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Driscoll C, Milford JB, Henze DK, Bell MD. Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:362-415. [PMID: 38819428 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2342765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have increased atmospheric emissions and deposition of oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, but emission control programs have largely focused on oxidized nitrogen. As a result, in many regions of the world emissions of oxidized nitrogen are decreasing while emissions of reduced nitrogen are increasing. Emissions of reduced nitrogen largely originate from livestock waste and fertilizer application, with contributions from transportation sources in urban areas. Observations suggest a discrepancy between trends in emissions and deposition of reduced nitrogen in the U.S., likely due to an underestimate in emissions. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen to form fine particulate matter that impairs health and visibility and affects climate forcings. Recent reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have limited partitioning with ammonia, decreasing long-range transport. Continuing research is needed to improve understanding of how shifting emissions alter formation of secondary particulates and patterns of transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Satellite remote sensing has potential for monitoring atmospheric concentrations and emissions of ammonia, but there remains a need to maintain and strengthen ground-based measurements and continue development of chemical transport models. Elevated nitrogen deposition has decreased plant and soil microbial biodiversity and altered the biogeochemical function of terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems. Further study is needed on differential effects of oxidized versus reduced nitrogen and pathways and timescales of ecosystem recovery from elevated nitrogen deposition. Decreases in deposition of reduced nitrogen could alleviate exceedances of critical loads for terrestrial and freshwater indicators in many U.S. areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should consider using critical loads as a basis for setting standards to protect public welfare and ecosystems. The U.S. and other countries might look to European experience for approaches to control emissions of reduced nitrogen from agricultural and transportation sectors.Implications: In this Critical Review we synthesize research on effects, air emissions, environmental transformations, and management of reduced forms of nitrogen. Emissions of reduced nitrogen affect human health, the structure and function of ecosystems, and climatic forcings. While emissions of oxidized forms of nitrogen are regulated in the U.S., controls on reduced forms are largely absent. Decreases in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides coupled with increases in ammonia are shifting the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia and decreasing long-range atmospheric transport of reduced nitrogen. Effort is needed to understand, monitor, and manage emissions of reduced nitrogen in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jana B Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael D Bell
- Ecologist, National Park Service - Air Resources Division, Boulder, CO, USA
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Shang Y, Yin Y, Ying H, Tian X, Cui Z. Updated loss factors and high-resolution spatial variations for reactive nitrogen losses from Chinese rice paddies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120752. [PMID: 38614004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss has been a critical environmental issue. However, due to the limitations of data availability and appropriate methods, the estimation of Nr loss from rice paddies and associated spatial patterns at a fine scale remain unclear. Here, we estimated the background Nr loss (BNL, i.e., Nr loss from soils without fertilization) and the loss factors (the percentage of Nr loss from synthetic fertilizer, LFs) for five loss pathways in rice paddies and identified the national 1 × 1 km spatial variations using data-driven models combined with multi-source data. Based on established machine learning models, an average of 23.4% (15.3-34.6%, 95% confidence interval) of the synthetic N fertilizer was lost to the environment, in the forms of NH3 (17.4%, 10.9-26.7%), N2O (0.5%, 0.3-0.8%), NO (0.2%, 0.1-0.4%), N leaching (3.1%, 0.8-5.7%), and runoff (2.3%, 0.6-4.5%). The total Nr loss from Chinese rice paddies was estimated to be 1.92 ± 0.52 Tg N yr-1 in 2021, in which synthetic fertilizer-induced Nr loss accounted for 69% and BNL accounted for the other 31%. The hotspots of Nr loss were concentrated in the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River, an area with extensive rice cultivation. This study improved the estimation accuracy of Nr losses and identified the hotspots, which could provide updated insights for policymakers to set the priorities and strategies for Nr loss mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Shang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hao Ying
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingshuai Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenling Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Zhan X, Zhang Q, Li M, Hou X, Shang Z, Liu Z, He Y. The shape of reactive nitrogen losses from intensive farmland in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170014. [PMID: 38232853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) pollution has changed radically accompanied by severe intensive farming. This pollution further contributes to ecological degradation and climate warming. Despite this recognition, little is known about the spatial pattern of various Nr loss from croplands and corresponding environmental costs. Here, we identified the major pathway of Nr loss based on provincial estimates in 2008 and 2018, and validated by synchronous observation of ammonia volatilization, N runoff and N leaching using historical literature synthesis. We also evaluated environmental costs at provincial scale and detected the influence factors that dominating the pollution swapping among different Nr forms. Our results show that the total Nr loss was 6.28 ± 1.81 and 5.56 ± 2.30 Tg N yr-1 for Chinese croplands in 2008 and 2018. Ammonia volatilization, which accounted for more than half of the total Nr at the national scale, was proven to be the major Nr loss for two-thirds of the provinces and 80 % of the field observations. The contribution of runoff, which is dominant by precipitation, soil clay content and CEC, was gradually smaller than that of leaching from southeast to northwest. Ammonia and nitrous oxide contributed of 59.3 % ∼ 65.4 % of TNr but 80.9 % ∼ 81.5 % of total environmental damage caused by Nr in China. The use of nitrification inhibitors and straw return indicated pollution swapping among various Nr forms. This study emphasizes that the future practices to reduce total Nr loss need to account for local environmental conditions and have pollution swapping in sights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xikang Hou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ziyin Shang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Yaping He
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100037, China
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Yang L, He X, Ru S, Zhang Y. Herbicide leakage into seawater impacts primary productivity and zooplankton globally. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1783. [PMID: 38413588 PMCID: PMC10899588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Predicting the magnitude of herbicide impacts on marine primary productivity remains challenging because the extent of worldwide herbicide pollution in coastal waters and the concentration-response relationships of phytoplankton communities to multiple herbicides are unclear. By analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of herbicides at 661 bay and gulf stations worldwide from 1990 to 2022, we determined median, third quartile and maximum concentrations of 12 triazine herbicides of 0.18 nmol L-1, 1.27 nmol L-1 and 29.50 nmol L-1 (95%Confidence Interval: CI 1.06, 1.47), respectively. Under current herbicide stress, phytoplankton primary productivity was inhibited by more than 5% at 25% of the sites and by more than 10% at 10% of the sites (95%CI 3.67, 4.34), due to the inhibition of highly abundant sensitive species, community structure/particle size succession (from Bacillariophyta to Dinophyceae and from nano-phytoplankton to micro-phytoplankton), and resulting growth rate reduction. Concurrently, due to food chain cascade effects, the dominant micro-zooplankton population shifted from larger copepod larvae to smaller unicellular ciliates, which might prolong the transmission process in marine food chain and reduce the primary productivity transmission efficiency. As herbicide application rates on farmlands worldwide are correlated with residues in their adjacent seas, a continued future increase in herbicide input may seriously affect the stability of coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaotong He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
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5
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Xu P, Li G, Zheng Y, Fung JCH, Chen A, Zeng Z, Shen H, Hu M, Mao J, Zheng Y, Cui X, Guo Z, Chen Y, Feng L, He S, Zhang X, Lau AKH, Tao S, Houlton BZ. Fertilizer management for global ammonia emission reduction. Nature 2024; 626:792-798. [PMID: 38297125 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Crop production is a large source of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), which poses risks to air quality, human health and ecosystems1-5. However, estimating global NH3 emissions from croplands is subject to uncertainties because of data limitations, thereby limiting the accurate identification of mitigation options and efficacy4,5. Here we develop a machine learning model for generating crop-specific and spatially explicit NH3 emission factors globally (5-arcmin resolution) based on a compiled dataset of field observations. We show that global NH3 emissions from rice, wheat and maize fields in 2018 were 4.3 ± 1.0 Tg N yr-1, lower than previous estimates that did not fully consider fertilizer management practices6-9. Furthermore, spatially optimizing fertilizer management, as guided by the machine learning model, has the potential to reduce the NH3 emissions by about 38% (1.6 ± 0.4 Tg N yr-1) without altering total fertilizer nitrogen inputs. Specifically, we estimate potential NH3 emissions reductions of 47% (44-56%) for rice, 27% (24-28%) for maize and 26% (20-28%) for wheat cultivation, respectively. Under future climate change scenarios, we estimate that NH3 emissions could increase by 4.0 ± 2.7% under SSP1-2.6 and 5.5 ± 5.7% under SSP5-8.5 by 2030-2060. However, targeted fertilizer management has the potential to mitigate these increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Geng Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Lab of Environmental IoT Technologies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cui
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaokun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuguo Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Z Houlton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Global Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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6
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Hurtado J, Velázquez E, Lassaletta L, Guardia G, Aguilera E, Sanz-Cobena A. Drivers of ammonia volatilization in Mediterranean climate cropping systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122814. [PMID: 37898427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is the major source of nitrogen (N) loss resulting from the application of synthetic and organic N fertilizers to croplands. It is well known that in Mediterranean cropping systems, there is a relationship between the intrinsic characteristics of the climate and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but whether the same relation exists for NH3 emissions remains uncertain. Here, we estimated the impact of edaphoclimatic conditions (including meteorological conditions after N fertilization), crop management factors, and the measurement technique on both the cumulative emissions and the NH3 emission factor (EF) in Mediterranean climate zones, drawing on a database of 234 field treatments. We used a machine learning method, random forest (RF), to predict volatilization and ranked variables based on their importance in the prediction. Random forest had a good predictive power for the NH3 EF and cumulative emissions, with an R2 of 0.69 and 0.76, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization rate (N rate) was the top-ranked predictor variable, increasing NH3 emissions substantially when N rate was higher than 170 kg N ha-1. Soil pH was the most important edaphoclimatic variable, showing greater emissions (36.7 kg NH3 ha-1, EF = 19.3%) when pH was above 8.2. Crop type, fertilizer type, and N application method also affected NH3 emission patterns, while water management, mean precipitation, and soil texture were ranked low by the model. Our results show that intrinsic Mediterranean characteristics had only an indirect effect on NH3 emissions. For instance, relatively low N fertilization rates result in small NH3 emissions in rainfed areas, which occupy a very significant surface of Mediterranean agricultural land. Overall, N fertilization management is a key driver in reducing NH3 emissions, but additional field factors should be studied in future research to establish more robust abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hurtado
- CEIGRAM-Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSI Agronómicas, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Velázquez
- Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenible, Universidad de Valladolid & INIA, 34004, Palencia, Spain; Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004, Palencia, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- CEIGRAM-Agricultural Production, ETSI Agronómicas, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Guardia
- CEIGRAM-Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSI Agronómicas, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Aguilera
- CEIGRAM-Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSI Agronómicas, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanz-Cobena
- CEIGRAM-Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSI Agronómicas, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Center for Landscape Research in Sustainable Agricultural Futures (Land-CRAFT), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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7
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Xu H, Liu S, Ding J, Wang J, Liu L. Mapping crop-specific emission factors highlights hotspots of ammonia mitigation in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168157. [PMID: 37923266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Mapping gridded emission factors (EFs) of crops is vital for estimating ammonia (NH3) emissions in China using the bottom-up methods. However, there is still a lack of high-resolution gridded EFs of NH3 by crops in China, which are affected by climate, soil, and human management. Here, we established a data-driven approach for mapping crop-specific EFs of NH3 in China based on ground-based data and multiple geospatial data. We found that rice exhibited the highest EFs at 13.35 %, followed by wheat at 5.50 %, and maize at 5.15 %. This underscores the significance of utilizing EFs specific to each crop for predicting NH3 emission estimations. Furthermore, our results reveal substantial spatial variations in NH3 EFs across China, with notably higher values observed in South China for rice and elevated EFs in North China for wheat and maize. According to our model, the deep fertilization method emerges as the most effective method for reducing NH3 emissions, offering a remarkable 64 % reduction. Ongoing urbanization in China will lead to a rapid decline in the rural labor force in the coming years, which requires agricultural mechanization with less labor input. This shift in turn could support the implementation of deep fertilization techniques and reduce NH3 emissions by half in 2050. Our findings offer valuable insights for shaping the future trajectory of Chinese agriculture in overcoming agricultural NH3 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Ding
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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8
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Shen N, Wang W, Tan J, Wang Q, Huang L, Wang Y, Wang M, Li L. Roles of historical land use/cover and nitrogen fertilizer application changes on ammonia emissions in farmland ecosystem from 1990 to 2020 in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167565. [PMID: 37802343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, China has witnessed significant changes in its land use/land cover (LULC) pattern. These changes have led to a direct impact on ammonia (NH3) emissions in soil background, and indirectly affected the total nitrogen fertilizer (N-fertilizer) application, crop planting amount and the resulting straw mass through the changes of cropland area. Great changes have also taken place in the amount and structure of fertilizer application in China, which affects the NH3 emissions from farmland ecosystems caused by N-fertilizer application. The aforementioned changes have led to significant alterations in NH3 emissions from China's farmland ecosystems over the past 30 years. The process of these changes remains to be analyzed, and the contributions of LULC changes and N-fertilizer application in this process are yet to be assessed. This study aims to investigate the NH3 emission changes and spatiotemporal variation characteristics from farmland ecosystems during 1990 and 2020 due to the LULC changes. Additionally, the study employs scenario analysis method to discuss the effects of LULC changes and N-fertilizer application changes on NH3 emissions in farmland ecosystems. Results indicate that there is evident spatiotemporal heterogeneity in China's LULC pattern, particularly in eastern China. The southeast region is predominantly characterized by the conversion of cropland into construction land. Moreover, some regions such as Northwest China and Northeast China have experienced the conversion of other land types into cropland, significantly influenced by national development policies. From 1990 to 2020, the national NH3 emissions from farmland ecosystem range from 3294.75 Gg to 4064.20 Gg. NH3 emissions and their interannual variation in farmland ecosystems exhibit significant differences across various regions. The regions with higher contributions to NH3 emissions in farmland ecosystems are East China, Central China, and North China, accounting for 25.32 %-37.26 %, 18.85 %-22.46 % and 11.24 %-18.50 % of the total emissions, respectively. NH3 emissions in each region are influenced by cropland area, N-fertilizer application, and regional development characteristics. Compared to LULC changes, changes in N-fertilizer application have a more pronounced impact on NH3 emission changes in farmland ecosystems. From 1990 to 2020, the contribution (increase or decrease) of N-fertilizer application changes to NH3 emission changes in farmland ecosystems in China ranges from 0.11 % to 16.61 %, while the contribution (increase or decrease) of LULC changes ranges from 0.47 % to 2.38 %. South China demonstrates a unique situation regarding the influence of LULC changes. This region has a relatively small cropland area, and fluctuations in cropland area significantly affect NH3 emissions in farmland ecosystems. The influence of policies is evident. From the changes in cropland area in Northwest China and Northeast China to changes in N-fertilizer application, policy changes have consistently impacted the changes in NH3 emissions in China's farmland ecosystems. From "soft policies" involving encouragement and guidance to "hard policies" encompassing the establishment of necessary targets, the degree of strictness in policy directly affects the timeliness of policies effectiveness. The results of this study indicate that reducing the application of N-fertilizers is the primary approach to reducing NH3 emissions in China's farmland ecosystems. In terms of policy guidance, compared to implementing structural and pathway adjustments, implementing clear total control of fertilizer usage is a timely and effective choice for reducing NH3 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanchi Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiani Tan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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9
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Woern C, Grossmann L. Microbial gas fermentation technology for sustainable food protein production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108240. [PMID: 37647973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel, sustainable, and robust food production technologies represents one of the major pillars to address the most significant challenges humanity is going to face on earth in the upcoming decades - climate change, population growth, and resource depletion. The implementation of microfoods, i.e., foods formulated with ingredients from microbial cultivation, into the food supply chain has a huge potential to contribute towards energy-efficient and nutritious food manufacturing and represents a means to sustainably feed a growing world population. This review recapitulates and assesses the current state in the establishment and usage of gas fermenting bacteria as an innovative feedstock for protein production. In particular, we focus on the most promising representatives of this taxon: the hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (hydrogenotrophs) and the methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). These unicellular microorganisms can aerobically metabolize gaseous hydrogen and methane, respectively, to provide the required energy for building up cell material. A protein yield over 70% in the dry matter cell mass can be reached with no need for arable land and organic substrates making it a promising alternative to plant- and animal-based protein sources. We illuminate the holistic approach to incorporate protein extracts obtained from the cultivation of gas fermenting bacteria into microfoods. Herein, the fundamental properties of the bacteria, cultivation methods, downstream processing, and potential food applications are discussed. Moreover, this review covers existing and future challenges as well as sustainability aspects associated with the production of microbial protein through gas fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Woern
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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He W, Lu J, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Ding D, Feng Y, Rong S. Surface acidic sites strengthened core-shell HC@MnO 2 for enhanced gaseous ammonia adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139507. [PMID: 37453518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As a common gaseous pollutant in atmospheric environment, ammonia (NH3) not only contributes to the formation of haze, but also disturb the nitrogen balance in ecosystem through atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Therefore, the control of NH3 emission has important environmental significance. Adsorption is the most commonly used technology for NH3 purification in practice, and efficient adsorbents are the key to adsorption method. Herein, a core-shell structured HC@MnO2 adsorbent was constructed by in-situ growth of layered δ-MnO2 on hydrochar (HC) surface, and its surface acidic sites were further strengthened. The enhancement of surface acidic sites significantly improved the adsorption performance of HC@MnO2 for NH3, reaching 34.49 mg NH3/g, which was superior to commercial carbon-based materials (whose adsorption capacity was 8.47 times that of Coal-based activated carbon, 14.25 times that of Coconut shell activated carbon, and 12.77 times that of Bamboo charcoal). Moreover, the operating parameters and adsorption kinetics were detailly investigated. The adsorption of HC@MnO2 on NH3 was in accordance with pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model. Large surface area of core-shell structure and abundant surface acidic sites of δ-MnO2 are the decisive reasons for the excellent adsorption performance of HC@MnO2. Importantly, the enhancement of surface stronger Brønsted acidic sites is the key to improve NH3 adsorption performance of HC@MnO2. Finally, the thermal regeneration and recycling performance of HC@MnO2-H were also investigated. This study provides a suggestive for further research on low-cost composite materials with excellent NH3 adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Jingling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Danni Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China.
| | - Shaopeng Rong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China.
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Kang J, Wang J, Heal MR, Goulding K, de Vries W, Zhao Y, Feng S, Zhang X, Gu B, Niu X, Zhang H, Liu X, Cui Z, Zhang F, Xu W. Ammonia mitigation campaign with smallholder farmers improves air quality while ensuring high cereal production. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:751-761. [PMID: 37653045 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Reducing cropland ammonia (NH3) emissions while improving air quality and food supply is a challenge, particularly in China where there are millions of smallholder farmers. We tested the effectiveness of a tailored nitrogen (N) management strategy applied to wheat-maize cropping systems in 'demonstration squares' across Quzhou County in the North China Plain. The N-management techniques included optimal N rates, deep fertilizer placement and application of urease inhibitors, implemented through cooperation between government, researchers, businesses and smallholders. Compared with conventional local smallholder practice, our NH3 mitigation campaign reduced NH3 volatilization from wheat and maize by 49% and 39%, and increased N-use efficiency by 28% and 40% and farmers' profitability by 25% and 19%, respectively, with no detriment to crop yields. County-wide atmospheric NH3 and fine particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) concentrations decreased by 40% and 8%, respectively. County-wide net benefits were estimated at US$7.0 million. Our demonstration-square approach shows that cropland NH3 mitigation and improved air quality and farm profitability can be achieved simultaneously by coordinated actions at the county level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanhong Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sijie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Sha Z, Ma X, Liu H, Wang J, Lv T, Goulding K, Liu X. Crop-specific ammonia volatilization rates and key influencing factors in the upland of China - A data synthesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117676. [PMID: 36967697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is an important alkaline reactive nitrogen (Nr) species which is involved in global nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycling, but which has negative impacts on the environment and human health. In order to better understand and control the NH3 loss potential in soil-upland crop systems in China, an integrated data analysis including 1302 observations from 236 published articles between 1980 and 2021 was conducted. The typical NH3 volatilization rate (AVR) and the main factors influencing AVR in the major Chinese upland crops (maize, wheat, openfield vegetables and greenhouse vegetables and others) were estimated and analyzed. The mean AVR for maize, wheat, openfield vegetables and greenhouse vegetables were 7.8%, 5.3%, 8.4% and 1.8%. The most important influencing factors were fertilizer placement, meteorological conditions (especially temperature and rainfall) and soil properties (especially SOM). Subsurface N application produced a significantly lower AVR compared to surface application. High N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were generally associated with low AVRs. In conclusion, high N application rates, inefficient application methods and the use of loss-prone N fertilizer types are the main factors responsible for high AVRs in major Chinese croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Sha
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hejing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiantian Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant Interactions of MOE, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Effah Z, Li L, Xie J, Karikari B, Xu A, Wang L, Du C, Duku Boamah E, Adingo S, Zeng M. Widely untargeted metabolomic profiling unearths metabolites and pathways involved in leaf senescence and N remobilization in spring-cultivated wheat under different N regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1166933. [PMID: 37260937 PMCID: PMC10227437 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1166933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Progression of leaf senescence consists of both degenerative and nutrient recycling processes in crops including wheat. However, the levels of metabolites in flag leaves in spring-cultivated wheat, as well as biosynthetic pathways involved under different nitrogen fertilization regimes, are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study employed a widely untargeted metabolomic profiling strategy to identify metabolites and biosynthetic pathways that could be used in a wheat improvement program aimed at manipulating the rate and onset of senescence by handling spring wheat (Dingxi 38) flag leaves sampled from no-, low-, and high-nitrogen (N) conditions (designated Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) across three sampling times: anthesis, grain filling, and end grain filling stages. Through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 826 metabolites comprising 107 flavonoids, 51 phenol lipids, 37 fatty acyls, 37 organooxygen compounds, 31 steroids and steroid derivatives, 18 phenols, and several unknown compounds were detected. Upon the application of the stringent screening criteria for differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), 28 and 23 metabolites were differentially accumulated in Group 1_vs_Group 2 and Group 1_vs_Group 3, respectively. From these, 1-O-Caffeoylglucose, Rhoifolin, Eurycomalactone;Ingenol, 4-Methoxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, and Baldrinal were detected as core conserved DAMs among the three groups with all accumulated higher in Group 1 than in the other two groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis; acarbose and validamycin biosynthesis; lysine degradation; and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid pathways were the most significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in Group 1_vs_Group 2, while flavone and flavonol as well as anthocyanins biosynthetic pathways were the most significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in Group 1_vs_Group 3. The results from this study provide a foundation for the manipulation of the onset and rate of leaf senescence and N remobilization in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah Effah
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Plant Genetic Diversity, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Xie
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Karikari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Aixia Xu
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changliang Du
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel Duku Boamah
- Department of Plant Genetic Diversity, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adingo
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Crop Science, State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Wu C, Lv S, Wang F, Liu X, Li J, Liu L, Zhang S, Du W, Liu S, Zhang F, Li J, Meng J, Wang G. Ammonia in urban atmosphere can be substantially reduced by vehicle emission control: A case study in Shanghai, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:754-760. [PMID: 36503800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of emission controls on ammonia (NH3) pollution in urban atmosphere, observation on NH3 (1 hr interval) was performed in Shanghai before, during and after the 2019 China International Import Expo (CIIE) event, along with measurements on inorganic ions, organic tracers and stable nitrogen isotope compositions of ammonium in PM2.5. NH3 during the CIIE period was 6.5±1.0 µg/m3, which is 41% and 32% lower than that before and after the event, respectively. Such a decrease was largely ascribed to the emission controls in nonagricultural sources, of which contribution for measured NH3 in control phase abated by ∼20% compared to that during uncontrol period. Molecular compositions of PAHs and hopanes further suggested a dominant role of the reduced vehicle emissions in the urban NH3 abatement during the CIIE period. Our results revealed that vehicle exhaust emission control is an effective way to mitigate NH3 pollution and improve air quality in Chinese urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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15
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L. Ramalingappa P, Shrivastava M, Dhar S, Bandyopadhyay K, Prasad S, Langyan S, Tomer R, Khandelwal A, Darjee S, Singh R. Reducing options of ammonia volatilization and improving nitrogen use efficiency via organic and inorganic amendments in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14965. [PMID: 36908814 PMCID: PMC9997193 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigates the effect of organic and inorganic supplements on the reduction of ammonia (NH3) volatilization, improvement in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and wheat yield. Methods A field experiment was conducted following a randomized block design with 10 treatments i.e., T1-without nitrogen (control), T2-recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), T3-(N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) (NBPT @ 0.5% w/w of RDN), T4-hydroquinone (HQ @ 0.3% w/w of RDN), T5-calcium carbide (CaC2 @ 1% w/w of RDN), T6-vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM @ 10 kg ha-1), T7-(azotobacter @ 50 g kg-1 seeds), T8-(garlic powder @ 0.8% w/w of RDN), T9-(linseed oil @ 0.06% w/w of RDN), T10-(pongamia oil @ 0.06% w/w of RDN). Results The highest NH3 volatilization losses were observed in T2 at about 20.4 kg ha-1 per season. Significant reduction in NH3 volatilization losses were observed in T3 by 40%, T4 by 27%, and T8 by 17% when compared to the control treatment. Soil urease activity was found to be decreased in plots receiving amendments, T3, T4, and T5. The highest grain yield was observed in the T7 treated plot with 5.09 t ha-1, and straw yield of 9.44 t ha-1 in T4. Conclusion The shifting towards organic amendments is a feasible option to reduce NH3 volatilization from wheat cultivation and improves NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja L. Ramalingappa
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Shiva Dhar
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | | | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Sapna Langyan
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Tomer
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Khandelwal
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Sibananda Darjee
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Singh
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Reserach Institute, Delhi, India
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A systematic approach based on artificial intelligence techniques for simulating the ammonia removal by eighteen deep eutectic solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cai S, Zhao X, Liu X, Yan X. Nitrogen management to minimize yield-scaled ammonia emission from paddy rice in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120854. [PMID: 36509351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Paddy fields in China contributed to one third of the global cropland ammonia (NH3) emission inventory, while rice accounted for half of cereal consumption, necessitating exhaustive considerations of the balance between NH3 emissions abatement and food demand. The concept of yield-scaled emission intensity (emissions per unit crop production) has the potential to guide sustainable intensification strategies, yet its application to NH3 emissions remains poorly understood. Here, by constructing novel crop-specific models for single rice production and NH3 emissions in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin (LYRB) as a case study, the relationships between fertilizer N application and yield-scaled NH3 were estimated. Contrary to our hypothesis of a tipping point, our results showed that yield-scaled NH3 curves could not directly identify optimal nitrogen (N) rates. However, the benefit of lower N fertilizer rate on NH3 abatement consistently outweighed the risk of yield loss. The exponential relationships between yield-scaled NH3 and N surplus allowed us to estimate the N surplus criterion as 15.6 kg N ha-1 (or 190 kg N ha-1 fertilizer N rate) for the LYRB. Under the N surplus criterion, NH3 emissions can be reduced by 23-27% without severely impacting rice yield, compared to the N rate required for the highest yield. Moreover, five major controlling factors for yield-scaled NH3 were estimated by random forest models, ranked in order of importance as N rate, total N, K rate, mean annual precipitation, and soil organic carbon. Among the agricultural practices (irrigation, tillage, and fertilizer management), deep placement was the most effective measure to reduce yield-scaled NH3, showing 48% reduction potential, followed by proper N splitting frequency (43%). Overall, this study highlights the efficacy of N application optimization and targeted farm management in mitigating NH3 emission while maintaining crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Ferdous J, Mumu NJ, Hossain MB, Hoque MA, Zaman M, Müller C, Jahiruddin M, Bell RW, Jahangir MMR. Co-application of biochar and compost with decreased N fertilizer reduced annual ammonia emissions in wetland rice. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1067112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emission from rice fields is a dominant nitrogen (N) loss pathway causing negative impacts on farm profitability and the environment. Reducing N fertilizer application to compensate for N inputs in organic amendments was evaluated for effects on N loss via volatilization, rice yields and post-harvest soil properties in an annual irrigated rice (Boro) – pre-monsoon rice (Aus) – monsoon (Aman) rice sequence. That experiment was conducted using the integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS; nutrient contents in organic amendments were subtracted from the full recommended fertilizer dose i.e., RD of chemical fertilizers) where six treatments with four replications were applied in each season: (T1) no fertilizer (control), (T2) RD, (T3) poultry manure biochar (3 t ha−1; pyrolyzed at 450°C) + decreased dose of recommended fertilizer (DRD), (T4) rice husk ash (3 t ha−1) + DRD, (T5) compost (3 t ha−1) + DRD, and (T6) compost (1.5 t ha−1)+ biochar (1.5 t ha−1) + DRD. The N loss via volatilization varied twofold among seasons being 16% in irrigated rice and 29% in the pre-monsoon rice crop. In irrigated rice, T6 had significantly lower NH3 emissions than all other treatments, except the control while in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, T6 and T3 were alike. Pooling the three seasons together, biochar (T3) or biochar plus compost (T6) reduced NH3 loss via volatilization by 36-37% while compost alone (T5) reduced NH3 loss by 23% relative to RD. Biochar (T3) and biochar plus compost mixture (T6) reduced yield-scaled NH3 emissions by 40 and 47% relative to the RD of chemical fertilizer (T2). The organic amendments with IPNS reduced the quantity of N fertilizer application by 65, 7, 24, and 45% in T3, T4, T5, and T6 treatments, respectively, while rice yields and soil chemical properties in all seasons were similar to the RD. This study suggests that incorporation of biochar alone or co-applied with compost and decrease of N fertilizer on an IPNS basis in rice-based cropping systems can reduce N application rates and NH3 emissions without harming yield or soil quality.
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Liu J, Yan T, Bai J, Shen Z. Integrating source apportionment and landscape patterns to capture nutrient variability across a typical urbanized watershed. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116559. [PMID: 36283170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective integrated watershed management requires models that can characterize the sources and transport processes of pollutants at the watershed with multiple landscape patterns. However, few studies have investigated the influence of landscape spatial configuration on pollutant transport processes. In this study, the SPARROW_TN and SPARROW_TP models were constructed by combining direct pollution source data and landscape pattern data to investigate the source composition and nutrient transport processes and to reveal the influence of landscape patterns on nutrient transport in the urbanized Beiyun River Watershed. The introduction of landscape metrics significantly improved the simulation results of both models, with R2 increasing from 0.89 to 0.85 to 0.93 and 0.91, respectively. Spatial variations existed in TN and TP loads and yields, as well as the source compositions. Pollution hotspots were effectively identified. Source apportionment showed that for the entire watershed, TN came from atmospheric nitrogen deposition (35.25%), untreated sewage (28.23%), agricultural sources (22.60%), and treated sewage (13.92%). In comparison, TP came from untreated sewage (44.94%), agricultural sources (40.22%), and treated sewage (11.51%). In addition, the largest patch index of grassland correlated positively with both TN and TP, whereas the largest shape index of buildup land and interspersion and juxtaposition index of forest were negatively correlated with TN and TP, respectively. The results of this study will provide insight into effective nutrient control measures that consider spatially varying nutrient sources and associated nutrient transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change, School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tiezhu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jianwen Bai
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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20
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Sabrina J, Nurulhuda K, Amin AM, Sulaiman MF, Man HC. Exploring use of a commercial passive sampler in a closed static chamber to measure ammonia volatilization. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120282. [PMID: 36174812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that up to 47% of total N fertilizer applied in flooded rice fields may be lost to the atmosphere through NH3 volatilization. The volatilized NH3 represents monetary loss and contributes to increase in formation of PM2.5 in the atmosphere, eutrophication in surface water, and degrades water and soil quality. The NH3 is also a precursor to N2O formation. Thus, it is important to monitor NH3 volatilization from fertilized and flooded rice fields. Commercially available samplers offer ease of transportation and installation, and thus, may be considered as NH3 absorbents for the static chamber method. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the use of a commercially available NH3 sampler/absorbent (i.e., Ogawa® passive sampler) for implementation in a static chamber. In this study, forty closed static chambers were used to study two factors (i.e., trapping methods, exposure duration) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The three trapping methods are standard boric acid solution, Ogawa® passive sampler with acid-coated pads and exposed coated pads without casing. The exposure durations are 1 and 4 h. Results suggest that different levels of absorbed NH3 was obtained for each of the trapping methods. Highest level of NH3 was trapped by the standard boric acid solution, followed by the exposed acid-coated pads without casing, and finally acid-coated pads with protective casing, given the same exposure duration. The differences in absorbed NH3 under same conditions does not warrant direct comparison across the different trapping methods. Any three trapping methods can be used for conducting studies to compare multi-treatments using the static chamber method, provided the same trapping method is applied for all chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeman Sabrina
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khairudin Nurulhuda
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adibah Mohd Amin
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Firdaus Sulaiman
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasfalina Che Man
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Smart Farming Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Sharma B, Shrivastava M, Afonso LOB, Soni U, Cahill DM. Metal doped nitrogenous hydroxyapatite nanohybrids slowly release nitrogen to crops and mitigate ammonia volatilization: An impact assessment. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100424. [PMID: 36087836 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To supply adequate food, the ongoing and unrestrained administration of nitrogen fertilizer to agricultural fields is polluting the climate and living organisms. On the other hand, the agriculture sector urgently needs a technological upgrade to effectively confront hunger and poverty. Here, we report a rapid synthesis of zinc and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids for slow release and delivery of nitrogen to wheat and rice crops. Nanohybrids slowly release nitrogen for up to six weeks compared to the burst release of nitrogen from urea, and their use substantially reduces, by at least 3.8 times, ammonia emissions into the environment compared with that of urea fertilizer. A half‑nitrogen dose applied as multi-nutrient complexed nanohybrids maintained crop growth, yield, and nutritional compositions in wheat and subsequent rice crops. Nanohybrids enhanced the wheat crop yield and nitrogen uptake by 22.13% and 58.30%, respectively. The synthesized nitrogen nanohybrids remained in the soil for two continuous crop cycles, reduced ammonia volatilization, and achieved nitrogen delivery to the crops. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase activity (534.55% above control) and urease activities (81.82% above control) suggest that nanohybrids exhibited no adverse impact on soil microorganisms. Our comprehensive study demonstrates the advantages of 'doping' as a method for tailoring hydroxyapatite nanoparticles properties for extended agricultural and environmental applications. The use of nanohybrids substantially reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enabled the reduction, by half, of nitrogen inputs into the agricultural fields. This study, therefore, reports a novel nano-enabled platform of engineered hydroxyapatite-urea nanohybrids as a nitrogen fertilizer for efficient nitrogen delivery that results in improved crop growth while minimizing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sharma
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Luis O B Afonso
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Udit Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi 110070, India.
| | - David M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
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22
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Begho T, Eory V, Glenk K. Demystifying risk attitudes and fertilizer use: A review focusing on the behavioral factors associated with agricultural nitrogen emissions in South Asia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.991185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilizer use is environmentally unsustainable in South Asia. Ideally, farmers would follow optimal fertilization rates for crops based on scientific recommendations. However, there is ample evidence on why farmers under-fertilize or over-fertilize their crops. Important amongst them is that farmers' attitude to risk influences decisions on fertilizer use. This paper reviews studies on the effects of risk attitude on fertilizer use, the timing of application, and application intensity. We observe that the use of fertilizer is affected by perceptions of fertilizer as a risk-enhancing or risk-reducing input. In order to influence the future fertilizer decisions of farmers, several policy measures are suggested. Among these, gradual withdrawal of fertilizer subsidies, repurposing subsides toward improved technologies that increase productivity, improves nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce emission, providing enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and eliminating the fraudulent practice of fertilizer adulteration may be the most appropriate in a South Asian context.
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23
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Zhou S, Zhang X, Fu Q, Cheng Z, Ji W, Liu H. The use of selenomethionine to reduce ammonia toxicity in porcine spleen by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy mediated by oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113887. [PMID: 35849905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a typical pollutant in the atmosphere and is well known for its harmful effects on plants, animals as well as human health. Previous studies have shown that NH3 exposure can cause damage to immune organs and impaired immune function in animals. Selenomethionine is a kind of organic selenium, which can not only promote the growth and development of the body, but also inhibit the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effectively improve the immune function of the body. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxic effect of NH3 exposure on spleen from a new perspective and investigated the protective effect of selenomethionine on ammonia-induced immunotoxicity. Twenty-four Large White*Duroc*Min pigs were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, NH3 group, selenium group, and NH3 + selenium group. Our results showed that NH3 inhalation caused autophagy in the pig spleen, a decrease in lymphocytes, and an increase in autophagic vesicles. Also, NH3 exposure led to a decrease in the activity of some antioxidant enzymes (decreased by about 50%) and a significant increase in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Our results indicated that selenomethionine mitigated ammonia toxicity in pigs (alleviated about 20-55%). In summary, our findings should be of value in providing a theoretical basis for revealing the toxicity of the high-risk gas NH3, and providing a new perspective on the mechanism of Se against toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Wang C, Duan J, Ren C, Liu H, Reis S, Xu J, Gu B. Ammonia Emissions from Croplands Decrease with Farm Size in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9915-9923. [PMID: 35621262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Farm size affects nitrogen fertilizer input and agricultural practices, which are key determinants of ammonia (NH3) emissions from croplands. However, the degree to which NH3 emissions are associated with changes in farm size is not well understood yet despite its crucial role in achieving agricultural sustainability in China, where agricultural production is still dominated by smallholder farms. Here we provide a first analysis of the relationship between farm size and NH3 emissions based on 863 000 surveys conducted in 2017 across China. Results show that NH3 emissions (kg ha-1) on average decrease by 0.07% for each 1% increase in average farm size. This change occurs mainly due to a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer use and the introduction of more efficient fertilization practices. The largest reduction in NH3 emissions is found in maize, with less pronounced changes in rice cultivation, and none for wheat production. Overall lower NH3 emissions factors can be observed in the north of China with increasing farm size, especially in the northeast, the opposite pattern was found in the south. National total NH3 emissions could be approximately halved (1.5 Tg) in a scenario favoring a conversion to large-scale farming systems. This substantial reduction potential highlights the potential of such a transition to reduce NH3 emissions, including benefits from a socioeconomic point of view as well as for improving air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiakun Duan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenchen Ren
- Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Stefan Reis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, U.K
- University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Health, Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, U.K
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Level 3, Murchison House, 10 Max Born Crescent, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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25
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Scholz Berça A, Prates Romanzini E, da Silva Cardoso A, Eduardo Ferreira L, Pastori D’Aurea A, Bertelli Fernandes L, Andrade Reis R. Advances in Pasture Management and Animal Nutrition to Optimize Beef Cattle Production in Grazing Systems. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand of meat requires the adoption of sustainable intensification livestock systems, applying nutritional strategies to reduce any negative contribution from beef cattle to global warming and, at the same time, to increase animal performance and productive efficiency. The pasture management practices and feed supplementation, mainly using non-edible feed with less costs, could minimize environmental and social impacts, resulting in higher productivity with less inputs utilization. Tropical grass submitted to grazing management according to plant height present high soluble protein and low levels of indigestible neutral detergent fiber contents. Energy or rumen undegradable protein supplementation, associated to alternative additives to antibiotics effects, such as probiotics, tannin, essential oils and saponin, can help to fully exploit the animal genetic potential and nutrient utilization efficiency, which decreases greenhouse gases emissions and improves animal performance. Hence, more information about these tools can make the livestock systems in tropical pasture more efficient and eco-friendlier.
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26
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Liu Y, Wang K, Liao S, Ren T, Li X, Cong R, Lu J. Differences in responses of ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions to straw return and paddy-upland rotations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25296-25307. [PMID: 34839441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paddy-upland rotation and/or straw return could improve soil structure and soil nutrient availability. Different previous crops (wheat and/or oilseed rape) and straw return methods (straw mulching and/or returning) might increase soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) content, and further affected the ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions. A comparison study was carried out in a located field experiment started from 2014 in Central China, aiming to exam seasonal and annual NH3, N2O, and CH4 emissions under the wheat-rice (WR) and oilseed rape-rice (OR) rotations. Three treatments were chosen, i.e., (i) no chemical N fertilizer application (PK), (ii) chemical nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium combination (NPK), and (iii) chemical NPK with straw returning (NPK+St). We found that after 3 years of cultivation, treatment with straw return increased soil total N content and organic C by 15.57% and 17.11% on average as compared with the NPK treatment, respectively. Straw return did not generate additional NH3 and N2O losses during the rice season after improving soil fertility. However, CH4 emissions increased by 45.35% on average after straw return in summer. In winter, straw return increased NH3, N2O, and CH4 emissions by 70.12-85.23%, 16.93-22.97%, and 7.18-9.17%, respectively. The stimulation of NH3 volatilization mainly occurred in the topdressing stage. Compared with WR rotation, OR rotation had no significant effect on NH3 and CH4 emissions, and the change of N2O emission might be related to the increase of soil C and N pools. The retention of residues in the process of straw decomposition may be the main factor leading to the difference of gas emission between the paddy-upland rotation and straw return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kunkun Wang
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shipeng Liao
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
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27
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Yang Y, Liu L, Bai Z, Xu W, Zhang F, Zhang X, Liu X, Xie Y. Comprehensive quantification of global cropland ammonia emissions and potential abatement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151450. [PMID: 34742964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emissions mostly from agriculture result in air pollution and degrade human health. However, a full picture of soil NH3 emissions and associated abatement in cropping systems are not well understood. Here we present a thorough analysis of cropland NH3 emissions, discuss mitigation potential and assess associated abatement costs. Global cropland NH3 emissions account for 26% of total soil nitrogen losses, and are estimated as 22.8-31.2 Tg N yr-1 during 1996-2013 with the increase rate of 1.6% yr-1. Our results also show that, with no increase in nitrogen fertilizer, climate change can contribute to an additional 10% increase in cropland NH3 emissions in 2100 compared to the 2010 baseline. Instead, our scenario analysis show, cropland NH3 emissions will decline by 26% from 2010 to 2100 given a 0.5% yr-1 decrease in N fertilizer (with current technology and agricultural management level), considering the facts stronger control policies are expected to occur worldwide including Western Europe, the United States of America and China. The most ambitious management (with all known mitigation practices) can reduce cropland NH3 emissions by up (71%, 17.6 Tg N yr-1) at an abatement cost of US$524 billion. Our findings indicate that cropland NH3 emissions can be mitigated through adoption of appropriate human management practices with considerable economic costs, providing a critical reference for the future NH3 abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhaohai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaowen Xie
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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28
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Elucidating the inherent fouling tolerance of membrane contactors for ammonia recovery from wastewater. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Pollack IB, McCabe ME, Caulton DR, Fischer EV. Enhancements in Ammonia and Methane from Agricultural Sources in the Northeastern Colorado Front Range Using Observations from a Small Research Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2236-2247. [PMID: 35076215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying ammonia (NH3) to methane (CH4) enhancement ratios from agricultural sources is important for understanding air pollution and nitrogen deposition. The northeastern Colorado Front Range is home to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that produce large emissions of NH3 and CH4. Isolating enhancements of NH3 and CH4 in this region due to agriculture is complicated because CAFOs are often located within regions of oil and natural gas (O&NG) extraction that are a major source of CH4 and other alkanes. Here, we utilize a small research aircraft to collect in situ 1 Hz measurements of gas-phase NH3, CH4, and ethane (C2H6) downwind of CAFOs during three flights conducted in November 2019. Enhancements in NH3 and CH4 are distinguishable up to 10 km downwind of CAFOs with the most concentrated portions of the plumes typically below 0.25 km AGL. We demonstrate that NH3 and C2H6 can be jointly used to separate near-source enhancements in CH4 from agriculture and O&NG. Molar enhancement ratios of NH3 to CH4 are quantified for individual CAFOs in this region, and they range from 0.8 to 2.7 ppbv ppbv-1. A multivariate regression model produces enhancement ratios and quantitative regional source contributions that are consistent with prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Megan E McCabe
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Dana R Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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30
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Ma R, Yu K, Xiao S, Liu S, Ciais P, Zou J. Data-driven estimates of fertilizer-induced soil NH 3 , NO and N 2 O emissions from croplands in China and their climate change impacts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1008-1022. [PMID: 34738298 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions from agricultural soils to the atmosphere constitute an integral part of global N cycle, directly or indirectly causing climate change impacts. The extensive use of N fertilizer in crop production will compromise our efforts to reduce agricultural Nr emissions in China. A national inventory of fertilizer N-induced gaseous Nr emissions from croplands in China remains to be developed to reveal its role in shaping climate change. Here we present a data-driven estimate of fertilizer N-induced soil Nr emissions based on regional and crop-specific emission factors (EFs) compiled from 379 manipulative studies. In China, agricultural soil Nr emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer and manure in 2018 are estimated to be 3.81 and 0.73 Tg N yr-1 , with a combined contribution of 23%, 20% and 15% to the global agricultural emission total of ammonia (NH3 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O) and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. Over the past three decades, NH3 volatilization from croplands has experienced a shift from a rapid increase to a decline trend, whereas N2 O and NO emissions always maintain a strong growth momentum due to a robust and continuous rise of EFs. Regionally, croplands in Central south (1.51 Tg N yr-1 ) and East (0.99 Tg N yr-1 ) of China exhibit as hotspots of soil Nr emissions. In terms of crop-specific emissions, rice, maize and vegetable show as three leading Nr emitters, together accounting for 61% of synthetic N fertilizer-induced Nr emissions from croplands. The global warming effect derived from cropland N2 O emissions in China was found to dominate over the local cooling effects of NH3 and NO emissions. Our established regional and crop-specific EFs for gaseous Nr forms provide a new benchmark for constraining the IPCC Tier 1 default EF values. The spatio-temporal insight into soil Nr emission data from N fertilizer application in our estimate is expected to advance our efforts towards more accurate global or regional cropland Nr emission inventories and effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang Y, Wang S, Jing H, Zhang T, Song N, Xu S. CircRNA-IGLL1/miR-15a/RNF43 axis mediates ammonia-induced autophagy in broilers jejunum via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118332. [PMID: 34637826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the continued increase of global ammonia emission, the damage to human or animal caused by ammonia pollution has attracted wide attention. The noncoding RNAs have been reported to regulate a variety of biological processes under different environmental stimulation via ceRNA (competing endogenous RNA) networks. Autophagy is a hallmark of tissue damage from air pollution. However, the specific role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the injury of intestinal tissue caused by autophagy remains unclear. Here, we established 42-days old ammonia-exposed broiler models and observed that autophagy flux in broiler jejunum was activated under ammonia exposure. Meanwhile, a total of eight significantly dysregulated expressed circRNAs were obtained and a circRNAs-miRNAs-genes interaction networks were constructed by bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, an axis named circRNA-IGLL1/miR-15a/RNF43 was predicted to participate in the excessive autophagy by targeting RNF43. The target relationship was proved by dual-luciferase reporter assay in vitro. Mechanistically, downregulated circRNA-IGLL1 could suppress the expression of RNF43 in ammonia-exposed jejunum and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated. Inhibition of miR-15a reversed autophagy caused by downregulated circRNA-IGLL1. CircRNA-IGLL1 could competitively bind miR-15a to regulate RNF43 expression, thus modulating the occurrence of autophagy. Taken together, our results showed that circRNA-IGLL1/miR-15a/RNF43 axis is involved in ammonia-induced intestinal autophagy in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shengchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Nuan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Xu X, Ouyang X, Gu Y, Cheng K, Smith P, Sun J, Li Y, Pan G. Climate change may interact with nitrogen fertilizer management leading to different ammonia loss in China's croplands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6525-6535. [PMID: 34478590 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite research into the response of ammonia (NH3 ) volatilization in farmland to various meteorological factors, the potential impact of future climate change on NH3 volatilization is not fully understood. Based on a database consisting of 1063 observations across China, nonlinear NH3 models considering crop type, meteorological, soil and management variables were established via four machine learning methods, including support vector machine, multi-layer perceptron, gradient boosting machine and random forest (RF). The RF model had the highest R2 of 0.76 and the lowest RMSE of 0.82 kg NH3 -N ha-1 , showing the best simulation capability. Results of model importance indicated that NH3 volatilization was mainly controlled by total input of N fertilizer, followed by meteorological factors, human managements and soil characteristics. The NH3 emissions of China's cereal production (paddy rice, wheat and maize) in 2018 was estimated to be 3.3 Mt NH3 -N. By 2050, NH3 volatilization will increase by 23.1-32.0% under different climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs), and climate change will have the greatest impact on NH3 volatilization in the Yangtze river agro-region of China due to high warming effects. However, the potential increase in NH3 volatilization under future climate change can be mitigated by 26.1-47.5% through various N fertilizer management optimization options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Xu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Ouyang
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yining Gu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Center of Climate Change and Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ding W, Xu X, Zhang J, Huang S, He P, Zhou W. Nitrogen balance acts an indicator for estimating thresholds of nitrogen input in rice paddies of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118091. [PMID: 34488157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decision-making related to nitrogen (N) fertilization is a crucial step in agronomic practices because of its direct interactions with agronomic productivity and environmental risk. Here, we hypothesized that soil apparent N balance could be used as an indicator to determine the thresholds of N input through analyzing the responses of the yield and N loss to N balance. Based on the observations from 951 field experiments conducted in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems of China, we established the relationships between N balance and ammonia (NH3) volatilization, yield increase ratio, and N application rate, respectively. Dramatical increase of NH3 volatilizations and stagnant increase of the rice yields were observed when the N surplus exceeded certain levels. Using a piecewise regression method, the seasonal upper limits of N surplus were determined as 44.3 and 90.9 kg N ha-1 under straw-return and straw-removal scenarios, respectively, derived from the responses of NH3 volatilization, and were determined as 53.0-74.9 and 97.9-112.0 kg N ha-1 under straw-return and straw-removal scenarios, respectively, derived from the maximum-yield consideration. Based on the upper limits of N surplus, the thresholds of N application rate suggested to be applied in single, middle-MLYR, middle-SW, early, and late rice types ranged 179.0-214.9 kg N ha-1 in order to restrict the NH3 volatilization, and ranged 193.3-249.8 kg N ha-1 in order to achieve the maximum yields. If rice straw was returned to fields, on average, the thresholds of N application rate could be theoretically decreased by 17.5 kg N ha-1. This study provides a robust reference for restricting the N surplus and the synthetic fertilizer N input in rice fields, which will guide yield goals and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Ding
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinpeng Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ping He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Ma R, Li K, Guo Y, Zhang B, Zhao X, Linder S, Guan C, Chen G, Gan Y, Meng J. Mitigation potential of global ammonia emissions and related health impacts in the trade network. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6308. [PMID: 34741029 PMCID: PMC8571346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emissions, mainly from agricultural sources, generate substantial health damage due to the adverse effects on air quality. NH3 emission reduction strategies are still far from being effective. In particular, a growing trade network in this era of globalization offers untapped emission mitigation potential that has been overlooked. Here we show that about one-fourth of global agricultural NH3 emissions in 2012 are trade-related. Globally they induce 61 thousand PM2.5-related premature mortalities, with 25 thousand deaths associated with crop cultivation and 36 thousand deaths with livestock production. The trade-related health damage network is regionally integrated and can be characterized by three trading communities. Thus, effective cooperation within trade-dependent communities will achieve considerable NH3 emission reductions allowed by technological advancements and trade structure adjustments. Identification of regional communities from network analysis offers a new perspective on addressing NH3 emissions and is also applicable to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yixin Guo
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China.
| | - Xueli Zhao
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Soeren Linder
- Joint Research Centre, Food Security Group, European Commissions, Ispra, Italy
| | - ChengHe Guan
- Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqian Chen
- Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Sustainability Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Gan
- School of Government, The Leo KoGuan Building, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University of College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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Wang C, Cheng K, Ren C, Liu H, Sun J, Reis S, Yin S, Xu J, Gu B. An empirical model to estimate ammonia emission from cropland fertilization in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117982. [PMID: 34426229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is one of the main pathways of nitrogen loss from cropland, resulting not only in economic losses, but also environmental and human health impacts. The magnitude and timing of NH3 emissions from cropland fertilizer application highly depends on agricultural practices, climate and soil factors, which previous studies have typically only considered at coarse spatio-temporal resolution. In this paper, we describe a first highly detailed empirical regression model for ammonia (ERMA) emissions based on 1443 field observations across China. This model is applied at county level by integrating data with unprecedented high spatio-temporal resolution of agricultural practices and climate and soil factors. Results showed that total NH3 emissions from cropland fertilizer application amount to 4.3 Tg NH3 yr-1 in 2017 with an overall NH3 emission factor of 12%. Agricultural production for vegetables, maize and rice are the three largest emitters. Compared to previous studies, more emission hotspots were found in South China and temporally, emission peaks are estimated to occur three months earlier in the year, while the total amount of emissions is estimated to be close to that calculated by previous studies. A second emission peak is identified in October, most likely related to the fertilization of the second crop in autumn. Incorporating these new findings on NH3 emission patterns will enable a better parametrization of models and hence improve the modelling of air quality and subsequent impacts on ecosystems through reactive N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chenchen Ren
- Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Stefan Reis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Health, Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Shasha Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Adalibieke W, Zhan X, Cui X, Reis S, Winiwarter W, Zhou F. Decoupling between ammonia emission and crop production in China due to policy interventions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5877-5888. [PMID: 34403176 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cropland ammonia (NH3 ) emission is a critical driver triggering haze pollution. Many agricultural policies were enforced in past four decades to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency while maintaining crop yield. Inadvertent reductions of NH3 emissions, which may be induced by such policies, are not well evaluated. Here, we quantify the China's cropland-NH3 emission change from 1980 to 2050 and its response to policy interventions, using a data-driven model and a survey-based dataset of the fertilization scheme. Cropland-NH3 emission in China doubled from 1.93 to 4.02 Tg NH3 -N in period 1980-1996, and then decreased to 3.50 Tg NH3 -N in 2017. The prevalence of four agricultural policies may avoid ~3.0 Tg NH3 -N in 2017, mainly located in highly fertilized areas. Optimization of fertilizer management and food consumption could mitigate three-quarters of NH3 emission in 2050 and lower NH3 emission intensity (emission divided by crop production) close to the European Union and the United States. Our findings provide an evidence on the decoupling of cropland-NH3 from crop production in China and suggest the need to achieve cropland-NH3 mitigation while sustaining crop yields in other developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulahati Adalibieke
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhan
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Cui
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Stefan Reis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Health, Knowledge Spa, Truro, UK
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Xue L, Sun B, Yang Y, Jin B, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Efficiency and mechanism of reducing ammonia volatilization in alkaline farmland soil using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens biofertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111672. [PMID: 34265351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia volatilization from the farmland caused by the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is the most important source of anthropogenic ammonia emissions. Biofertilizer application has been considered as an alternative option for agriculture sustainability and soil improvement. In this study, field trials were carried out to investigate the efficiency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) biofertilizer on alleviating ammonia volatilization in alkaline farmland soil and increasing crop yield and nitrogen utilization. Potential response mechanisms were investigated from soil enzyme, nitrogen cycle function genes and microbial community levels. Compared with conventional fertilization, BA biofertilizer application reduced the ammonia volatilization by 68%, increased the crop yield and nitrogen recovery by 19% and 19%, respectively. Soil enzyme activity analysis showed that BA biofertilizer inhibited the urease activity and enhanced the potential ammonia oxidation (PAO). In addition, BA biofertilizer application also increased the bacterial amoA gene abundance, while decreased the ureC gene abundance. BA biofertilizer also significantly altered the community structure and composition, and especially raised the abundance of ammonia oxidation bacteria (AOB), while no changes were observed in abundance of nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB). Briefly, BA biofertilizer was approved to reduce the transformation of fertilizer nitrogen to NH4+-N, simultaneously accelerating NH4+-N into the nitrification process, thus decreasing the NH4+-N content remained in alkaline soil and consequently alleviating the ammonia volatilization. Thus, these results suggested that the application of BA biofertilizer is a feasible strategy to improve crop yields and reduce agricultural ammonia emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China; Gansu Engineering Design Research Institute Co., Ltd. Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yahong Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Lee J, Choi S, Lee Y, Kim SY. Impact of manure compost amendments on NH 3 volatilization in rice paddy ecosystems during cultivation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117726. [PMID: 34329066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Livestock manure has been widely used in agriculture to improve soil productivity and quality. However, intensive application can significantly enhance soil nitrogen (N) availability and facilitate ammonia (NH3) volatilization during rice cultivation. The effects of different rates of manure application on the NH3 volatilization rate, its mechanism, and their relationships have not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, field trials were conducted to investigate NH3 volatilization in rice paddy soils amended with different livestock manure, cattle manure (CM), and swine manure (SM), at a rate of 0 (NPK), 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha-1 during cultivation. Moreover, the soil physicochemical and biological properties and rice N uptake were investigated. Ultra-fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Manure application significantly increased NH3 emissions compared to the control. Much higher volatilization rates were observed in the SM soils than in the CM soils, even when the same amount of N was applied. This is mainly related to the higher labile NH4+ concentration and urease activity in SM soils. With increasing application levels, NH3 emission rates proportionally increased in the SM, but there was no significant difference in the CM. Livestock manure application significantly increased NH3 volatilization, particularly during the initial manure application and additional fertilization stages during rice cultivation. The results showed that the application of livestock manure significantly increased NH3 volatilization. Moreover, the biochemical properties of manure composts, including labile N and urease activity, mainly affected NH3 dynamics in rice paddies during cultivation rather than their type. Irrespective of manure application, PM2.5, did not show a significant difference at the initial stage of cultivation. NH3 volatilization was not significantly correlated with the formation of PM2.5. It is necessary to develop effective strategies for mitigating NH3 volatilization and maintaining soil quality without decreasing rice productivity in paddy ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeomyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Dust Criteria Derived from Long-Term Filter and Online Observations at Gosan in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dust and pollution are frequently mixed together in East Asia, causing large uncertainties in assessing climate change and environmental influence and in relevant policymaking. To discern the dust effect on particle mass, we carried out long-term measurements of the mass and key chemical compositions of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 from August 2007 to February 2012 and collected hourly data of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations from January 2012 to October 2020 at Gosan, South Korea. The principal component analysis of measured species reveals two dominant factors, pollution and dust, accounting for 46% and 16% of the total variance, respectively. The mode distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass in addition to the dust events helps to provide a robust criterion of the dust impact. Dust can be identified by the mean + standard deviation (σ) of PM10, while the threshold is down to the mean concentration when dust particles experience precipitation. High PM2.5 concentration also presents dust impact; however, the criterion decreases from mean + σ in 2007–2012 to mean in 2012–2020. It indicates that dust is no longer a high-concentration event of PM2.5, but its influence gradually appears in low-concentration particles. Therefore, the dust criterion obtained from long-term PM10 concentration data is robust; however, the standard is based on PM2.5 changes over time and still needs to be determined by follow-up long-term observations.
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Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Ammonia in a Rural Area in South Korea and the Associated Impact on a Nearby Urban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in air quality and atmospheric chemistry, yet studies on the characteristics and impacts of NH3 are limited. Herein, we revealed the spatial distribution of atmospheric NH3, as measured by passive samplers, at three different sites (R1, R2, and R3) in the rural area (livestock environment) of Jeongeup, South Korea, from September 2019 to August 2020. At site R1, the boundary of a large-scale pig farm, dramatically high daily mean concentrations of NH3 were observed (118.7 ppb), whereas sites R2 and R3, located ~1 km from R1, exhibited lower concentrations of 18.2 and 30.4 ppb, respectively. In the rural environment, the monthly NH3 variations showed a peak in June (34.2 ppb), which was significantly higher than in the urban and remote areas. To examine the impact of NH3 from the rural area on a nearby urban area in June 2020, simultaneous measurements were performed using a real-time instrument in Jeonju. When high NH3 events occurred in the urban area in June, the results for the NH3 concentrations and observed meteorological conditions in the rural and urban areas showed that the rural area influenced the NH3 levels in the adjacent urban area.
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41
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Wan X, Wu W, Shah F. Nitrogen fertilizer management for mitigating ammonia emission and increasing nitrogen use efficiencies by 15N stable isotopes in winter wheat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147587. [PMID: 34091343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential for achieving high yield in winter wheat. However, the over-use of N fertilizer not only significantly reduces N use efficiencies (NUEs) but also leads to serious environmental concerns. An efficient N fertilizer management is thus urgently required for mitigating NH3 volatilization and increasing grain yield and NUEs of wheat. A 3-year field study using 15N stable isotopes was conducted to evaluate the fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer and to investigate the NH3 flux, grain yield, yield-scaled NH3 emissions and NUEs of various N application rates under two different application techniques comprising split-N method (basal N plus top-dressed N application) and pre-plant-only (without top-dressed N). Daily NH3 fluxes peaked within one week after basal N fertilizer application. Total NH3 volatilization, NH3 emission factor (EF) and yield-scaled NH3 emission were enhanced significantly with an increase in N application rates. Pre-plant-only N method greatly increased total NH3 volatilization, NH3 EF and yield-scaled NH3 emission by 43%, 58% and 63%, respectively, compared with split-N method when averaged across N application rates and years. The residual 15N in soil and the unaccounted 15N losses were greater under pre-plant-only N method and under high N application rate compared with split-N method and under low N application rate, respectively. Higher values of unaccounted 15N loss (nearly 50% of the total N applied) and residual 15N (27% of the total N applied) were the major contributors to lower NUEs, that could be predominantly attributed to the higher NH3 emission under elevated N application rate and pre-plant-only N method. Considering the overall environmental impact and yield performance, 120 kg N ha-1 in combination with split-N method could be recommended for improving the overall economic return and mitigating environmental pollution to ensure cleaner production of winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wan
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China.
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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He Y, Xu R, Prior SA, Yang D, Yang A, Chen J. Satellite-detected ammonia changes in the United States: Natural or anthropogenic impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147899. [PMID: 34323822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline component and can react with atmospheric acidic species to form aerosols that can lead to numerous environmental and health issues. Increasing atmospheric NH3 over agricultural regions in the US has been documented. However, spatiotemporal changes of NH3 concentrations over the entire US are still not thoroughly understood, and the factors that drive these changes remain unknown. Herein, we applied the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) monthly NH3 dataset to explore spatiotemporal changes in atmospheric NH3 and the empirical relationships with synthetic N fertilizer application, livestock manure production, and climate factors across the entire US at both regional and pixel levels from 2002 to 2016. We found that, in addition to the US Midwest, the Mid-South and Western regions also experienced striking increases in NH3 concentrations. NH3 released from livestock manure during warmer winters contributed to increased annual NH3 concentrations in the Western US. The influence of temperature on temporal evolution of NH3 concentrations was associated with synthetic N fertilizer use in the Northern Great Plains. With a strong positive impact of temperature on NH3 concentrations in the US Midwest, this region could possibly become an atmospheric NH3 hotspot in the context of future warming. Our study provides an essential scientific basis for US policy makers in developing mitigation strategies for agricultural NH3 emissions under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian He
- Department of Geography, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Rongting Xu
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | | | - Di Yang
- Wyoming Geographic Information Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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43
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A steady-state N balance approach for sustainable smallholder farming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106576118. [PMID: 34556575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106576118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of smallholders in emerging countries substantially overuse nitrogen (N) fertilizers, driving local environmental pollution and global climate change. Despite local demonstration-scale successes, widespread mobilization of smallholders to adopt precise N management practices remains a challenge, largely due to associated high costs and complicated sampling and calculations. Here, we propose a long-term steady-state N balance (SSNB) approach without these complications that is suitable for sustainable smallholder farming. The hypothesis underpinning the concept of SSNB is that an intensively cultivated soil-crop system with excessive N inputs and high N losses can be transformed into a steady-state system with minimal losses while maintaining high yields. Based on SSNB, we estimate the optimized N application range across 3,824 crop counties for the three staple crops in China. We evaluated SSNB first in ca. 18,000 researcher-managed on-farm trials followed by testing in on-farm trials with 13,760 smallholders who applied SSNB-optimized N rates under the guidance of local extension staff. Results showed that SSNB could significantly reduce N fertilizer use by 21 to 28% while maintaining or increasing yields by 6 to 7%, compared to current smallholder practices. The SSNB approach could become an effective tool contributing to the global N sustainability of smallholder agriculture.
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Chen X, Leishman M, Bagnall D, Nasiri N. Nanostructured Gas Sensors: From Air Quality and Environmental Monitoring to Healthcare and Medical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1927. [PMID: 34443755 PMCID: PMC8398721 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, nanomaterials have emerged as multifunctional building blocks for the development of next generation sensing technologies for a wide range of industrial sectors including the food industry, environment monitoring, public security, and agricultural production. The use of advanced nanosensing technologies, particularly nanostructured metal-oxide gas sensors, is a promising technique for monitoring low concentrations of gases in complex gas mixtures. However, their poor conductivity and lack of selectivity at room temperature are key barriers to their practical implementation in real world applications. Here, we provide a review of the fundamental mechanisms that have been successfully implemented for reducing the operating temperature of nanostructured materials for low and room temperature gas sensing. The latest advances in the design of efficient architecture for the fabrication of highly performing nanostructured gas sensing technologies for environmental and health monitoring is reviewed in detail. This review is concluded by summarizing achievements and standing challenges with the aim to provide directions for future research in the design and development of low and room temperature nanostructured gas sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Chen
- NanoTech Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Michelle Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Darren Bagnall
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Noushin Nasiri
- NanoTech Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
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45
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Ma R, Zou J, Han Z, Yu K, Wu S, Li Z, Liu S, Niu S, Horwath WR, Zhu-Barker X. Global soil-derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop-specific emission factors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:855-867. [PMID: 33155724 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) emissions from fertilized soils to the atmosphere and the subsequent deposition to land surface exert adverse effects on biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycling. The region- and crop-specific emission factors (EFs) of N fertilizer for NH3 are poorly developed and therefore the global estimate of soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application is constrained. Here we quantified the region- and crop-specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer by compiling data from 324 worldwide manipulative studies and focused to map the global soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application. Globally, the NH3 EFs averaged 12.56% and 14.12% for synthetic N fertilizer and manure, respectively. Regionally, south-eastern Asia had the highest NH3 EFs of synthetic N fertilizer (19.48%) and Europe had the lowest (6%), which might have been associated with the regional discrepancy in the form and rate of N fertilizer use and management practices in agricultural production. Global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer and manure in 2014 were estimated to be 12.32 and 3.79 Tg N/year, respectively. China (4.20 Tg N/year) followed by India (2.37 Tg N/year) and America (1.05 Tg N/year) together contributed to over 60% of the total global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer. For crop-specific emissions, the NH3 EFs averaged 11.13%-13.95% for the three main staple crops (i.e., maize, wheat, and rice), together accounting for 72% of synthetic N fertilizer-induced NH3 emissions from croplands in the world and 70% in China. The region- and crop-specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer established in this study offer references to update the default EF in the IPCC Tier 1 guideline. This work also provides an insight into the spatial variation of soil-derived NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer in agriculture at the global and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xia Zhu-Barker
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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De La Peña-Lastra S. Seabird droppings: Effects on a global and local level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142148. [PMID: 33254937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds, with approximately 1 billion specimens, are the main exchangers of nutrients between Terrestial and Marine Systems and they have become an emerging interest group because of their effects on the planet's ecosystem. This review paper aims to highlight the impact of seabird droppings at different trophic levels, their occurrence, ecological risks and effects on soil, water, atmosphere and biota at global and local level to try to understand the ecological and climatic changes associated with the activities of these birds. Seabirds they have a very marked influence on the ecosystems where they form their colonies since, in addition to their function as predators, alongside with their depositions, they condition the primary producers and, consequently, the rest of the food chain. Their excrements contain large amounts of N, P and trace elements, most of which are bioavailable. In this study, besides bringing together the different works on nutrients and trace elements in excrements and differentiating some terms referring to these excrements, a brief historical overview of their importance for agriculture is made. In addition, the impacts produced by these birds on the ecosystem are also analysed according to two levels, at a global and local level. At each of these levels, a current state of the effects on the different compartments of the ecosystems is made, from the biota to the soils, the water or the atmosphere. This review supports the idea that more studies are needed both at the atmospheric level and in the terrestrial or marine environment for a better understanding of the changes these birds generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl De La Peña-Lastra
- CRETUS Institute, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. Spain.
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47
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Zhan X, Adalibieke W, Cui X, Winiwarter W, Reis S, Zhang L, Bai Z, Wang Q, Huang W, Zhou F. Improved Estimates of Ammonia Emissions from Global Croplands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1329-1338. [PMID: 33378621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilization from croplands while satisfying the food demand is strategically required to mitigate haze pollution. However, the global pattern of NH3 volatilization remains uncertain, primarily because of the episodic nature of NH3 volatilization rates and the high variation of fertilization practices. Here, we improve a global estimate of crop-specific NH3 emissions at a high spatial resolution using an updated data-driven model with a survey-based dataset of the fertilization scheme. Our estimate of the globally averaged volatilization rate (12.6% ± 2.1%) is in line with previous data-driven studies (13.7 ± 3.1%) but results in one-quarter lower emissions than process-based models (16.5 ± 3.1%). The associated global emissions are estimated at 14.4 ± 2.3 Tg N, with more than 50% of the total stemming from three stable crops or 12.2% of global harvested areas. Nearly three-quarters of global cropland-NH3 emissions could be reduced by improving fertilization schemes (right rate, right type, and right placement). A small proportion (20%) of global harvested areas, primarily located in China, India, and Pakistan, accounts for 64% of abatement potentials. Our findings provide a critical reference guide for the future abatement strategy design when considering locations and crop types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wulahati Adalibieke
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Cui
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra 65-417, Poland
| | - Stefan Reis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Weichen Huang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Feng Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Mohajeri P, Smith CMS, Chau HW, Lehto N. ALLODUST augmented activated sludge single batch anaerobic reactor (AS-SBAnR) for high concentration nitrate removal from agricultural wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141905. [PMID: 32892048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is among the most widespread contaminants that threaten water bodies and waterways. Under favourable environmental conditions, high nitrate concentrations in water can contribute to eutrophication, thus presenting a high potential for risk to ecosystems and human health. Low-cost allophanic soil material and carbon-based bio-wastes have great potential to reduce nutrient concentrations from contaminated waters. This study investigated the mechanisms that underpin the reduction of nitrate concentrations and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in the presence of novel developed media in an activated sludge process. A new operating approach, employing a newly developed media (ALLODUST), was evaluated for enhanced NO-3-N removal from agricultural wastewater. Two anaerobic-aerobic batch reactors were developed, where the coupled bottom aeration method was used for efficient agitation and aeration in the aerobic reactor. The reactor was run at high NO-3-N concentrations (110 mg L-1), under anoxic conditions at low- to long-term contact times (2, 12, and 22 h), while the aerobic period (clarification) was constant for all the experimental designs (2 h). ALLODUST retained its integrity and stability over the long-term operation. Low ALLODUST concentrations (5.95 g L-1) removed 87% of the NO-3-N from the wastewater within 12 h. Further exploration revealed that the same amount of the media was optimal for decreasing N2O emissions from the anaerobic activated sludge reactor by 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Mohajeri
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand.
| | - Carol M S Smith
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Henry Wai Chau
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Niklas Lehto
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
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The Effect of Untreated and Acidified Biochar on NH3-N Emissions from Slurry Digestate. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of new options to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions during slurry manure storage is still required due to the shortcomings of the current technologies. This study aimed to identify to what extent untreated and acid-treated biochar (BC) and pure acids could reduce ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) volatilization and increase nitrogen retention in slurry digestate. The NH3-N emissions were effectively reduced by H2SO4 and H3PO4 acids, untreated BC when applied mixed into the digestate and acidified BC treatments applied on the surface of the digestate. Acidification increased the specific surface area and number of O-containing surface functional groups of the BC and decreased the pH, alkalinity and the hydrophobic property. Compared to untreated BC, the ability of BC to reduce NH3-N emissions was greater when it was acidified with H2SO4 and applied to the digestate surface. The effect on digestate pH of acidified BC when applied mixed into the digestate was not different, except for H2O2, from that of the addition of the respective pure acid to digestate. The total N concentration in digestate was not significantly correlated with NH3-N emissions. These findings indicate that acidified BC could be an effective conditioner to reduce NH3-N emissions from slurry digestate storage.
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50
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Sun B, Bai Z, Bao L, Xue L, Zhang S, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Zhuang G, Zhuang X. Bacillus subtilis biofertilizer mitigating agricultural ammonia emission and shifting soil nitrogen cycling microbiomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:105989. [PMID: 32739514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive ammonia (NH3) emitted from nitrogen fertilizer application in farmland have caused serious disturbance to global environment, including reduction of visibility, formation of regional haze, and increase of nitrogen deposition. Application of biofertilizer has been considered as an effective approach for soil improvement and agriculture sustainability. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of B. subtilis biofertilizer on mitigating NH3 volatilization and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Compared with organic fertilizer, the incorporation of B. subtilis biofertilizer reduced NH3 volatilization by up to 44%. Moreover, the application of B. subtilis biofertilizer reduced the abundance of ureC gene, and increased the abundance of functional genes (bacterial amoA and comammox amoA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). This indicated that the conversion of fertilizer nitrogen to NH4+-N was decreased and the nitrification process was increased. In brief, the application of B. subtilis biofertilizer reduced the "source" and increased the "sink" of NH4+-N, thus reducing the retention of NH4+-N in alkaline soil, and mitigating NH3 volatilization. These results indicated that B. subtilis biofertilizer is an effective control strategy for agricultural NH3 emission, maintaining high crop yield and mitigating environmental disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lijun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixia Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050 China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingxue Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei 050018, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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