Membrane-enriched solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1/GLUT1) in psoriatic keratinocytes confers sensitivity to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) treatment

Crotonylation deficiency of S100A7 K49 promotes psoriatic keratinocyte proliferation through enhanced interaction with RAGE

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by the hyperproliferative of keratinocytes. S100A7 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Lysine crotonylation of proteins is a newly identified modification that impacts diverse biological processes and its dysregulation has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. To investigate the profile of lysine crotonylation and its pathogenic role in psoriasis, we conducted a comparative analysis of crotonylation-modified proteins in psoriatic lesions versus healthy controls. Mutant keratinocytes with crotonylation deficiency of S100A7 were generated to explore its functional effects in psoriasis. Our omic analysis revealed a unique lysine crotonylation profile in psoriatic lesions, with a notable downregulation of crotonylation at lysine 49 (K49) of S100A7. In vitro studies demonstrated that S100A7-K49A crotonylation deficiency exhibited enhanced cell viability, augmented glycolytic metabolism, and upregulated expression of key metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the K49 crotonylation-deficient form of S100A7 strengthens its interaction with RAGE, leading to enhanced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. Our findings suggest that S100A7 K49 crotonylation deficiency plays a pivotal role in promoting keratinocytes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming in psoriasis, and targeting abnormal S100A7 crotonylation as a potential therapeutic strategy for intervention in psoriasis-related pathologies.

Research Progress on Glycolysis Mechanism of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis. Hyperplasia of glycolytic-dependent epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) is a new hallmark of psoriasis pathogenesis. Meanwhile, immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming similar to KCs. Glycolysis provides energy for the proliferation of KCs, while it also releases lactic acid to facilitate the differentiation of immune cells. In turn, differentiated immune cells further promote KCs glycolysis by releasing inflammatory factors, thus forming an immunometabolism loop. The interaction between immune response and metabolic pathways jointly promotes the sustained proliferation of KCs and the secretion of various inflammatory factors by immune cells. Understanding the role of glycolysis in immunometabolism of psoriasis may provide new ideas for non-immunosuppressive treatment of psoriasis. This article aims to review the role of glycolysis in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and attempts to summarize the key enzymes and regulatory factors involved in psoriasis glycolysis, as well as their interactions. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological modulators of glycolysis in psoriasis.

Exploring the role of autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis: Insights into sustained inflammation and dysfunctional keratinocyte differentiation

Psoriasis is a common and prevalent chronic papulosquamous cutaneous disorder characterized by sustained inflammation, uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation, dysfunctional differentiation, and angiogenesis. Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process, can be induced in response to nutrient stress. It entails the degradation of cellular constituents through the lysosomal machinery, and its association with psoriasis has been well-documented. Nevertheless, there remains a notable dearth of research concerning the involvement of autophagy in the pathogenesis of psoriasis within human skin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis, focusing on its involvement in two key pathological manifestations: sustained inflammation and uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, it discusses potential avenues for disease management.

Global prevalence of obesity in patients with psoriasis: An analysis in the past two decades

BACKGROUND

Obesity is the risk factor for psoriasis. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of obesity in patients with psoriasis.

METHODS

We examined four databases from their inception to October 2023 and used the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of observational studies. Data analysis was conducted by R language. Meta-regression, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were used to evaluate inter-study heterogeneity. Egger's test and funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias.

RESULTS

The global prevalence of psoriasis and obesity comorbidity was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.30). Furthermore, the co-morbidity rate was 18% (95% CI: 0.11-0.24) in children and adolescents, and 35% (95% CI: 0.30-0.39) in adults. The gender-specific prevalence rates were 23% (95% CI: 0.16-0.32) in men and 38% (95% CI: 0.20-0.61) in women. Africa had the highest prevalence (60%, 95% CI: 0.21-0.99), followed by Asia (40%, 95% CI: 0.28-0.51), while Europe and North America had similar prevalence rates at 34% (95% CI: 0.27-0.41) and 31% (95% CI: 0.27-0.38), respectively. Regarding psoriasis severity, obesity prevalence was higher in moderate psoriasis (36%, 95% CI: 0.20-0.64) and lower in mild psoriasis (27%, 95% CI: 0.16-0.46). The prevalence of obesity in the patients with severe psoriasis was 30% (95% CI: 0.20-0.45).

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the importance of identifying and treating obesity in patients with psoriasis to mitigate disease progression. However, more high-quality observational studies are required to elucidate their global prevalence and comorbid associations.

IL-17A Orchestrates Reactive Oxygen Species/HIF1α-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming in Psoriasis

Immune cell-derived IL-17A is one of the key pathogenic cytokines in psoriasis, an immunometabolic disorder. Although IL-17A is an established regulator of cutaneous immune cell biology, its functional and metabolic effects on nonimmune cells of the skin, particularly keratinocytes, have not been comprehensively explored. Using multiomics profiling and systems biology-based approaches, we systematically uncover significant roles for IL-17A in the metabolic reprogramming of human primary keratinocytes (HPKs). High-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed IL-17A-dependent regulation of multiple HPK proteins and metabolites of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Systems-level MitoCore modeling using flux-balance analysis identified IL-17A-mediated increases in HPK glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and lipid uptake, which were validated using biochemical cell-based assays and stable isotope-resolved metabolomics. IL-17A treatment triggered downstream mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and HIF1α expression and resultant HPK proliferation, consistent with the observed elevation of these downstream effectors in the epidermis of patients with psoriasis. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF1α or reactive oxygen species reversed IL-17A-mediated glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid uptake, and HPK hyperproliferation. These results identify keratinocytes as important target cells of IL-17A and reveal its involvement in multiple downstream metabolic reprogramming pathways in human skin.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) represses the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) mRNA expression and may be a potential therapeutic agent in psoriasis: a case-control and experimental study

We investigated the whole blood GLUT1 mRNA expression and serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fetuin-A, and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) levels in psoriatic patients and tested their correlations with the severity of psoriasis using the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. Also, we tested the GLUT1 mRNA expression after an in vitro treatment of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell lines with PEDF. The case-control part of the study recruited 74 participants (44 psoriatic patients and 30 healthy volunteers). Whole blood GLUT1 mRNA fold changes were estimated by RT-PCR, and serum PEDF, IL-6, fetuin-A, and PTX3 levels were measured by ELISA kits. In the experimental part, the HSF cell lines were treated with different concentrations of PEDF for different times to test its effect on the GLUT1 mRNA expression. The whole blood GLUT 1 expression significantly increased in psoriatic patients and correlated positively with serum IL-6, fetuin-A, PTX3 levels and with the severity of psoriasis while negatively with serum PEDF levels. The PEDF-treated HSF cell lines showed a time- and dose-dependent decline in the GLUT 1 mRNA expression. The whole blood GLUT 1 mRNA is a non-invasive biomarker that is associated with the severity of psoriasis. PEDF represses GLUT 1 expression and may be a potential therapeutic agent in psoriasis.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04242082.

Phytochemical investigation, structural elucidation, in silico study and anti-psoriatic activity of potent bioactive from Betula utilis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune pathological condition characterized by hyperactivation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, etc.). Severe drug-associated toxicities like hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Methotrexate), teratogenicity (Tazarotene), hypercholesterolemia (Cyclosporine) and hypercalcemia (tacalcitol), are the forefront challenges that demand an alternative approach for the treatment of psoriasis. In the present study, a natural lead molecule 'Betulin' (BE, lup-20(29)-ene-3b,28-diol) was isolated from Betula utilis and subsequently, structure-based molecular docking was employed to identify the molecular target for psoriasis. The computational analysis reflects better affinity of BE towards pro-inflammatory cytokine as compared to standard drugs. Apart from this BE shows a greater affinity towards the overexpressed Glut-1 receptor in comparison to standard drug Metformin (Met). Based on the in silico screening the isolated lead compound was further processed for the evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity via imiquimod (IMQ 5%) induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model. In vivo screening models were characterized by different parameters (psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores, macroscopically and behavioral evaluation, splenomegaly, cytokine levels and histological changes) and compared among the experimental groups. The experimental finding reflects comparable results of PASI score, i.e., 57.14% and 61.9% recovery of test BE-solution (180 mg/kg) and standard Betamethasone di-propionate ointment (BD-oint.0.5 mg/g), respectively. Focusing on other parameters, BE shows relative results such as an enhanced macroscopically with behavioral conditions, reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokine as well as restoring histological changes with that of BD. These findings suggest that BE-isolated phytoconstituents from Betula utilis could be a potential agent and a step closer to psoriasis treatment. HIGHLIGHTPsoriasis is a multifaceted, immunologically mediated disease consequences production of high levels of proinflammatory mediators and overexpression of Glut-1 transporters that trigger keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory cascades.A Himalayan silver birch, Betula utilis (Bhojpatra) contains many steroidal terpenes which are responsible for various pharmacological activities that could be exploited in drug development in psoriasis.The computational analysis of BE reflects a better affinity toward the proinflammatory cytokines with their target receptors and indicates a satisfactory range with a slight deviation from Jorgensen and Lipinski's rule and possesses a significant drug choice for psoriasis.Preclinical findings of BE-solution (BE-sol) give a positive response towards IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model.[Figure: see text]Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Integrative single-cell transcriptomic investigation unveils long non-coding RNAs associated with localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic autoimmune disorder predominantly affecting the skin. Accumulating evidence underscores the critical role of localized cellular inflammation in the development and persistence of psoriatic skin lesions, involving cell types such as keratinocytes, mesenchymal cells, and Schwann cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), known to regulate gene expression across various cellular processes, have been particularly implicated in immune regulation. We utilized our neural-network learning pipeline to integrate 106,675 cells from healthy human skin and 79,887 cells from psoriatic human skin. This formed the most extensive cell transcriptomic atlas of human psoriatic skin to date. The robustness of our reclassified cell-types, representing full-layer zonation in human skin, was affirmed through neural-network learning-based cross-validation. We then developed a publicly available website to present this integrated dataset. We carried out analysis for differentially expressed lncRNAs, co-regulated gene patterns, and GO-bioprocess enrichment, enabling us to pinpoint lncRNAs that modulate localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis at the single-cell level. Subsequent experimental validation with skin cell lines and primary cells from psoriatic skin confirmed these lncRNAs' functional role in localized cellular inflammation. Our study provides a comprehensive cell transcriptomic atlas of full-layer human skin in both healthy and psoriatic conditions, unveiling a new regulatory mechanism that governs localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis and highlights the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in this disease's management.

Psoriasis immunometabolism: progress on metabolic biomarkers and targeted therapy

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory disease that affects mainly the skin. However, the moderate to severe forms have been associated with several comorbidities, such as psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Keratinocytes and T helper cells are the dominant cell types involved in psoriasis development via a complex crosstalk between epithelial cells, peripheral immune cells and immune cells residing in the skin. Immunometabolism has emerged as a potent mechanism elucidating the aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis, offering novel specific targets to diagnose and treat psoriasis early. The present article discusses the metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells and keratinocytes in psoriatic skin, presenting associated metabolic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In psoriatic phenotype, keratinocytes and activated T cells are glycolysis dependent and are characterized by disruptions in the TCA cycle, the amino acid metabolism and the fatty acid metabolism. Upregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) results in hyperproliferation and cytokine secretion by immune cells and keratinocytes. Metabolic reprogramming through the inhibition of affected metabolic pathways and the dietary restoration of metabolic imbalances may thus present a potent therapeutic opportunity to achieve long-term management of psoriasis and improved quality of life with minimum adverse effects.

CD147 Facilitates the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis through Glycolysis and H3K9me3 Modification in Keratinocytes

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease featuring rapid proliferation of epidermal cells. Although elevated glycolysis flux has been reported in psoriasis, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. We investigated the role of the integral membrane protein CD147 in psoriasis pathogenesis, observing its high expression in psoriatic skin lesions of humans and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse models. In mouse models, genomic deletion of epidermal CD147 markedly attenuated IMQ-induced psoriatic inflammation. We found that CD147 interacted with glucose transporter 1 (Glut1). Depletion of CD147 in the epidermis blocked glucose uptake and glycolysis in vitro and in vivo. In CD147-knockout mice and keratinocytes, oxidative phosphorylation was increased in the epidermis, indicating CD147's pivotal role in glycolysis reprogramming during pathogenesis of psoriasis. Using non-targeted and targeted metabolic techniques, we found that epidermal deletion of CD147 significantly increased the production of carnitine and α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG). Depletion of CD147 also increased transcriptional expression and activity of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (γ-BBD/BBOX1), a crucial molecule for carnitine metabolism, by inhibiting histone trimethylations of H3K9. Our findings demonstrate that CD147 is critical in metabolic reprogramming through the α-KG-H3K9me3-BBOX1 axis in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, indicating that epidermal CD147 is a promising target for psoriasis treatment.

Study on the Key Genes and Molecular Mechanisms of IL-27 Promoting Keratinocytes Proliferation Based on Transcriptome Sequencing

Background

IL-27 involves psoriasis pathogenesis potentially by promoting excessive keratinocyte proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the key genes and molecular mechanisms of IL-27-induced keratinocyte proliferation.

Methods

Primary keratinocytes and immortalized human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were treated with different concentrations of IL-27 for 24 h and 48 h respectively. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell viability and Western blot was used to detect the expression of CyclinE and CyclinB1. Primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells were treated with IL-27, and their differentially expressed (DE) genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Then Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis was performed to predict related pathways, and the long non-coding RNA-microRNA-messenger RNA network and protein-protein interaction network were constructed to screen key genes. Biochemical experiments were performed to assess the content of glucose (Glu), lactic acid (LA), and ATP. Flow cytometry and Mito-Tracker Green staining were used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential and the number of mitochondria respectively. Western blot was performed to assess the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (p-DRP1) (s637) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2).

Results

IL-27 concentration-dependently increased keratinocyte viability and the expression of CyclinE and CyclinB1. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the enriched pathways of DE genes were closely associated with cellular metabolism. miR-7-5p, EGFR, PRKCB, PLCB1 and CALM3 were key genes. IL-27 increased the content of LA, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of GLUT1, HK2, LDHA, PGK1, p-DRP1 (s637), and MFN2, accompanied by decreased contents of Glu and ATP (P<0.001).

Conclusion

IL-27 potentially promotes keratinocyte proliferation by enhancing glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial fusion. The findings of this study may be conducive to revealing the role of IL-27 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Inhibition of CtBP-Regulated Proinflammatory Gene Transcription Attenuates Psoriatic Skin Inflammation

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by excessive proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and increased immune cell infiltration to the skin. Although it is well-known that psoriasis pathogenesis is driven by aberrant production of proinflammatory cytokines, the mechanisms underlying the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression are incompletely understood. In this study, we report that the transcriptional coregulators CtBP1 and 2 can transactivate a common set of proinflammatory genes both in the skin of imiquimod-induced mouse psoriasis model and in human keratinocytes and macrophages stimulated by imiquimod. We find that mice overexpressing CtBP1 in epidermal keratinocytes display severe skin inflammation phenotypes with increased expression of T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cytokines. We also find that the expression of CtBPs and CtBP-target genes is elevated both in human psoriatic lesions and in the mouse imiquimod psoriasis model. Moreover, we were able to show that topical treatment with a peptidic inhibitor of CtBP effectively suppresses the CtBP-regulated proinflammatory gene expression and thus attenuates psoriatic inflammation in the imiquimod mouse model. Together, our findings suggest to our knowledge previously unreported strategies for therapeutic modulation of the immune response in inflammatory skin diseases.

Advances in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: from keratinocyte perspective

Psoriasis is a complex long-lasting inflammatory skin disease with high prevalence and associated comorbidity. It is characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and dermal infiltration of immune cells. Here, we review the role of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, focusing on factors relevant to genetics, cytokines and receptors, metabolism, cell signaling, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, antimicrobial peptides, and proteins with other different functions. The critical role of keratinocytes in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory state suggests the great significance of targeting keratinocytes for the treatment of psoriasis.

Reductive Effect of Acitretin on Blood Glucose Levels in Chinese Patients With Psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis is a skin condition associated with increased risks of developing metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Retinoid drugs, including acitretin, are commonly used to treat psoriasis due to its low cost and tolerable side effects.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the influence of acitretin on patients' metabolism levels, especially lipid and glucose.

Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 685 psoriatic patients and 395 age/sex matched controls were enrolled. The demographic and biochemical indexes of each participant were recorded. Acitretin (30 mg/d) combined with the topical ointment calcipotriol was used to treat the psoriatic patients, and the glucose and lipid profiles of patients before and after acitretin treatment were analyzed.

Results: The blood glucose levels of 685 psoriasis patients were significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.001), while the blood lipid levels showed no difference between psoriatic patients and the matched controls. Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased in 247 patients (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of treatment with acitretin. Interestingly, there was a remarkable downward trend in body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (P < 0.05) after acitretin treatment. Additionally, expression of both GLUT1 and GLUT4 in HaCaT and HepG2 cells were significantly increased when treated with acitretin. Compared to acitretin-free cells, the uptake of 2-NBDG was significantly higher in HaCaT and HepG2 cells after incubation with 5000 ng/mL acitretin for 36 h.

Conclusion: Acitretin plays a significant role of reducing the blood glucose level in psoriasis patients. The mechanism of lowering blood glucose may be through increasing glucose intake by cells, thereby reducing glucose levels in the peripheral blood.

TLR7 endogenous ligands remodel glycolytic macrophages and trigger skin-to-joint crosstalk in psoriatic arthritis

Thirty percent of psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), nevertheless the mechanism remains unknown. Endogenous GU-rich miRNAs activate endosomal TLR7 that plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases. We found that endogenous TLR7 ligands, miR-29 and miR-Let7b, were markedly increased in PsA compared to osteoarthritis (OA) synovial fluid (SF)s. We showed that intradermal (i.d.) miR-Let7b injection promoted skin inflammation, which was characterized by amplified Th1 cells, CD68+ M1 macrophages, and transcriptional upregulation of glycolytic mediators, GLUT1, C-MYC, and HIF1α. Expansion of skin Th1 cells driven by miR-Let7b was also linked to elevated M1-associated IRFs. Interestingly, i.d. miR-Let7b administration exacerbated suboptimal joint inflammation along with metabolic reconfiguration of the PsA-like preclinical model. Moreover, TLR7 agonist, R837, potentiated metabolic reprogramming and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 in murine macrophages, enabling myeloid-to-T-cell crosstalk. Consistently, treatment with glycolytic inhibitors, 2-DG and/or HIF1αi, reversed R837-induced metabolic remodeling and disrupted the TLR7-driven inflammatory phenotype in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Similar to miR-Let7b, R837 also differentiates progenitor cells into mature osteoclasts, primarily through RANKL induction. Taken together, this study indicates that TLR7-instigated metabolic rewiring of macrophages and their cross-regulation of T cells connects skin immunopathology to joint inflammation.

Small-Molecule Inhibition of Glucose Transporters GLUT-1-4

Glucose addiction is observed in cancer and other diseases that are associated with hyperproliferation. The development of compounds that restrict glucose supply and decrease glycolysis has great potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Addressing facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), which are often upregulated in glucose-dependent cells, is therefore of particular interest. This article reviews a selection of potent, isoform-selective GLUT inhibitors and their biological characterization. Potential therapeutic applications of GLUT inhibitors in oncology and other diseases that are linked to glucose addiction are discussed.