1
|
Zuloaga R, Varas O, Ahrendt C, Pulgar VM, Valdés JA, Molina A, Duarte C, Urzúa Á, Guzmán-Rivas F, Aldana M, Pulgar J. Revealing coastal upwelling impact on the muscle growth of an intertidal fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159810. [PMID: 36341853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Upwelling oceanographic phenomenon is associated with increased food availability, low seawater temperature and pH. These conditions could significantly affect food quality and, in consequence, the growth of marine species. One of the most important organismal traits is somatic growth, which is highly related to skeletal muscle. In fish, skeletal muscle growth is highly influenced by environmental factors (i.e. temperature and nutrient availability) that showed differences between upwelling and downwelling zones. Nevertheless, there are no available field studies regarding the impact of those conditions on fish muscle physiology. This work aimed to evaluate the muscle fibers size, protein content, gene expression of growth and atrophy-related genes in fish sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones. Seawater and fish food items (seaweeds) samples were collected from upwelling and downwelling zones to determine the habitat's physical-chemical variations and the abundance of biomolecules in seaweed tissue. In addition, white skeletal muscle samples were collected from an intertidal fish to analyze muscular histology, the growth pathways of protein kinase B and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase; and the gene expression of growth- (insulin-like growth factor 1 and myosin heavy-chain) and atrophy-related genes (F-box only protein 32 and muscle RING-finger protein-1). Upwelling zones revealed higher nutrients in seawater and higher protein content in seaweed than samples from downwelling zones. Moreover, fish from upwelling zones presented a greater size of muscle fibers and protein content compared to downwelling fish, associated with lower protein ubiquitination and gene expression of F-box only protein 32. Our data indicate an attenuated use of proteins as energy source in upwelling conditions favoring protein synthesis and muscle growth. This report shed lights of how oceanographic conditions may modulate food quality and fish muscle physiology in an integrated way, with high implications for marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Varas
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Ahrendt
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies-Creek, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabián Guzmán-Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Av. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Effect of Continuous Light on Growth and Muscle-Specific Gene Expression in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) Yearlings. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040328. [PMID: 33920077 PMCID: PMC8070488 DOI: 10.3390/life11040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod is associated to phenotypic plasticity of somatic growth in several teleost species, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are currently unknown. The effect of a continuous lighting (LD 24:0), compared with the usual hatchery lighting (HL) regime, on the growth rate and gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs: MyoD1 paralogs, Myf5, and MyoG) myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and MSTN paralogs in the white muscles of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon yearlings was evaluated over a 6-month period (May–October). The levels of gene expression were determined using real-time PCR. Continuous lighting was shown to have a positive effect on weight gain. MyHC, MyoD1c, MyoD1b, and MSTN1a/b mRNA expression was influenced by the light regime applied. In all the studied groups, a significant positive correlation was observed between the expression levels of MRFs and MSTN paralogs throughout the experiment. The study demonstrated seasonal patterns regarding the simultaneous expression of several MRFs. MyoD1a, MyoG, and MyHC mRNA expression levels were elevated in the mid-October, but MyoD1b/c, and Myf5 mRNA levels decreased by the end of this month. In general, the findings showed that constant lighting affected the regulatory mechanisms of muscle growth processes in salmon.
Collapse
|
3
|
Schäfer N, Kaya Y, Rebl H, Stüeken M, Rebl A, Nguinkal JA, Franz GP, Brunner RM, Goldammer T, Grunow B, Verleih M. Insights into early ontogenesis: characterization of stress and development key genes of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in vivo and in vitro. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:515-532. [PMID: 33559015 PMCID: PMC8026417 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There are still numerous difficulties in the successful farming of pikeperch in the anthropogenic environment of various aquaculture systems, especially during early developmental steps in the hatchery. To investigate the physiological processes involved on the molecular level, we determined the basal expression patterns of 21 genes involved in stress and immune responses and early ontogenesis of pikeperch between 0 and 175 days post hatch (dph). Their transcription patterns most likely reflect the challenges of growth and feed conversion. The gene coding for apolipoprotein A (APOE) was strongly expressed at 0 dph, indicating its importance for yolk sac utilization. Genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 (BMP4, BMP7), creatine kinase M (CKM), and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) were highly abundant during the peak phases of morphological changes and acclimatization processes at 4-18 dph. The high expression of genes coding for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta (PPARA, PPARD) at 121 and 175 dph, respectively, suggests their importance during this strong growth phase of juvenile stages. As an alternative experimental model to replace further in vivo investigations of ontogenetically important processes, we initiated the first approach towards a long-lasting primary cell culture from whole pikeperch embryos. The present study provides a set of possible biomarkers to support the monitoring of pikeperch farming and provides a first basis for the establishment of a suitable cell model of this emerging aquaculture species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schäfer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Yagmur Kaya
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Stüeken
- Institute of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 17194, Hohen Wangelin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julien A Nguinkal
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - George P Franz
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ronald M Brunner
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bianka Grunow
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Marieke Verleih
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Zeng S, Liu S, Wang G, Lai H, Zhao X, Bi S, Guo D, Chen X, Yi H, Su Y, Zhang Y, Li G. Identifying the Related Genes of Muscle Growth and Exploring the Functions by Compensatory Growth in Mandarin Fish ( Siniperca chuatsi). Front Physiol 2020; 11:553563. [PMID: 33117188 PMCID: PMC7552573 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.553563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
How organisms display many different biochemical, physiological processes through genes expression and regulatory mechanisms affecting muscle growth is a central issue in growth and development. In Siniperca chuatsi, the growth-related genes and underlying relevant mechanisms are poorly understood, especially for difference of body sizes and compensatory growth performance. Muscle from 3-month old individuals of different sizes was used for transcriptome analysis. Results showed that 8,942 different expression genes (DEGs) were identified after calculating the RPKM. The DEGs involved in GH-IGF pathways, protein synthesis, ribosome synthesis and energy metabolisms, which were expressed significantly higher in small individuals (S) than large fish (L). In repletion feeding and compensatory growth experiments, eight more significant DEGs were used for further research (GHR2, IGFR1, 4ebp, Mhc, Mlc, Myf6, MyoD, troponin). When food was plentiful, eight genes participated in and promoted growth and muscle synthesis, respectively. Starvation can be shown to inhibit the expression of Mhc, Mlc and troponin, and high expression of GHR2, IGFR1, and 4ebp inhibited growth. Fasting promoted the metabolic actions of GHR2, IGFR1, and 4ebp rather than the growth-promoting actions. MyoD can sense and regulate the hunger, which also worked with Mhc and Mlc to accelerate the compensatory growth of S. chuatsi. This study is helpful to understand the regulation mechanisms of muscle growth-related genes. The elected genes will contribute to the selective breeding in future as candidate genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuange Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shuang Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gongpei Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Han Lai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dingli Guo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huadong Yi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuqin Su
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guifeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alami-Durante H, Cluzeaud M, Bazin D, Vachot C, Kaushik S. Variable impacts of L-arginine or L-NAME during early life on molecular and cellular markers of muscle growth mechanisms in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 242:110652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Dong J, Chen Z, Sun C, Tian Y, Hu J, Lu M, Ye X. Cloning, SNP detection, and growth correlation analysis of the 5' flanking regions of two myosin heavy chain-7 genes in Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 228:10-16. [PMID: 30419288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myosin heavy chains (MYHs) play important roles in muscle growth and contraction. In fish, MYHs contribute to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of muscle fibers, which can continue into adult life and thus result in indeterminate growth in some species. We previously identified two MYH genes, MYH-7a and MYH-7b, that are differentially expressed in Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and appear to function in early growth. However, the regulatory role of their 5' flanking regions is unknown. To examine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these regions, we used genome walking to amplify their flanking sequences and analyzed the regulatory elements and binding sites. A single SNP locus was found in the flanking sequence of each gene. These SNP loci are located in the conserved glucocorticoid receptor binding region (MYH-7a: G-614A; Allele frequency: G:A = 94.9:5.1; GG (89.76) and AG (10.24) genotypes) and the LIM homeobox domain transcription factor binding sequence (MYH-7b: C-1933A; Allele frequency: C:A = 54.8:45.2; AA (20.82), AC (48.81), and CC (30.37) genotypes). At the G-614A loci, the GG genotype exhibited more superior growth traits (total length, body length, body height, etc.) than the AG genotype, with the exception of caudal peduncle length. Alternatively, at the C-1933A loci, the AC and AA genotypes showed significant differences in all growth traits, except for head length, with AC exhibiting superior traits. The AA and CC genotypes showed significant differences in caudal peduncle length and height, while no differences were observed between the AC and CC genotypes. Thus, these SNPs in the 5' flanking regions of MYH-7a and MYH-7b are correlated with superior growth and can be used for selecting Mandarin fish during breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhihang Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Maixin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Age- and stage-dependent variations of muscle-specific gene expression in brown trout Salmo trutta L. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 211:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
8
|
Churova MV, Meshcheryakova OV, Veselov AE, Efremov DA, Nemova NN. Activity of metabolic enzymes and muscle-specific gene expression in parr and smolts Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of different age groups. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1117-1130. [PMID: 28315163 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the energy metabolism level and the features of muscle growth regulation during the development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) inhabiting the Indera River (Kola Peninsula, Russia). The activities of aerobic and anaerobic enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase) and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and aldolase) were measured in muscle and liver tissue. Gene expression levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), myostatin (MSTN-1a), and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs-MyoD1a, MyoD1b, MyoD1c, Myf5, myogenin) were measured in the white muscles of salmon parr of ages 0+, 1+, 2+, and 3+ and smolts of ages 2+ and 3+. Multidirectional changes in the activity of enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism with age were shown in the white muscles of the parr. The cytochrome c oxidase activity was higher in muscles of underyearlings (0+) and yearlings (1+) and decreased in 2+ and 3+ age groups. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase, in contrast, increased with age. The patterns of changes in expression levels of MyoD1a, MyoD1b, myogenin, MyHC, and MSTN-1a at different ages of the parr were similar. Particularly, the expression of these genes peaked in the yearling parr (1+) and then decreased in elder groups. The differences were revealed in parameters studied between the parr and smolts. The level of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism enzyme activities was higher in the white muscles of smolts than in parr. The activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes was decreased in the smolts' livers. The expression levels of MyHC, MyoD1a, MyoD1b, and myogenin were lower in smolts at age 2+ compared to parr. These findings expand our knowledge of age-related and stage-related features of energy metabolism and muscle development regulation in young Atlantic salmon in their natural habitat. The results might be used for monitoring of the salmon population during restoration and rearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Churova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - Olga V Meshcheryakova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey E Veselov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis A Efremov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Nina N Nemova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fuentes EN, Safian D, Valdés JA, Molina A. Isolation and selection of suitable reference genes for real-time PCR analyses in the skeletal muscle of the fine flounder in response to nutritional status: assessment and normalization of gene expression of growth-related genes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:765-777. [PMID: 23086610 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, different reference genes were isolated, and their stability in the skeletal muscle of fine flounder subjected to different nutritional states was assessed using geNorm and NormFinder. The combinations between 18S and ActB; Fau and 18S; and Fau and Tubb were chosen as the most stable gene combinations in feeding, long-term fasting and refeeding, and short-term refeeding conditions, respectively. In all periods, ActB was identified as the single least stable gene. Subsequently, the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MYH) and the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) was assessed. A large variation in MYH and IGF-IR expression was found depending on the reference gene that was chosen for normalizing the expression of both genes. Using the most stable reference genes, mRNA levels of MYH decreased and IGF-IR increased during fasting, with both returning to basal levels during refeeding. However, the drop in mRNA levels for IGF-IR occurred during short-term refeeding, in contrast with the observed events in the expression of MYH, which occurred during long-term refeeding. The present study highlights the vast differences incurred when using unsuitable versus suitable reference genes for normalizing gene expression, pointing out that normalization without proper validation could result in a bias of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo N Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departmento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Republica 217, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|