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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Shaidullov I, Bouchareb D, Sorokina D, Sitdikova G. Nitric oxide in the mechanisms of inhibitory effects of sodium butyrate on colon contractions in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03403-1. [PMID: 39191960 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder, with altered intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and dysfunction of the gut-brain axis. The aim of our study was to analyze the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibitory effects of sodium butyrate on spontaneous contractility of proximal colon in a mouse model of IBS. IBS was induced by intracolonic infusion of acetic acid in the early postnatal period. Spontaneous contractions of proximal colon segments were studied in isometric conditions. The amplitude and frequency of colon contractions were higher in the IBS group. Sodium butyrate exerted inhibitory effects on colon contractions, which were less pronounced in IBS group. NO donors decreased spontaneous colon contractility and prevented the inhibitory effects of sodium butyrate in control and IBS groups. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by L-NAME increased contractile activity more effective in the control group and decreased the inhibitory action of sodium butyrate. In IBS group, preliminary application of L-NAME did not prevent sodium butyrate action. Our data indicate that butyrate exerts its inhibitory effects on colon motility at least partially through activation of NO synthesis. In the IBS model group, the NO-dependent mechanisms were less effective probably due to downregulation of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnar Shaidullov
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya Str, 420008, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Djamila Bouchareb
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya Str, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dina Sorokina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya Str, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel Sitdikova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya Str, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Wang D, Chen W, Cao J, Si L, Chen Z. Establishment and Evaluation of a Mouse Model of Experimental Ulcerative Colitis Induced by the Gavage Administration of Dextran Sulfate Sodium. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1764. [PMID: 39200228 PMCID: PMC11352140 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the critical role of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse models in the appraisal of associated therapeutic drugs, the optimization of the administration method and dosages is of paramount importance. Therefore, UC was induced in mice through the gavage administration of a DSS solution instead of free drinking water. The effects of varying daily dosages (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg) and frequencies (once or twice) of administration on the body weight and survival rate of the model mice were evaluated. Concurrently, the inflammatory indicators and tissue sections of the model mice were thoroughly evaluated. The results revealed that when the daily dosage reached 8 g/kg, the dosage exhibited a high level of toxicity, resulting in a high mortality rate among the mice. The DSS administration of 6 g/kg*2 not only elicited conspicuous symptoms, significant weight loss, substantial shortening of the colon, and significant changes in various inflammatory indicators, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH), but it also maintained a high survival rate in the UC mice. The findings from this experiment lay a solid experimental foundation for future research on drugs intended for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (W.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (W.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (W.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (W.C.); (J.C.)
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Elbeheiry HM, Schulz M. Enhancing Control Over Nitric Oxide Photorelease via a Molecular Keypad Lock. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400709. [PMID: 38700927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Based on Boolean logic, molecular keypad locks secure molecular information, typically with an optical output. Here we investigate a rare example of a molecular keypad lock with a chemical output. To this end, the light-activated release of biologically important nitric oxide from a ruthenium complex is studied, using proton concentration and photon flux as inputs. In a pH-dependent equilibrium, a nitritoruthenium(II) complex is turned into a nitrosylruthenium(II) complex, which releases nitric oxide under irradiation with visible light. The precise prediction of the output nitric oxide concentration as function of the pH and photon flux is achieved with an artificial intelligence approach, namely the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. In this manner an exceptionally high level of control over the output concentration is obtained. Moreover, the provided concept to lock a chemical output as well as the output prediction may be applied to other (photo)release schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Elbeheiry
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34517, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Zabłocka A, Jakubczyk D, Leszczyńska K, Pacyga-Prus K, Macała J, Górska S. Studies of the Impact of the Bifidobacterium Species on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Murine Macrophages of the BMDM Cell Line. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1012-1025. [PMID: 37227688 PMCID: PMC11126500 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium species are one of the most important probiotic microorganisms which are present in both, infants and adults. Nowadays, growing data describing their healthy properties arise, indicating they could act at the cellular and molecular level. However, still little is known about the specific mechanisms promoting their beneficial effects. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is involved in the protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can be provided by epithelial cells, macrophages, or bacteria. The present study explored whether induction of iNOS-dependent NO synthesis in macrophages stems from the cellular action of Bifidobacterium species. The ability of ten Bifidobacterium strains belonging to 3 different species (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium animalis) to activate MAP kinases, NF-κB factor, and iNOS expression in a murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages cell line was determined by Western blotting. Changes in NO production were determined by the Griess reaction. It was performed that the Bifidobacterium strains were able to induce NF-қB-dependent iNOS expression and NO production; however, the efficacy depends on the strain. The highest stimulatory activity was observed for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animals CCDM 366, whereas the lowest was noted for strains Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCDM 371 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CCDM 372. Both TLR2 and TLR4 receptors are involved in Bifidobacterium-induced macrophage activation and NO production. We showed that the impact of Bifidobacterium on the regulation of iNOS expression is determined by MAPK kinase activity. Using pharmaceutical inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK, we confirmed that Bifidobacterium strains can activate these kinases to control iNOS mRNA expression. Concluding, the induction of iNOS and NO production may be involved in the protective mechanism of action observed for Bifidobacterium in the intestine, and the efficacy is strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Jakubczyk
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leszczyńska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga-Prus
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Józefa Macała
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Huang Y, Chen Y, Xie H, Feng Y, Chen S, Bao B. Effects of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Gene Knockout on the Diversity, Composition, and Function of Gut Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:372. [PMID: 38927252 PMCID: PMC11201229 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem that has an important impact on host health. In this study, genetically engineered zebrafish with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS2) knockout were used as a model to investigate the effects of nos2a/nos2b gene single knockout and nos2 gene double knockout on intestinal microbiome composition and function. Extensive 16S rRNA sequencing revealed substantial changes in microbial diversity and specific taxonomic abundances, yet it did not affect the functional structure of the intestinal tissues. Notably, iNOS-deficient zebrafish demonstrated a decrease in Vibrio species and an increase in Aeromonas species, with more pronounced effects observed in double knockouts. Further transcriptomic analysis of the gut in double iNOS knockout zebrafish indicated significant alterations in immune-related and metabolic pathways, including the complement and PPAR signaling pathways. These findings underscore the crucial interplay between host genetics and gut microbiota, indicating that iNOS plays a key role in modulating the gut microbial ecology, host immune system, and metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yadong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (Y.F.)
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haisheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yidong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (Y.F.)
| | - Songlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Baolong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (Y.F.)
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Lin Y, Wu J, Zhuo Y, Feng B, Fang Z, Xu S, Li J, Zhao H, Wu D, Hua L, Che L. Effects of maternal methyl donor intake during pregnancy on ileum methylation and function in an intrauterine growth restriction pig model. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:19. [PMID: 38310243 PMCID: PMC10838427 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) affects intestinal growth, morphology, and function, which leads to poor growth performance and high mortality. The present study explored whether maternal dietary methyl donor (MET) supplementation alleviates IUGR and enhances offspring's growth performance by improving intestinal growth, function, and DNA methylation of the ileum in a porcine IUGR model. METHODS Forty multiparous sows were allocated to the control or MET diet groups from mating until delivery. After farrowing, 8 pairs of IUGR and normal birth weight piglets from 8 litters were selected for sampling before suckling colostrum. RESULTS The results showed that maternal MET supplementation tended to decrease the IUGR incidence and increased the average weaning weight of piglets. Moreover, maternal MET supplementation significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of isoleucine, cysteine, urea, and total amino acids in sows and newborn piglets. It also increased lactase and sucrase activity in the jejunum of newborn piglets. MET addition resulted in lower ileal methionine synthase activity and increased betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity in the ileum of newborn piglets. DNA methylation analysis of the ileum showed that MET supplementation increased the methylation level of DNA CpG sites in the ileum of newborn piglets. Down-regulated differentially methylated genes were enriched in folic acid binding, insulin receptor signaling pathway, and endothelial cell proliferation. In contrast, up-regulated methylated genes were enriched in growth hormone receptor signaling pathway and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. CONCLUSIONS Maternal MET supplementation can reduce the incidence of IUGR and increase the weaning litter weight of piglets, which may be associated with better intestinal function and methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangnan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Coavoy-Sanchez SA, da Costa Marques LA, Costa SKP, Muscara MN. Role of Gasotransmitters in Inflammatory Edema. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:272-291. [PMID: 36974358 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are, to date, the identified members of the gasotransmitter family, which consists of gaseous signaling molecules that play central roles in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammatory edema. Recent Advances: Recent studies show the potential anti-inflammatory and antiedematogenic effects of NO-, CO-, and H2S-donors in vivo. In general, it has been observed that the therapeutical effects of NO-donors are more relevant when administered at low doses at the onset of the inflammatory process. Regarding CO-donors, their antiedematogenic effects are mainly associated with inhibition of proinflammatory mediators (such as inducible NO synthase [iNOS]-derived NO), and the observed protective effects of H2S-donors seem to be mediated by reducing some proinflammatory enzyme activities. Critical Issues: The most recent investigations focus on the interactions among the gasotransmitters under different pathophysiological conditions. However, the biochemical/pharmacological nature of these interactions is neither general nor fully understood, although specifically dependent on the site where the inflammatory edema occurs. Future Directions: Considering the nature of the involved mechanisms, a deeper knowledge of the interactions among the gasotransmitters is mandatory. In addition, the development of new pharmacological tools, either donors or synthesis inhibitors of the three gasotransmitters, will certainly aid the basic investigations and open new strategies for the therapeutic treatment of inflammatory edema. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 272-291.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soraia Katia Pereira Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nicolas Muscara
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lee YJ, Pan Y, Lim D, Park SH, Sin SI, Kwack K, Park KY. Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1650. [PMID: 38338927 PMCID: PMC10855752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the alleviating effect of broccoli grown with deep sea water mineral (DSWM) fertilizer extracted from deep sea water on the development of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6N mice treated with AOM/DSS. Naturaldream Fertilizer Broccoli (NFB) cultured with deep sea water minerals (DSWM) showed a higher antioxidant effect and mineral content. In addition, orally administered NFB, showed a level of recovery in the colon and spleen tissues of mice compared with those in normal mice through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Orally administered NFB showed the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokine factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-12 while increasing the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB in the liver tissue was inhibited, and that of inflammatory enzymes, such as COX-2 and iNOS, was reduced. In the colon tissue, the expression of p53 and p21 associated with cell cycle arrest increased, and that of Bcl-2 associated with apoptosis decreased. Additionally, the expression of Bax, Bad, Bim, Bak, caspase 9, and caspase 3 increased, indicating enhanced activation of apoptosis-related factors. These results demonstrate that oral administration of broccoli cultivated using DSWM significantly restores spleen and colon tissues and simultaneously inhibits the NF-κB pathway while significantly decreasing cytokine expression. Moreover, by inducing cell cycle arrest and activating cell apoptosis, they also suggest alleviating AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer symptoms in C57BL/6N mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Yanni Pan
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Daewoo Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Agriculture Research Center for Carbon Neutral and Healing, Gurye-gun 57607, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Il Sin
- Agriculture Research Center for Carbon Neutral and Healing, Gurye-gun 57607, Republic of Korea
| | - KyuBum Kwack
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
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Chen P, Cheng H, Tian J, Pan H, Chen S, Ye X, Chen J. Photo-crosslinking modified sodium alginate hydrogel for targeting delivery potential by NO response. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126454. [PMID: 37619688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease has gradually increased. Traditional drugs can reduce inflammation, but cannot be targeting released and often require the coordination with delivery systems. However, a good targeting performance delivery system is still scarce currently. Inflammation can trigger oxidative stress, producing large amounts of oxides such as nitric oxide (NO). Based on this, the present experiment innovatively designed a hydrogel delivery system with NO response that could be inflammation targeting. The hydrogel is composed of sodium alginate modified with glycerol methacrylate, crosslinked with NO response agent by photo-crosslinking method, which have low swelling (37 %) and good mechanical properties with a stable structure even at 55 °C. The results of in vitro digestion also indicated that the hydrogel had a certain tolerance to gastrointestinal digestion. And in the NO environment, it was interestingly found that the structure and mechanical properties of the hydrogels changed significantly. Moreover, hydrogels have good biocompatibility, which ensures their safe use in vivo. In conclusion, this NO-responsive-based delivery system is feasible and provides a new approach for drugs and active factors targeting delivery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
| | - Jinhu Tian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Haibo Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Jianle Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China.
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Magoshi IB, Nekhumbe AW, Ibrahim MA, Serem JC, Bester MJ. Gastrointestinal Effects on the Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Properties of South African Fynbos Honey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:2553197. [PMID: 38045104 PMCID: PMC10691895 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2553197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fynbos biome, Western Cape Province, South Africa, produces a unique honey from Apis mellifera capensis. The bioactivity of Fynbos (FB1-FB6) honeys and Manuka, unique manuka factor 15+ (MAN UMF15+) honey subjected to simulated in vitro digestion, was compared. The effect of each phase of digestion on the antioxidant properties and nitric oxide- (NO-) associated immunomodulatory effects was determined. The total phenolic content of MAN (UMF15+) was higher than that of FB honeys, and following digestion, the percentage bioaccessibility (BA) was 68.6% and 87.1 ± 27.0%, respectively. With the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, the activity of FB1 and FB6 was similar to MAN (UMF15+) but reduced for FB2, FB3, FB4, and FB5 with a %BA of 77.9% for MAN (UMF15+) and 78.2 ± 13.4% for FB. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of MAN (UMF15+) and FB honeys was similar and unaltered with digestion. In a cellular environment, using colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells, both undigested and the gastric digested honey reduced 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride- (AAPH-) mediated peroxyl radical formation. In contrast, following gastroduodenal digestion, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased. In murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, all honeys induced different levels of NO which was significantly increased with digestion for MAN (UMF15+) and FB1. In LPS/IFN-γ stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, only undigested MAN (UMF15+) effectively reduced NO levels, and with digestion, NO scavenging activity of MAN (UMF15+) was reduced but increased for FB5 and FB6. In a noncellular environment, MAN (UMF15+), FB1, FB2, and FB6 scavenged NO, and with digestion, this activity was maintained. This study has identified that undigested and gastric-digested FB honey has antioxidant properties with strong potential anticancer effects following gastroduodenal digestion, related to ROS formation. MAN (UMF15+) had anti-inflammatory effects which were lost postdigestion, and in contrast, FB5 and FB6 had anti-inflammatory effects postdigestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - June Cheptoo Serem
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 002, South Africa
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Tang B, Tu J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Yu J, Shen L, Luo Q, Ye J. Diagnostic value and underlying mechanism of nasal nitric oxide in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Mol Immunol 2023; 159:1-14. [PMID: 37224640 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger molecule widely present in the human body. However, the role of nasal NO (nNO) in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Eos CRSwNP) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value and underlying mechanism of nNO in Eos CRSwNP. METHODS The medical records of 84 non-Eos CRSwNP patients, 55 Eos CRSwNP patients, and 37 control subjects were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnostic value of nNO for Eos CRSwNP was assessed. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and tight junctions (TJs) components claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 was detected in the nasal polyps. Primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were co-treated with eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME) or Akt inhibitor (MK-2206), interleukin (IL)-13, and dexamethasone (Dex). The level of NO and the expression of TJs and Akt/eNOS pathways were examined. RESULTS The nNO levels of the CRSwNP group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Compared with the non-Eos CRSwNP group, the Eos CRSwNP group showed higher nNO level. The combination of nNO level, eosinophilic percentage, and posterior ethmoid score had a better predictive value for Eos CRSwNP (AUC = 0.855). The expression of iNOS, eNOS, and p-eNOS was higher in the CRSwNP groups than in the control group, and p-eNOS expression was higher in the Eos CRSwNP group than in the non-Eos CRSwNP group. The expression of TJs was lower in the Eos CRSwNP group than in the non-Eos CRSwNP and control group. IL-13 decreased TJ expression in HNECs, while Dex promoted Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, NO production and TJ expression. Furthermore, these effects of Dex were inhibited by L-NAME and MK-2206 in HNECs. CONCLUSION nNO may have a high diagnostic value in Eos CRSwNP, and Akt/eNOS pathway may promote the generation of NO to protect TJs. NO may have a potentially important role in the diagnosis and treatment of Eos CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxiang Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Junhao Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Meiping Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jieqing Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China; Institute of Jiangxi Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Suegery, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China; Institute of Jiangxi Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Suegery, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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13
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Wu Y, Duan Z, Qu L, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Fan D. Gastroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rh4 against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37184519 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03693b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh4, a bioactive component extracted from Panax ginseng, exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, antitumor and immunity enhancement. However, the gastroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rh4 remains unknown. The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect and potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rh4 in an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Ginsenoside Rh4 (15, 30, and 60 mg kg-1) and omeprazole (30 mg kg-1) were administered orally for 7 days. The results showed that pretreatment with ginsenoside Rh4 reduced the gastric injury area and percentage of mucosal lesions in gastric tissue. Besides, treatment with ginsenoside Rh4 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, reduced the content of malonaldehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), mediated the prostaglandin E-2-cyclooxygenase-2 (PGE2-Cox-2) pathway, and mitigated inflammation and oxidative stress via blockade of proinflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase-nuclear factor κB (MAPK/NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rh4 significantly enhanced the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma gene 2 (Bcl-2), decreased the protein expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (Fas), and inhibited the number of apoptotic cells in gastric tissues. The present work demonstrated that ginsenoside Rh4 exerted a considerable gastroprotective effect against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Ordille AJ, Phadtare S. Intensity-specific considerations for exercise for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goad004. [PMID: 36814502 PMCID: PMC9940700 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) necessitates that patients be given increased access to cost-effective interventions to manage the disease. Exercise is a non-pharmacologic intervention that advantageously affects clinical aspects of IBD, including disease activity, immune competency, inflammation, quality of life, fatigue, and psychological factors. It is well established that exercise performed at low-to-moderate intensity across different modalities manifests many of these diseased-related benefits while also ensuring patient safety. Much less is known about higher-intensity exercise. The aim of this review is to summarize findings on the relationship between strenuous exercise and IBD-related outcomes. In healthy adults, prolonged strenuous exercise may unfavorably alter a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) parameters including permeability, blood flow, motility, and neuro-endocrine changes. These intensity- and gut-specific changes are hypothesized to worsen IBD-related clinical presentations such as diarrhea, GI bleeding, and colonic inflammation. Despite this, there also exists the evidence that higher-intensity exercise may positively influence microbiome as well as alter the inflammatory and immunomodulatory changes seen with IBD. Our findings recognize that safety for IBD patients doing prolonged strenuous exercise is no more compromised than those doing lower-intensity work. Safety with prolonged, strenuous exercise may be achieved with adjustments including adequate hydration, nutrition, drug avoidance, and careful attention to patient history and symptomatology. Future work is needed to better understand this intensity-dependent relationship so that guidelines can be created for IBD patients wishing to participate in high-intensity exercise or sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ordille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sangita Phadtare
- Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 S Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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15
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Tao G, Wang H, Shen Y, Zhai L, Liu B, Wang B, Chen W, Xing S, Chen Y, Gu HM, Qin S, Zhang DW. Surf4 (Surfeit Locus Protein 4) Deficiency Reduces Intestinal Lipid Absorption and Secretion and Decreases Metabolism in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:562-580. [PMID: 36756879 PMCID: PMC10026970 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial dyslipidemia is a causative risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The majority of absorbed dietary lipids are packaged into chylomicron and then delivered to circulation. Previous studies showed that Surf4 (surfeit locus protein 4) mediates very low-density lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. Silencing hepatic Surf4 markedly reduces the development of atherosclerosis in different mouse models of atherosclerosis without causing hepatic steatosis. However, the role of Surf4 in chylomicron secretion is unknown. METHODS We developed inducible intestinal-specific Surf4 knockdown mice (Surf4IKO) using Vil1Cre-ERT2 and Surf4flox mice. Metabolic cages were used to monitor mouse metabolism. Enzymatic kits were employed to measure serum and tissue lipid levels. The expression of target genes was detected by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Transmission electron microscopy and radiolabeled oleic acid were used to assess the structure of enterocytes and intestinal lipid absorption and secretion, respectively. Proteomics was performed to determine changes in protein expression in serum and jejunum. RESULTS Surf4IKO mice, especially male Surf4IKO mice, displayed significant body weight loss, increased mortality, and reduced metabolism. Surf4IKO mice exhibited lipid accumulation in enterocytes and impaired fat absorption and secretion. Lipid droplets and small lipid vacuoles were accumulated in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum lumen of the enterocytes of Surf4IKO mice, respectively. Surf4 colocalized with apoB and co-immunoprecipitated with apoB48 in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Intestinal Surf4 deficiency also significantly reduced serum triglyceride, cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels in mice. Proteomics data revealed that diverse pathways were altered in Surf4IKO mice. In addition, Surf4IKO mice had mild liver damage, decreased liver size and weight, and reduced hepatic triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that intestinal Surf4 plays an essential role in lipid absorption and chylomicron secretion and suggest that the therapeutic use of Surf4 inhibition requires highly cell/tissue-specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geru Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | | | - Lei Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Boyan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Sijie Xing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (H.-M.G., D.-W.Z.)
| | - Shucun Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (G.T., H.W., L.Z., B.L., B.W., W.C., S.X., Y.C., S.Q.)
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (H.-M.G., D.-W.Z.)
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16
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Novel 3D Flipwell system that models gut mucosal microenvironment for studying interactions between gut microbiota, epithelia and immunity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:870. [PMID: 36650266 PMCID: PMC9845379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut mucosa consists of stratified layers of microbes, semi-permeable mucus, epithelium and stroma abundant in immune cells. Although tightly regulated, interactions between gut commensals and immune cells play indispensable roles in homeostasis and cancer pathogenesis in the body. Thus, there is a critical need to develop a robust model for the gut mucosal microenvironment. Here, we report our novel co-culture utilizing 3D Flipwell system for establishing the stratified layers of discrete mucosal components. This method allows for analyzing synchronous effects of test stimuli on gut bacteria, mucus, epithelium and immune cells, as well as their crosstalks. In the present report, we tested the immuno-stimulatory effects of sepiapterin (SEP, the precursor of the cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-BH4) on the gut mucosal community. We previously reported that SEP effectively reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages and inhibited breast tumor cell growth. In our co-cultures, SEP largely promoted mucus integrity, bacterial binding, and M1-like polarization of macrophages. Conversely, these phenomena were absent in control-treated cultures. Our results demonstrate that this novel co-culture may serve as a robust in vitro system to recapitulate the effects of pharmacological agents on the gut mucosal microenvironment, and could potentially be expanded to test the effects outside the gut.
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Makowska K, Całka J, Gonkowski S. Effects of the long-term influence of bisphenol A and bisphenol S on the population of nitrergic neurons in the enteric nervous system of the mouse stomach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:331. [PMID: 36609592 PMCID: PMC9822927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor commonly used in the production of plastics. Due to its relatively well-known harmful effects on living organisms, BPA is often replaced by its various analogues. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS), widely used in the plastics industry. Until recently, BPS was considered completely safe, but currently, it is known that it is not safe for various internal organs. However, knowledge about the influence of BPS on the nervous system is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two doses of BPA and BPS on the enteric nitrergic neurons in the CD1 strain mouse stomach using the double-immunofluorescence technique. The study found that both substances studied increased the number of nitrergic neurons, although changes under the impact of BPS were less visible than those induced by BPA. Therefore, the obtained results, for the first time, clearly indicate that BPS is not safe for the innervation of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Całka
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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18
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Wang X, Shi J, Xu Z, Wang D, Song Y, Han G, Wang B, Cao H, Liu Y, Hou J. Targeted delivery of Nitric Oxide triggered by α-Glucosidase to Ameliorate NSAIDs-induced Enteropathy. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102590. [PMID: 36603529 PMCID: PMC9813757 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase risks of severe small intestinal injuries. Development of effective therapeutic strategies to overcome this issue remains challenging. Nitric oxide (NO) as a gaseous mediator plays a protective role in small intestinal injuries. However, small intestine-specific delivery systems for NO have not been reported yet. In this study, we reported a small intestine-targeted polymeric NO donor (CS-NO) which was synthesized by covalent grafting of α-glucosidase-activated NO donor onto chitosan. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that CS-NO could be activated by intestinal α-glucosidase to release NO in the small intestine. Pre-treatment of mice with CS-NO significantly alleviated small intestinal damage induced by indomethacin, as demonstrated by down-regulation of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines CXCL1/KC. Moreover, CS-NO also attenuated indomethacin-induced gut barrier dysfunction as evidenced by up-regulation of the levels of tight junction proteins and restoration of the levels of goblet cells and MUC2 production. Meanwhile, CS-NO effectively restored the defense function of Paneth cells against pathogens in small intestine. Our present study paves the way to develop NO-based therapeutic strategy for NSAIDs-induced small intestinal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglu Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiarui Shi
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhixin Xu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuguang Song
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guifang Han
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yangping Liu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Jingli Hou
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Jeong CH, Hwang H, Lee HJ, Kim TW, Ko HI, Jang DE, Sim JG, Park BG, Hong SW. Enhancement of the functional properties of vegetable sponge beverage fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Korean dongchimi. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rana T. Influence and Implications of the Molecular Paradigm of Nitric Oxide Underlying Inflammatory Reactions of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dog: A Major Hallmark of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1280-1288. [PMID: 35312776 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical messenger molecule, is responsible for the various cellular function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It plays a major role in the maintenance of perfusion, regulation of microvascular, epithelial permeability, and immune functions. Nitric oxide exerts its beneficial effect on the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). But the accelerated production of NO triggers activation of the inducible form of the NO synthase enzyme (iNOS) that leads to damages of the intestinal membrane. Nitric oxide synthase enzyme is responsible for the higher production of NO from l-arginine and causes an inflammatory condition in the intestinal epithelium. Nitric oxide induces nitrative DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage in the cellular system. Accelerated production of NO enhances iNOS activity that is associated with cytotoxicity and apoptosis of gastrointestinal epithelial cells in the dog. Chronic inflammation leads to angiogenesis that is modulated by the immune system in IBD. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. Nitric oxide participates in mucosal inflammation in the intestine through invigoration of NO synthase enzyme. The intrinsic complex mechanism is correlated with the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and is also correlated with the expression of iNOS, enzymatic activity and NO production. Nitric oxide employs a significant role in modulating epithelial permeability with accelerated immune response in acute colitis. But the enormous generation of NO causes adverse effects on the mucosal cell during the inflammatory process in IBD. In this review, a complex episode of NO generation with altered biochemical pathways was assessed for the regulation of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease of dogs. This review is a unique compilation of the role of NO in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease of dogs. Nitric oxide plays a key role in modulating cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. This review seeks to explore the characteristics of NO as a major hallmark of canine inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Rana
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex (VMEJ), West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Science, Kolkata, India
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21
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Wyszyńska M, Nitsze-Wierzba M, Czelakowska A, Kasperski J, Żywiec J, Skucha-Nowak M. An Evidence-Based Review of Application Devices for Nitric Oxide Concentration Determination from Exhaled Air in the Diagnosis of Inflammation and Treatment Monitoring. Molecules 2022; 27:4279. [PMID: 35807523 PMCID: PMC9268246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air is used in diagnostics and monitoring the pathologies not only in the respiratory system but also in the oral cavity. It has shown a huge increase in its level in asthma and diseases of the oral cavity. It seems reasonable to undertake research on the impact of inflammation on the level of NO in exhaled air. The aim of the study is to make an evidence-based review of the application of NO levels in exhaled air in the diagnosis of inflammation and treatment monitoring on the basis of selected measuring devices. METHODS AND RESULTS This paper presents an example of the application of NO measurement in exhaled air in individual human systems. Selected measuring devices, their non-invasiveness, and their advantages are described. DISCUSSION The usefulness of this diagnostic method in pathologies of the oral cavity was noted. CONCLUSIONS Measuring the level of NO in exhaled air seems to be a useful diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wyszyńska
- Department of Dental Materials, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Nitsze-Wierzba
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.N.-W.); (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Czelakowska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.N.-W.); (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacek Kasperski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.N.-W.); (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Żywiec
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak
- Department of Dental Propedeutics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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22
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Bell SM, Evans JM, Evans KM, Tsai KL, Noorai RE, Famula TR, Holle DM, Clark LA. Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus in the German shepherd dog is a sex-differentiated trait and is associated with an intronic variable number tandem repeat in Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010044. [PMID: 35271580 PMCID: PMC8912139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus (CIM) is a gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorder of dogs in which reduced peristaltic activity and dilation of the esophagus prevent the normal transport of food into the stomach. Affected puppies regurgitate meals and water, fail to thrive, and experience complications such as aspiration pneumonia that may necessitate euthanasia. The German shepherd dog (GSD) has the highest disease incidence, indicative of a genetic predisposition. Here, we discover that male GSDs are twice as likely to be affected as females and show that the sex bias is independent of body size. We propose that female endogenous factors (e.g., estrogen) are protective via their role in promoting relaxation of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach, facilitating food passage. A genome-wide association study for CIM revealed an association on canine chromosome 12 (P-val = 3.12x10-13), with the lead SNPs located upstream or within Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2 (MCHR2), a compelling positional candidate gene having a role in appetite, weight, and GI motility. Within the first intron of MCHR2, we identified a 33 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) containing a consensus binding sequence for the T-box family of transcription factors. Across dogs and wolves, the major allele includes two copies of the repeat, whereas the predominant alleles in GSDs have one or three copies. The single-copy allele is strongly associated with CIM (P-val = 1.32x10-17), with homozygosity for this allele posing the most significant risk. Our findings suggest that the number of T-box protein binding motifs may correlate with MCHR2 expression and that an imbalance of melanin-concentrating hormone plays a role in CIM. We describe herein the first genetic factors identified in CIM: sex and a major locus on chromosome 12, which together predict disease state in the GSD with greater than 75% accuracy. German shepherd dogs (GSDs) are predisposed to an inherited motility disorder of the esophagus, termed congenital idiopathic megaesophagus (CIM), in which swallowing is ineffective and the esophagus is enlarged. Affected puppies are unable to properly pass food into their stomachs and consequently regurgitate their meals and show a failure to thrive, often leading to euthanasia. Here, we discovered that male GSDs are affected at a ratio of almost 2-to-1 over females, suggesting a protective biological advantage in females. In humans, estrogen is thought to play a role in the male predominance of esophageal disorders like reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer. In a genome-wide scan, we identified an association with CIM on chromosome 12 and, within this region, a repetitive sequence in MCHR2. This gene encodes a receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone, a signaling molecule that is linked to appetite, weight, and gut motility. Together, sex and the MCHR2 repeat sequence accurately predict affection status in over 75% of dogs, and a genetic test is now available to facilitate breeding decisions aimed at reducing disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Bell
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn M. Evans
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katy M. Evans
- The Seeing Eye Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Tsai
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rooksana E. Noorai
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Clemson University Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dolores M. Holle
- The Seeing Eye Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Isik M, Ozbayer C, Donmez DB, Colak E, Ustuner MC, Erol K, Degirmenci I. Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, on ulcer pathogenesis, HSP70 stress protein and nitric oxide levels in stress induced ulcer. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:449-460. [PMID: 35258367 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2028308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcer is a gastric or duodenal mucosal injury; psychological stress may participate in development of the lesions. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone that is responsible for cellular healing; it is an early biomarker of cellular damage. Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and intercellular messenger in the gastrointestinal system that protects mucosal integrity. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is among the microflora of the intestinal tract; it is resistant to gastric acidity. We investigated the efficacy of L. rhamnosus administration on ulcer pathogenesis, stress protein HSP70 and NO levels in experimental stress induced ulcer. The proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, was used for comparison with the gastroprotective effect of the probiotic. We administered 10 mg/kg pantoprazole and L. rhamnosus at doses of 3 × 108 cfu/ml (M1), 15 × 108 cfu/ml (M5), 30 × 108 cfu/ml (M10) to rats according to McFarland-1, McFarland-5, McFarland-10 standards, respectively. Rats were stressed by immobilization at 4 °C, then sacrificed. The pH, amounts of gastric mucus, NO and HSP70 levels were measured and the histological structure of stomach was assessed. We found increased NO levels in the M5 group and increased HSP70 expression in the pantoprazole group. Significant epithelial damage was observed in the stressed groups and minimal epithelial damage was observed in M5 group compared to controls. The probiotic, L. rhamnosus, may be useful for preventing stress induced ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab Isik
- Department of Physiology, Sakarya University, Medical Faculty, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Ozbayer
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Burukoglu Donmez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Ustuner
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Erol
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irfan Degirmenci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
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Abstract
Significance: Reactive sulfur and nitrogen species such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO•) are ubiquitous cellular signaling molecules that play central roles in physiology and pathophysiology. A deeper understanding of these signaling pathways will offer new opportunities for therapeutic treatments and disease management. Recent Advances: Chemiluminescence methods have been fundamental in detecting and measuring biological reactive sulfur and nitrogen species, and new approaches are emerging for imaging these analytes in living intact specimens. Ozone-based and luminol-based chemiluminescence methods have been optimized for quantitative analysis of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in biological samples and tissue homogenates, and caged luciferin and 1,2-dioxetanes are emerging as a versatile approach for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells and animal models. Critical Issues: This review article will cover the major chemiluminescence approaches for detecting, measuring, and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in biological systems, including a brief history of the development of the most established approaches and highlights of the opportunities provided by emerging approaches. Future Directions: Emerging chemiluminescence approaches offer new opportunities for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Widespread adoption and translation of these approaches, however, requires an emphasis on rigorous quantitative methods, reproducibility, and effective technology transfer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 337-353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Yujin Lisa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Alexander Ryan Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
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25
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Ramos-Inza S, Ruberte AC, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK, Plano D. NSAIDs: Old Acquaintance in the Pipeline for Cancer Treatment and Prevention─Structural Modulation, Mechanisms of Action, and Bright Future. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16380-16421. [PMID: 34784195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current chemotherapeutic drugs are still a major issue in cancer treatment. Thus, targeted multimodal therapeutic approaches need to be strategically developed to successfully control tumor growth and prevent metastatic burden. Inflammation has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and progression of the disease. Several epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies have shown that traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit anticancer activities. This Perspective reports the most recent outcomes for the treatment and prevention of different types of cancers for several NSAIDs alone or in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, an extensive review of the most promising structural modifications is reported, such as phospho, H2S, and NO releasing-, selenium-, metal complex-, and natural product-NSAIDs, among others. We also provide a perspective about the new strategies used to obtain more efficient NSAID- or NSAID derivative- formulations for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramos-Inza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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26
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Luo Y, Zhu Y, Basang W, Wang X, Li C, Zhou X. Roles of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Reproduction: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:752410. [PMID: 34867795 PMCID: PMC8640491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.752410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has attracted significant attention as a stellar molecule. Presently, the study of NO has penetrated every field of life science, and NO is widely distributed in various tissues and organs. This review demonstrates the importance of NO in both male and female reproductive processes in numerous ways, such as in neuromodulation, follicular and oocyte maturation, ovulation, corpus luteum degeneration, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy maintenance, labor and menstrual cycle regulation, spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and reproduction. However, the mechanism of action of some NO is still unknown, and understanding its mechanism may contribute to the clinical treatment of some reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Luo
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, China
| | - Wangdui Basang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Nitric Oxide: From Gastric Motility to Gastric Dysmotility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189990. [PMID: 34576155 PMCID: PMC8470306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that nitric oxide (NO) plays a key physiological role in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) motor phenomena. In this respect, NO is considered as the main non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. Moreover, many substances (including hormones) have been reported to modulate NO production leading to changes in motor responses, further underlying the importance of this molecule in the control of GI motility. An impaired NO production/release has indeed been reported to be implicated in some GI dysmotility. In this article we wanted to focus on the influence of NO on gastric motility by summarizing knowledge regarding its role in both physiological and pathological conditions. The main role of NO on regulating gastric smooth muscle motor responses, with particular reference to NO synthases expression and signaling pathways, is discussed. A deeper knowledge of nitrergic mechanisms is important for a better understanding of their involvement in gastric pathophysiological conditions of hypo- or hyper-motility states and for future therapeutic approaches. A possible role of substances which, by interfering with NO production, could prove useful in managing such motor disorders has been advanced.
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28
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Nowaczyk A, Kowalska M, Nowaczyk J, Grześk G. Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide as Examples of the Youngest Class of Transmitters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116029. [PMID: 34199647 PMCID: PMC8199767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the confirmation of the neurotransmission phenomenon by Otto Loewi. Over the course of the hundred years, about 100 neurotransmitters belonging to many chemical groups have been discovered. In order to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the confirmation of neurotransmitters, we present an overview of the first two endogenous gaseous transmitters i.e., nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide, which are often termed as gasotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3904
| | - Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Chen Y, Wang B, Yuan X, Lu Y, Hu J, Gao J, Lin J, Liang J, Hou S, Chen S. Vitexin prevents colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice through regulating macrophage polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:153489. [PMID: 33571919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risks of developing ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Vitexin can suppress the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro orin vivo. However, different from colorectal carcinoma, CAC is more consistent with the transformation from inflammation to cancer in clinical chronic IBD patients. Therefore, we aim to investigated that vitexin whether possess benefic effects on CAC mice. PURPOSE We aimed to determine the beneficial effects of vitexin on CAC mice and reveal its underlying mechanism. METHODS The mouse CAC model was induced by Azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) and CAC mice were treated with vitexin. At the end of this study, inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 as well as nitric oxide (NO) were detected by kits after long-term treatment of vitexin. Pathological changes and macrophage polarization were determined by H&E and immunofluorescence in adjacent noncancerous tissue and carcinomatous tissue respectively of CAC mice. RESULTS Our results showed that oral administration of vitexin could significantly improve the clinical signs and symptoms of chronic colitis, relieve colon damage, regulate colonic inflammatory cytokines, as well as suppress tumor incidence and tumor burden. Interesting, vitexin caused a significant increase in serum level of NO and a higher content of NO in tumor tissue. In addition, vitexin significantly decreased M1 phenotype macrophages in the adjacent noncancerous tissue, while markedly up-regulated M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor tissue in the colon of CAC mice. CONCLUSION Vitexin can attenuate chronic colitis-associated carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS in mice and its protective effects are partly associated with its alternations in macrophage polarization in the inflammatory and tumor microenvironment .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonger Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou Branch), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingyu Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiliang Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jizong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China
| | - Jian Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Guangzhou Branch), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Shaozhen Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, PR China.
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30
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Serafim C, Araruna ME, Júnior EA, Diniz M, Hiruma-Lima C, Batista L. A Review of the Role of Flavonoids in Peptic Ulcer (2010-2020). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225431. [PMID: 33233494 PMCID: PMC7699562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcers are characterized by erosions on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract that may reach the muscle layer. Their etiology is multifactorial and occurs when the balance between offensive and protective factors of the mucosa is disturbed. Peptic ulcers represent a global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide and showing high rates of recurrence. Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most important predisposing factors for the development of peptic ulcers. Therefore, new approaches to complementary treatments are needed to prevent the development of ulcers and their recurrence. Natural products such as medicinal plants and their isolated compounds have been widely used in experimental models of peptic ulcers. Flavonoids are among the molecules of greatest interest in biological assays due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study is a literature review of flavonoids that have been reported to show peptic ulcer activity in experimental models. Studies published from January 2010 to January 2020 were selected from reference databases. This review refers to a collection of flavonoids with antiulcer activity in vivo and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Serafim
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Maria Elaine Araruna
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Edvaldo Alves Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil; (C.S.); (M.E.A.); (E.A.J.)
| | - Margareth Diniz
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil;
| | - Clélia Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618970, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Leônia Batista
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraiba, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-32167003; Fax: +55-83-32167502
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Rana T. Unravelling of nitric oxide signalling: A potential biomarker with multifaceted complex mechanism associated with canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Anaerobe 2020; 66:102288. [PMID: 33132137 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an important chronic condition associated with the infection affecting the gastrointestinal tract (G.I.) in dogs. Several factors' viz. gastrointestinal tract lymphoid tissue (GALT), permeability defects, genetic, ischemic, biochemical, psychosomatic disorders, infectious and parasitic agents, dietary allergies, and adverse drug reactions are associated with inflammatory bowel disease. The most noticeable clinical signs are vomiting, diarrhea, changes in appetite, weight loss, anorexia, ascites and peripheral edema. Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical messenger molecule plays an immense role in playing mucosal inflammation in the intestine through activation of NO synthase enzyme (iNOS). The complex mechanism associated with inflammation in the G.I. tract is also correlated with the expression of iNOS, enzymatic activity, and NO production. NO exerts a beneficial role in maintaining epithelial permeability as well as the immune response in acute colitis. But the excessive production of NO causes adverse effects. In the review, the author suggests that a complex phenomenon is associated with competing biochemical pathways triggered by NO through the regulation of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. This review is a unique compilation about the role of NO in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease of the dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Rana
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex (V.M.E.J.), West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India.
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CANKARA FN, ÖZMEN Ö, SAVAŞ HB, ŞAHİ̇N Y, GÜNAYDIN C. Sıçanlarda indometazin ile indüklenmiş peptik ülser modelinde tarantula cubensis ekstraktının gastroprotektif etkisi. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2020. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.797406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114147. [PMID: 32653589 PMCID: PMC7347500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the efficacy in reducing pain and inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are amongst the most popularly used medicines confirming their position in the WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines. With escalating musculoskeletal complications, as evident from 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, NSAID usage is evidently unavoidable. Apart from analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacies, NSAIDs are further documented to offer protection against diverse critical disorders including cancer and heart attacks. However, data from multiple placebo-controlled trials and meta-analyses studies alarmingly signify the adverse effects of NSAIDs in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, cerebral and pulmonary complications. Although extensive research has elucidated the mechanisms underlying the clinical hazards of NSAIDs, no review has extensively collated the outcomes on various multiorgan toxicities of these drugs together. In this regard, the present review provides a comprehensive insight of the existing knowledge and recent developments on NSAID-induced organ damage. It precisely encompasses the current understanding of structure, classification and mode of action of NSAIDs while reiterating on the emerging instances of NSAID drug repurposing along with pharmacophore modification aimed at safer usage of NSAIDs where toxic effects are tamed without compromising the clinical benefits. The review does not intend to vilify these 'wonder drugs'; rather provides a careful understanding of their side-effects which would be beneficial in evaluating the risk-benefit threshold while rationally using NSAIDs at safer dose and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik Bindu
- Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101 India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India; Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Rd, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054 India.
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Mousavi T, Hadizadeh N, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Drug discovery strategies for modulating oxidative stress in gastrointestinal disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1309-1341. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1791077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Mousavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Hadizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rodriguez S, Pertino MW, Arcos C, Reichert L, Echeverria J, Simirgiotis M, Borquez J, Cornejo A, Areche C, Sepulveda B. Isolation, Gastroprotective Effects and Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Lycium Minutifolium J. Remy (Solanaceae). Foods 2020; 9:foods9050565. [PMID: 32375270 PMCID: PMC7278853 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium minutifolium J. Remy (Solanaceae) is commonly used as an infusion in traditional medicine to treat stomach pain, meteorism, intestinal disorders, stomach ailments, and other severe problems including prostate cancer and stomach cancer. From the EtOAc extract of L. minutifolium bark five known metabolites were isolated using chromatographic techniques. The gastroprotective effects of the EtOAc fraction and edible infusion extract of the bark were assayed on the hydrochloric acid (HCl)/EtOH induced gastric ulcer model in mice to support the traditional use of the plant. The EtOAc extract and the edible infusion showed gastroprotective effect at dose of 100 mg/kg reducing lesions by 31% and 64%, respectively. The gastroprotective action mechanisms of the edible infusion at a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg were evaluated suggesting that prostaglandins, sulfhydryl groups, and nitric oxide are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. The UHPLC analysis coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry of the edible infusion showed the presence of twenty-three compounds. Our results can support the gastroprotective properties of the edible infusion extract, and at least can validate in part, the ethnopharmacological uses of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 8320000 Santiago, Chile; (S.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Mariano Walter Pertino
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile;
| | - Chantal Arcos
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Luana Reichert
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Mario Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Jorge Borquez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av Coloso S-N, 1240000 Antofagasta, Chile;
| | - Alberto Cornejo
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sazié 2315, 8370092 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 8320000 Santiago, Chile; (S.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Beatriz Sepulveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-063-2244369
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Areche C, Hernandez M, Cano T, Ticona J, Cortes C, Simirgiotis M, Caceres F, Borquez J, Echeverría J, Sepulveda B. Corryocactus brevistylus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose (Cactaceae): Antioxidant, Gastroprotective Effects, and Metabolomic Profiling by Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray High Resolution Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:417. [PMID: 32322203 PMCID: PMC7156589 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corryocactus brevistylus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) is a shrubby or often arborescent cactus popularly known as "sancayo" and produce an edible fruit known as "Sanky" which is consumed in Arequipa-Perú. The purpose of this study was to report the gastroprotective activity and relate this activity to the antioxidant capacity and presence of phenolic compounds for the first time. A metabolomic profiling based on Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography and electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), ascorbic acid content, total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and the mode of gastroprotective action of the Sanky fruit including the involvement of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and sulfhydryl compounds is reported. Thirty-eight compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract including 12 organic acids, nine hydroxycinnamic acids, three isoamericanol derivatives, six flavonoids, five fatty acids, and two sterols. The results of the biological tests showed that the ethanolic extract had antioxidant capacity and gastroprotective activity on the model of HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions in mice (at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The effect elicited by the extract at 50 mg/kg was reversed by indometacin and N-ethylmaleimide but not by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suggesting that sulfhydryl groups and prostaglandins are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. In conclusion, our study proves that C. brevistylus pears have some gastroprotective and antioxidant capacities and consumption is recommended for the presence of several bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Hernandez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Cano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Juana Ticona
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Carmen Cortes
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mario Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fátima Caceres
- Laboratorio de Botánica, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Jorge Borquez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Sepulveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Pineda-Peña EA, Orona-Ortiz A, Velázquez-Moyado JA, Tavares-Carvalho JC, Chávez-Piña AE, Balderas-López JL, Navarrete A. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gaso-protective mechanism of 3α-hydroxymasticadienoic acid and diligustilide combination on indomethacin gastric damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1501-1513. [PMID: 32242245 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-administration of 3α-hydroxymasticadienoic acid (3α-OH MDA) and diligustilide (DLG) generates a synergist gastroprotective effect on indomethacin-induced gastric damage. However, the related protective activities of the compounds alone (or in combination) remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, as well as the potential modulation of important gasotransmitters of each compound individually and in combination using the indomethacin-induced gastric damage model. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with the 3α-OH MDA, DLG, or their combination (at a fixed ratio of 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1) 30 min before the generation of gastric mucosal lesions with indomethacin (30 mg/kg, p.o.). Three hours later, the gastric injury (mm2) was determined. Results from these experiments indicate, in addition to maintaining basal levels of PGE2, the gastroprotective effect of the pre-treatment with 3α-OH MDA (70%), DLG (81%), and their combination (72%) which was accompanied by significant decreases in leukocyte recruitment, as well as decreases in TNF-α and LTB4 gastric levels (p < 0.05). We also found that the pre-treatment maintains the basal antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD) and gastric NO and H2S production even in the presence of indomethacin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, when 3α-OH MDA-DLG is given at a 1:1 combination ratio, the gastroprotective effect and the inflammatory, antioxidant, and gaso-modulation properties are not different from those of treatments using the maximum doses of each compound, revealing that this combination produces promising results for the treatment of gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Arlen Pineda-Peña
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Orona-Ortiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Josué Arturo Velázquez-Moyado
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Carlos Tavares-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Aracely Evangelina Chávez-Piña
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular, Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Luis Balderas-López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Andrés Navarrete
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Jeffery IB, Das A, O'Herlihy E, Coughlan S, Cisek K, Moore M, Bradley F, Carty T, Pradhan M, Dwibedi C, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW. Differences in Fecal Microbiomes and Metabolomes of People With vs Without Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Bile Acid Malabsorption. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1016-1028.e8. [PMID: 31843589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a heterogeneous disorder, but diagnoses and determination of subtypes are made based on symptoms. We profiled the fecal microbiomes of patients with and without IBS to identify biomarkers of this disorder. METHODS We collected fecal and urine samples from 80 patients with IBS (Rome IV criteria; 16-70 years old) and 65 matched individuals without IBS (control individuals), along with anthropometric, medical, and dietary information. Shotgun and 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing were performed on feces, whereas urine and fecal metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Co-occurrence networks were generated based on significant Spearman correlations between data. Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) was identified in patients with diarrhea by retention of radiolabeled selenium-75 homocholic acid taurine. RESULTS Patients with IBS had significant differences in network connections between diet and fecal microbiomes compared with control individuals; these were accompanied by differences in fecal metabolomes. We did not find significant differences in fecal microbiota composition among patients with different IBS symptom subtypes. Fecal metabolome profiles could discriminate patients with IBS from control individuals. Urine metabolomes also differed significantly between patients with IBS and control individuals, but most discriminatory metabolites were related to diet or medications. Fecal metabolomes, but not microbiomes, could distinguish patients with IBS with vs those without BAM. CONCLUSIONS Despite the heterogeneity of IBS, patients have significant differences in urine and fecal metabolomes and fecal microbiome vs control individuals, independent of symptom-based subtypes of IBS. Fecal metabolome analysis can be used to distinguish patients with IBS with vs those without BAM. These findings might be used for developing microbe-based treatments for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Jeffery
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anubhav Das
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen O'Herlihy
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simone Coughlan
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katryna Cisek
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Moore
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fintan Bradley
- Medical Physics Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom Carty
- Medical Physics Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Pradhan
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chinmay Dwibedi
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- 4D pharma Cork Limited, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Yang L, Chen H, Wang D, Nie S, Du J, Lu M. PDTC Alleviates Depressive Symptoms and Colon Tissue Injury via Inhibiting NO Overproduction in CUMS Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1327. [PMID: 31920496 PMCID: PMC6929669 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The accumulated evidence demonstrates that stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression that is associated with intestinal dysfunctions. However, the mechanisms remain unresolved. Methods A total of 40 male Wistar rats were obtained and randomly divided into four equal-sized group: control, PDTC + chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), FLX + CUMS, and CUMS. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to examine the levels of nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and iNOS mRNA in spinal cord L1-2 and colon. Key Results Chronic and unpredictable mild stress increased the serum CORT level, decreased body weight and sucrose preference, and altered OFT performance, while increased levels of NO, iNOS mRNA, iNOS and NF-κB protein in colon and spinal cord were accompanied by histopathological changes in colon. Pretreatment with an NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), reversed these effects. Fluoxetine failed to prevent NO increase in both spinal cord and colon, while the iNOS protein level, although not statistically significantly increased compared to control, was not decreased compared to CUMS. Also, fluoxetine failed to prevent histological changes. Conclusion In conclusion, the NF-κB/iNOS pathway may be involved in the mechanism of CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior and colon tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Brain Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuping Nie
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinge Du
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Bódi N, Szalai Z, Bagyánszki M. Nitrergic Enteric Neurons in Health and Disease-Focus on Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082003. [PMID: 31022832 PMCID: PMC6515552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. This review aims to summarize the gastrointestinal region and/or plexus-dependent pathological changes in the number of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons, the NO release and the cellular and subcellular expression of different NOS isoforms. Additionally, some of the underlying mechanisms associated with the nitrergic pathway in the background of different diseases, e.g., type 1 diabetes, chronic alcoholism, intestinal inflammation or ischaemia, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zita Szalai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Wallace JL. Nitric oxide in the gastrointestinal tract: opportunities for drug development. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:147-154. [PMID: 30357812 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in gastrointestinal mucosal defence, as well as in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease). The potent cytoprotective effects of NO have been demonstrated in a range of animal models. However, in some disease states, inhibition of NO synthesis is beneficial. Several attempts have been made to develop drugs for ulcerative and/or inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, with varying degrees of success. Covalently linking a NO-releasing group to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or to drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome has shown some benefit, although no drug of this type has yet been fully developed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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