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Mubarak M, Raza A, Rashid R, Shakeel S. Evolution of human kidney allograft pathology diagnostics through 30 years of the Banff classification process. World J Transplant 2023; 13:221-238. [PMID: 37746037 PMCID: PMC10514746 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v13.i5.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The second half of the previous century witnessed a tremendous rise in the number of clinical kidney transplants worldwide. This activity was, however, accompanied by many issues and challenges. An accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of causes of graft dysfunction were and still are, a big challenge. Kidney allograft biopsy played a vital role in addressing the above challenge. However, its interpretation was not standardized for many years until, in 1991, the Banff process was started to fill this void. Thereafter, regular Banff meetings took place every 2 years for the past 30 years. Marked changes have taken place in the interpretation of kidney allograft biopsies, diagnosis, and classification of rejection and other non-rejection pathologies from the original Banff 93 classification. This review attempts to summarize those changes for increasing the awareness and understanding of kidney allograft pathology through the eyes of the Banff process. It will interest the transplant surgeons, physicians, pathologists, and allied professionals associated with the care of kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mubarak
- Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amber Raza
- Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rahma Rashid
- Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shaheera Shakeel
- Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
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2
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Tsuji T. Key Points of the Banff 2019 Classification of Renal Allograft Pathology. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147 Suppl 1:6-8. [PMID: 37231863 DOI: 10.1159/000530917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Banff 2019 Kidney Meeting Report was published following the 15th Banff Conference for Allograft Pathology, which was held in Pittsburgh on September 23-28, 2019. The diagnosis of renal transplant rejection based on the Banff 2019 classification is globally utilized. The Banff 2019 classification of renal allograft pathology includes several changes. This mini-review summarizes the key points and issues of the Banff 2019 classification. The criteria for borderline change have been reverted to ≥ i1, the t-IFTA score has been incorporated into the classification, the histological classification of polyoma virus nephropathy has been adopted, and a category was added for chronic (inactive) antibody-mediated rejection. In addition, whether the spread is diffuse or focal should now be noted in the presence of peritubular capillaritis. One of the issues with the Banff 2019 classification is the continuing lack of clarity regarding the definition of the t score, which is used to evaluate tubulitis not only in non-scarred areas but also in moderately atrophic tubules that are assumed to be present in scarred areas, which constitutes a contradiction in the definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Cherukuri A, Abou-Daya KI, Chowdhury R, Mehta RB, Hariharan S, Randhawa P, Rothstein DM. Transitional B cell cytokines risk stratify early borderline rejection after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2023; 103:749-761. [PMID: 36436679 PMCID: PMC10038876 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Borderline rejection (BL) in renal transplantation is associated with decreased allograft survival, yet many patients with BL maintain stable graft function. Identifying patients with early BL at risk for shortened allograft survival would allow for timely targeted therapeutic intervention aimed at improving outcomes. 851/1187 patients transplanted between 2013-18 underwent early biopsy (0-4 mos). 217/851 (25%) had BL and were compared to 387/851 without significant inflammation (NI). Serial surveillance and for-cause biopsies and seven-year follow-up were used to evaluate histological and clinical progression. To identify high-risk patients, we examined clinical/histological parameters using regression and non-linear dimensionality reduction (tSNE) and a biomarker based on peripheral blood transitional-1 B cell (T1B) IL-10/TNFα ratio. Compared to NI, early BL was associated with increased progression to late acute rejection (AR; 5-12 mos), premature interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) and decreased seven-year graft survival. However, decreased graft survival was limited to BL patients who progressed to late AR or IFTA, and was not influenced by treatment. Although tSNE clustered patients into groups based on clinical factors, the ability of these factors to risk stratify BL patients was modest. In contrast, a low T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio at 3 months identified BL patients at high risk for progression to AR (ROC AUC 0.87) and poor 7-yr graft survival (52% vs. 92%, p=0.003), while BL patients with a high ratio had similar graft survival to patients with NI (91%, p=NS). Thus, progressive early allograft inflammation manifested as BL that progresses to late AR in the first post-transplant year represents a high-risk clinical state for poor allograft outcomes. Such high-risk status can be predicted by the T1B IL-10/TNFα ratio before irreversible scarring sets in, thus allowing timely risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Cherukuri
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raad Chowdhury
- Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajil B Mehta
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sundaram Hariharan
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Renal and Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Yamamoto I, Kawabe M, Hayashi A, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto H, Yokoo T. Challenges Posed by the Banff Classification: Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Active T-Cell-Mediated Rejection. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147 Suppl 1:74-79. [PMID: 36928337 DOI: 10.1159/000530158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The three primary sites of acute T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) in transplanted kidneys are the tubular epithelial cells, interstitium, and the vascular endothelial cells. The pathology of acute lesions is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration; the final diagnosis suggested by the Banff 2019 classification is guided by grading of tubulitis (the t score), interstitial inflammation (the i score), and endarteritis (the v score). Consistent major issues when using the Banff classification are the etiological classifications of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). From 2015 to 2019, technological advances (i.e., genetic analysis in paraffin sections) increased our understanding of IFTA status in patients with smoldering acute TCMR and the roles played by inflammatory cell infiltration (the i-IFTA score) and tubulitis (the t-IFTA score) in IFTA. These two scores were introduced when establishing the diagnostic criteria for chronic active TCMR. Despite the increase in complexity and the lack of a consensus treatment for chronic active TCMR, the Banff classification may evolve as new techniques (i.e., genetic analysis in paraffin sections and deep learning of renal pathology) are introduced. The Banff conference proceeded as follows. First, lesions were defined. Next, working groups were established to better understand the lesions and to derive better classification methods. Finally, the new Banff classification was developed. This approach will continue to evolve; the Banff classification will become a very useful diagnostic standard. This paper overviews the history of TCMR diagnosis using the Banff classification, and the clinical importance, treatment, and prospects for acute and chronic active TCMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kawabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hayashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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The Histological Spectrum and Clinical Significance of T Cell-mediated Rejection of Kidney Allografts. Transplantation 2022; 107:1042-1055. [PMID: 36584369 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) remains a significant cause of long-term kidney allograft loss, either indirectly through induction of donor-specific anti-HLA alloantibodies or directly through chronic active TCMR. Whether found by indication or protocol biopsy, Banff defined acute TCMR should be treated with antirejection therapy and maximized maintenance immunosuppression. Neither isolated interstitial inflammation in the absence of tubulitis nor isolated tubulitis in the absence of interstitial inflammation results in adverse outcomes, and neither requires antirejection treatment. RNA gene expression analysis of biopsy material may supplement conventional histology, especially in ambiguous cases. Lesser degrees of tubular and interstitial inflammation (Banff borderline) may portend adverse outcomes and should be treated when found on an indication biopsy. Borderline lesions on protocol biopsies may resolve spontaneously but require close follow-up if untreated. Following antirejection therapy of acute TCMR, surveillance protocol biopsies should be considered. Minimally invasive blood-borne assays (donor-derived cell-free DNA and gene expression profiling) are being increasingly studied as a means of following stable patients in lieu of biopsy. The clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness require confirmation in randomized controlled trials. Treatment of acute TCMR is not standardized but involves bolus corticosteroids with lymphocyte depleting antibodies for severe, refractory, or relapsing cases. Arteritis may be found with acute TCMR, active antibody-mediated rejection, or mixed rejections and should be treated accordingly. The optimal treatment ofchronic active TCMR is uncertain. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to optimally define therapy.
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Chronic Active T-Cell Mediated Kidney Rejection as a Clinically Significant Type of Allograft Loss? Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123220. [PMID: 36553226 PMCID: PMC9777502 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to assess the present knowledge about chronic active (CA) T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) of a kidney. In the research authors review current Banff diagnostic criteria used in kidney rejection, focus on their possible future evolution, and investigate the role of currently available molecular methods that could be implemented into the diagnostic scheme. Research also points out previously and currently available treatment methods applied to CA TCMR and takes into account possible side effects consequent upon the therapy. Moreover, attention is being paid to the CA TCMR coincidence with other kidney rejection types such as antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and its influence on the treatment approach. Authors also mark the possibility of non-HLA antibodies coexistence in patients with CA TCMR and describe its possible resonance on kidney allograft function. Nonetheless, it seems that current knowledge about CA TCMR is not sufficient and requires further investigation.
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7
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Hernández D, Vázquez-Sánchez T, Sola E, Lopez V, Ruiz-Esteban P, Caballero A, Salido E, Leon M, Rodriguez A, Serra N, Rodriguez C, Facundo C, Perello M, Silva I, Marrero-Miranda D, Cidraque I, Moreso F, Guirado L, Serón D, Torres A. Treatment of early borderline lesions in low immunological risk kidney transplant patients: a Spanish multicenter, randomized, controlled parallel-group study protocol: the TRAINING study. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:357. [PMCID: PMC9639260 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Subclinical inflammation, including borderline lesions (BL), is very common (30–40%) after kidney transplantation (KT), even in low immunological risk patients, and can lead to interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA) and worsening of renal function with graft loss. Few controlled studies have analyzed the therapeutic benefit of treating these BL on renal function and graft histology. Furthermore, these studies have only used bolus steroids, which may be insufficient to slow the progression of these lesions. Klotho, a transmembrane protein produced mainly in the kidney with antifibrotic properties, plays a crucial role in the senescence-inflammation binomial of kidney tissue. Systemic and local inflammation decrease renal tissue expression and soluble levels of α-klotho. It is therefore important to determine whether treatment of BL prevents a decrease in α-klotho levels, progression of IFTA, and loss of kidney function.
Methods
The TRAINING study will randomize 80 patients with low immunological risk who will receive their first KT. The aim of the study is to determine whether the treatment of early BL (3rd month post-KT) with polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin (Grafalon®) (6 mg/kg/day) prevents or decreases the progression of IFTA and the worsening of graft function compared to conventional therapy after two years post-KT, as well as to analyze whether treatment of BL with Grafalon® can modify the expression and levels of klotho, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines that regulate its expression.
Discussion
This phase IV investigator-driven, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial will examine the efficacy and safety of Grafalon® treatment in low-immunological-risk KT patients with early BL.
Trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04936282. Registered June 23, 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04936282?term=NCT04936282&draw=2&rank=1. Protocol Version 2 of 21 January 2022. Sponsor: Canary Isles Institute for Health Research Foundation, Canary Isles (FIISC). mgomez@fciisc.org.
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8
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Becker JU, Seron D, Rabant M, Roufosse C, Naesens M. Evolution of the Definition of Rejection in Kidney Transplantation and Its Use as an Endpoint in Clinical Trials. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10141. [PMID: 35669978 PMCID: PMC9163319 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines the evolving definition of rejection following kidney transplantation. The viewpoints and evidence presented were included in documentation prepared for a Broad Scientific Advice request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA), relating to clinical trial endpoints in kidney transplantation. This request was initiated by the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) in 2016 and finalized following discussions between the EMA and ESOT in 2020. In ESOT’s opinion, the use of “biopsy-proven acute rejection” as an endpoint for clinical trials in kidney transplantation is no longer accurate, although it is still the approved histopathological endpoint. The spectrum of rejection is now divided into the phenotypes of borderline changes, T cell-mediated rejection, and antibody-mediated rejection, with the latter two phenotypes having further subclassifications. Rejection is also described in relation to graft (dys)function, diagnosed because of protocol (surveillance) or indication (for-cause) biopsies. The ongoing use of outdated terminology has become a potential barrier to clinical research in kidney transplantation. This article presents these perspectives and issues, and provides a foundation on which subsequent articles within this Special Issue of Transplant International build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ulrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Seron
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Rabant
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Maarten Naesens,
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9
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Seron D, Rabant M, Becker JU, Roufosse C, Bellini MI, Böhmig GA, Budde K, Diekmann F, Glotz D, Hilbrands L, Loupy A, Oberbauer R, Pengel L, Schneeberger S, Naesens M. Proposed Definitions of T Cell-Mediated Rejection and Tubulointerstitial Inflammation as Clinical Trial Endpoints in Kidney Transplantation. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10135. [PMID: 35669975 PMCID: PMC9163314 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of acute T cell-mediated rejection (aTCMR) after kidney transplantation has considerable relevance for research purposes. Its definition is primarily based on tubulointerstitial inflammation and has changed little over time; aTCMR is therefore a suitable parameter for longitudinal data comparisons. In addition, because aTCMR is managed with antirejection therapies that carry additional risks, anxieties, and costs, it is a clinically meaningful endpoint for studies. This paper reviews the history and classifications of TCMR and characterizes its potential role in clinical trials: a role that largely depends on the nature of the biopsy taken (indication vs protocol), the level of inflammation observed (e.g., borderline changes vs full TCMR), concomitant chronic lesions (chronic active TCMR), and the therapeutic intervention planned. There is ongoing variability—and ambiguity—in clinical monitoring and management of TCMR. More research, to investigate the clinical relevance of borderline changes (especially in protocol biopsies) and effective therapeutic strategies that improve graft survival rates with minimal patient morbidity, is urgently required. The present paper was developed from documentation produced by the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT) as part of a Broad Scientific Advice request that ESOT submitted to the European Medicines Agency for discussion in 2020. This paper proposes to move toward refined definitions of aTCMR and borderline changes to be included as primary endpoints in clinical trials of kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seron
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Rabant
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jan Ulrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georg A. Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Diekmann
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denis Glotz
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Loupy
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liset Pengel
- Centre for Evidence in Transplantation, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of General, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Maarten Naesens,
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Sakurabayashi K, Muramatsu M, Itabashi Y, Oguchi H, Kawamura T, Hamasaki Y, Mikami T, Tochigi N, Shishido S, Sakai K. Effects of antirejection therapies for early subclinical acute rejection in renal transplant protocol biopsies. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-022-00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although recently strengthened immunosuppression protocols have decreased the incidence of clinical acute rejection of renal transplants, subclinical acute rejection and borderline changes remain problematic. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of antirejection therapies for early subclinical acute rejection and borderline changes.
Methods
In total, 269 renal transplant patients who received 3-month and 1-year protocol biopsies after renal transplantation were enrolled this study and divided into those with normal findings (Group A) and those with ≥ borderline changes (Group B) according to the 3-month pathological results. Pathological changes, graft function, and graft survival were evaluated at 1 year.
Results
The 3-month protocol biopsy revealed normal findings in 166 patients (Group A) and borderline changes and subclinical acute rejection in 103 patients (Group B). In Group A, 65.1% (n = 108) of the patients maintained normal findings at 1 year, while 30.1% (n = 50) deteriorated to ≥ borderline changes. In Group B, 52.4% (n = 54) of patients improved to normal. Among patients with subclinical acute rejection, 25.0% (n = 5) maintained subclinical acute rejection at 1 year despite antirejection therapy. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 60.4 ± 24.5 to 58.3 ± 19.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 in Group A and from 57.2 ± 28.2 to 53.7 ± 20.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in Group B (p = 0.417). The 3-, 5-, and 7-year graft survival rates were 99.4%, 99.4%, and 97.6% in Group A and 100.0%, 98.6%, and 98.6% in Group B, respectively (p = 0.709).
Conclusions
Subclinical acute rejection is likely to recur. However, intervention for subclinical acute rejection in the early period after transplantation may help to prevent subsequent histological changes.
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11
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Gowrishankar S. Banff classification from 1991 to 2019. A significant contribution to our understanding and reporting of allograft renal biopsies. Indian J Nephrol 2022; 32:1-7. [PMID: 35283563 PMCID: PMC8916159 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_270_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Banff schema of classification of renal allograft biopsies, first proposed at the meeting in Banff, Canada in 1991 has evolved through subsequent meetings held once in two years and is the internationally accepted scheme of classification which is consensual, current, validated and in clinical use. This review traces the evolution of the classification and our understanding of renal transplant pathology, with emphasis on alloimmune reactions. The proceedings of the meetings and the important studies which have shaped the classification are covered.
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12
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Deville KA, Seifert ME. Biomarkers of alloimmune events in pediatric kidney transplantation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1087841. [PMID: 36741087 PMCID: PMC9895094 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1087841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alloimmune events such as the development of de novo donor-specific antibody (dnDSA), T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) are the primary contributors to kidney transplant failure in children. For decades, a creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has been the non-invasive gold standard biomarker for detecting clinically significant alloimmune events, but it suffers from low sensitivity and specificity, especially in smaller children and older allografts. Many clinically "stable" children (based on creatinine) will have alloimmune events known as "subclinical acute rejection" (based on biopsy) that merely reflect the inadequacy of creatinine-based estimates for alloimmune injury rather than a distinct phenotype from clinical rejection with allograft dysfunction. The poor biomarker performance of creatinine leads to many unnecessary surveillance and for-cause biopsies that could be avoided by integrating non-invasive biomarkers with superior sensitivity and specificity into current clinical paradigms. In this review article, we will present and appraise the current state-of-the-art in monitoring for alloimmune events in pediatric kidney transplantation. We will first discuss the current clinical standards for assessing the presence of alloimmune injury and predicting long-term outcomes. We will review principles of biomarker medicine and the application of comprehensive metrics to assess the performance of a given biomarker against the current gold standard. We will then highlight novel blood- and urine-based biomarkers (with special emphasis on pediatric biomarker studies) that have shown superior diagnostic and prognostic performance to the current clinical standards including creatinine-based eGFR. Finally, we will review some of the barriers to translating this research and implementing emerging biomarkers into common clinical practice, and present a transformative approach to using multiple biomarker platforms at different times to optimize the detection and management of critical alloimmune events in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Deville
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael E Seifert
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
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13
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Bloom RD, Augustine JJ. Beyond the Biopsy: Monitoring Immune Status in Kidney Recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1413-1422. [PMID: 34362810 PMCID: PMC8729582 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.14840920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Improved long-term kidney allograft survival is largely related to better outcomes at 12 months, in association with declining acute rejection rates and more efficacious immunosuppression. Finding the right balance between under- and overimmunosuppression or rejection versus immunosuppression toxicity remains one of transplant's holy grails. In the absence of precise measures of immunosuppression burden, transplant clinicians rely on nonspecific, noninvasive tests and kidney allograft biopsy generally performed for cause. This review appraises recent advances of conventional monitoring strategies and critically examines the plethora of emerging tests utilizing tissue, urine, and blood samples to improve upon the diagnostic precision of allograft surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Bloom
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua J Augustine
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical significance and treatment of borderline changes are controversial. The lowest detectable margin for rejection on histology is unclear. We review recent evidence about borderline changes and related biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS Borderline change (Banff ≥ t1i1) is associated with progressive fibrosis, a greater propensity to form de-novo DSA, and reduced graft survival. Isolated tubulitis appears to have similar kidney allograft outcomes with normal controls, but this finding should be validated in a larger, diverse population. When borderline change was treated, a higher chance of kidney function recovery and better clinical outcomes were observed. However, spontaneous borderline changes resolution without treatment was also observed. Various noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers have been developed to diagnose subclinical acute rejection, including borderline changes and ≥ Banff 1A TCMR. Biomarkers using gene expression and donor-derived cell-free DNA, and HLA DR/DQ eplet mismatch show potential to diagnose subclinical acute rejection (borderline change and ≥Banff 1A TCMR), to avoid surveillance biopsy, or to predict poor kidney allograft outcomes. SUMMARY Borderline changes are associated with poor kidney allograft outcomes, but it remains unclear if all cases of borderline changes should be treated. Novel biomarkers may inform physicians to aid in the diagnosis and treatment.
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15
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Impact of Subclinical and Clinical Kidney Allograft Rejection Within 1 Year Posttransplantation Among Compatible Transplant With Steroid Withdrawal Protocol. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e706. [PMID: 34124342 PMCID: PMC8191698 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Early acute kidney rejection remains an important clinical issue. Methods The current study included 552 recipients who had 1-2 surveillance or indication biopsy within the 1 y posttransplant. We evaluated the impact of type of allograft inflammation on allograft outcome. They were divided into 5 groups: no inflammation (NI: 95), subclinical inflammation (SCI: 244), subclinical T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) (SC-TCMR: 110), clinical TCMR (C-TCMR: 83), and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR: 20). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time using linear mixed model, cumulative chronic allograft scores/interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) ≥2 at 12 mo, and survival estimates were compared between groups. Results The common types of rejections were C-TCMR (15%), SC-TCMR (19.9%), and AMR (3.6%) of patients. Eighteen of 20 patients with AMR had mixed rejection with TCMR. Key findings were as follows: (i) posttransplant renal function: eGFR was lower for patients with C-TCMR and AMR (P < 0.0001) compared with NI, SCI, and SC-TCMR groups. There was an increase in delta-creatinine from 3 to 12 mo and cumulative allograft chronicity scores at 12 mo (P < 0.001) according to the type of allograft inflammation. (ii) Allograft histology: the odds of IFTA ≥2 was higher for SC-TCMR (3.7 [1.3-10.4]; P = 0.04) but was not significant for C-TCMR (3.1 [1.0-9.4]; P = 0.26), and AMR (2.5 [0.5-12.8]; P = 0.84) compared with NI group, and (iii) graft loss: C-TCMR accounted for the largest number of graft losses and impending graft losses on long-term follow-up. Graft loss among patient with AMR was numerically higher but was not statistically significant. Conclusions The type of kidney allograft inflammation predicted posttransplant eGFR, cumulative chronic allograft score/IFTA ≥2 at 12 mo, and graft loss.
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16
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Clinical Relevance of Corticosteroid Withdrawal on Graft Histological Lesions in Low-Immunological-Risk Kidney Transplant Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10092005. [PMID: 34067039 PMCID: PMC8125434 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10092005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of corticosteroid withdrawal on medium-term graft histological changes in kidney transplant (KT) recipients under standard immunosuppression is uncertain. As part of an open-label, multicenter, prospective, phase IV, 24-month clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02284464) in low-immunological-risk KT recipients, 105 patients were randomized, after a protocol-biopsy at 3 months, to corticosteroid continuation (CSC, n = 52) or corticosteroid withdrawal (CSW, n = 53). Both groups received tacrolimus and MMF and had another protocol-biopsy at 24 months. The acute rejection rate, including subclinical inflammation (SCI), was comparable between groups (21.2 vs. 24.5%). No patients developed dnDSA. Inflammatory and chronicity scores increased from 3 to 24 months in patients with, at baseline, no inflammation (NI) or SCI, regardless of treatment. CSW patients with SCI at 3 months had a significantly increased chronicity score at 24 months. HbA1c levels were lower in CSW patients (6.4 ± 1.2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.6%; p = 0.013) at 24 months, as was systolic blood pressure (134.2 ± 14.9 vs. 125.7 ± 15.3 mmHg; p = 0.016). Allograft function was comparable between groups and no patients died or lost their graft. An increase in chronicity scores at 2-years post-transplantation was observed in low-immunological-risk KT recipients with initial NI or SCI, but CSW may accelerate chronicity changes, especially in patients with early SCI. This strategy did, however, improve the cardiovascular profiles of patients.
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17
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Lamarche C, Sharma AK, Goldberg A, Wang L, Blydt-Hansen TD. Biomarker implementation: Evaluation of the decision-making impact of CXCL10 testing in a pediatric cohort. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e13908. [PMID: 33155737 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are at high risk for subclinical rejection, and kidney biopsy is currently used for surveillance. Our objective was to test how novel rejection biomarkers such as urinary CXCL10 may influence clinical decision-making to indicate need for a biopsy. METHODS A minimum dataset for standard decision-making to indicate a biopsy was established by an expert panel and used to design clinical vignettes for use in a survey. Pediatric nephrologists were recruited to review the vignettes and A) estimate rejection risk and B) decide whether to biopsy; first without and then with urinary CXCL10/Cr level. Accuracy of biopsy decisions was then tested against the biopsy results. IRA was assessed by Fleiss Kappa (κ) for binary choice and ICC for probabilities. RESULTS Eleven pediatric nephrologists reviewed 15 vignettes each. ICC of probability assessment for rejection improved from poor (0.28, P < .01) to fair (0.48, P < .01) with addition of CXCL10/Cr data. It did not, however, improve the IRA for decision to biopsy (K = 0.48 and K = 0.43, for the comparison). Change in clinician estimated probability of rejection with additional CXCL10/Cr data was correlated with CXCL10/Cr level (r2 = 0.7756, P < .0001). Decision accuracy went from 8/15 (53.3%) cases to 11/15 (73.3%) with CXCL10/Cr, although improvement did not achieve statistical significance. Using CXCL10/Cr alone would have been accurate in 12/15 cases (80%). CONCLUSION There is high variability in decision-making on biopsy indication. Urinary CXCL10/Cr improves probability estimates for risk of rejection. Training may be needed to assist nephrologists in better integrate biomarker information into clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lamarche
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Atul K Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aviva Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom D Blydt-Hansen
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Impact of HLA Mismatching on Early Subclinical Inflammation in Low-Immunological-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091934. [PMID: 33947168 PMCID: PMC8125522 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatching on the early appearance of subclinical inflammation (SCI) in low-immunological-risk kidney transplant (KT) recipients is undetermined. We aimed to assess whether HLA-mismatching (A-B-C-DR-DQ) is a risk factor for early SCI. As part of a clinical trial (Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT02284464), a total of 105 low-immunological-risk KT patients underwent a protocol biopsy on the third month post-KT. As a result, 54 presented SCI, showing a greater number of total HLA-mismatches (p = 0.008) and worse allograft function compared with the no inflammation group (48.5 ± 13.6 vs. 60 ± 23.4 mL/min; p = 0.003). Multiple logistic regression showed that the only risk factor associated with SCI was the total HLA-mismatch score (OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.06-1.64, p = 0.013) or class II HLA mismatching (OR 1.51; 95%CI 1.04-2.19, p = 0.032) after adjusting for confounder variables (recipient age, delayed graft function, transfusion prior KT, and tacrolimus levels). The ROC curve illustrated that the HLA mismatching of six antigens was the optimal value in terms of sensitivity and specificity for predicting the SCI. Finally, a significantly higher proportion of SCI was seen in patients with >6 vs. ≤6 HLA-mismatches (62.3 vs. 37.7%; p = 0.008). HLA compatibility is an independent risk factor associated with early SCI. Thus, transplant physicians should perhaps be more aware of HLA mismatching to reduce these early harmful lesions.
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19
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Blydt-Hansen TD, Sharma A, Gibson IW, Wiebe C, Sharma AP, Langlois V, Teoh CW, Rush D, Nickerson P, Wishart D, Ho J. Validity and utility of urinary CXCL10/Cr immune monitoring in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1545-1555. [PMID: 33034126 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individualized posttransplant immunosuppression is hampered by suboptimal monitoring strategies. To validate the utility of urinary CXCL10/Cr immune monitoring in children, we conducted a multicenter prospective observational study in children <21 years with serial and biopsy-associated urine samples (n = 97). Biopsies (n = 240) were categorized as normal (NOR), rejection (>i1t1; REJ), indeterminate (IND), BKV infection, and leukocyturia (LEU). An independent pediatric cohort of 180 urines was used for external validation. Ninety-seven patients aged 11.4 ± 5.5 years showed elevated urinary CXCL10/Cr in REJ (3.1, IQR 1.1, 16.4; P < .001) and BKV nephropathy (median = 5.6, IQR 1.3, 26.9; P < .001) vs. NOR (0.8, IQR 0.4, 1.5). The AUC for REJ vs. NOR was 0.76 (95% CI 0.66-0.86). Low (0.63) and high (4.08) CXCL10/Cr levels defined high sensitivity and specificity thresholds, respectively; validated against an independent sample set (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.86). Serial urines anticipated REJ up to 4 weeks prior to biopsy and declined within 1 month following treatment. Elevated mean CXCL10/Cr was correlated with first-year eGFR decline (ρ = -0.37, P ≤ .001), particularly when persistently exceeding ≥4.08 (ratio = 0.81; P < .04). Useful thresholds for urinary CXCL10/Cr levels reproducibly define the risk of rejection, immune quiescence, and decline in allograft function for use in real-time clinical monitoring in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Blydt-Hansen
- Pediatric Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Atul Sharma
- Biostatistical Consulting Unit, George, Fay Yee Center for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian W Gibson
- Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chris Wiebe
- Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Transplant/Immunology Lab, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ajay P Sharma
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Langlois
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chia W Teoh
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Rush
- Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Nickerson
- Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Transplant/Immunology Lab, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Wishart
- Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Metabolomics Innovation Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Hoffmann AJ, Gibson IW, Ho J, Nickerson P, Rush D, Sharma A, Wishart D, Blydt-Hansen TD. Early surveillance biopsy utilization and management of pediatric renal allograft acute T cell-mediated rejection in Canadian centers: Observations from the PROBE multicenter cohort study. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e13870. [PMID: 33026135 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early TCMR surveillance with protocol kidney biopsy is used differentially among pediatric kidney transplant centers. Little has been reported about actual center-based differences, and this variability may influence TCMR ascertainment, treatment, and monitoring more broadly. METHODS Data from the PROBE multicenter study were used to identify patients from centers conducting ESB or LSIB. ESB was defined as >50% of patients having at least 1 surveillance biopsy in the first 9 months. Patients were compared for number of biopsies, rejection episodes, treatment, and follow-up monitoring. RESULTS A total of 261 biopsies were performed on 97 patients over 1-2 years of follow-up. A total of 228 (87%) of biopsies were performed in ESB centers. Compared to LSIB centers, ESB centers had 7-fold more episodes of TCMR diagnosed on any biopsy [0.8 ± 1.2 vs 0.1 ± 0.4; P < .001] and a 3-fold higher rate from indication biopsies [0.3 ± 0.9 vs 0.1 ± 0.3; P = .04]. The proportion of rejection treatment varied based on severity: Banff borderline i1t1 (40%);>i1t1 and < Banff 1A (86%); and ≥ Banff 1A (100%). Biopsies for follow-up were performed after treatment in 80% of cases (n = 28) of rejection almost exclusively at ESB centers, with 17 (61%) showing persistence of TCMR (≥i1t1). CONCLUSIONS Practice variation exists across Canadian pediatric renal transplant centers with ESB centers identifying more episodes of rejection. Additionally, treatment of Banff borderline is not universal and varies with severity regardless of center type. Lastly, follow-up biopsies are performed inconsistently and invariably show persistence of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian W Gibson
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter Nickerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Shared Health Services Manitoba, Transplant/Immunology Lab, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Rush
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Wishart
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Impact of Subclinical Borderline Inflammation on Kidney Transplant Outcomes. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e663. [PMID: 33511268 PMCID: PMC7837932 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background. Surveillance biopsies permit early detection of subclinical inflammation before clinical dysfunction, but the impact of detecting early subclinical phenotypes remains unclear. Methods. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of 441 consecutive kidney transplant recipients between 2015 and 2018 with surveillance biopsies at 6 months post-transplant. We tested the hypothesis that early subclinical inflammation (subclinical borderline changes, T cell-mediated rejection, or microvascular injury) is associated with increased incidence of a composite endpoint including acute rejection and allograft failure. Results. Using contemporaneous Banff criteria, we detected subclinical inflammation in 31%, with the majority (75%) having a subclinical borderline phenotype (at least minimal inflammation with mild tubulitis [>i0t1]). Overall, subclinical inflammation was independently associated with the composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.88; 1.11-7.51; P = 0.03). The subgroup with subclinical borderline inflammation, predominantly those meeting the Banff 2019 i1t1 threshold, was independently associated with 5-fold increased hazard for the composite endpoint (P = 0.02). Those with concurrent subclinical inflammation and subclinical chronic allograft injury had worse outcomes. The effect of treating subclinical inflammation was difficult to ascertain in small heterogeneous subgroups. Conclusions. Subclinical acute and chronic inflammation are common at 6 months post-transplant in kidney recipients with stable allograft function. The subclinical borderline phenotype with both tubulitis and interstitial inflammation was independently associated with poor long-term outcomes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of surveillance biopsies for management of allograft inflammation in kidney transplantation.
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22
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Chamoun B, Torres IB, Gabaldón A, Sellarés J, Perelló M, Castellá E, Guri X, Salcedo M, Toapanta NG, Cidraque I, Moreso F, Seron D. Progression of Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy in Low Immunological Risk Renal Transplants Monitored by Sequential Surveillance Biopsies: The Influence of TAC Exposure and Metabolism. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10010141. [PMID: 33406589 PMCID: PMC7796060 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate is the most widely employed maintenance immunosuppression in renal transplants. Different surrogates of tacrolimus exposure or metabolism such as tacrolimus trough levels (TAC-C0), coefficient of variation of tacrolimus (CV-TAC-C0), time in therapeutic range (TTR), and tacrolimus concentration dose ratio (C/D) have been associated with graft outcomes. We explore in a cohort of low immunological risk renal transplants (n = 85) treated with TAC, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and steroids and then monitored by paired surveillance biopsies the association between histological lesions and TAC-C0 at the time of biopsy as well as CV-TAC-C0, TTR, and C/D during follow up. Interstitial inflammation (i-Banff score ≥ 1) in the first surveillance biopsy was associated with TAC-C0 (odds ratio (OR): 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50–0.96; p = 0.027). In the second surveillance biopsy, inflammation was associated with time below the therapeutic range (OR: 1.05 and 95% CI: 1.01–1.10; p = 0.023). Interstitial inflammation in scarred areas (i-IFTA score ≥ 1) was not associated with surrogates of TAC exposure/metabolism. Progression of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) was observed in 35 cases (41.2%). Multivariate regression logistic analysis showed that mean C/D (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.25–0.92; p = 0.026) and IF/TA in the first biopsy (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24–0.77, p = 0.005) were associated with IF/TA progression between biopsies. A low C/D ratio is associated with IF/TA progression, suggesting that TAC nephrotoxicity may contribute to fibrosis progression in well immunosuppressed patients. Our data support that TAC exposure is associated with inflammation in healthy kidney areas but not in scarred tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Chamoun
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Irina B. Torres
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Alejandra Gabaldón
- Pathology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Joana Sellarés
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Manel Perelló
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Eva Castellá
- Radiology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (X.G.)
| | - Xavier Guri
- Radiology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (X.G.)
| | - Maite Salcedo
- Pathology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Nestor G. Toapanta
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Ignacio Cidraque
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Francesc Moreso
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-274-46-66
| | - Daniel Seron
- Nephrology Departments, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (B.C.); (I.B.T.); (J.S.); (M.P.); (N.G.T.); (I.C.); (D.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Molecular patterns of isolated tubulitis differ from tubulitis with interstitial inflammation in early indication biopsies of kidney allografts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22220. [PMID: 33335257 PMCID: PMC7746707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Banff 2019 kidney allograft pathology update excluded isolated tubulitis without interstitial inflammation (ISO-T) from the category of borderline (suspicious) for acute T cell-mediated rejection due to its proposed benign clinical outcome. In this study, we explored the molecular assessment of ISO-T. ISO-T or interstitial inflammation with tubulitis (I + T) was diagnosed in indication biopsies within the first 14 postoperative days. The molecular phenotype of ISO-T was compared to I + T either by using RNA sequencing (n = 16) or by Molecular Microscope Diagnostic System (MMDx, n = 51). RNA sequencing showed lower expression of genes related to interferon-y (p = 1.5 *10-16), cytokine signaling (p = 2.1 *10-20) and inflammatory response (p = 1.0*10-13) in the ISO-T group than in I + T group. Transcripts with increased expression in the I + T group overlapped significantly with previously described pathogenesis-based transcript sets associated with cytotoxic and effector T cell transcripts, and with T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR). MMDx classified 25/32 (78%) ISO-T biopsies and 12/19 (63%) I + T biopsies as no-rejection. ISO-T had significantly lower MMDx scores for interstitial inflammation (p = 0.014), tubulitis (p = 0.035) and TCMR (p = 0.016) compared to I + T. Fewer molecular signals of inflammation in isolated tubulitis suggest that this is also a benign phenotype on a molecular level.
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24
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Loupy A, Haas M, Roufosse C, Naesens M, Adam B, Afrouzian M, Akalin E, Alachkar N, Bagnasco S, Becker JU, Cornell LD, Clahsen‐van Groningen MC, Demetris AJ, Dragun D, Duong van Huyen J, Farris AB, Fogo AB, Gibson IW, Glotz D, Gueguen J, Kikic Z, Kozakowski N, Kraus E, Lefaucheur C, Liapis H, Mannon RB, Montgomery RA, Nankivell BJ, Nickeleit V, Nickerson P, Rabant M, Racusen L, Randhawa P, Robin B, Rosales IA, Sapir‐Pichhadze R, Schinstock CA, Seron D, Singh HK, Smith RN, Stegall MD, Zeevi A, Solez K, Colvin RB, Mengel M. The Banff 2019 Kidney Meeting Report (I): Updates on and clarification of criteria for T cell- and antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2318-2331. [PMID: 32463180 PMCID: PMC7496245 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The XV. Banff conference for allograft pathology was held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics in Pittsburgh, PA (USA) and focused on refining recent updates to the classification, advances from the Banff working groups, and standardization of molecular diagnostics. This report on kidney transplant pathology details clarifications and refinements to the criteria for chronic active (CA) T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), borderline, and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). The main focus of kidney sessions was on how to address biopsies meeting criteria for CA TCMR plus borderline or acute TCMR. Recent studies on the clinical impact of borderline infiltrates were also presented to clarify whether the threshold for interstitial inflammation in diagnosis of borderline should be i0 or i1. Sessions on ABMR focused on biopsies showing microvascular inflammation in the absence of C4d staining or detectable donor-specific antibodies; the potential value of molecular diagnostics in such cases and recommendations for use of the latter in the setting of solid organ transplantation are presented in the accompanying meeting report. Finally, several speakers discussed the capabilities of artificial intelligence and the potential for use of machine learning algorithms in diagnosis and personalized therapeutics in solid organ transplantation.
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25
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Huang E, Gillespie M, Ammerman N, Vo A, Lim K, Peng A, Najjar R, Sethi S, Jordan SC, Mirocha J, Haas M. Donor-derived Cell-free DNA Combined With Histology Improves Prediction of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Over Time in Kidney Transplant Recipients Compared With Histology Alone. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e580. [PMID: 33134504 PMCID: PMC7581058 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher Banff inflammation and chronicity scores on kidney transplant biopsies are associated with poorer graft survival, although histology alone has limitations in predicting outcomes. We investigated if integrating donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA, Allosure; CareDx, Inc.) with Banff biopsy scores into a predictive model for estimated glomerular filtration rate over time can improve prognostic assessment versus histology alone. Methods We identified 180 kidney transplant patients with dd-cfDNA assessed within 1 mo of biopsy. Using linear mixed-effects models, a prediction model of Banff histology scores and dd-cfDNA on estimated glomerular filtration rate over time was derived. Nested models were compared using the likelihood-ratio test, Akaike Information Criterion, and Bayesian Information Criterion to assess if inclusion of dd-cfDNA into a model consisting of Banff biopsy scores would improve model fit. Results Univariate models identified significant covariate-by-time interactions for cg = 3 versus <3 (coefficient: -1.3 mL/min/1.73 m2/mo; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.4 to -0.2; P = 0.02) and ci + ct ≥ 3 versus <3 (coefficient: -0.7 mL/min/1.73 m2/mo; 95% CI, -1.3 to -0.1; P = 0.03) and a trend toward significant covariate-by-time interaction for dd-cfDNA (coefficient: -0.5 mL/min/1.73 m2/mo; 95% CI, -1.0 to 0.1; P = 0.08). Addition of acute inflammation (i, t, and v), microvascular inflammation (g and ptc), and inflammation in area of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy scores to chronicity scores (cg ≥ 3 and ci + ct ≥ 3) did not improve model fit. However, a model including dd-cfDNA with cg and ci + ct with covariate-by-time interactions had a better model fit compared with cg and ci + ct alone (likelihood-ratio test statistic = 21.1; df = 2; P < 0.001). Conclusions Addition of dd-cfDNA to Banff biopsy scores provided better prognostic assessment over biopsy characteristics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Matthew Gillespie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Noriko Ammerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathlyn Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alice Peng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Reiad Najjar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Supreet Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stanley C Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James Mirocha
- Biostatistics Core, Research Institute and General Clinical Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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26
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Dale LA, Brennan C, Batal I, Morris H, Jain NG, Valeri A, Husain SA, King K, Tsapepas D, Cohen D, Mohan S. Treatment of borderline infiltrates with minimal inflammation in kidney transplant recipients has no effect on allograft or patient outcomes. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14019. [PMID: 32573811 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2005, the Banff committee expanded the "borderline changes" category to include lesions with minimal (<10%) inflammation: "i0" borderline infiltrates. Clinical significance and optimal treatment of i0 borderline infiltrates are not known. Data suggest that i0 borderline infiltrates may have a more favorable prognosis than borderline infiltrates with higher grades of interstitial inflammation. In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, we assessed 90 renal transplant recipients with i0 borderline infiltrates on biopsies indicated for graft dysfunction. We studied the impact of treatment with corticosteroids on allograft function, allograft survival, and patient survival. We found no differences between treated and untreated groups with respect to eGFR at 4 weeks and 6 months after biopsy. Follow-up biopsies, available in 67% of patients, were negative for rejection in almost half of all cases, regardless of treatment status. The frequencies of persistent borderline infiltrates (38%) and higher-grade T cell-mediated rejection (1A or greater, 14%) on follow-up biopsies were similar between the two groups. There were no differences in rejection-free allograft survival, death-censored graft failure, or patient mortality among treated vs non-treated i0 borderline patients. Our findings suggest that the natural history of i0 borderline infiltrates, in relatively low immunologic risk patients, is not affected by corticosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh-Anne Dale
- New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corey Brennan
- The Columbia University Renal Epidemiology Group, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ibrahim Batal
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Morris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Namrata G Jain
- Pediatric Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Valeri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Husain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen King
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Cohen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sumit Mohan
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Hanssen O, Weekers L, Lovinfosse P, Jadoul A, Bonvoisin C, Bouquegneau A, Grosch S, Huynen A, Anglicheau D, Hustinx R, Jouret F. Diagnostic yield of 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging and urinary CXCL9/creatinine levels in kidney allograft subclinical rejection. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1402-1409. [PMID: 31841263 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical kidney allograft acute rejection (SCR) corresponds to "the unexpected histological evidence of acute rejection in a stable patient." SCR detection relies on surveillance biopsy. Noninvasive approaches may help avoid biopsy-associated complications. From November 2015 to January 2018, we prospectively performed positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) after injection of F18 -fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) in adult kidney transplant recipients with surveillance biopsy at ~3 months posttransplantation. The Banff-2017 classification was used. The ratio of the mean standard uptake value (mSUVR) between kidney cortex and psoas muscle was measured. Urinary levels of CXCL-9 were concomitantly quantified. Our 92-patient cohort was categorized upon histology: normal (n = 70), borderline (n = 16), and SCR (n = 6). No clinical or biological difference was observed between groups. The mSUVR reached 1.87 ± 0.55, 1.94 ± 0.35, and 2.41 ± 0.54 in normal, borderline, and SCR groups, respectively. A significant difference in mSUVR was found among groups. Furthermore, mSUVR was significantly higher in the SCR vs normal group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.79, with 83% sensitivity using an mSUVR threshold of 2.4. The AUC of urinary CXCL-9/creatinine ratios comparatively reached 0.79. The mSUVR positively correlated with ti and acute composite Banff scores. 18 F-FDG-PET/CT helps noninvasively exclude SCR, with a negative predictive value of 98%. External validations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Hanssen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Weekers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lovinfosse
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Physics, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Jadoul
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Physics, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bonvoisin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bouquegneau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Grosch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium.,Division of Renal Pathology, Unilab, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Huynen
- Structural Engineering Division, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dany Anglicheau
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, RTRS Centaure, LabEx Transplantex, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Roland Hustinx
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Physics, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francois Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium.,Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Géno-protéomique Appliquée, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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28
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Mehta RB, Tandukar S, Jorgensen D, Randhawa P, Sood P, Puttarajappa C, Zeevi A, Tevar AD, Hariharan S. Early subclinical tubulitis and interstitial inflammation in kidney transplantation have adverse clinical implications. Kidney Int 2020; 98:436-447. [PMID: 32624181 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This prospective observational cohort study compared the impact of subclinical tubulitis with or without interstitial inflammation to interstitial inflammation alone and to no inflammation in early post kidney transplant biopsies. A study cohort of 415 patients (living and deceased donor recipients) was divided into three groups on the basis of their three-month biopsy: 149 patients with No Inflammation (NI), 83 patients with Isolated Interstitial Inflammation (IIF), and 183 patients with Tubulitis [(with or without interstitial inflammation) (TIF) but not meeting criteria for Banff IA]. TIF was further divided into 56 patients with tubulitis without interstitial inflammation (TIF0) and 127 patients with tubulitis alongside interstitial inflammation (TIF1). TIF was significantly associated with higher incidence of subsequent T-cell mediated rejection (clinical or subclinical) at one year compared to IIF (31% vs 15%) and NI (31% vs 17%). Chronicity on one-year biopsy was significantly higher in TIF compared to IIF (22% vs 11%) and NI (22% vs 7%). De novo donor-specific antibody development was significantly higher in TIF compared to NI (6% vs 0.7%). Tubulitis subgroups (TIF0 and TIF1) revealed comparable effects on de novo donor-specific antibody and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy development. However, tubulitis with interstitial inflammation had a significantly higher incidence of subsequent rejection and posed an increased hazard for the composite end point (subsequent acute rejection and death censored graft loss) compared to other groups [adjusted hazard 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.2-3.5)]. Thus, subclinical tubulitis is a marker of adverse immunological events, but tubulitis with interstitial inflammation has a worse prognosis. Hence, the Banff 1997 (TIF1) and Banff 2005 classifications (TIF) for borderline change may have different implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajil B Mehta
- Division of Transplant Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Srijan Tandukar
- Division of Transplant Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana Jorgensen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Puneet Sood
- Division of Transplant Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chethan Puttarajappa
- Division of Transplant Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amit D Tevar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sundaram Hariharan
- Division of Transplant Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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The Pathophysiology and Impact of Inflammation in Nonscarred Renal Interstitium: The Banff i Lesion. Transplantation 2020; 104:835-846. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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The Causes of Kidney Allograft Failure: More Than Alloimmunity. A Viewpoint Article. Transplantation 2020; 104:e46-e56. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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