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Kwon T, Trujillo JD, Carossino M, Lyoo EL, McDowell CD, Cool K, Matias-Ferreyra FS, Jeevan T, Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Balasuriya UB, Webby RJ, Osterrieder N, Richt JA. Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353292. [PMID: 38712345 PMCID: PMC11132737 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eu Lim Lyoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco S. Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Udeni B.R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Heider A, Wedde M, Weinheimer V, Döllinger S, Monazahian M, Dürrwald R, Wolff T, Schweiger B. Characteristics of two zoonotic swine influenza A(H1N1) viruses isolated in Germany from diseased patients. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 314:151609. [PMID: 38286065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV) from pigs to humans is a concerning event as porcine IAV represent a reservoir of potentially pandemic IAV. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of two porcine A(H1N1)v viruses isolated from human cases by evaluating their genetic, antigenic and virological characteristics. The HA genes of those human isolates belonged to clades 1C.2.1 and 1C.2.2, respectively, of the A(H1N1) Eurasian avian-like swine influenza lineage. Antigenic profiling revealed substantial cross-reactivity between the two zoonotic H1N1 viruses and human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and some swine viruses, but did not reveal cross-reactivity to H1N2 and earlier human seasonal A(H1N1) viruses. The solid-phase direct receptor binding assay analysis of both A(H1N1)v showed a predominant binding to α2-6-sialylated glycans similar to human-adapted IAV. Investigation of the replicative potential revealed that both A(H1N1)v viruses grow in human bronchial epithelial cells to similar high titers as the human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Cytokine induction was studied in human alveolar epithelial cells A549 and showed that both swine viruses isolated from human cases induced higher amounts of type I and type III IFN, as well as IL6 compared to a seasonal A(H1N1) or a A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. In summary, we demonstrate a remarkable adaptation of both zoonotic viruses to propagate in human cells. Our data emphasize the needs for continuous monitoring of people and regions at increased risk of such trans-species transmissions, as well as systematic studies to quantify the frequency of these events and to identify viral molecular determinants enhancing the zoonotic potential of porcine IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Heider
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Marianne Wedde
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Viola Weinheimer
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Stephanie Döllinger
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
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Carnegie L, Raghwani J, Fournié G, Hill SC. Phylodynamic approaches to studying avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:289-308. [PMID: 37565466 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2236568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can cause severe disease in domestic and wild birds and are a pandemic threat. Phylodynamics is the study of how epidemiological, evolutionary, and immunological processes can interact to shape viral phylogenies. This review summarizes how phylodynamic methods have and could contribute to the study of avian influenza viruses. Specifically, we assess how phylodynamics can be used to examine viral spread within and between wild or domestic bird populations at various geographical scales, identify factors associated with virus dispersal, and determine the order and timing of virus lineage movement between geographic regions or poultry production systems. We discuss factors that can complicate the interpretation of phylodynamic results and identify how future methodological developments could contribute to improved control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carnegie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
| | - J Raghwani
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
| | - G Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint Genes Champanelle, France
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, UK
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Stadejek W, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Infectivity and transmissibility of an avian H3N1 influenza virus in pigs. Vet Res 2023; 54:4. [PMID: 36694192 PMCID: PMC9872060 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019 a low pathogenic H3N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused an outbreak in Belgian poultry farms, characterized by an unusually high mortality in chickens. Influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtype can infect pigs and become established in swine populations. Therefore, the H3N1 epizootic raised concern about AIV transmission to pigs and from pigs to humans. Here, we assessed the replication efficiency of this virus in explants of the porcine respiratory tract and in pigs, using virus titration and/or RT-qPCR. We also examined transmission from directly, intranasally inoculated pigs to contact pigs. The H3N1 AIV replicated to moderate titers in explants of the bronchioles and lungs, but not in the nasal mucosa or trachea. In the pig infection study, infectious virus was only detected in a few lung samples collected between 1 and 3 days post-inoculation. Virus titers were between 1.7 and 4.8 log10 TCID50. In line with the ex vivo experiment, no virus was isolated from the upper respiratory tract of pigs. In the transmission experiment, we could not detect virus transmission from directly inoculated to contact pigs. An increase in serum antibody titers was observed only in the inoculated pigs. We conclude that the porcine respiratory tract tissue explants can be a useful tool to assess the replication efficiency of AIVs in pigs. The H3N1 AIV examined here is unlikely to pose a risk to swine populations. However, continuous risk assessment studies of emerging AIVs in pigs are necessary, since different virus strains will have different genotypic and phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stadejek
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Lopez-Moreno G, Davies P, Yang M, Culhane MR, Corzo CA, Li C, Rendahl A, Torremorell M. Evidence of influenza A infection and risk of transmission between pigs and farmworkers. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:560-571. [PMID: 35445551 PMCID: PMC9546022 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) between pigs and people represents a threat to both animal and public health. To better understand the risks of influenza transmission at the human–animal interface, we evaluated 1) the rate of IAV detection in swine farmworkers before and after work during two human influenza seasons, 2) assessed risk factors associated with IAV detection in farmworkers and 3) characterized the genetic sequences of IAV detected in both workers and pigs. Of 58 workers providing nasal passage samples during 8‐week periods during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 influenza seasons, 33 (57%) tested positive by rRT‐PCR at least once. Sixteen (27%) workers tested positive before work and 24 (41%) after work. At the sample level, 58 of 1,785 nasal swabs (3.2%) tested rRT‐PCR positive, of which 20 of 898 (2.2%) were collected prior to work and 38 of 887 (4.3%) after work. Although farmworkers were more likely to test positive at the end of the working day (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.14–3.41), there were no influenza‐like illness (ILI) symptoms, or other risk indicators, associated with IAV detection before or after reporting to work. Direct whole‐genome sequencing from samples obtained from worker nasal passages indicated evidence of infection of a worker with pandemic 2009 H1N1 of human‐origin IAV (H1‐pdm 1A 3.3.2) when reporting to work, and exposure of several workers to a swine‐origin IAV (H1‐alpha 1A 1.1) circulating in the pigs on the farm where they were employed. Our study provides evidence of 1) risk of IAV transmission between pigs and people, 2) pandemic H1N1 IAV infected workers reporting to work and 3) workers exposed to swine harbouring swine‐origin IAV in their nasal passages temporarily. Overall, our results emphasize the need to implement surveillance and transmission preventive protocols at the pig/human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lopez-Moreno
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Davies
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - My Yang
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marie R Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Effect of serial in vivo passages on the adaptation of H1N1 avian influenza virus to pigs. J Vet Res 2022; 66:9-19. [PMID: 35582490 PMCID: PMC8959685 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The lack of proofreading activity of the viral polymerase and the segmented nature of the influenza A virus (IAV) genome are responsible for the genetic diversity of IAVs and for their ability to adapt to a new host. We tried to adapt avian IAV (avIAV) to the pig by serial passages in vivo and assessed the occurrence of point mutations and their influence on viral fitness in the pig’s body. Material and Methods A total of 25 in vivo avIAV passages of the A/duck/Bavaria/77 strain were performed by inoculation of 50 piglets, and after predetermined numbers of passages 20 uninoculated piglets were exposed to the virus through contact with inoculated animals. Clinical signs of swine influenza were assessed daily. Nasal swabs and lung tissue were used to detect IAV RNA by real-time RT-PCR and isolates from selected passages were sequenced. Results Apart from a rise in rectal temperature and a sporadic cough, no typical clinical signs were observed in infected pigs. The original strain required 20 passages to improve its replication ability noticeably. A total of 29 amino-acid substitutions were identified. Eighteen of them were detected in the first sequenced isolate, of which 16 were also in all other analysed strains. Additional mutations were detected with more passages. One substitution, threonine (T) 135 to serine (S) in neuraminidase (NA), was only detected in an IAV isolate from a contact-exposed piglet. Conclusion Passaging 25 times allowed us to obtain a partially swine-adapted IAV. The improvement in isolate replication ability was most likely related to S654 to glycine (G) substitution in the basic protein (PB) 1 as well as to aspartic acid (D) 701 to asparagine (N) and arginine (R) 477 to G in PB2, glutamic acid (E) 204 to D and G239E in haemagglutinin and T135S in NA.
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Nuñez IA, Ross TM. A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135518821625. [PMID: 30834359 PMCID: PMC6391539 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518821625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, CVI Room 1504, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Rajao DS, Vincent AL, Perez DR. Adaptation of Human Influenza Viruses to Swine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:347. [PMID: 30723723 PMCID: PMC6349779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) within the H1N1/N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulates in pigs globally, with different lineages predominating in specific regions of the globe. A common characteristic of the ecology of IAV in swine in different regions is the periodic spillover of human seasonal viruses. Such human viruses resulted in sustained transmission in swine in several countries, leading to the establishment of novel IAV lineages in the swine host and contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza observed in pigs. In this review we discuss the frequent occurrence of reverse-zoonosis of IAV from humans to pigs that have contributed to the global viral diversity in swine in a continuous manner, describe host-range factors that may be related to the adaptation of these human-origin viruses to pigs, and how these events could affect the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Meseko C, Globig A, Ijomanta J, Joannis T, Nwosuh C, Shamaki D, Harder T, Hoffman D, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Mettenleiter T, Starick E. Evidence of exposure of domestic pigs to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5900. [PMID: 29651056 PMCID: PMC5897404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) potentially transmit to swine as shown by experiments, where further reassortment may contribute to the generation of pandemic strains. Associated risks of AIV inter-species transmission are greater in countries like Nigeria with recurrent epidemics of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) in poultry and significant pig population. Analysis of 129 tracheal swab specimens collected from apparently healthy pigs at slaughterhouse during presence of HPAI virus H5N1 in poultry in Nigeria for influenza A by RT-qPCR yielded 43 positive samples. Twenty-two could be determined by clade specific RT-qPCR as belonging to the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and confirmed by partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis. In addition, 500 swine sera were screened for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and H5 HA using competition ELISAs and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Serologically, 222 (44.4%) and 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP and H5 antibodies, respectively. Sera reacted to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 strains by HI suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses. We report for the first time in Nigeria, exposure of domestic pigs to H5N1 virus. This poses potential public health and pandemic risk due to interspecies transmission of avian and human influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jeremiah Ijomanta
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Tony Joannis
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Chika Nwosuh
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - David Shamaki
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffman
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
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Feral Swine in the United States Have Been Exposed to both Avian and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01346-17. [PMID: 28733290 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01346-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine can cause sporadic infections and pandemic outbreaks among humans, but how avian IAV emerges in swine is still unclear. Unlike domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have many opportunities for IAV exposure through contacts with various habitats and animals, including migratory waterfowl, a natural reservoir for IAVs. During the period from 2010 to 2013, 8,239 serum samples were collected from feral swine across 35 U.S. states and tested against 45 contemporary antigenic variants of avian, swine, and human IAVs; of these, 406 (4.9%) samples were IAV antibody positive. Among 294 serum samples selected for antigenic characterization, 271 cross-reacted with ≥1 tested virus, whereas the other 23 did not cross-react with any tested virus. Of the 271 IAV-positive samples, 236 cross-reacted with swine IAVs, 1 with avian IAVs, and 16 with avian and swine IAVs, indicating that feral swine had been exposed to both swine and avian IAVs but predominantly to swine IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine could potentially be infected with both avian and swine IAVs, generating novel IAVs by hosting and reassorting IAVs from wild birds and domestic swine and facilitating adaptation of avian IAVs to other hosts, including humans, before their spillover. Continued surveillance to monitor the distribution and antigenic diversities of IAVs in feral swine is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.IMPORTANCE There are more than 5 million feral swine distributed across at least 35 states in the United States. In contrast to domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have unique opportunities for contact with wildlife, livestock, and their habitats. Our serological results indicate that feral swine in the United States have been exposed to influenza A viruses (IAVs) consistent with those found in both domestic swine and wild birds, with the predominant infections consisting of swine-adapted IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine have been infected with IAVs at low levels and could serve as hosts for the generation of novel IAVs at the interface of feral swine, wild birds, domestic swine, and humans.
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Kaplan BS, Torchetti MK, Lager KM, Webby RJ, Vincent AL. Absence of clinical disease and contact transmission of HPAI H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 from North America in experimentally infected pigs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:464-470. [PMID: 28688206 PMCID: PMC5596520 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the fall of 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 was introduced into North America by migrating waterfowl from Asia where, through reassortment, novel HPAI H5N2 and H5N1 viruses emerged. Objectives Assess the susceptibility of pigs to HPAI H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 clade 2.3.3.3 from North America. Methods Pigs and trachea explants were inoculated with a representative panel of H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses from North America. Nasal swabs, BALF, and sera were collected to assess replication and transmission in challenged and direct contact pigs by RRT‐PCR, virus isolation, hemagglutination inhibition, and ELISA. Results Limited virus replication was restricted to the lower respiratory tract of challenged pigs, though absent in the nasal passages and trachea cultures, as determined by RRT‐PCR in all samples. Seroconversion of inoculated pigs was detected by NP ELISA but was not reliably detected by antigen‐specific hemagglutination inhibition. Boost with adjuvanted virus was required for the production of neutralizing antibodies to assess cross‐reactivity between wild‐type avian strains. All RRT‐PCR and serology tests were negative for contact animals indicating a failure of transmission from primary inoculated pigs. Conclusions H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 strains can replicate in the lower respiratory tract of swine upon high titer inoculation, though appear to be incapable of replication in swine nasal epithelium in vivo or ex vivo in trachea explants in culture. Infected pigs did not produce high levels of serum antibodies following infection. Collectively, our data show HPAI H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 viruses to be poorly adapted for replication and transmission in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Kaplan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mia K Torchetti
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
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13
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Abente EJ, Kitikoon P, Lager KM, Gauger PC, Anderson TK, Vincent AL. A highly pathogenic avian-derived influenza virus H5N1 with 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes demonstrates increased replication and transmission in pigs. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:18-30. [PMID: 28206909 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a reverse-genetics-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 lineage influenza A virus that was isolated from a human, A/Iraq/755/06. We also examined surface gene reassortant viruses composed of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/Iraq/755/06 and the internal genes of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, A/New York/18/2009 (2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1), and haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/New York/18/2009 with the internal genes of A/Iraq/755/06 (2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1). The parental A/Iraq/755/06 caused little to no lesions in swine, limited virus replication was observed in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in 3/5 direct-contact pigs based on seroconversion, detection of viral RNA or virus isolation. In contrast, the 2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1 reassortant caused mild lung lesions, demonstrated sustained virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and transmitted to all contacts (5/5). The 2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1 reassortant also caused mild lung lesions, there was evidence of virus replication in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in all contacts (5/5). These studies indicate that an HPAI-derived H5N1 reassortant with pandemic internal genes may be more successful in sustaining infection in swine and that HPAI-derived internal genes were marginally compatible with pandemic 2009 H1N1 surface genes. Comprehensive surveillance in swine is critical to identify a possible emerging HPAI reassortant in all regions with HPAI in wild birds and poultry and H1N1pdm09 in pigs or other susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio J Abente
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Present address: Merck Animal Health, De Soto, Kansas, USA.,Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
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14
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Avian influenza A(H7N9) and (H5N1) infections among poultry and swine workers and the general population in Beijing, China, 2013-2015. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33877. [PMID: 27670286 PMCID: PMC5037362 DOI: 10.1038/srep33877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have reported seroprevalences of antibody against avian influenza A(H7N9) virus among poultry workers in southern China, results have varied and data in northern China are scarce. To understand risks of H7N9 and H5N1 virus infections in northern China, a serological cohort study was conducted. Poultry workers, swine workers and the general population in Beijing, China, were evaluated through three surveys in November 2013, April 2014 and April 2015. The highest seroprevalence to H7N9 virus among poultry workers was recorded in the April 2014 and April 2015 surveys (0.4%), while that to H5N1 clade 2.3.4 or clade 2.3.2.1 virus was noted in the April 2014 survey (1.6% and 0.2%, respectively). The incidence of H7N9 virus infections among poultry workers (1.6/1000 person-months) was significantly lower than that of H5N1 clade 2.3.4 infections (3.8/1000 person-months) but higher than that of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 infections (0.3/1000 person-months). Compared with the general population, poultry workers were at higher risk of contracting H7N9 virus (IRR: 34.90; p < 0.001) or H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus (IRR: 10.58; p < 0.001). Although risks of H7N9 and H5N1 virus infections remain low in Beijing, continued preventive measures are warranted for poultry workers.
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Balzli C, Lager K, Vincent A, Gauger P, Brockmeier S, Miller L, Richt JA, Ma W, Suarez D, Swayne DE. Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:346-52. [PMID: 26946338 PMCID: PMC4910171 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of pigs to become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and then generate mammalian adaptable influenza A viruses is difficult to determine. Yet, it is an important link to understanding any relationship between LPAI virus ecology and possible epidemics among swine and/or humans. Objectives Assess susceptibility of pigs to LPAI viruses found within the United States and their direct contact transmission potential. Methods Pigs were inoculated with one of ten H5 or H7 LPAI viruses selected from seven different bird species to test infectivity, virulence, pathogenesis, and potential to transmit virus to contact pigs through histological, RRT‐PCR and seroconversion data. Results Although pigs were susceptible to infection with each of the LPAI viruses, no clinical disease was recognized in any pig. During the acute phase of the infection, minor pulmonary lesions were found in some pigs and one or more pigs in each group were RRT‐PCR‐positive in the lower respiratory tract, but no virus was detected in upper respiratory tract (negative nasal swabs). Except for one group, one or more pigs in each LPAI group developed antibody. No LPAI viruses transmitted to contact pigs. Conclusions LPAI strains from various bird populations within the United States are capable of infecting pigs. Although adaptability and transmission of individual strains seem unlikely, the subclinical nature of the infections demonstrates the need to improve sampling and testing methods to more accurately measure incidence of LPAI virus infection in pigs, and their potential role in human‐zoonotic LPAI virus dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Balzli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Lager
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy Vincent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Susan Brockmeier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Suarez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
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