendocrine cells and responsive to dietary sweetener additives, has already been successfully explored and utilised as a therapeutic target, treating weaning-related disorders in young animals. In addition to sensing nutrients, many GPCR are targets for drugs used in clinical practice. As such these receptors, in particular those expressed in L-cells, are currently being assessed as potential new pathways for treating diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, growing recognition of gut chemosensing of microbial-produced SCFA acids has led further attention to the association between nutrition and development of chronic disorders focusing on the relationship between nutrients, gut microbiota and health. The central importance of gut nutrient sensing in the control of gastrointestinal physiology, health promotion and gut-brain communication offers promise that further therapeutic successes and nutritional recommendations will arise from research in this area.
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Johnstone AM, Kelly J, Ryan S, Romero-Gonzalez R, McKinnon H, Fyfe C, Naslund E, Lopez-Nicolas R, Bosscher D, Bonnema A, Frontela-Saseta C, Ros-Berruezo G, Horgan G, Ze X, Harrold J, Halford J, Gratz SW, Duncan SH, Shirazi-Beechey S, Flint HJ. Nondigestible Carbohydrates Affect Metabolic Health and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Adults after Weight Loss. J Nutr 2020; 150:1859-1870. [PMID: 32510158 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of diets consumed following weight loss (WL) can have a significant impact on satiety and metabolic health. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to test the effects of including a nondigestible carbohydrate to achieve weight maintenance (WM) following a period of WL. METHODS Nineteen volunteers [11 females and 8 males, aged 20-62 y; BMI (kg/m2): 27-42] consumed a 3-d maintenance diet (15%:30%:55%), followed by a 21-d WL diet (WL; 30%:30%:40%), followed by 2 randomized 10-d WM diets (20%:30%:50% of energy from protein:fat:carbohydrate) containing either resistant starch type 3 (RS-WM; 22 or 26 g/d for females and males, respectively) or no RS (C-WM) in a within-subject crossover design without washout periods. The primary outcome, WM after WL, was analyzed by body weight. Secondary outcomes of fecal microbiota composition and microbial metabolite concentrations and gut hormones were analyzed in fecal samples and blood plasma, respectively. All outcomes were assessed at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS Body weight was similar after the RS-WM and C-WM diets (90.7 and 90.8 kg, respectively), with no difference in subjectively rated appetite. During the WL diet period plasma ghrelin increased by 36% (P < 0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) decreased by 33% (P < 0.001), and insulin decreased by 46% (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed during the RS-WM and C-WM diet periods. Fasting blood glucose was lower after the RS-WM diet (5.59 ± 0.31 mmol/L) than after the C-WM diet [5.75 ± 0.49 mmol/L; P = 0.015; standard error of the difference between the means (SED): 0.09]. Dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiota composition (R2 = 0.054, P = 0.031) but not diversity. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic benefits, for overweight adults, from WL were maintained through a subsequent WM diet with higher total carbohydrate intake. Inclusion of resistant starch in the WM diet altered gut microbiota composition positively and resulted in lower fasting glucose compared with the control, with no apparent change in appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01724411.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ryan
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah McKinnon
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fyfe
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruben Lopez-Nicolas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Frontela-Saseta
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Ros-Berruezo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Harrold
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Halford
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia W Gratz
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Shirazi-Beechey
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, and Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J Flint
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The consumption of foods and beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) has increased worldwide over the last three decades. Consumers' choice of NNS rather than sugar or other nutritive sweeteners may be attributable to their potential to reduce weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS It is not clear what the effects of NNS consumption are on glycaemic control and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This review aims to examine this question in epidemiological, human intervention and animal studies. It is not clear that NNS consumption has an effect on the incidence of type 2 diabetes or on glycaemic control even though there is some evidence for the modification of the microbiome and for interaction with sweet taste receptors in the oral cavity and the intestines' modification of secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which may affect glycaemia following consumption of NNS. In conclusion, long-term studies of NNS consumption are required to draw a firm conclusion about the role of NNS consumption on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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13
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Badman J, Daly K, Kelly J, Moran AW, Cameron J, Watson I, Newbold J, Shirazi-Beechey SP. The Effect of Milk Replacer Composition on the Intestinal Microbiota of Pre-ruminant Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:371. [PMID: 31709269 PMCID: PMC6821647 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of dietary composition and prebiotics, in promoting the growth of beneficial groups of gut bacteria, is increasingly apparent. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, this study has aimed to characterize and compare the establishment of the gastrointestinal microbiota in dairy calves given two different commercial milk replacer (MR) diets. MR1 and MR2 contain different levels of macronutrients such as protein and fat. Moreover, differences in manufacturing methods infer that MR2 may contain a greater proportion of conjugated milk oligosaccharides (OS), while MR1 contains more free milk OS. A total of 10 dairy calves, five in each group, were assigned to one of the two MR diets. Freshly voided fecal samples were taken at 0, 7, 14, 28, and 49 days after first consumption of milk replacer. The relative abundance of two individual Bifidobacterium species, which are known to utilize milk OS, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were significantly higher at day 7 in the fecal microbiome of calves fed MR2 compared with MR1. These commensal bacteria are widely regarded as probiotic organisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Our findings suggest that the composition of bovine milk replacers can have significant effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota in pre-weaned (neonatal) dairy calves. Better understanding of milk composition-microbiota-host interactions in early life will inform targeted interventions to increase growth and reduce mortality in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Badman
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Daly
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Moran
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Cameron
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Watson
- Volac International Ltd, Orwell, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Martínez-Carrillo BE, Rosales-Gómez CA, Ramírez-Durán N, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Escoto-Herrera JA, Mondragón-Velásquez T, Valdés-Ramos R, Castillo-Cardiel A. Effect of Chronic Consumption of Sweeteners on Microbiota and Immunity in the Small Intestine of Young Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2019; 2019:9619020. [PMID: 31531343 PMCID: PMC6719272 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9619020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of sweeteners has increased as a measure to reduce the consumption of calories and thus combat obesity and diabetes. Sweeteners are found in a large number of products, so chronic consumption has been little explored. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of chronic sweetener consumption on the microbiota and immunity of the small intestine in young mice. We used 72 CD1 mice of 21 days old, divided into 3 groups: (i) No treatment, (ii) Group A (6 weeks of treatment), and (iii) Group B (12 weeks of treatment). Groups A and B were divided into 4 subgroups: Control (CL), Sucrose (Suc), Splenda® (Spl), and Svetia® (Sv). The following were determined: anthropometric parameters, percentage of lymphocytes of Peyer's patches and lamina propria, IL-6, IL-17, leptin, resistin, C-peptide, and TNF-α. From feces, the microbiota of the small intestine was identified. The BMI was not modified; the mice preferred the consumption of Splenda® and Svetia®. The percentage of CD3+ lymphocytes in Peyer's patches was increased. In the lamina propria, Svetia® increased the percentage of CD3+ lymphocytes, but Splenda® decreases it. The Splenda® and Svetia® subgroups elevate leptin, C-peptide, IL-6, and IL-17, with reduction of resistin. The predominant genus in all groups was Bacillus. The chronic consumption of sweeteners increases the population of lymphocytes in the mucosa of the small intestine. Maybe, Bacillus have the ability to adapt to sweeteners regardless of the origin or nutritional contribution of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Martínez-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - C. A. Rosales-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - N. Ramírez-Durán
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Médica y Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - A. A. Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Mucosas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J. A. Escoto-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - T. Mondragón-Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - R. Valdés-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan, Esquina Jesús Carranza, s/n, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, C.P. 50180, Toluca, Mexico
| | - A. Castillo-Cardiel
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Universidad Quetzalcoátl de Irapuato, Blvd. Arandas No. 975 Colonia Tabachines, C.P. 36715, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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15
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Bilan MV, Lieshchova MA, Tishkina NM, Brygadyrenko VV. Combined effect of glyphosate, saccharin and sodium benzoate on the gut microbiota of rats. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the main component of many broadly used herbicides due to its safety for humans and animals. It is known that the remains of glyphosate are present in allowable doses in fodders and food products, and, consumrd in low doses, it is found in insignificant amounts in milk, eggs and even in the internal organs (liver, kidneys) of animals. For determining combined impact of glyphosate and the commonest food additives on the composition of microbiota of animals, four groups of laboratory male rats were formed, which during 42 days consumed pure water without any restrictions; 1% aqueous solution of glyphosate; 1% solution of glyphosate in combination with 1% solution of sodium benzoate; 1% solution of glyphosate with 1% solution of saccharin. After killing the animals, 1 g of feces were collected and by serial dilutions with 10–1 to 10–9 sterile physiologic solution, a microbiological analysis was undertaken. Out of each dilution an inoculation of the studied material to the elective growth media was performed, by 0.1 cm3, then the material was incubated in a thermostat (24–72 hours, temperature 37 °С), the results were recorded after 24–72 h. The microorganisms were identified by studying morphological parameters, tinctorial, cultural and enzymic properties. Results are provided in CFU/g (colony-forming unit per gramm) of feces. The impact of glyphosate and glyphosate with food additives led to no changes in the number of Escherichia coli and emergence of this species of microorganism with changed enzymic activity. Also no changes occurred in the number of microorganisms of Bifidobactrium and Lactobacillus spp. Addition of glyphosate, and also glyphosate in combination with saccharin to the diet contributes to broader reproduction of microorganisms of Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas genera. Mixtures of glyphosate and food additives allow conditionally pathogenic yeast-like Candida fungi (Candida glabrata and C. albicans) to spread more widely in the intestine. Significant fluctuations in the number of Enterococcus spp. bacteria genus were observed: by 80 times within range of each of the three experimental groups of rats with addition of herbicide with benzoate and saccharin to the diet.
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16
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Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A. Effects of Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota: A Review of Experimental Studies and Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S31-S48. [PMID: 30721958 PMCID: PMC6363527 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of sugar-free foods is growing because of their low-calorie content and the health concerns about products with high sugar content. Sweeteners that are frequently several hundred thousand times sweeter than sucrose are being consumed as sugar substitutes. Although nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are considered safe and well tolerated, their effects on glucose intolerance, the activation of sweet taste receptors, and alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiota are controversial. This review critically discusses the evidence supporting the effects of NNSs, both synthetic sweeteners (acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, neotame, advantame, and sucralose) and natural sweeteners (NSs; thaumatin, steviol glucosides, monellin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and glycyrrhizin) and nutritive sweeteners (polyols or sugar alcohols) on the composition of microbiota in the human gut. So far, only saccharin and sucralose (NNSs) and stevia (NS) change the composition of the gut microbiota. By definition, a prebiotic is a nondigestible food ingredient, but some polyols can be absorbed, at least partially, in the small intestine by passive diffusion: however, a number of them, such as isomaltose, maltitol, lactitol, and xylitol, can reach the large bowel and increase the numbers of bifidobacteria in humans. Further research on the effects of sweeteners on the composition of the human gut microbiome is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain,Address correspondence to FJR-O (e-mail: )
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Sáez-Lara
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain,CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Lobach AR, Roberts A, Rowland IR. Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:385-399. [PMID: 30557670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are continually under the spotlight in terms of their safety and benefits; in 2014 a study was published linking LNCS to an enhanced risk of glucose intolerance through modulation of the gut microbiota. In response, an in-depth review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate the major contributors to potential changes in the gut microbiota and their corresponding sequelae, and to determine if consuming LNCS (e.g., acesulfame K, aspartame, cyclamate, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, steviol glycosides) contributes to changes in the microbiome based on the data reported in human and animal studies. A few rodent studies with saccharin have reported changes in the gut microbiome, but primarily at high doses that bear no relevance to human consumption. This and other studies suggesting an effect of LNCS on the gut microbiota were found to show no evidence of an actual adverse effect on human health. The sum of the data provides clear evidence that changes in the diet unrelated to LNCS consumption are likely the major determinants of change in gut microbiota numbers and phyla, confirming the viewpoint supported by all the major international food safety and health regulatory authorities that LNCS are safe at currently approved levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Lobach
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Ian R Rowland
- University of Reading, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
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18
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Daly K, Kelly J, Moran AW, Bristow R, Young IS, Cossins AR, Bravo D, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Host selectively contributes to shaping intestinal microbiota of carnivorous and omnivorous fish. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 65:129-136. [PMID: 30416165 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fish production is increasingly important to global food security. A major factor in maintaining health, productivity and welfare of farmed fish is the establishment and promotion of a stable and beneficial intestinal microbiota. Understanding the effects of factors such as host and environment on gut microbial community structure is essential for developing strategies for stimulating the establishment of a health-promoting gut-microbiota. We compared intestinal microbiota of common carp and rainbow trout, two fish with different dietary habits, sourced from various farm locations. There were distinct differences in the gut microbiota of carp and trout intestine. The microbiota of carp was dominated by Fusobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria, while the trout microbiota consisted predominantly of Mollicutes and Betaproteobacteria. The majority of bacterial sequences clustered into a relatively low number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealing a comparatively simple microbiota, with Cetobacterium, Aeromonas and Mycoplasma being highly abundant. Within each species, fish from different facilities were found to have markedly similar predominant bacterial populations despite distinctly different rearing environments, demonstrating intra-species uniformity and significant influence of host selectivity. This study demonstrates that in fish the host species imparts substantial impact in shaping the community structure of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daly
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool
| | - Jennifer Kelly
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool
| | - Andrew W Moran
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool
| | - Robert Bristow
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool
| | - Iain S Young
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool
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19
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Kreuch D, Keating DJ, Wu T, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Young RL. Gut Mechanisms Linking Intestinal Sweet Sensing to Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 30564198 PMCID: PMC6288399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing nutrients within the gastrointestinal tract engages the enteroendocrine cell system to signal within the mucosa, to intrinsic and extrinsic nerve pathways, and the circulation. This signaling provides powerful feedback from the intestine to slow the rate of gastric emptying, limit postprandial glycemic excursions, and induce satiation. This review focuses on the intestinal sensing of sweet stimuli (including low-calorie sweeteners), which engage similar G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the sweet taste receptors (STRs) of the tongue. It explores the enteroendocrine cell signals deployed upon STR activation that act within and outside the gastrointestinal tract, with a focus on the role of this distinctive pathway in regulating glucose transport function via absorptive enterocytes, and the associated impact on postprandial glycemic responses in animals and humans. The emerging role of diet, including low-calorie sweeteners, in modulating the composition of the gut microbiome and how this may impact glycemic responses of the host, is also discussed, as is recent evidence of a causal role of diet-induced dysbiosis in influencing the gut-brain axis to alter gastric emptying and insulin release. Full knowledge of intestinal STR signaling in humans, and its capacity to engage host and/or microbiome mechanisms that modify glycemic control, holds the potential for improved prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kreuch
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Richard L. Young
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20
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Bacterial Diversity in Traditional Doogh in Comparison to Industrial Doogh. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:386-393. [PMID: 29164291 PMCID: PMC5842502 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forty-four samples of traditional Doogh and yoghurt were collected from 13 regions of 4 provinces in west of Iran (13 area) and analyzed using molecular methods including PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA, and sequencing. Moreover, collected samples as well as samples from industrially Doogh were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Analyzed 16S rRNA gene sequences of Doogh samples could be allocated to the presence of Lactobacillus spp. The typical yoghurt starter culture bacteria included four different Lactobacillus species with possible probiotic properties, L. acidophilus, L. helveticus, L. kefiranofaciens, and L. amylovorus. DGGE of traditional Doogh and yoghurt and RT-PCR of traditional Doogh and yoghurt and also industrial Doogh samples demonstrated that traditional Doogh and yoghurt show a higher abundance of total bacteria and lactobacilli and a higher bacterial diversity, respectively. Considering diversity and higher probiotic bacteria content in traditional Doogh, consumers’ healthiness in tribes and villages could be promoted with these indigenous products.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review summarizes and discusses current knowledge on sweeteners and sweetness enhancers. RECENT FINDINGS The perception of sweet taste is mediated by the type 1 taste receptor 2 (T1R2)/type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1R3) receptor, which is expressed in the oral cavity, where it provides input on the caloric and macronutrient contents of ingested food. This receptor recognizes all the compounds (natural or artificial) perceived as sweet by people. Sweeteners are highly chemically diverse including natural sugars, sugar alcohols, natural and synthetic sweeteners, and sweet-tasting proteins. This single receptor is also the target for developing novel sweet enhancers. Importantly, the expression of a functional T1R2/T1R3 receptor is described in numerous extraoral tissues. In this review, the physiological impact of sweeteners is discussed. SUMMARY Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers are perceived through the T1R2/T1R3 taste receptor present both in mouth and numerous extraoral tissues. The accumulated knowledge on sugar substitutes raises the issue of potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Belloir
- AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Centre des Sciences du GoÛt et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
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22
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Kelly J, Daly K, Moran AW, Ryan S, Bravo D, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Composition and diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota along the entire length of the pig gastrointestinal tract; dietary influences. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1425-1438. [PMID: 27871148 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated microbial populations of the gastrointestinal tract are in intimate contact with the outer mucus layer. This proximity offers these populations a higher potential, than lumenal microbiota, in exerting effects on the host. Functional characteristics of the microbiota and influences of host-physiology shape the composition and activity of the mucosa-associated bacterial community. We have shown previously that inclusion of an artificial sweetener, SUCRAM, included in the diet of weaning piglets modulates the composition of lumenal-residing gut microbiota and reduces weaning-related gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, using Illumina sequencing we characterised the mucosa-associated microbiota along the length of the intestine of piglets, and determined the effect of SUCRAM supplementation on mucosa-associated populations. There were clear distinctions in the composition of mucosa-associated microbiota, between small and large intestine, concordant with differences in regional oxygen distribution and nutrient provision by the host. There were significant differences in the composition of mucosa-associated compared with lumenal microbiota in pig caecum. Dietary supplementation with SUCRAM affected mucosa-associated bacterial community structure along the length of the intestinal tract. Most notably, there was a substantial reduction in predominant Campylobacter populations proposing that SUCRAM supplementation of swine diet has potential for reducing meat contamination and promoting food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kelly
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Kristian Daly
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andrew W Moran
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Sheila Ryan
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David Bravo
- Pancosma SA, Voie-des-Traz 6, Le Grand-Sacconex, Geneva, CH 1218, Switzerland
| | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
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23
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Shearer J, Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners and metabolic dysregulation: Lessons learned from agriculture and the laboratory. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:179-86. [PMID: 27387506 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fuelled the consumption of artificial sweeteners in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to snack foods and beverages. Artificial sweeteners impart a sweet taste without the associated energy and have been widely recommended by medical professionals since they are considered safe. However, associations observed in long-term prospective studies raise the concern that regular consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obtaining mechanistic data on artificial sweetener use in humans in relation to metabolic dysfunction is difficult due to the long time frames over which dietary factors might exert their effects on health and the large number of confounding variables that need to be considered. Thus, mechanistic data from animal models can be highly useful because they permit greater experimental control. Results from animal studies in both the agricultural sector and the laboratory indicate that artificial sweeteners may not only promote food intake and weight gain but can also induce metabolic alterations in a wide range of animal species. As a result, simple substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars in humans may not produce the intended consequences. Instead consumption of artificial sweeteners might contribute to increases in risks for obesity or its attendant negative health outcomes. As a result, it is critical that the impacts of artificial sweeteners on health and disease continue to be more thoroughly evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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