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Merlin Q, Vacher P, Martinent G, Nicolas M. Youth Athletes' Self-Esteem: The Impact of Integrated Psychological Skills Training. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39265974 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study on the effect of psychological skills training on self-esteem (SE) in young athletes. METHOD 10 swimmers and 35 volleyball players, split into an intervention group (25) and a control group (18). The intervention entailed a 3-week psychological skills training program covering arousal management, breathing, relaxation, mental imagery, and self-talk. Multilevel growth curve analyses evaluated SE changes. RESULTS The intervention group showed significant improvements in multiple SE dimensions-physical self-worth, fitness, athletic competence, strength, and body attractiveness but not general SE. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial evidence of a multimodal psychological skills training's effectiveness in enhancing young athletes' domain-specific SE. It highlights the role of domain-specific SE in young athletes' well-being. Future research should examine psychological and physiological correlations and assess the long-term SE development in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Merlin
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon,France
| | - Philippe Vacher
- Research Center for Education Learning and Didactics (EA 3875), Faculty of Sports Science, University Brest, Brest,France
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme de Bretagne, Fe, MSHB, Rennes,France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Laboratory L-VIS (EA 7428), University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon,France
| | - Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon,France
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2
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Feng Y, Wang K, Fan J, Wu X, Li T, Yang Z. Mindfulness intervention, homogeneous medical concept, and concentrated solution nursing for colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1055. [PMID: 39192195 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the differences of the psychological distress of postoperative chemotherapy patients with colorectal cancer between mindfulness intervention combined with homogeneous medical concepts and mindfulness intervention only. METHODS One hundred patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy after surgery from Sep 2020 to Sep 2022 were enrolled and divided into active control group (Solution centered nursing interventions; homogenized medical and nursing professional teams; dedicated personnel responsible for "admission notices"; Regular follow-up after discharge) and mindfulness group (homogeneous medical concept + and concentrated solution + Mindfulness intervention) with 50 cases in each group according to different nursing methods. RESULTS After nursing, the physical function, emotional function, cognitive function, and social function of the patients in the mindfulness group were significantly higher than those in the active control group. However, the overall life and economic difficulties of the patients in the mindfulness group were significantly lower than those in the active control group (P < 0.05). After nursing, the observation score, description score, action score, intrinsic experience score, non-judgment score and non-reaction score of the mindfulness group were significantly higher than those of the active control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The implementation of mindfulness intervention in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy can alleviate the patients' negative emotions, improve the level of mindfulness, and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Feng
- Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Kuanlei Wang
- Hospital Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Jianchun Fan
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, 12 Changqing Rd, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
- Tumor Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhili Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, 12 Changqing Rd, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Xinchang Country People's Hospital, 117 Gushan Middle Road, Xinchang, Zhejiang Province, 312500, China.
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de Sampaio Barros MF, Stefano Filho CA, de Menezes LT, Araújo-Moreira FM, Trevelin LC, Pimentel Maia R, Radel R, Castellano G. Psycho-physio-neurological correlates of qualitative attention, emotion and flow experiences in a close-to-real-life extreme sports situation: low- and high-altitude slackline walking. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17743. [PMID: 39076780 PMCID: PMC11285370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been indicated that extreme sport activities result in a highly rewarding experience, despite also providing fear, stress and anxiety. Studies have related this experience to the concept of flow, a positive feeling that individuals undergo when they are completely immersed in an activity. However, little is known about the exact nature of these experiences, and, there are still no empirical results to characterize the brain dynamics during extreme sport practice. This work aimed at investigating changes in psychological responses while recording physiological (heart rate-HR, and breathing rate-BR) and neural (electroencephalographic-EEG) data of eight volunteers, during outdoors slackline walking in a mountainous environment at two different altitude conditions (1 m-low-walk- and 45 m-high-walk-from the ground). Low-walk showed a higher score on flow scale, while high-walk displayed a higher score in the negative affect aspects, which together point to some level of flow restriction during high-walk. The order of task performance was shown to be relevant for the physiological and neural variables. The brain behavior during flow, mainly considering attention networks, displayed the stimulus-driven ventral attention network-VAN, regionally prevailing (mainly at the frontal lobe), over the goal-directed dorsal attention network-DAN. Therefore, we suggest an interpretation of flow experiences as an opened attention to more changing details in the surroundings, i.e., configured as a 'task-constantly-opened-to-subtle-information experience', rather than a 'task-focused experience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Felipe de Sampaio Barros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratoire LAMHESS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Carlos Alberto Stefano Filho
- Neurophysics Group, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Toffoli de Menezes
- Neurophysics Group, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Manuel Araújo-Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia/IME, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Trevelin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Computação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pimentel Maia
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rémi Radel
- Laboratoire LAMHESS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, Côte d’Azur, France
| | - Gabriela Castellano
- Neurophysics Group, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hohnemann C, Engel F, Peifer C, Diestel S. Trajectories of mindfulness, flow experience, and stress during an online-based MBSR program: the moderating role of emotional exhaustion. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1385372. [PMID: 39077209 PMCID: PMC11285067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite numerous papers focusing on mindfulness at work, our knowledge about how flow experience and stress as indicators of optimal functioning and wellbeing at work evolve over time during the common mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program remains limited. Drawing from the transactional model of flow and stress, we argue that a build-up of mindfulness over the training duration not only leads to a decrease in stress but also an increase in flow experience. Thereby, we examine the moderating role of emotional exhaustion amplifying the beneficial effects of mindfulness. Methods In a quasi-experimental study, 91 participants completed weekly questionnaires over the course of 8 weeks. Forty six participants in the experimental group took part in the MBSR program, while 45 participants were part of an inactive control group. Results Mindfulness and flow showed a significant linear increase over time, whereas stress exhibited a linear decrease. Those who participated in the MBSR training reported an increase in mindfulness that positively and negatively predicted the trajectories of flow and stress, respectively. Emotional exhaustion amplified the effects of the trajectory of mindfulness on the trajectories of flow and stress. Discussion These findings suggest that mindfulness can not only reduce stress but can also foster the autotelic experience of flow, especially for chronically depleted individuals. However, more research is necessary to replicate these results and address the limitations of the current study, including the quasi-experimental design, the use of self-report measures, as well as the dropout during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hohnemann
- Work, Organizational, and Business Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Engel
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corinna Peifer
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Diestel
- Work, Organizational, and Business Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Si XW, Yang ZK, Feng X. A meta-analysis of the intervention effect of mindfulness training on athletes' performance. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1375608. [PMID: 38939219 PMCID: PMC11210447 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the intervention effect of mindfulness training on athletes' performance using meta-analysis method. Methods A total of 11 articles and 23 effect sizes were included through retrieval of Chinese and English databases, with a total sample size of 582. Result Mindfulness training improves the level of mindfulness [SMD =1.08, 95%CI (0.30, 1.86), p < 0.01], fluency (The optimal competitive psychological state of the athlete, the athlete's attention is all focused on the task, and other things no longer attract their attention) [SMD =1.47, 95%CI (0.87, 2.08), p < 0.001] and performance [SMD =0.92, 95% CI (0.40, 1.43), p < 0.01], reduced psychological anxiety [SMD = -0.87, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.20), p < 0.05], and all reached the level of large effect size. Conclusion The effect of mindfulness training on athletes' sports performance is effective, and it can be used as an effective psychological skill intervention method to improve athletes' sports performance. In the future, we should further expand the sample size, strengthen the comparative study of different sports and intervention modes, and pay attention to the difference between the time effect and trait mindfulness level in fluency state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei Si
- Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Li Q, Li L, He Q, Wang H. Exploring the role of mindfulness on obligatory exercise among young athletes: mediating roles of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1381983. [PMID: 38751582 PMCID: PMC11094327 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1381983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the current trend toward youthfulness and age reduction in competitive sports, the issue of obligatory exercise among young athletes is becoming more severe. This not only affects their physical and mental health but also hampers their future prospects in the sports world. While delving into the impact of mindfulness on the issue of obligatory exercise among young athletes, it reveals the mediating role of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety. Methods This study is a cross-sectional research that employs convenience and snowball sampling methods. We selected 403 young athletes from several universities and high-level sports teams in the central-southern region of China as valid samples and used AMOS v.23 to construct a structural equation model to validate the hypotheses. Results The research findings indicate a significant positive correlation between obsessive passion, cognitive state anxiety, and obligatory exercise. Furthermore, obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety mediate the relationship between mindfulness and obligatory exercise. This implies that young athletes can better regulate their emotional state during training, manage training loads sensibly, and avoid issues with obligatory exercise through mindfulness training. Discussion In conclusion, to enhance the cognitive levels of young athletes and reduce their obligatory exercise behaviors, national sports authorities and coaching teams should develop reasonable mindfulness training programs for athletes and encourage their participation in mindfulness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Li
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Qianqian He
- Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Huilin Wang
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kao LS, Diller ML. Embedding Mindfulness-Based Resiliency Curricula Into Surgical Training to Combat Resident Burnout and Improve Wellbeing. Am Surg 2024; 90:954-958. [PMID: 37129239 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221117046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Surgery residents are at a higher-than-average risk of burnout syndrome, which is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of ineffectiveness. This risk of burnout can translate to increased stress and distress in trainees, poor performance, as well as worse patient outcomes. Therefore, developing and implementing burnout reduction strategies that are feasible, acceptable, and effective among surgical residents is paramount. Studies demonstrate that inherent mindfulness is associated with improved resiliency, reduced stress and burnout, as well as improved cognitive and motor skill performance. Fortunately, mindfulness is a skill that can be developed and maintained through targeted mindfulness-based interventions embedded within surgical education curriculum. Here, we present the data supporting the use of mindfulness as an integral part of burnout reduction efforts in surgical trainees as well as highlight evidence-based strategies for implementation in diverse surgical training environments.
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Brenner JS. Mindfulness for Young Athletes. Sports Health 2024; 16:300-302. [PMID: 37936388 PMCID: PMC10916786 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231209219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness has been around for centuries and a significant amount of research has been published in the past 6 years. Mindfulness has been shown to be helpful to improve overall well-being and sports performance. There has been a large increase in anxiety, depression, and overall stress in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population. This clinical commentary highlights the importance of using mindfulness as one tool to help young athletes improve their overall well-being and athletic performance. It also describes how it can be utilized in the sports medicine world along with noting a novel program at a Children's Hospital that is utilizing these tools to help young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Brenner
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
- Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia
- Children's Specialty Group, PLLC, Norfolk, Virginia
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Francis SEB, Shawyer F, Cayoun BA, Grabovac A, Meadows G. Differentiating mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy clinically: the why, how, and what of evidence-based practice. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1342592. [PMID: 38384351 PMCID: PMC10880191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is important to be able to differentiate mindfulness-based programs in terms of their model, therapeutic elements, and supporting evidence. This article compares mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), developed for relapse prevention in depression, and mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy (MiCBT), developed for transdiagnostic applications, on: (1) origins, context and theoretical rationale (why), (2) program structure, practice and, professional training (how), and (3) evidence (what). While both approaches incorporate behavior change methods, MBCT encourages behavioral activation, whereas MiCBT includes various exposure procedures to reduce avoidance, including a protocol to practice equanimity during problematic interpersonal interactions, and a compassion training to prevent relapse. MBCT has a substantial research base, including multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It is an endorsed preventative treatment for depressive relapse in several clinical guidelines, but its single disorder approach might be regarded as a limitation in many health service settings. MiCBT has a promising evidence base and potential to make a valuable contribution to psychological treatment through its transdiagnostic applicability but has not yet been considered in clinical guidelines. While greater attention to later stage dissemination and implementation research is recommended for MBCT, more high quality RCTs and systematic reviews are needed to develop the evidence base for MiCBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. B. Francis
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances Shawyer
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno A. Cayoun
- Mindfulness-integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy Institute, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrea Grabovac
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graham Meadows
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Weintraub J, Nolan KP, Sachdev AR. The Cognitive Control Model of Work-related Flow. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1174152. [PMID: 37384184 PMCID: PMC10293628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1174152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several models of flow have been proposed that include environmental and trait-based antecedents of the state, elements of cognitive control that enable workers to experience flow and its subsequent outcomes at work have largely been overlooked. This research proposes and provides empirical support for the "Cognitive Control Model of Work-related Flow," which integrates antecedents of flow at work related to the ability to focus concentration of cognitive resources toward experiencing flow at work. Along with flow at work, the model includes the antecedents of grit, flow metacognition, and mindfulness at work and the outcomes of work performance, engagement, and burnout. Findings across three studies (a cross-sectional, a time-lagged, and a one-day experience sampling method study) utilizing MTurk participants provided support for the model, as grit, mindfulness, and flow metacognition predicted flow, and flow predicted subjective performance, engagement, and burnout. Theoretical implications and the potential for developing flow interventions at work are discussed.
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Kanaujia S, Saraswati P, Anshu, Singh N, Singh S, Kataria N, Yadav P. Effect of yoga and mindfulness on psychological correlates in young athletes: A meta-analysis. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100725. [PMID: 37321018 PMCID: PMC10277591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis planned to assess the impact of yoga and mindfulness practice in reducing stress and anxiety to improve athletes' sports performance. METHODS Several databases were electronically searched for eligible articles till September 2022. Participants aged 18-45 yrs, male and female, and recreational athletes from different sports were included. Athletes' stress, competitive anxiety, and sports performance were measured. The mean difference or standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval was calculated in RevMan software 5.4. The fixed effect model was applied to test the statistical significance difference and heterogeneity (p < 0.05). The GRADE pro evidence was also created to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS Results were analyzed with pooled data from fifteen articles. Forest plots showed an overall significant effect of yoga and mindfulness on Mindfulness [Z = 4.13 (p < 0.0001)] [(I2 = 48%), MD -2.6, (95% CI, -3.85, -1.37)] and flow state [Z = 9.49 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 85%), SMD 3.13, (95% CI, 2.48, 3.77)]. The insignificant effects were noted on attention and awareness [Z = 1.51 (p = 0.13)] [(I2 = 25%), SMD -0.26, (95% CI, -0.60, 0.80)], and action and acceptance [Z = 0.43 (p = 0.67)] [(I2 = 0%), MD 0.20, (95% CI, -0.69, 1.08)]. We also observed a significant effect for the comparison of stress [Z = 6.56 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 76%), SMD -0.74, (95% CI, -0.97, 0.52)] and an insignificant effect for comparing anxiety [Z = 1.62 (p = 0.11)] [(I2 = 14%), SMD -0.31, (95% CI, -0.69, 0.07)]. CONCLUSION The findings of this meta-analysis provides valuable insights to the beneficial or complementary effects of yoga and mindfulness on athletes' psychological health and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kanaujia
- Department of Humanistic Studies, IIT-(BHU), Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anshu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Narendra Singh
- Department of Yoga Science, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Yoga Science, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, India
| | - Neetu Kataria
- Department of Nursing, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department of Nursing, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttrakhand, India
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Wang Y, Lei SM, Wu CC. The Effect of Mindfulness Intervention on the Psychological Skills and Shooting Performances in Male Collegiate Basketball Athletes in Macau: A Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2339. [PMID: 36767706 PMCID: PMC9916241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study adopted a quasi-experimental design to examine the effect of a 7-week mindfulness intervention on the psychological coping ability and shooting performance of college-level male basketball athletes in Macau. METHODS A total of 43 male college basketball athletes in Macau were selected as the participants. Besides the regular basketball training, the intervention group (n = 23) received a 7-week mindfulness training; the weekly mindfulness intervention session lasted around one hour according to the mindfulness training manual for athletes, while the control group (n = 20) did not receive any mindfulness training. Before and immediately after the 7-week intervention, all players performed the following tests: the "Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire", the "Acceptance and Action Questionnaire", the "Sport Competition Anxiety Test", the "Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale", and three shooting tests. An independent-sample t-test and a paired-sample t-test were used to analyze the between- and within-group differences. Moreover, a repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the group, time, and group-by-time effects on psychological skills and shooting performances. RESULTS The intervention resulted in both significant between-group and within-group differences in mindfulness level, acceptance level, attention level, three-point, and free-throw shooting performances (all p < 0.05, Cohen's d ranging from 0.565 to 1.117). CONCLUSION While further study is necessary, the present study suggests that the 7-week mindfulness training program can significantly improve psychological outcomes and shooting performance in Macau college basketball athletes. Future studies involving competition settings and objective metrics will aid in verifying mindfulness as the prevalent practice among basketball practitioners and athletes.
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Wang Y, Lei SM, Fan J. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2038. [PMID: 36767403 PMCID: PMC9915077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been widely applied in competition sports with respect to athletic performance and mental health promotion, whereas evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has not been well summarized. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the existing evidence on the effects of MBIs on improving athletic performance, mindfulness level, mindfulness-related psychological components (e.g., acceptance, self-compassion, flow), and mental health (e.g., burnout, stress, psychological well-being) among athletes. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was implemented on five electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect) and relevant review papers. The article selection, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction were performed by two investigators independently. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to evaluate the effects of interventions using the random effect model. Among the 1897 original hits, thirty-two eligible RCT studies were included in the systematic review, of which seven were involved in the meta-analysis. The results showed that MBIs were effective in promoting athletes' athletic performances (by narrative synthesis), mindfulness-level (n = 3; SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = [0.17, 0.83]; I2 = 45%, p = 0.16), and mindfulness-related psychological components (n = 5; SMD = 0.81, 95% CI = [0.53, 1.10], I2 = 77%, p =0.001), while no significant intervention effects were found on the mental health of athletes (n = 4; SMD = -0.03, 95% CI = [-0.35, 0.29], I2 = 89%, p < 0.001). Our findings preliminarily support the potential effectiveness of MBIs, whereas more high-quality RCTs were needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Si-Man Lei
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Sports University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Zuo H, Wang L. The influences of mindfulness on high-stakes mathematics test achievement of middle school students. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1061027. [PMID: 37089732 PMCID: PMC10117798 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that mindfulness can reduce students' negative emotions associated with high-stakes tests and thereby improve test performance. This study explored the association between mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) and high-risk math test scores of middle school students, which is noticeably slim in the domain of mathematics education, through a mediating process involving math-specific test anxiety and math self-efficacy. Using data from a sample of 45 students, age 12-13, we found empirical support for a significant positive correlation between mindfulness and middle school students' math achievement. Participants listened to a mindfulness audio every other week before a mathematics test. Weekly mathematics test scores, student group discussion data, and in-depth interview data were analyzed to explore how mindfulness affected students' mathematics test performance, which showed a statistically significant improvement after mindfulness compared to mathematics achievement without the intervention. Our results indicate that mindfulness can relieve mathematics anxiety symptoms, including physiological manifestations, test-unrelated thinking and worries, and problem-solving obstacles caused by mathematics anxiety. Also, mindfulness, especially its non-judgmental attitude, positively affects students' mathematical self-efficacy. The current research provides evidence of the mindfulness intervention's efficacy for improving middle school mathematics test performance but also identifies the complexities of implementing it with large numbers of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haode Zuo
- College of Mathematical Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment of Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lidong Wang
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15
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Badinlou F, Badami R, Reinebo G, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Sepehri F, Molaviniya S, Lundgren T. The Persian version of the psychological flexibility in sport scale: a psychometric study. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:250. [PMID: 36333755 PMCID: PMC9636715 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing body of research suggesting that psychological flexibility (PF) is an important psychological construct related to psychological health and human performance. The Psychological Flexibility in Sport Scale (PFSS) is the first general scale to assess sport-related PF. So far, the PFSS has not yet been validated in other contexts than Sweden. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate a Persian version of the PFSS (P-PFSS) and extend the investigation of the psychometric properties of the PFSS in Iranian athletes. Methods A total of 302 athletes from both team and individual sports (average age of 20.7 years, SD ± 7.5, 62.3% were female) were involved in the current study. Statistical analysis was performed on the data to test validity and reliability. The validity of the P-PFSS was tested through face and content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and known-groups validity. The reliability of P-PFSS was verified through internal consistency and temporal stability of the scale. Results Results revealed that validity of the P-PFSS was satisfactory. The instrument was determined to have strong face and content validity. With modifications, the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the scale’s unidimensionality. The convergent validity of the P-PFSS was found to be acceptable (average variance extracted = 0.66) and satisfactory results were also found in the correlation matrix for the assessment of construct validity. The P-PFSS showed good criterion validity related to generic psychological flexibility and athletic-related variables. Also, the P-PFSS was able to differentiate PF between known groups. The P-PFSS was found to be reliable, with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92; composite reliability = 0.92) and temporal stability on retest (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95). Conclusions Overall, the Persian version of the PFSS showed good psychometric qualities in Iranian athletes. The current study provides additional support for the PFSS and extends the context-specific utility for practitioners and researchers in assessing sport-related PF.
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Kurian RM, Thomas S. Importance of positive emotions in software developers’ performance: a narrative review. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2022.2134483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riba Maria Kurian
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shinto Thomas
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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17
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Datu JAD, Lee ASY, Fung WK, Cheung RYM, Chung KKH. Prospering in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: The effects of PROSPER-based intervention on psychological outcomes among preschool teachers. J Sch Psychol 2022; 94:66-82. [PMID: 36064216 PMCID: PMC9376344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The growing concerns regarding the risks of transmitting the COVID-19 virus have intensified the job-related stressors commonly encountered by teachers in various cultural contexts. Evidence shows how the COVID-19 crisis has negatively impacted teachers' mental health outcomes such as stress, depression, and quality of life, which highlights the significance of designing psychological programs to boost teachers' well-being. This study examined the effects of a well-being intervention based on the Positivity, Relationship, Outcomes, Strength, Purpose, Engagement, and Resilience (PROSPER) framework on well-being outcomes among 76 in-service teachers (Mage = 26.05 years, SD = 4.71, range = 20–45; female = 93.4%) in Hong Kong. Participants completed survey measures associated with the seven PROSPER outcomes at baseline and 2-month follow-up. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that there were statistically significant multivariate effects for intervention conditions, Wilks' Lambda F(7, 58) = 4.50, p = .01. Results demonstrated that teachers who were assigned to the intervention condition (n = 36) had significantly higher scores than those in the control condition (n = 40) on positivity (b = 0.41, 95% CI [0.16, 0.65], p = .01), strength (b = 0.62, 95% CI [0.23, 1.01], p = .01), purpose (b = 0.61, 95% CI [0.18, 1.04], p = .01), and resilience (b = 0.57, 95% CI [0.07, 1.07], p = .04). Our findings provide evidence on the mental health benefits of the PROSPER-based psychological intervention program for preschool teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S Y Lee
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ryan Yat Ming Cheung
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Division of Educational Psychology, Hong Kong Psychological Society, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Kien Hoa Chung
- Centre for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Sparks KV, Ring C. A rowing-specific mindfulness intervention: Effects on mindfulness, flow, reinvestment, and performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:871804. [PMID: 36160525 PMCID: PMC9491153 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.871804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness can benefit athletes’ mindset and performance. These benefits may be enhanced by sport-specific mindfulness interventions. Accordingly, our objectives were 2-fold: first, to develop a rowing-specific mindfulness intervention, and second, to investigate its effects on mindfulness, flow, reinvestment, and rowing performance. Rowers were randomly assigned to either a 6-week rowing-specific mindfulness intervention (n = 23), which included generic and rowing-specific practices, or a control group (n = 21). Rowers completed pre-test and post-test measures of performance, mindfulness, flow, and rowing-specific reinvestment. Lastly, rowers completed an evaluation form following the intervention. The results demonstrated that the intervention group increased flow, mindfulness, and improved performance, additionally conscious motor processing decreased from pre-test to post-test. However, the intervention did not preferentially change mindfulness or reinvestment compared to control. Participants provided favorable feedback and evaluated the intervention positively. Our 6-week rowing-specific mindfulness intervention promoted flow, encouraged mindfulness, and aided performance. Thus, we provide preliminary explorative evidence that a sport-specific mindfulness intervention can benefit athletes. We recommend that future research, with large sample sizes and improved home practice, should examine mediators and moderators of the mindfulness-performance relationship.
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19
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Wang X, Wang Y. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Emotional States of Women Undergoing Fertility Treatment: A Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2022; 49:249-258. [PMID: 35971631 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2022.2109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For many infertile women, their inability to fulfill their aspirations and match society's expectations of motherhood may lead to mental illness. They frequently select in vitro fertilization (IVF) to achieve their wish to have children. In vitro fertilization is actually a multi-dimensional stressor. There are numerous psychological methods to assist patients decrease stress, among which mindfulness-based intervention is a prominent one. However, the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in this group remains debatable. Therefore, our research seeks to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness intervention in improving the emotional state of women undergoing in vitro fertilization by systematic review and meta-analysis, so as to provide a novel treatment plan for psychological therapy of this group. A meta-analysis was undertaken by scanning English databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of science, etc. Among them, the retrieval period is from the foundation of the database until July 5, 2022. Two investigators examined the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and conducted meta-analysis using stata15.0 software. Six studies involving 964 infertile women were included. According to the meta-analysis, mindfulness was more effective than the control group in reducing anxiety, depression, and correlations in infertile women [standard mean difference, SMD = -0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.56 to -0.06], [SMD = -0.94, 95% CI: -1.84 to -0.03], [r = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.25-0.52]. In terms of mindfulness and self-compassion, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups [SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: -0.38 to -1.85], [SMD = 0.09, 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.37]. As an intervention strategy for infertile women with anxiety and despair, mindfulness intervention might be a treatment priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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20
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Ning JH, Hao QW, Huang DC. Effects of "Mindfulness Acceptance Insight Commitment" Training on Flow State and Mental Health of College Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Experimental Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:799103. [PMID: 35814092 PMCID: PMC9263444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.799103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This research explores the intervention effect of the mindfulness acceptance insight commitment (MAIC) training program on the mindfulness level, flow state, and mental health of college swimmers. A sample of 47 college swimmers from a regular university was recruited and randomly divided into two groups before the intervention. Independent variables between groups are psychological training mode (MAIC training/no training), and the independent variable within group was time (pre-test, post-test, and continuity test). The dependent variables are mindfulness level, flow state, and mental health (anxiety, depression, training, and competition satisfaction). Results show that after the intervention of MAIC training, the mindfulness level of athletes' flow state has been significantly improved, whereas anxiety and depression significantly decreased. In addition, the satisfaction with training and competition significantly improved. In the continuous stage after the intervention, the mindfulness level, flow state, and mental health of athletes are still significantly higher than those in the pre-test. The comparison of the post-test and continuity test show no significant differences in the mindfulness level, flow state, depression, and training and competition satisfaction of athletes. Still, the anxiety level shows an upward trend with a significant difference. This study demonstrates that the MAIC mindfulness training program can significantly improve the mindfulness level, flow state, anxiety, depression, and training and competition satisfaction of college swimmers with a good continuity effect. Thus, the athletes' sports experience can be improved, and good psychological benefits can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing-wei Hao
- School of Martial Arts and Dance, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Wergin VV, Mallett CJ, Beckmann J. Individual vs. Team Sport Failure-Similarities, Differences, and Current Developments. Front Psychol 2022; 13:930025. [PMID: 35814091 PMCID: PMC9263694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The construct of "choking under pressure" is concerned with the phenomenon of unexpected, sudden, and significant declines in individual athletes' performances in important situations and has received empirical attention in the field of sport psychology. Although a number of theories about the reasons for the occurrence of choking under pressure exist and several intervention approaches have been developed, underlying mechanisms of choking are still under debate and the effectiveness of existing interventions remains contested. These sudden performance declines also occur in team sport. "Collective sport team collapse," which describes the situation when an entire sport team underperforms significantly within an important competitive situation, has received less empirical attention, in comparison to individual choking research. While there are a few studies that have investigated causes of collective team collapse, understandably, there has been limited empirical investigation of preventative and intervention strategies. Although the two constructs appear to share several similar characteristics and mechanisms, research has not yet examined the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and practical links between choking under pressure and collective sport team collapse. In this review article, we seek to examine these similarities and differences and identify new ways of thinking about future interventions. Furthermore, current empirical understandings in the field of choking under pressure and collective sport team collapse are presented and the most effective intervention approaches for both constructs are introduced. On the basis of this examination, we modestly make some initial recommendations for sport psychological practitioners and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vanessa Wergin
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clifford J. Mallett
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beckmann
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Wieczorek A, Renner KH, Schrank F, Seiler K, Wagner M. Psychometric Properties of the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (German Version). Front Psychol 2022; 13:864208. [PMID: 35693518 PMCID: PMC9174664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based training programs are highly established in competitive and recreational sports. One of the best-known approaches is the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment Approach (MAC) by Gardner and Moore), which integrates mindfulness aspects of awareness, non-judgmental attitude, and focus. Based on these aspects, Thienot and colleagues developed and validated an English language sport-specific questionnaire, the so-called Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (MIS), for the assessment of mindfulness skills in athletes. The aim of this study is to psychometrically test a German language version of the MIS (MIS-D). To assess the psychometric properties, the MIS-D was examined in an online survey with an integrated test-retest design (n = 228) for reliability (internal consistency; test-retest reliability), validity (factorial; convergent), and measurement invariance (gender; competition type). The present results support the psychometric quality of the German language version of the MIS. Necessary replications should among others focus on checking the measurement invariance for further relevant subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Wieczorek
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute for Sport Sciences, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Renner
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute for Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Florian Schrank
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute for Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Seiler
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute for Sport Sciences, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute for Sport Sciences, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
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23
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Garcia WF, Nascimento Junior JRA, Mizoguchi MV, Brandão MRF, Fiorese L. Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Support for a Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Flow State Scale (FSS-). Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:800-815. [DOI: 10.1177/00315125221093917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flow experience in sports is a construct of great interest to recreational and competitive athletes, coaches, and psychologists in pursuit of optimal performance. As there are no validated instruments for evaluating flow in the Brazilian Portuguese language, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Flow State Scale (FSS-2) through three steps. Initially, four translators and five sports psychology specialists adapted the FSS-2 content for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Second, 371 athletes of both sexes who were engaged in group and individual sport modalities and who participated in national university sports competitions from 24 states responded to the adapted version of the FSS-2. Third, an independent sample of 34 athletes from Paraná responded to both the adapted FSS-2 and the dispositional flow scale (DFS-2) to permit analysis of the external validity and temporal stability of the adapted FSS-2. We found that the Brazilian version of the FSS-2 contains clear and pertinent items with a good content validity coefficient (CVC = 0.94) and satisfactory internal consistency (α > 0.88/CC > 0.80). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the adapted 36-item model presented adequate fit [X2 (558) = 1258.85; X2/df = 2.256; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.92; non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.90; Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.91; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06 (0.05–0.06); (RMSEA <0.05) =.001] with all first order factors (challenge-skills balance, action-attention fusion, clear goals, feedback, intense concentration, control, loss of self-awareness, time transformation, and autotelic experience). External validity (r > 0.344) and temporal stability (0.53 < intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) < 0.86) were satisfactory. We conclude that the Brazilian version of FSS-2 is adequate to evaluate flow states experienced by Brazilian athletes following a sports competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Garcia
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Physical Education Professor, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - José Roberto A. Nascimento Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Psychology at Univasf, Physical Education Professor, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Mizoguchi
- Physical Education Professor, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Maria R. F. Brandão
- Master and Doctoral Program in Physical Education and Psychology, Psychologist, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenamar Fiorese
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Physical Education Professor, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Francis SEB, Shawyer F, Cayoun B, Enticott J, Meadows GN. Group Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MiCBT) Reduces Depression and Anxiety and Improves Flourishing in a Transdiagnostic Primary Care Sample Compared to Treatment-as-Usual: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:815170. [PMID: 35711582 PMCID: PMC9193586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effectiveness of a group-based 8-week intervention, Mindfulness-integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MiCBT), to decrease psychological distress and increase wellbeing in a heterogeneous population in primary health care. MiCBT focuses on the importance of interoception and its interaction with cognition in emotional experience. These interactions are represented in the co-emergence model of reinforcement, in which non-reactivity (equanimity) to interoceptive signals facilitates adaptive behavior. METHODS Participants (n = 125, aged 20-72) were randomized to two groups (MiCBT), and treatment-as-usual (TAU). Outcomes were assessed at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome was psychological distress, measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Secondary outcome measures were the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Flourishing Scale (FS). Mediator or process measures of interoceptive awareness, metacognitive awareness (decentering), equanimity, and social functioning were included to investigate putative mediators. RESULTS The MiCBT intervention significantly reduced DASS-21 scores at mid and post-treatment and the gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up (p < 0.0001, d = 0.38). Flourishing scores also showed significant improvement post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.24, p < 0.0001). All measures selected showed a similar pattern of positive change, with the exception of the SWLS, which failed to reach significance. Mediation analysis suggested equanimity to be the most influential mediator of the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS The results support the effectiveness of MiCBT in creating rapid and sustainable reduction of psychological distress and improvement in flourishing in a primary mental health care setting with heterogenous groups. These promising results support the scaled-up implementation of this intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12617000061336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E B Francis
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances Shawyer
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Cayoun
- Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy Institute, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Joanne Enticott
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham N Meadows
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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Eschmann KCJ, Riedel L, Mecklinger A. Theta Neurofeedback Training Supports Motor Performance and Flow Experience. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021; 6:434-450. [PMID: 35966366 PMCID: PMC9360146 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Flow is defined as a cognitive state that is associated with a feeling of automatic and effortless control, enabling peak performance in highly challenging situations. In sports, flow can be enhanced by mindfulness training, which has been associated with frontal theta activity (4-8 Hz). Moreover, frontal-midline theta oscillations were shown to subserve control processes in a large variety of cognitive tasks. Based on previous theta neurofeedback training studies, which revealed that one training session is sufficient to enhance motor performance, the present study investigated whether one 30-minute session of frontal-midline theta neurofeedback training (1) enhances flow experience additionally to motor performance in a finger tapping task, and (2) transfers to cognitive control processes in an n-back task. Participants, who were able to successfully upregulate their theta activity during neurofeedback training (responders), showed better motor performance and flow experience after training than participants, who did not enhance their theta activity (non-responders). Across all participants, increase of theta activity during training was associated with motor performance enhancement from pretest to posttest irrespective of pre-training performance. Interestingly, theta training gains were also linked to the increase of flow experience, even when corresponding increases in motor performance were controlled for. Results for the n-back task were not significant. Even though these findings are mainly correlational in nature and additional flow-promoting influences need to be investigated, the present findings suggest that frontal-midline theta neurofeedback training is a promising tool to support flow experience with additional relevance for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin C. J. Eschmann
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lisa Riedel
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Mecklinger
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Interventions to promote athlete health and performance have traditionally been focused on the physical elements of injury and training. More recently, however, increasing attention has been placed on the mental aspects of athlete health, with emerging evidence suggesting that injury risk and athletic performance are significantly affected by athlete well-being. Mindfulness meditation has been shown to have significant benefits for a number of physical and mental health outcomes in various clinical populations, and recent research has explored how mindfulness may enhance athletic performance, improve athlete mental health, reduce injury risk, and perhaps even facilitate recovery from injury. As awareness of mindfulness as a noninvasive, low-risk, and accessible intervention increases in the Western society, use among athletes has increased as well. Health care providers should be aware of this evidence in order to guide athletes regarding the use of mindfulness as an intervention to potentially improve athlete health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, Watson Human Performance Laboratory, Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Drew Watson
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Allen JG, Romate J, Rajkumar E. Mindfulness-based positive psychology interventions: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:116. [PMID: 34362457 PMCID: PMC8344333 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are hundreds of mindfulness-based interventions in the form of structured and unstructured therapies, trainings, and meditation programs, mostly utilized in a clinical rather than a well-being perspective. The number of empirical studies on positive potentials of mindfulness is comparatively less, and their known status in academia is ambiguous. Hence, the current paper aimed to review the studies where mindfulness-based interventions had integrated positive psychology variables, in order to produce positive functioning. Methods Data were obtained from the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and PsycNet and manual search in Google Scholar. From the 3831 articles, irrelevant or inaccessible studies were eliminated, reducing the number of final articles chosen for review to 21. Interventions that contribute to enhancement of eudaimonia, hedonia, and other positive variables are discussed. Results Findings include the potential positive qualities of MBIs in producing specific positive outcomes within limited circumstances, and ascendancy of hedonia and other positive variables over eudaimonic enhancement. Conclusion In conclusion, exigency of modifications in the existing MBIs to bring about exclusively positive outcomes was identified, and observed the necessity of novel interventions for eudaimonic enhancement and elevation of hedonia in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua George Allen
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India.
| | - John Romate
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Eslavath Rajkumar
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
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Examining the Effects of Brief Mindfulness Training on Athletes' Flow: The Mediating Role of Resilience. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6633658. [PMID: 34122602 PMCID: PMC8166472 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Flow is characterized by the strong concentration in competitions, eliminating irrelevant thoughts and emotions, integrating all tasks, and continuing the competition smoothly even in challenging situations. The present study was into whether or not brief mindfulness training can improve athletes' flow and further explore the mediating effect of resilience in the intervention. Methods The 2 (experimental conditions) × 2 (time) mixed design was used in this study. Fifty-seven student-athletes were recruited and randomly assigned into either a brief mindfulness group (n = 29) or a control group (n = 28). Before and after the intervention, every participant completed a self-report measure including mindfulness, flow, and resilience. Results Participants in the brief mindfulness group showed increased mindfulness, flow, and resilience (p < 0.001) after brief mindfulness training; when putting resilience change (B = 0.30, 95% CI [0.031, 0.564]) into the equation, the direct (95% CI [3.156, 13.583]) and indirect (95% CI [0.470, 5.048]) effects of mindfulness training were both significant. Conclusion It was concluded that brief mindfulness training could significantly improve athletes' flow and resilience, and resilience partly mediated the effects of brief mindfulness training on flow.
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Chuang HY, Wang FJ, Chi LK. Mechanisms of mindfulness for professional golfers: the mediating role of basic psychological needs. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:5462-5469. [PMID: 34075285 PMCID: PMC8153847 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between mindfulness and well-being and ill-being has been demonstrated to a great extent. In sports, the fulfillment of individuals' basic psychological needs depends mostly on support from others, such as that from a coach in a sports team context. However, a possible way for individuals to fulfill their basic psychological needs is by enhancing mindfulness rather than depending on others. Therefore, building on SDT and mindfulness, this study examines the mediating effect of basic psychological needs on mindfulness to predict subjective vitality and athlete burnout in professional golfers. The participants were 120 golfers (47% females), with a mean age and golf experience of 22.28 and 9.48 years, respectively. The association between mindfulness and subjective vitality was partially mediated by the need for autonomy and relatedness. By contrast, the association between mindfulness and burnout was partially mediated by the need for competence and relatedness, thus supporting our mediation analysis. Overall, the study highlights mindfulness as a potential mechanism to ensure the fulfillment of basic psychological needs in golf training, which could enhance golfers' subjective vitality and reduce the occurrence of burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chuang
- grid.412090.e0000 0001 2158 7670Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, 106 Taiwan
| | - Fong-Jia Wang
- grid.264580.d0000 0004 1937 1055Office of Physical Education, Tamkang University, No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., New Taipei City, 251301 Taiwan
| | - Li-Kang Chi
- grid.412090.e0000 0001 2158 7670Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, 106 Taiwan
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Liang D, Chen S, Zhang W, Xu K, Li Y, Li D, Cheng H, Xiao J, Wan L, Liu C. Investigation of a Progressive Relaxation Training Intervention on Precompetition Anxiety and Sports Performance Among Collegiate Student Athletes. Front Psychol 2021; 11:617541. [PMID: 33815182 PMCID: PMC8009973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether simple and convenient progressive relaxation training (PRT) is effective in enhancing collegiate student athletes' mental health and sports performance. An experimental group of 14 (6 female) and a control group of 10 (5 female) collegiate student athletes were recruited from among track and field athletes who were preparing for provincial competition. The experimental group was exposed to a PRT intervention in 30-min sessions conducted twice per week for a duration of one month. At baseline, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC) were completed, while only the CSAI-2 was reassessed at one, two, and three weeks after initiation of the intervention. Additionally, within half a day after completing all one's individual competition events, the CSAI-2 was again assessed in the two groups recalling their memory of their precompetition state anxiety. Then, the differences in the three dimensions of the CSAI-2 between the two groups at the five time points introduced above were compared. This study also explored whether PRT affected sports performance, defined by the athletes reaching their best records or not, by logistic regressive analysis. This study found significant between-group differences in the self-confidence dimension score at the second and third time points. Through logistic regression analysis, a positive effect of PRT was found for the enhancement of sports performance. In sum, PRT showed positive effects on precompetition state self-confidence and enhanced sports performance among collegiate student athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- National Sports Science Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghao Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Cheng
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Xiao
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wan
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- National Sports Science Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Cayoun BA, Shires AG. Co-emergence Reinforcement and Its Relevance to Interoceptive Desensitization in Mindfulness and Therapies Aiming at Transdiagnostic Efficacy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:545945. [PMID: 33414739 PMCID: PMC7783049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to feel the body's internal sensations, is an essential aspect of emotional experience. There is mounting evidence that interoception is impaired in common mental health disorders and that poor interoceptive awareness is a major contributor to emotional reactivity, calling for clinical interventions to address this deficit. The manuscript presents a comprehensive theoretical review, drawing on multidisciplinary findings to propose a metatheory of reinforcement mechanisms applicable across a wide range of disorders. We present a reconsideration of operant conditioning through the co-emergence model of reinforcement, which is a neurophenomenological account of the interaction between cognition and interoception, and its consequences on behavior. The model suggests that during memory processing, the retrieval of autobiographical memory (including maladaptive cognition) is dependent upon its co-emerging interoceptive cues occurring at the encoding, consolidation and reconsolidation stages. Accordingly, "interoceptive reinforcement" during emotional distress is a common factor to all emotional disorders and a major cause for relapse. We propose that interoceptive desensitization has transdiagnostic benefits, readily achievable through the cultivation of equanimity during mindfulness training and can be integrated in cognitive and behavioral interventions to permit a transdiagnostic applicability. We summarize the contributions of this approach into 10 specific and testable propositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice G. Shires
- Mindfulness Integrated Therapies and Research Clinic, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gan Y. Happy People Live Longer and Better: Advances in Research on Subjective Well-Being. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2020; 12:3-6. [PMID: 31994837 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Frances S, Shawyer F, Cayoun B, Enticott J, Meadows G. Study protocol for a randomized control trial to investigate the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy (MiCBT) transdiagnostic group intervention for primary care patients. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 31906903 PMCID: PMC6945698 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective transdiagnostic treatments for patients presenting with principal or comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression enable more efficient provision of mental health care and may be particularly suitable for the varied population seen in primary healthcare settings. Mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy (MiCBT) is a transdiagnostic intervention that integrates aspects of CBT, including exposure skills targeting avoidance, with training in mindfulness meditation skills adopted from the Vipassana or insight tradition taught by the Burmese teachers U Ba Khin and Goenka. MiCBT is distinguished from both cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy by the use of a theoretical framework which proposes that the locus of reinforcement of behavior is the interoceptive experience (body sensations) that co-arises with self-referential thinking. Consequently, MiCBT has a strong focus on body scanning to develop interoceptive awareness and equanimity. Designed for clinical purposes, the four-stage systemic approach of MiCBT, comprising intra-personal (Stage 1) exposure (Stage 2), interpersonal (Stage 3), and empathic (Stage 4) skillsets, is a distinguishing feature among other mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). The aim of this study is to investigate whether and how group MiCBT decreases depression and anxiety symptoms for patients with a range of common mental health conditions. METHODS Participants (n = 120) recruited via medical practitioner referral will be randomized to MiCBT or a wait-list control. Inclusion criteria are age 18-75; fluent in English and having a Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) score of 20 or more. The MiCBT treatment group receive an 8-week MiCBT intervention delivered in a private psychology practice. Participants complete a suite of online self-report measures and record the amount of meditation practice undertaken each week. The control group receive usual treatment and complete the measures at the same time points. Primary outcome measures are the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and K10. Analysis will use mixed-model repeated measures. DISCUSSION The potential ability of MiCBT to provide a comprehensive therapeutic system that is applicable across diagnostic groups would make it an attractive addition to the available MBIs. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12617000061336; Date of registration: 11th January 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frances
- Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Dandenong Hospital, 126 - 128 Cleeland St, Dandenong, Victoria, 3175, Australia.
| | - Frances Shawyer
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Bruno Cayoun
- Mindfulness-integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy Institute, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Joanne Enticott
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of General Practice, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Graham Meadows
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Southern Synergy, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Mehrsafar AH, Strahler J, Gazerani P, Khabiri M, Sánchez JCJ, Moosakhani A, Zadeh AM. The effects of mindfulness training on competition-induced anxiety and salivary stress markers in elite Wushu athletes: A pilot study. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112655. [PMID: 31437476 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to the impact of stress and related psychophysiological responses on competitive performance, psychological interventions that reduce stress and may thus increase athletic performance need to be evaluated. In this pilot study, the effects of a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on competitive anxiety, self-confidence and mindfulness, and autonomic and endocrine stress responses to a competition in elite athletes were explored. METHODS Twenty-six male elite Wushu athletes (N = 26) were randomly assigned to either MBI (8 weeks) or a wait-list control group. Both groups participated in three competitions at baseline, immediately post intervention, and at a 2-month follow-up. Athletes completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 prior to the competitions. Saliva, from which the stress markers cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA) were determined, was collected prior to and after competitions as well as after awakening and in the evening of competition days. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that the MBI group, but not the wait-list control group, demonstrated an increase in self-confidence and mindfulness and a decrease in competitive anxiety from baseline to post intervention (all p < .001, all ɳp2 > 0.39). The MBI group exhibited lower sCort daily levels (p = .001, ɳp2 = 0.332) and lower sCort (p = .013, ɳp2 = 0.121) and sAA responses (p = .022, ɳp2 = 0.119) to the competition after the intervention. Daily sAA was unaffected by the intervention (p = .742, ɳp2 = 0.011). These changes remained stable up to the 2-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The present pilot study suggested that mindfulness-based intervention might be associated with a diminished physiological and psychological stress responses to competition. Whether this in turn translates to change in performance needs to be examined in future studies with larger samples. Moreover, different sport activities need to be considered before findings can be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossien Mehrsafar
- Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jana Strahler
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Mohammad Khabiri
- Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - José Carlos Jaenes Sánchez
- Department of Social Anthropology, Basic Psychology and Health, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
| | - Alireza Moosakhani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Moghadam Zadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Emotional Intelligence and the Practice of Organized Physical-Sport Activity in Children. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Taking into account Bar-On’s postulations about social-emotional intelligence, the aim of the current work is to find out the differences in the five dimensions of this intelligence between children that practice organized sport and those children that do not practice it at the elementary school level. Method: A randomly selected sample of 940 children from elementary schools, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years old, attending different schools from the Autonomous Community of Extremadura (Spain), was used. Results: The results showed that children who practiced organized sport had better abilities at the intrapersonal and interpersonal level, better adaptability and mood states, and greater emotional intelligence than those who did not. The findings regarding gender and age indicated greater values in girls of emotional intelligence, highlighting the interpersonal dimension, as well as mood state scores, whereas younger children showed greater intrapersonal intelligence and less stress management. Moreover, children who practiced for three or more hours per day had a greater ability to cope with stress than those children who practiced for fewer hours a day. Conclusions: To conclude, it is important to promote federative sport practice in elementary education in order to ensure that children learn to better regulate and manage their emotions.
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Neurofeedback versus Mindfulness on young football players anxiety and performance. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.467470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen JH, Tsai PH, Lin YC, Chen CK, Chen CY. Mindfulness training enhances flow state and mental health among baseball players in Taiwan. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2018; 12:15-21. [PMID: 30613170 PMCID: PMC6307497 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s188734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the effect of mindfulness-based training on performance and mental health among a group of elite athletes. Methods This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) on mental health, flow state, and competitive state anxiety using a 4-week workshop. We recruited an amateur baseball team (N=21) in Taiwan, and collected information by self-reported questionnaires administered before, immediately after, and at a 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome was to evaluate sports performance by flow state and competitive state anxiety, which included self-confidence, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety. The secondary outcome was to explore whether MSPE intervention can improve anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and eating disorders. Result After the workshop and follow-up 1 month later, we found improvements in flow state (P=0.001; P=0.045), cognitive anxiety in competitive anxiety (P=0.056; P=0.008), global eating disorder (P=0.009; P<0.001), marked shape concern (P=0.005; P<0.001), and weight concern (P=0.007; P<0.001). Scores of sleep disturbance (P=0.047) showed significant improvement at follow-up. We also found significant association between flow state and mindfulness ability (P<0.001). Conclusion This is the first mindfulness intervention to enhance athletes’ performance in Taiwan, and also the first application of MSPE for team sports. Our study results suggested that mindfulness ability is associated with flow state, and that MSPE is a promising training program for strengthening flow state and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Po-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Yin-Chou Lin
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, .,Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ken Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Ching-Yen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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Hall BJ, Xiong P, Guo X, Sou EKL, Chou UI, Shen Z. An evaluation of a low intensity mHealth enhanced mindfulness intervention for Chinese university students: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:394-403. [PMID: 30300870 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders and sleep dysfunction are common among Chinese university students. This study aimed to evaluate a low cost scalable mindfulness intervention program to improve psychological health and sleep quality among Chinese university students. A randomized controlled trial with 101 university students (mean age 22.30 ± 2.63, 69.31% female) was conducted. Participants were randomized into 4 groups: Group 1: control group (n = 25), Group 2: mindfulness only group (n = 27), Group 3: mindfulness + plain-text reminder group (n = 24), and Group 4: mindfulness + enhanced text reminder with animal meme group (n = 25).The mindfulness intervention consisted of two in-person guided sessions along with weekly self-guided practice for 7 weeks. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to measure depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep dysfunction. After the intervention at week 4, compared to controls, completers in group 2, 3 and 4 (n = 42) showed significantly reduced depression (Cohen's d = 0.83), anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.84), and stress (Cohen's d = 0.75), and improved subjective sleep quality (Cohen's d = 2.00), sleep latency (Cohen's d = 0.55), and habitual sleep efficiency (Cohen's d = 0.86). The effect was maintained at week 7. Low-intensity mindfulness interventions might be a useful intervention program in university settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, E21-3040, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Peng Xiong
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, E21-3040, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xinqi Guo
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, E21-3040, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Elvo Kuai Long Sou
- Student Counselling Section, Student Affairs Office, The University of Macau, Macau
| | - Un I Chou
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, E21-3040, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhuozhuo Shen
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Macau, E21-3040, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
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Bühlmayer L, Birrer D, Röthlin P, Faude O, Donath L. Effects of Mindfulness Practice on Performance-Relevant Parameters and Performance Outcomes in Sports: A Meta-Analytical Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2309-2321. [PMID: 28664327 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness as a present-oriented form of mental training affects cognitive processes and is increasingly considered meaningful for sport psychological training approaches. However, few intervention studies have examined the effects of mindfulness practice on physiological and psychological performance surrogates or on performance outcomes in sports. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present meta-analytical review was to examine the effects of mindfulness practice or mindfulness-based interventions on physiological and psychological performance surrogates and on performance outcomes in sports in athletes over 15 years of age. DATA SOURCES A structured literature search was conducted in six electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus). The following search terms were used with Boolean conjunction: (mindful* OR meditat* OR yoga) AND (sport* OR train* OR exercis* OR intervent* OR perform* OR capacity OR skill*) AND (health* OR adult* OR athlete*). STUDY SELECTION Randomized and non-randomized controlled studies that compared mindfulness practice techniques as an intervention with an inactive control or a control that followed another psychological training program in healthy sportive participants were screened for eligibility. DATA EXTRACTION Eligibility and study quality [Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)] scales were independently assessed by two researchers. A third independent researcher was consulted to achieve final consensus in case of disagreement between both researchers. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated as weighted Hedges' g and served as the main outcomes in comparing mindfulness practice versus control. Statistical analyses were conducted using a random-effects inverse-variance model. RESULTS Nine trials of fair study quality (mean PEDro score 5.4, standard deviation 1.1) with 290 healthy sportive participants (athletics, cyclists, dart throwers, hammer throwers, hockey players, hurdlers, judo fighters, rugby players, middle-distance runners, long-distance runners, shooters, sprinters, volleyball players) were included. Intervention time varied from 4 weeks to over 2 years. The practice frequency lasted from twice daily to just once a week, and the mean session time covered 50-60 min. In favor of mindfulness practice compared with the control condition, large effects with narrow confidence limits and low heterogeneity were found for mindfulness scores [SMD 1.03, 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.40, p < 0.001, I 2 = 17%]. Physiological performance indices depicted wide confidence limits accompanied with very large heterogeneity. However, the effect sizes remained very large, with confidence limits that did not overlap zero (SMD 3.62, 90% CI 0.03-7.21, p = 0.10, I 2 = 98%). Moderate to large effects were observed for both psychological performance surrogates (SMD 0.72, 90% CI 0.46-0.98, p < 0.001, I 2 = 14%) and performance outcomes in shooting and dart throwing (SMD 1.35, 90% CI 0.61-2.09, p = 0.003, I 2 = 82%). CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness practice consistently and beneficially modulates mindfulness scores. Furthermore, physiological and psychological surrogates improved to a meaningful extent following mindfulness practice, as well as performance outcomes in shooting and dart throwing. It seems reasonable to consider mindfulness practice strategies as a regular complementary mental skills training approach for athletes, at least in precision sports; however, more high-quality, randomized, controlled trials on mindfulness practice and performance improvements in diverse sport settings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bühlmayer
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Birrer
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Röthlin
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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How variability in pain and pain coping relate to pain interference during multistage ultramarathons. Pain 2018; 160:257-262. [PMID: 30204649 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An important and substantial body of literature has established that maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies significantly impact pain-related outcomes. This literature, however, is based primarily on populations with painful injuries and illnesses. Little is known about coping in individuals who experience pain in other contexts and whether coping impacts outcomes in the same way. In an effort to better understand pain coping in such contexts, this study evaluated pain coping in ultramarathon runners, a population known to experience moderate levels of pain with minimal perceived negative effects. This study reports on pain coping in 204 entrants in 2016 RacingThePlanet multistage ultramarathon events. Participants provided data over 5 consecutive days on pain severity, pain interference, exertion, and coping. Results demonstrated that the study participants were more likely to use adaptive than maladaptive coping responses. However, maladaptive coping, but not adaptive coping, was positively associated with percent time spent thinking about pain and pain-related interference. Taken together, the study supports the idea that this high functioning group of individuals experiencing pain emphasizes the use of adaptive coping strategies over maladaptive strategies, reinforcing the perspective that such a pattern may be the most effective way to cope with pain. Within the group, however, results supported traditional patterns, such that greater use of maladaptive strategies was associated with greater pain-related interference, suggesting that optimizing pain coping may be critical to reducing factors that may interfere with ultramarathon performance.
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Dehghani M, Saf AD, Vosoughi A, Tebbenouri G, Zarnagh HG. Effectiveness of the mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach on athletic performance and sports competition anxiety: a randomized clinical trial. Electron Physician 2018; 10:6749-6755. [PMID: 29997757 PMCID: PMC6033134 DOI: 10.19082/6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving sports performance and reducing anxiety is one of the most important goals of athletes. Recurrence of symptoms and treatment cessation are common problems with common interventions. Approaches based on mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) can be a response to these limitations Objective The main purpose of the present study was to determine effectiveness of the mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement and sports competition anxiety in students who have had athletic experience for 3 to 5 years. Methods This randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Faculty of Educational Sciences of Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, from May 1, 2017 to September 15, 2017. A total of 31 students were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=16). The experimental group received the protocol Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) for 8 sessions. Subjects completed the Charbonneau Sports Performance Questionnaire, Action and Acceptance Questionnaire (AAQ) and Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted by using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) by SPSS-22. Results The results of the study indicated that the MAC approach increases significantly the performance of basketball playing athletes (p<0.05). Furthermore, the MAC approach decreases significantly experiential avoidance and sports anxiety in athletes (p<0.05). The size of the difference between the groups is moderate (Eta squared). Conclusions This study revealed that the mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach is an effective intervention to increasing athletic performance and reducing experiential avoidance and sports anxiety in athletes. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: IRCT20170409033333N1. Funding This study has been financially supported by the Research Deputy of Iran University of Medical Sciences (Code: 95-04-185-29333).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Dehghani
- Ph.D. of Clinical Psychology, Assistant Professor, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Delbar Saf
- M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asghar Vosoughi
- M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Giti Tebbenouri
- M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Ghazanfari Zarnagh
- Ph.D. Candidate in Clinical Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Röthlin P, Birrer D, Horvath S, grosse Holtforth M. Psychological skills training and a mindfulness-based intervention to enhance functional athletic performance: design of a randomized controlled trial using ambulatory assessment. BMC Psychol 2016; 4:39. [PMID: 27457721 PMCID: PMC4960835 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Struggling to deliver performance in competitions is one of the main reasons why athletes seek the advice of sport psychologists. Psychologists apply a variety of intervention techniques, many of which are not evidence-based. Evidence-based techniques promote quality management and could help athletes, for example, to increase and maintain functional athletic behavior in competitions/games (i.e., being focused on task relevant cues and executing movements and actions in high quality). However, well-designed trials investigating the effectiveness of sport psychological interventions for performance enhancement are scarce. The planed study is founded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and examines the effectiveness of two interventions with elite and sub-elite athletes. A psychological skills training (PST) and a mindfulness-based intervention (MI), administered as group-program, will be compared to a waiting-list control group concerning how they enhance functional athletic behavior - which is a prerequisite for optimal performance. Furthermore, we will investigate underlying mechanisms (mediators) and moderators (e.g., task difficulty, individual characteristics, intervention-expectancy and intervention-integrity). METHODS/DESIGN The presented trial uses a randomized controlled design with three groups, comparing PST, MI and a waiting list control condition. Both group interventions will last 5 weeks, consist of four 2 h sessions and will be administered by a trained sport psychologist. Primary outcome is functional athletic behavior assessed using ambulatory assessment in a competition/game. As secondary outcomes competition anxiety, cognitive interference and negative outcome expectations will be assessed. Assessments are held at pre- and post-intervention as well as at 2 months follow up. The study has been approved by the ethical committee of the Swiss Federal Institute of Sport. DISCUSSION Both PST and MI are expected to help improve functional behavior in athletes. By examining potential mechanisms of change and moderators of outcome we will not only be able to answer the question whether the interventions work, but also how, under what conditions, and for whom. This study may also fill a gap in sport psychology research, considering the current lack of randomized controlled trials. In the future, researchers could use the presented study protocol as template to investigate similar topics in sport psychology. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN11147748 , date of registration: 11 July 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Röthlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Alpenstrasse 18, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
- University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Birrer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Alpenstrasse 18, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Horvath
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Alpenstrasse 18, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Martin grosse Holtforth
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Psychosomatic Competence Center, Inselspital Bern, Switzerland
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