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Wegner GI, Murray KA, Springmann M, Muller A, Sokolow SH, Saylors K, Morens DM. Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35465645 PMCID: PMC9014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I. Wegner
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Adrian Muller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, MC 4205, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Silk M, Correia R, Veríssimo D, Verma A, Crowley SL. The implications of digital visual media for human–nature relationships. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Silk
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
- National Institute of Mathematical and Biological Synthesis University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Helsinki Lab for Interdisciplinary Conservation Science (HELICS) Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- DBIO & CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | | | - Audrey Verma
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science University of Exeter Penryn UK
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3
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Hinsley A, Hu S, Chen H, Garshelis D, Hoffmann M, Lee TM, Moyle B, Qiu Y, Ruan X, Wan AKY, Zhou J, Milner‐Gulland EJ. Combining data from consumers and traditional medicine practitioners to provide a more complete picture of Chinese bear bile markets. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hinsley
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochun Chen
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
| | | | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation Programmes Zoological Society of London London UK
- IUCN Species Survival Commission International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland Switzerland
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Brendan Moyle
- School of Economics and Finance Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| | - Yingjie Qiu
- China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Ruan
- Academy of Inventory and Planning National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing People’s Republic of China
| | - Anita Kar Yan Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiemin Zhou
- Academy of Inventory and Planning National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing People’s Republic of China
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4
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Ruppert KA, Sponarski CC, Davis EO, Masiaine S, Larpei L, Lekalgitele J, Lekupanai R, Lekushan J, Lemirgishan J, Lenaipa D, Lenyakopiro J, Lerapayo S, Lororua M, Stacy-Dawes J, Glikman JA. Use of specialized questioning techniques to detect decline in giraffe meat consumption. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Thomas-Walters L, Hinsley A, Bergin D, Burgess G, Doughty H, Eppel S, MacFarlane D, Meijer W, Lee TM, Phelps J, Smith RJ, Wan AKY, Veríssimo D. Motivations for the use and consumption of wildlife products. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:483-491. [PMID: 32761656 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dominant approach to combating the illegal wildlife trade has traditionally been to restrict the supply of wildlife products. Yet conservationists increasingly recognize the importance of implementing demand-side interventions that target the end consumers in the trade chain. Their aim is to curb the consumption of wildlife or shift consumption to more sustainable alternatives. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps in understanding of the diversity of consumer motivations in the context of illegal wildlife trade, which includes hundreds of thousands of species, different uses, and diverse contexts. Based on consultation with multiple experts from a diversity of backgrounds, nationalities, and focal taxa, we developed a typology of common motivations held by wildlife consumers that can be used to inform conservation interventions. We identified 5 main motivational categories for wildlife use: experiential, social, functional, financial, and spiritual, each containing subcategories. This framework is intended to facilitate the segmentation of consumers based on psychographics and allow the tailoring of interventions-whether behavior change campaigns, enforcement efforts, or incentive programs-to the specific context in which they will be used. Underlining the importance of consumer research and collaborating with local actors is an important step toward promoting a more systematic approach to the design of demand reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas-Walters
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K
| | - Amy Hinsley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Daniel Bergin
- GlobeScan, 1/F, 33-35 Hillier Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Gayle Burgess
- TRAFFIC International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Hunter Doughty
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Sara Eppel
- Eppel Sustainability, L2-8 Ivy Business Centre Crown Street, Failsworth, Manchester, M35 9BG, U.K
| | - Douglas MacFarlane
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Wander Meijer
- GlobeScan, 1/F, 33-35 Hillier Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jacob Phelps
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Robert J Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K
| | - Anita K Y Wan
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, U.K
- Community Engagement, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
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6
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Thomas‐Walters L, Vieira S, Jiménez V, Monteiro D, Ferreira B, Smith RJ, Veríssimo D. Challenges in the impact evaluation of behaviour change interventions: The case of sea turtle meat and eggs in São Tomé. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas‐Walters
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Sara Vieira
- Programa Tatô Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé Sao Tome and Principe
| | - Victor Jiménez
- Programa Tatô Sítio da Pedragosa Barão de São João Portugal
| | - Domingas Monteiro
- Programa Tatô Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé Sao Tome and Principe
| | | | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
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7
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Davis EO, Veríssimo D, Crudge B, Lim T, Roth V, Glikman JA. Insights for reducing the consumption of wildlife: The use of bear bile and gallbladder in Cambodia. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
- Oxford Martin School University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Oxford Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Brian Crudge
- Free the Bears Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South‐Eastern Norway Bø i Telemark Norway
| | | | | | - Jenny Anne Glikman
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
- Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA‐CSIC) Córdoba Spain
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8
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Breuer T, Londza Y, Mavinga FB. Primate and wildlife law outreach campaigns in the Republic of Congo: Assessing knowledge gain of school children in urban centers compared to rural villages. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23194. [PMID: 32945569 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primate populations are declining throughout tropical Africa. Great apes are threatened from extinction despite the existence of wildlife laws that fully protect them in their range states. But, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding of these laws, they remain largely ineffective. There is, therefore, a crucial need to improve awareness of wildlife laws in Congo. We conducted an education campaign and tested the effectiveness of two communication tools (wildlife law flyer and gorilla/pet-trade comic book) in increasing school children's knowledge in rural and urban settings using evaluation questionnaires. We found extremely low precampaign knowledge of wildlife laws but detected a moderate increase of knowledge attributed to our communication tools. We discuss the usefulness of different communication tools and their relevance for knowledge increase with different audiences. Our study provides insights into the design of education campaigns, most notably the use of flyers and booklets, which can help to increase knowledge. Evaluations can help to improve the design of education campaigns, particularly message wording and identification of appropriate communication tools with the goal of improving compliance with wildlife laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breuer
- Mbeli Bai Study/Club Ebobo-Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Yves Londza
- Mbeli Bai Study/Club Ebobo-Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Franck B Mavinga
- Mbeli Bai Study/Club Ebobo-Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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9
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Dunn ME, Mills M, Veríssimo D. Evaluating the impact of the documentary series
Blue Planet
II
on viewers' plastic consumption behaviors. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morena Mills
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford Oxford UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ingram
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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11
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Thomas‐Walters L, Veríssimo D, Gadsby E, Roberts D, Smith RJ. Taking a more nuanced look at behavior change for demand reduction in the illegal wildlife trade. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Gadsby
- Centre for Health Services StudiesUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - David Roberts
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologyUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologyUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
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12
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Veríssimo D, Vieira S, Monteiro D, Hancock J, Nuno A. Audience research as a cornerstone of demand management interventions for illegal wildlife products: Demarketing sea turtle meat and eggs. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido California
| | - Sara Vieira
- Programa Tatô, Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Domingas Monteiro
- Programa Tatô, Largo do Bom Despacho Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé e Príncipe
- MARAPA – Mar, Ambiente e Pesca Artesanal, Largo Bom Despacho ‐ CP 292 Cidade de São Tomé São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Joana Hancock
- cE3c ‐ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de Lisboa, Edifício C2, 5° Piso, Sala 2.5.41 Campo Grande Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ana Nuno
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter, Penryn Cornwall UK
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de Lange E, Milner-Gulland E, Keane A. Improving Environmental Interventions by Understanding Information Flows. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1034-1047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Metcalf AL, Phelan CN, Pallai C, Norton M, Yuhas B, Finley JC, Muth A. Microtargeting for conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:1141-1150. [PMID: 30887584 PMCID: PMC6849751 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Widespread human action and behavior change is needed to achieve many conservation goals. Doing so at the requisite scale and pace will require the efficient delivery of outreach campaigns. Conservation gains will be greatest when efforts are directed toward places of high conservation value (or need) and tailored to critical actors. Recent strategic conservation planning has relied primarily on spatial assessments of biophysical attributes, largely ignoring the human dimensions. Elsewhere, marketers, political campaigns, and others use microtargeting-predictive analytics of big data-to identify people most likely to respond positively to particular messages or interventions. Conservationists have not yet widely capitalized on these techniques. To investigate the effectiveness of microtargeting to improve conservation, we developed a propensity model to predict restoration behavior among 203,645 private landowners in a 5,200,000 ha study area in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (U.S.A.). To isolate the additional value microtargeting may offer beyond geospatial prioritization, we analyzed a new high-resolution land-cover data set and cadastral data to identify private owners of riparian areas needing restoration. Subsequently, we developed and evaluated a restoration propensity model based on a database of landowners who had conducted restoration in the past and those who had not (n = 4978). Model validation in a parallel database (n = 4989) showed owners with the highest scorers for propensity to conduct restoration (i.e., top decile) were over twice as likely as average landowners to have conducted restoration (135%). These results demonstrate that microtargeting techniques can dramatically increase the efficiency and efficacy of conservation programs, above and beyond the advances offered by biophysical prioritizations alone, as well as facilitate more robust research of many social-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Metcalf
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of Montana440 CHCB, 32 Campus DriveMissoulaMT59812U.S.A.
| | - Conor N. Phelan
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of Montana440 CHCB, 32 Campus DriveMissoulaMT59812U.S.A.
| | | | - Michael Norton
- Chesapeake Conservancy716 Giddings AvenueAnnapolisMD21403U.S.A.
| | - Ben Yuhas
- Yuhas Consulting Group, LLC121 Hawthorne RoadBaltimoreMD21210U.S.A.
| | - James C. Finley
- Ecosystem Science and ManagementThe Center for Private Forests Pennsylvania State UniversityPenn State 333 Forest Resources BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802U.S.A.
| | - Allyson Muth
- Ecosystem Science and ManagementThe Center for Private Forests Pennsylvania State UniversityPenn State 333 Forest Resources BuildingUniversity ParkPA16802U.S.A.
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15
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Veríssimo D, Wan AKY. Characterizing efforts to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:623-633. [PMID: 30259569 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The unsustainable trade in wildlife is a key threat to Earth's biodiversity. Efforts to mitigate this threat have traditionally focused on regulation and enforcement, and there is a growing interest in campaigns to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products. We aimed to characterize these behavior-change campaigns and the evidence of their impacts. We searched peer-reviewed and grey literature repositories and over 200 institutional websites to retrieve information on demand-reduction campaigns. We found 236 campaigns, mainly in the grey literature. Since the 1970s, the number of campaigns increased, although for over 15% a start date could not be found. Asia was the primary focus, although at the national level the United States was where most campaigns took place. Campaigns most often focused on a single species of mammal; other vertebrates groups, with the exception of sharks, received limited attention. Many campaigns focused on broad themes, such as the wildlife trade in general or seafood. Thirty-seven percent of campaigns reported some information on their inputs, 98% on strategies, 70% on outputs, 37% on outcomes (i.e., changes in the target audience), and 9% on impacts (i.e., biological changes or threat reduction). Information on outcomes and impacts was largely anecdotal or based on research designs that are at a high risk of bias, such as pre- and postcampaign comparisons. It was unclear whether demand-reduction campaigns had direct behavioral or biological impacts. The lack of robust impact evaluation made it difficult to draw insights to inform future efforts, a crucial part of effectively addressing complex issues, such as the wildlife trade. If demand-reduction campaigns are to become a cornerstone of the efforts to mitigate the unsustainable trade in wildlife, conservationists need to adopt more rigorous impact evaluation and a more collaborative approach that fosters the sharing of data and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
- Oxford Martin School, Oxford Martin Programme on the Illegal Wildlife Trade, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BD, U.K
| | - Anita K Y Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Walelign SZ, Nielsen MR, Jakobsen JB. Price Elasticity of Bushmeat Demand in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem: Insights for Managing the Bushmeat Trade. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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