Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium

Health risks from heavy metals in cosmetic products available in the online consumer market

The skin is a very sensitive organ that covers and protects the entire body. It is one of the routes by which chemicals present in e.g., personal care products are absorbed into the body. The quality of cosmetic products and their safety for consumers depend on their chemical composition. Cosmetics are produced from various ingredients, including dyes that contain e.g., Cr6+ and Ni at concentrations that can be hazardous to human health. Entities that introduce cosmetic products in the market are responsible for their safety and for ensuring that their chemical composition complies with relevant standards. However, the online market offers products of different brands manufactured in plants located in countries that have less restrictive regulations than those in place in the EU or the US. In the present study, we carried out analyses (mineralization with aqua regia HCl: HNO3) to determine the concentrations of selected metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn and Zn) using ICP-MS in 23 samples of cosmetics (foundations, blushes, lipsticks, creams, face masks and eye shadows) in order to calculate the health risks associated with their daily use. We calculated the margin of safety (MoS), hazard index (HI) and the hazard quotient (HQ) and carried out a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to answer the question of whether cosmetics available in the online market are safe for consumers when used in daily care routines. The results showed wide ranges of heavy metal concentrations in the cosmetics analyzed. The mean concentrations of the elements decreased in the following order (in mg/kg): Fe (6407) > Zn (190) > Mn (88) > Cr (24) > Ni (8). The MoS, HQ and HI values calculated for all the samples of cosmetics indicated that the products do not present a risk to human health.

Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health

Inorganic elements are added to toys as impurities to give desired stability, brightness, flexibility, and color; however, these elements may cause numerous health issues after acute or chronic exposure. In this study, the inorganic profile of 14 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, and Zn) in 63 toy makeup products was identified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave acid digestion method. Additionally, organic allergen fragrance was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard indices were used to assess the safety evaluation. Then, 57 out of 63 samples (90.48%) exceeded the limits at least for one toxic element with descending order Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Sb > Cd > As > Hg. The SED values were compared with tolerable daily intake values and remarkably differences were found for Al and Pb. The MoS values for 57.15% of samples exceeded the limit value for Al, As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Sb, and Zn elements. The LCR values were observed at 100% (n = 63), 79.37% (n = 50), 85.71% (n = 54), 77.78% (n = 49), and 18.87% (n = 10) for Cr, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Also, the skin sensitization risks were obtained for Cr and Ni at 26.980% (n = 17) and 9.52% (n = 6), respectively. The HQ values for 80% of samples were found to be ≥ 1 at least for one parameter. The investigation of fragrance allergens in samples did not show any significant ingredients. As a result, toy makeup products marketed in local stores were found to be predominantly unsafe. Children should be protected from harmful chemicals by regular monitoring and strict measures.

Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of clays from Durban (South Africa) for applications in cosmetics

Clay soils are rock-decomposed materials comprised of both clay- and non-clay-like minerals. Clays' physiochemical and mineralogical composition determines their applicability use in cosmetics. Because of their high bioburden, they must be effectively characterized before being incorporated into cosmetics. The scope of the current study was to characterize two different samples of red and white clays for their physical, chemical and biological properties; mined from Durban, South Africa. Characterization was performed using techniques like X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, hydrogen potential, soil colour, oil absorption, swelling capacity, texture, bulk density, plastic and apparent viscosity, sun protection factor and microbiological analysis.

What do we know about dermal bioaccessibility of metals coated on antibacterial films?

Antibacterial films have gained attention since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the impact of metals contained in antibacterial films on human safety have not been sufficiently investigated. This study reports on the important features that must be considered when assessing the bioaccessibility of Ag, Cu, and Zn in antibacterial films. Specifically, the effects of the artificial sweat component (i.e., amino acid and pH), surface weathering of antibacterial films, wipe sampling, and sebum were carefully examined. Our findings suggest that amino acids greatly affect bioaccessibility as amino acids act as ligands to facilitate metal ion leaching. In addition, constant exposure to ultraviolet C causes the film surface to oxidize, which significantly increases metal bioaccessibility due to the electrostatic repulsion between metal oxides and organic substrates. The presence of sebum in artificial sweat and physical damage to the film surface had no significant effects. Furthermore, the wipe sampling used to mimic the realistic dermal contact suggests the feasibility of applying this method for the assessment of bioaccessibility of metals in antibacterial films. The method offers significant advantages for evaluating the human safety aspects of skin contact with consumer products in future research.

Suspect Screening Analysis of Pooled Human Serum Samples Using GC × GC/TOF-MS

Humans interact with thousands of chemicals. This study aims to identify substances of emerging concern and in need of human health risk evaluations. Sixteen pooled human serum samples were constructed from 25 individual samples each from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Clinical Research Unit. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) × GC/time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) in a suspect screening analysis, with follow-up confirmation analysis of 19 substances. A standard reference material blood sample was also analyzed through the confirmation process for comparison. The pools were stratified by sex (female and male) and by age (≤45 and >45). Publicly available information on potential exposure sources was aggregated to annotate presence in serum as either endogenous, food/nutrient, drug, commerce, or contaminant. Of the 544 unique substances tentatively identified by spectral matching, 472 were identified in females, while only 271 were identified in males. Surprisingly, 273 of the identified substances were found only in females. It is known that behavior and near-field environments can drive exposures, and this work demonstrates the existence of exposure sources uniquely relevant to females.

Investigation of the link between the type and concentrations of heavy metals and other elements in blood and urinary stones and their association to the environmental factors and dietary pattern

BACKGROUND

Kidney and urinary tract stones are among the most common and important health problems, the prevalence of which is increasing nowadays due to a sedentary lifestyle, improper nutrition, destructive habits in fluid consumption, and improper use of medications. One of the causing factors in the formation of urinary stones is heavy metals. These metals present in tiny amounts in the environment and enter the nature and food cycle due to industrial activities and practices that are not compliant with environmental laws.

METHODS

In this context, the present case-control study was conducted to determine the concentrations of heavy metals and other urinary stone-forming elements in both blood and urinary stones and investigate their relationship with environmental factors and dietary patterns in people with urinary stones in Ardabil city in 2022. The sampling of blood and urinary stones was done randomly from patients with urinary stones who were admitted to the Urology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital, Ardabil. ICP-MS was used to measure the concentrations of heavy metals in the samples. The obtained data were analysed by chi-square test, ANOVA test, t-test, and Tukey test.

RESULTS

The body mass index (BMI) was 27.39 ± 3.72 in the case group and 26.37 ± 2.95 in the control group. The copper and selenium concentrations in blood and urinary stones were higher than in other metals. There was a significant relationship between the history of kidney stones and the probability of developing kidney stones. Moreover, a meaningful relationship was found between the concentration of lead element and the formation of kidney stones. The results showed a significant difference in the concentration of nickel and copper in people who consumed vegetables on a daily basis with those with different types of kidney stones.

CONCLUSION

The comparison amongst the concentration of heavy metals in various kinds of urinary stones showed that the amount of lead metal was higher in calcium phosphate stones than in calcium oxalate stones.

3A novel carbazole-based AIE-active fluorescent sensor for fast and ultrasensitive detection of Cu2+ and Co2+ in normal saline system

A novel phenyl-carbazole-based fluorescent sensor (PCBP) has been synthesized and investigated to selectively detect Cu²⁺ or Co²⁺. The PCBP molecule exhibits the excellent fluorescent property with the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. In given THF/normal saline (f_w = 95%) system, the PCBP sensor shows turn-off fluorescence performance at 462 nm with Cu²⁺ or Co²⁺. It reveals excellent characteristics of good selectivity, and ultra-high sensitivity, strong anti-interference ability, wide pH applicable range, as well as ultra-fast detection response. The limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor reaches 1.1 × 10^-9 mol·L^-1 and 1.1 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1 for Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ in turn. The formation mechanism of AIE fluorescence of PCBP molecules is attributed to the synergistic effect of intramolecular & intermolecular charge transfer (I&ICT). Meanwhile, the PCBP sensor has good repeatability for the detection of Cu²⁺, and performs excellent stability and sensitivity for the detection of Cu²⁺ in real water sample. The PCBP-based fluorescent test strips present reliable capacity for the detection of Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺⁺ in aqueous solution.

Patch Testing With Cobalt in Adults: A North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 2001-2018

Background: Cobalt is a recognized cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); however, detailed information on patient characteristics, sites, and sources is lacking. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess trends in patch test reactions to cobalt and associated patient characteristics, common sources, and body sites affected. Methods: The study used a retrospective analysis of adult patients who were patch tested to cobalt by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group between 2001 and 2018 (n = 41,730). Results: Overall, 2986 (7.2%) and 1362 (3.3%) had allergic or currently relevant patch test reaction to cobalt, respectively. Patients with versus without an allergic patch test reaction to cobalt were more likely to be female, employed, have a history of eczema or asthma, be Black, Hispanic, or Asian, and have occupational-related dermatitis. The most commonly identified sources of cobalt in allergic patients included jewelry, belts, and cement, concrete, and mortar. Affected body site(s) varied by cobalt source among patients with currently relevant reactions. Occupational relevance was found in 16.9% of patients with positive reactions. Conclusions: Positive patch test reactions to cobalt were common. The most common body sites were the hands, and affected site varied by the source of cobalt.

Insights into Health Risks of Face Paint Application to Opera Performers: The Release of Heavy Metals and Stage-Light-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

Face paints used by opera performers have been shown to contain high levels of heavy metals. However, whether frequent exposure, via dermal contact and inadvertent oral ingestion, results in occupational diseases is unknown, as is the potential exacerbation of toxicity by high-intensity irradiation from stage lights. In this study, we examined the release of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn from 40 face paints and the consequent health risks posed by different practical scenarios involving their use. The results showed that the in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the tested products was, on average, 7.0, 5.5, 19.9, and 7.9% through oral ingestion and 1.1, 2.2, 1.6, and 1.2% through dermal contact, respectively. Stage light irradiation significantly increased the IVBA associated with dermal contact, to the average of 4.8, 34.9, 5.7, and 1.9% for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The increase was mainly due to the light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl free radicals. The vitality and transcriptional response of 3D skin models as well as a quantitative risk assessment of skin sensitization indicated that dermal contact with face paints may induce predictable skin damage and potentially other skin diseases. Long-term exposure to face paints on stage may also pose a non-carcinogenic health risk. The demonstrated health risks to opera performers of face paint exposure should lead to strict regulations regarding the content of theatrical face paints.

Semiquantitative sensitization safety assessment of extractable and leachables associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products

Extractable and leachables (E&Ls) associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products should be assessed for patient safety. One essential safety endpoint is local or systemic sensitization. However, there are no regulatory guidelines for quantitative sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls. A semiquantitative sensitization safety assessment workflow is developed to refine the sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products. The workflow is composed of two sequential steps: local skin sensitization and systemic sensitization safety assessment. The local skin sensitization step has four tiers. The output from this step is the acceptable exposure level for local sensitization (AEL_ls) and this safety threshold can be used for local sensitization safety assessment. From the derived AEL_ls, the systemic sensitization safety assessment at step 2 proceeds in 2 tiers. The output from this workflow is the derivation of acceptable exposure level for systemic sensitization (AEL_ss). When the estimated human daily exposure (HDE) is compared with the AEL_ss, the margin of exposure is calculated to determine the sensitization safety of E&Ls following parenteral administration. The current work represents an initial effort to develop a scientifically robust process for sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products.

Quantitative risk assessment of allergens leaching from menstrual hygiene products

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) often associated with the topical use of perfumed products, remains one of the most common chronic skin disorders in Western countries. Since labelling of scented menstrual hygiene products (MHPs) is not mandatory, women might be unknowingly exposed to allergens. Given that vaginal mucosae lack the vital barrier function of the skin, skin allergens can easily penetrate and become systemically available and hence women may experience adverse effects in the anogenital region. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether women using scented MHPs are at risk of sensitization and hence developing ACD. Hereto, a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is performed on four well-known skin sensitizing chemicals (α-isomethyl ionone, benzyl salicylate, hexyl cinnamaldehyde and heliotropine) that were previously found leaching from five different scented MHPs including tampons and sanitary pads. The amounts of heliotropine, leached by one of the investigated tampons, exceeded acceptable exposure levels determined with the QRA and could induce sensitization. In addition, although no sensitization is expected for the other three compounds, an allergenic reaction might be provoked in women who are already sensitized. Labelling of allergens on scented MHPs would therefore help consumers to prevent adverse effects linked to ACD.

Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment

Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightening creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightening creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO.

Cobalt and lead concentrations in cosmetic products sold at local markets in Saudi Arabia

Cosmetics are products that can be used on the human body for cleaning, beautification or enhancing perceived attractiveness. Cosmetics may contain a variety of heavy metals such as cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb), which at high concentrations may pose adverse effects on human health. This study focuses to measure the concentration of heavy metals (Co and Pb) in some cosmetic samples of four types (foundation, skin lighteners, kajal (kohl) and lawsone (henna)) available at local markets in Saudi Arabia. The total number of all cosmetic samples understudy was 41. The samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to measure the content of Co and Pb. Quality control of the data was performed using Standard Reference Materials [IAEA-V-10] hay powder. For all cosmetic types and qualities combined, the Co concentration range was determined to be 21.14 ± 3.70-144.91 ± 2.27 μg/g and the Pb range 0.75 ± 0.00-10.60 ± 1.24 μg/g. The Co concentration in all cosmetic types understudy was higher than the recommended level. Pb concentration was within the range recommended by the United States Food and Drug Administration in all types of cosmetics except for kohl, for which 22 % of the samples contained concentrations higher than the permissible limit. The findings of this study call for immediate and ongoing testing to monitor the concentrations of toxic metals in cosmetic products used in Saudi Arabia to ensure that established limits are respected and thereby protect consumer health.

Experimental Calculations of Metals Content in Skin-Whitening Creams and Theoretical Investigation for Their Biological Effect Against Tyrosinase Enzyme

The demand for skin-whitening creams (SWCs) has increased rapidly worldwide due to sharp rise in product advertisements in the media and the growing awareness. Metals are present either as impurities or added intentionally in creams and may have toxic effects on users. The present study was carried out to determine the content of metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in fifteen skin-whitening creams marketed at local shops in Islamabad, Pakistan. The concentrations of metals were analyzed by inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) after digestion with a mixture of HNO₃, HCl, and H₂O₂. The skin-whitening creams were found to have metal concentrations in parts per million (ppm) in the following range: Hg (1.0-18,210 ppm), Co (0.1992-1.9931 ppm), Cr (1.0453-2.7455 ppm), Cu (0.6987-0.1997 ppm), Fe (8.8868-28.6213 ppm), Ni (0.7487-1.5958 ppm), Pb (0.2997-4.7287 ppm), and Zn (7819.2-39,696.7 ppm). As and Cd were not detected in any of the fifteen skin-whitening creams. Only one cream (L'Oréal Paris White Perfect) was found in safe limits defined by the Food and Drug Administration for cosmetics. In order to elucidate the mechanism of lower production of melanin in presence of heavy metals, a molecular docking study was carried out by using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. A good correlation was observed between experimental findings and molecular docking studies.

Analytical survey of tattoo inks-A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances

BACKGROUND

Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union.

METHODS

Seventy-three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Ninety-three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty-one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35-139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1-41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.

Chromium and cobalt release from metallic earrings from the Danish market

BACKGROUND

Chromium and cobalt are important skin sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to identify causative exposures. Studies on nickel allergy have demonstrated piercing as critical for both sensitization and elicitation. It may be speculated that the same applies for chromium and cobalt.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the content and release of chromium and cobalt from earrings randomly purchased in Denmark.

METHODS

Three hundred four earrings were examined with x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Earrings with measured content of chromium or cobalt were spot tested with diphenylcarbazide spot test (n = 166) or Nitroso-R spot-test (n = 99), respectively. Chromium and cobalt release were quantified in a selected subsample (n = 100) with the artificial sweat test (EN 1811).

RESULTS

Chromium was present in 54.6% (166/304) of earrings and cobalt was present in 72.0% (219/304),- measured by XRF. All chromium spot tests for chromium VI were negative. The cobalt spot test was positive for one component. Chromium release was found from 59/100 (median concentration = -0.06 μg/cm² /week) and cobalt release from 29/100 (median concentration = -0.06 μg/cm² /week) of earrings in tested subsample.

CONCLUSION

Earrings for piercing release chromium and cobalt and may on a case basis be a source of chromium and cobalt allergy.

Nickel Allergy of the Skin and Beyond

BACKGROUND

Hypersensitization to nickel is one of the most common contact allergies in the modern world and it is considered to be a major cause of contact dermatitis, especially for hand eczema.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to describe many faces of the nickel allergy and to find out different diagnostic, potential strategies for treatment and prevention in hypersensitized patients. A personal clinical experience with practical clinical cases of contact dermatitis to nickel has also been presented.

METHODS

Electronic databases on this topic was carried out using PubMed-Medline.

RESULTS

The literature review identified many articles reporting for nickel contact allergy and pointing the metal as number one allergen in the frequency of positive skin patch test reactions in a large population worldwide. Herein, a summary of the current understanding and evidence on nickel allergy with practical approach and proposed recommendations to the dermatologist, general practitioner, and the allergist were prepared.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of nickel allergy represents an important socio-economical and health issue. Metal is one of the most common sensitizing agents worldwide. The morbidity due to this metal represents the allergic contact dermatitis and it is constantly growing in many countries. There are also cases of systemic allergic contact dermatitis, where they could be easily misdiagnosed as adverse drug reactions, which lead to delay of the correct diagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets

Kohl is a traditional cosmetic widely used in Asia and Africa. In recent years, demand for kohl-based eyelids and lipsticks has increased in Europe, linked to migratory phenomena of populations from these continents. Although the European legislation prohibits the use of heavy metals in cosmetics due to the harmful effects to human health, particularly to pregnant women and children, these elements are still present in certain products. The European Union recommended levels are Pb < 20 ppm, As < 5 ppm, Cd < 5 ppm, Sb < 100 ppm, and Ni < 200 ppm. In Germany, levels are more restrictive: Pb < 2 ppm, As < 0.5 ppm, Cd < 0.1 ppm, Sb < 0.5 ppm, and Ni < 10 ppm. Here, we analyzed 12 kohl-based cosmetics in different presentations (powder, paste, and pencil) that were purchased in Spanish and German local shops. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer was used to identify toxic elements and heavy metals. Levels of Pb ranged between 1.7 and 410,000 ppm in six of the study samples, four of which had levels above the recommended limit of at least two heavy metals. Arsenic (a carcinogenic element) values were within the range allowed by the EU in only 58% of the studied samples. Moreover, two products doubled this limit, reaching levels of 9.2 and 12.6 ppm. In one of the products, cadmium, related to toxic keratitis, was four times higher (20.7 ppm) than that allowed, while in two other products, these limits were doubled (11.8 and 12.7 ppm). Our results indicate the need to supervise the manufacture of kohl-based traditional products and the analysis of their composition prior distribution in European countries.

Exposures in nail salons to trace elements in nail polish from impurities or pigment ingredients - A pilot study

Nail polishes have evolved considerably. Toxic elements, such as lead, have been found in nail polish, and it is unclear if new finishes using metallic effect pigments may be contributing to metals exposure in nail technicians. We characterized concentrations of trace elements in 40 nail polishes, 9 technicians' urine, and 20 technicians' toenail clippings from 8 nail salons in the Boston area in 2017. We also collected 24 salon surface wipes from 3 of the salons. Antimony was not disclosed as a nail polish ingredient, yet concentrations (<15 μg/g) were above existing cosmetics guidelines (0.5 μg/g) in five (13%) of the samples. Aluminum (<11,450 μg/g), barium (<11,250 μg/g), iron (<3,270 μg/g), and magnesium (<2375 μg/g) were disclosed as ingredients and were also found on salon surfaces where nail polish was stored or used. Heavy metal impurities in nail polish were not detected for cadmium. Lead and nickel were found at low concentrations (<0.40 μg/g lead, <0.67 μg/g nickel). Tin (p = 0.003) concentrations were higher in nail polish with finishes compared to without. Barium and strontium (both p = 0.0001) concentrations were higher for red nail polishes compared to all other colors. Of those elements in nail polish and salon surfaces, aluminum and iron were detected in toenails, manganese was detected in urine and toenails, and barium was detected in urine at comparable levels to the general population. Besides preventable antimony levels in nail polish, individual metals in nail polish did not appear to be from impurities but mainly from colorants (i.e., pigments) and not major contributors to nail technician exposure. It is unclear if low-level chronic metals mixtures in nail salons are of health concern.

Occupational exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the Lithuanian hard metal industry

BACKGROUND

Metalworkers are said to have heavy exposure to metals, but the amount of released metal ions from alloys and deposition on the hands is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze nickel, cobalt, and chromium in vitro release to the artificial sweat from nails and wire made of different alloys, and to test metal deposition on the fingers of metalworkers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Six different samples of nails and wire were kept in artificial sweat for 24 hours and one week, respectively. The metal release was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Eighty-eight consecutive metal plant workers immersed their index fingers and thumbs in separate laboratory tubes filled with deionized water for 2 minutes. The sample analysis for metals was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).

RESULTS

The average released concentration of Ni was 0.0012 μg/cm² , for Co it was 0.0007 μg/cm² , and for Cr 0.0037 μg/cm² after 24 hours and 0.0135, 0.0029, and 0.0042 μg/cm² , respectively, after 1 week. There was a statistically significant increase in released concentration of Ni during one week: 0.0012 μg/cm² vs 0.0135 μg/cm² (P = .04). Medians of the detected Co amount on fingers reflected a statistically significant difference between workplaces: 0.004 μg/cm² for metalworkers vs 0.001 μg/cm² for office staff (P = .04).

CONCLUSION

Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr) can be released in different concentrations from nails and wire. Detected Ni and Cr levels can elicit dermatitis in already sensitized patients. Co can be extracted from alloys even if not mentioned on material safety data sheets. The finger immersion technique was used for cobalt and chromium detection on fingers for the first time.

Evaluation of heavy metals in cosmetic products and their health risk assessment

Heavy metals’ contamination in cosmetic products is a serious threat. Present study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in various brands of cosmetic products with special emphasis on their health risk assessment. Five heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb were quantified in different brands of lotions, foundations, whitening creams, lipsticks, hair dyes and sunblock creams using atomic absorption spectrometry. Risk to the consumer’s health was determined using systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR).

On comparative basis, different brands of sunblock creams depicted highest concentration of Ni, Pb and Cr (7.99 ± 0.36, 6.37 ± 0.05 and 0.43 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively), whereas lipsticks had elevated levels of Fe at 12.0 ± 1.8 mg/kg, and Cd was maximum in lotions (0.26 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Multivariate analysis revealed strong associations among Cr, Ni and Pb, while Cd and Fe showed disparity in distribution and sources of contamination. MoS, HQ and HI values were within the permissible limit apart from for lotions and sunblock creams, while LCR value was higher than the permissible limit in all cosmetic products except lipsticks. Regular use of these products can cause serious threat to human health, particularly skin cancer on long time exposure. Therefore, continuous monitoring of cosmetic products, particularly with reference to HMs adulteration should be adopted to ensure the human safety and security.

Comparative Study of SPA Mud from "Bacino Idrominerario Omogeneo dei Colli Euganei (B.I.O.C.E.)-Italy" and Industrially Optimized Mud for Skin Applications

The term "Salus per aquam (SPA) therapies" refers to therapeutic pathways that includes mud therapy. The therapeutic efficacy of a peloid depends on its chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as its technological properties. Considering the increasing use of clay-based products, it becomes essential to characterize peloids from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Therefore, this research project aimed to develop a protocol that allows characterization of the chemical-physical composition of sludges collected from different areas of the Homogeneous Euganean Hills Hydromineral Basin (B.I.O.C.E.). The study established a comparative study both between different matrices and between the same matrices at different maturation times, including also a comparison with an industrialized product, that can be used at home, which maintains the characteristics of a natural mud. This research was developed studying the pH, grain size distribution, and chemical and mineralogical composition. Peloids are characterized by a neutral/basic pH and are divided into two categories from a granulometric point of view: The chemical composition allowed observation of numerous correlations between oxides present in the samples and to quantify the presence of heavy metals. Mineralogical analysis made it possible to identify and compare the composition of each sample, also according to the maturation time. Thanks to the methods adopted, important correlations were achieved.

Quantitative analysis of metals and metal-based nano- and submicron-particles in tattoo inks

Exposure to metals and metal-based nano- (NPs, 1-100 nm) and submicron-particles (SPs, 0.1-1 μm) contained in tattoo inks and related health safety is currently receiving a great deal of interest. Twenty inks of different brands and colours were sampled in Italy in 2019. The SemiQuant Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis allowed quantifying the concentration of 18 metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Zn) in inks. The Single Particle ICP-MS was used to detect the diameters and concentration of NPs and SPs of 9 metals (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Ti and Zn). Concentration of metals in tattoo inks were below the recommended concentrations reported in the Resolution ResAP (2008)1 indicating ink production have shifted to purer materials and best manufacturing practices. Regarding particles, Al was found at nano- (62-80 nm) and submicron-sizes (105-140 nm). Sizes of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were in the intervals 42-62 nm, 44-96 nm, 26-28 nm and 26-59 nm, respectively. Titanium was at submicron-diameters (166-383 nm). In addition, Cr and Ti particles accounted for the 47% and 80% of their total concentration, respectively. Tattooing practice exposed humans to metal-based NPs and SPs and the presence of a combination of particles of different metals and/or their dynamics (e.g., dissolution) may change their bioavailability and toxicity.

Long-term outcome after implantation of a nickel-containing cemented hip stem on the right in a patient with type IV sensitization to nickel sulphate

Type IV allergies to nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate and/or cobalt chloride are supposed to be associated with aseptic loosening, pain or infections in patients with hip arthroplasty. However, there is debate on any causal relation between type IV sensitization to metals and any of these complications. We report on a patient with suspicion of pre-existing type IV sensitization to nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate who did not show any complications after hip arthroplasty.

Repeated Vaginal Exposures to the Common Cosmetic and Household Preservative Methylisothiazolinone Induce Persistent, Mast Cell-Dependent Genital Pain in ND4 Mice

A history of allergies doubles the risk of vulvodynia—a chronic pain condition of unknown etiology often accompanied by increases in numbers of vulvar mast cells. We previously established the biological plausibility of this relationship in mouse models where repeated exposures to the allergens oxazolone or dinitrofluorobenzene on the labiar skin or inside the vaginal canal of ND4 Swiss Webster outbred mice led to persistent tactile sensitivity and local increases in mast cells. In these models, depletion of mast cells alleviated pain. While exposure to cleaning chemicals has been connected to elevated vulvodynia risk, no single agent has been linked to adverse outcomes. We sensitized female mice to methylisothiazolinone (MI)—a biocide preservative ubiquitous in cosmetics and cleaners—dissolved in saline on their flanks, and subsequently challenged them with MI or saline for ten consecutive days in the vaginal canal. MI-challenged mice developed persistent tactile sensitivity, increased vaginal mast cells and eosinophils, and had higher serum Immunoglobulin E. Therapeutic and preventive intra-vaginal administration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol reduced mast cell accumulation and tactile sensitivity. MI is known to cause skin and airway irritation in humans, and here we provide the first pre-clinical evidence that repeated MI exposures can also provoke allergy-driven genital pain.

Risk of human exposure to metals in some household hygienic products in Nigeria

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Metal content of 27 household hygienic products available in Nigeria was determined.

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SED values for metals in these products were below tolerable intake levels.

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MoS values indicate that they are reasonably safe for human use.

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However, products contained significant amounts of toxic and allergenic metals.

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Effluents from use of products are likely sources of metals to the environment.

This study presents data on the levels and risk of human exposure to Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe in some popular brands of household hygienic products (HHPs) available in Nigeria. The HHPs were digested with a mixture of HNO₃, HCl and HClO₄ in a ratio of 1:3:1 and the concentrations of the selected metals were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentrations (in μg g⁻¹) in these products ranged from 0.4 to 5.4, <0.09–47.0, <0.12–43.7, <0.06–7.5, <0.12–9.5, <0.06–15.0, <0.09–24.5, 9.0–675 and 62.4–434 for Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn and Fe respectively. The systemic exposure dosages for the metals, arising from the use of these HPPs, were less than their respective provisional tolerable daily intake/recommended dietary allowance values. The household hygienic products are safe to use by humans based on the margin of safety values that were all above 100. However, the products contained significant levels of toxic (Cd and Pb), allergenic (Ni and Cr) and other low toxicity metals (Mn, Zn and Fe), which could be a potential threat to the environment.

A New Fluorescent Chemosensor for Cobalt(II) Ions in Living Cells Based on 1,8-Naphthalimide

In this work, a highly selective fluorescent chemosensor N-(2-(2-butyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-6-yl)hydrazine-1-carbonothioyl)benzamide (L) was prepared and characterized. An assay to detect the presence of cobalt(II) ions was developed by utilizing turn-on fluorescence enhancement with visual colorimetric response. Upon treatment with Co²⁺, a remarkable fluorescence enhancement located at 450 nm was visible to naked eyes accompanied with a distinct color change (from pink to colorless) in a CH₃CN/HEPES (4/1, v/v, pH = 7.4) solution due to the formation of a 1:1 complex at room temperature. In addition, the linear concentration range for Co²⁺ was 0–25 µM with the limit of detection down to 0.26 µM. Thus, a highly sensitive fluorescent method based on chelation-assisted fluorescence enhancement was developed for the trace-level detection of Co²⁺. The sensor was found to be highly selective toward Co²⁺ ions with a large number of coexisting ions. Furthermore, the L probe can serve as a fluorescent sensor for Co²⁺ detecting in biological environments, demonstrating its low toxic properties to organisms and good cell permeability in live cell imaging.

Assessment of Toxic Metals and Hazardous Substances in Tattoo Inks Using Sy-XRF, AAS, and Raman Spectroscopy

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, in conjunction with atomic absorption and Raman spectroscopy, was used to analyze a set of top brand tattoo inks to investigate the presence of toxic elements and hazardous substances. The Cr, Cu, and Pb contents were found to be above the maximum allowed levels established by the Council of Europe through the resolution ResAP(2008)1 on requirements and criteria for the safety of tattoos and permanent makeup. Raman analysis has revealed the presence of a set of prohibited substances mentioned in ResAP(2008)1, among which are the pigments Blue 15, Green 7, and Violet 23. Other pigments that were identified in white, black, red, and yellow inks are the Pigment White 6, Carbon Black, Pigment Red 8, and a diazo yellow, respectively. The present results show the importance of regulating tattoo ink composition.

Assessments of some metals contamination in lipsticks and their associated health risks to lipstick consumers in Iran

In this study, the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in lipstick samples were evaluated. The samples were from different brands and produced in different countries. The average lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations in all lipstick samples were 1.851, 0.017, and 4.300 mg kg^-1 ww, respectively. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium among the brands (p < 0.05). The concentrations of the measured elements in the brands did not exceed the values of the international standards provided for lipstick. The values of hazard quotient (HQ), health risk index (HI), relative intake index (RII), and estimated daily intake (EDI) indices were calculated. The results of the HQ and HI indices showed that in more than 50% of the lipstick brands, there is a potential threat to consumer health due to the presence of these elements in lipstick. Therefore, it can be concluded that, due to the simultaneous use of lipstick with other types of cosmetics and hence the potential exposure of consumers to toxic elements through all cosmetics, continuous monitoring of the concentrations of these elements in these types of products is necessary to avoid potential health risks.

Hidden Metals in Several Brands of Lipstick and Face Powder Present on Polish Market

Cosmetics still retain their brilliant effect, but public concern about their toxicity has become a hot issue. Trace amounts of toxic heavy metals can be either intentionally added to cosmetics or present as impurities in the raw materials. We therefore assessed the levels of lead, nickel, copper, zinc and iron in six brands of lipstick and six brands of cosmetic powder that are widely available in local Polish markets. The cosmetics were digested and analyzed for the metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead and nickel were found in some powders, but none in lipstick samples. This study revealed that the levels of these metals were higher than the specifications reported in the literature data. On the other hand, the copper content was determined at the level of 435 mg/kg in one sample of powder and at 75.92 mg/kg in one lipstick. Iron levels ranged from 0 to 12,168.57 mg/kg depending on the brand of powder or lipstick, and were generally higher in powders. Zinc was detected in the range of 1.73–488.31 mg/kg in all 12 samples. The results lead to the conclusion that constant control of metallic content in lipsticks, powders and other facial cosmetics should be seriously considered.

New hexa-bodipy functionalized dendrimeric cyclotriphosphazene conjugates as highly selective and sensitive fluorescent chemosensor for Co2+ ions

In the study, the new hexa-bodipy functionalized dendrimeric cyclotriphosphazene conjugates (HBCP 1 and 2) have been successfully synthesized and characterized by using general spectroscopic techniques such as ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopies. The photophysical and metal sensing properties in THF solutions of dendrimeric cyclotriphosphazene conjugates (HBCP 1 and 2) were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies in dilute tetrahydrofuran solutions. These dendrimers showed strong absorption bands 501 and 641nm at low concentration with high molar extinction coefficients. In addition, the stoichiometry of the complex between the conjugate (HBCP 2) and Co²⁺ ions were determined by a Job's plot obtained from fluorescence titrations. The metal sensing data showed that the hexa-bodipy functionalized dendrimeric cyclotriphosphazene conjugate (HBCP 2) is a candidate for fluorescent chemosensor for Co²⁺ ions due to showing high selectivity with a low limit of detection.