Gills de novo assembly reveals oxidative stress, unfolded protein, and immune response on red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) under thermal stress

The heat waves on the South Pacific coast could lead to thermal stress in native fish. The red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is relevant for Chilean artisanal fisheries and aquaculture diversification. This study examined the effect of high-temperature stress in the gills of G. chilensis in control (14 °C) and high-temperature stress (19 °C) conditions. High-temperature stress induces a significant increase in gills cortisol levels. Additionally, oxidative damage was observed in gills (protein carbonylation and lipoperoxidation). RNA-seq data was used to build the first transcriptome assembly of gills in this species (23,656 annotated transcripts). A total of 1138 down-regulated and 1531 up-regulated transcripts were observed in response to high-temperature stress in gills. The enrichment analysis showed immune response and replication enriched processes (on down-regulated transcripts), and processes related to the folding of proteins, endoplasmic reticulum, and transporter activity (on up-regulated transcripts). The present study showed how gills could be affected by high-temperature stress.

11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)'s Action on the Gill Osmoregulation of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In aquaculture, stress can negatively affect fish growth. For years, the cortisol hormone has been thought to play both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid functions. Nevertheless, recent research has suggested that 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) released during stress could contribute to cortisol actions, though this process is still misunderstood. Here, we evaluated the DOC effects on physiological and early transcriptional responses by RNA-seq. Juvenile rainbow trout were treated with DOC and/or glucocorticoids (mifepristone) or mineralocorticoid (eplerenone) receptor antagonists. Subsequently, plasma was collected, and cDNA libraries were generated from the gills of vehicle (control), DOC, mifepristone, mifepristone with DOC, eplerenone, and eplerenone with DOC groups. Calcium and phosphate levels in plasma were changed. Results revealed 914 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) induced by DOC compared with control, mainly associated with sodium ion transmembrane transport, gluconeogenesis, negative regulation of transmembrane transport, and activation of innate immune response. DOC versus eplerenone with DOC comparison displayed 444 DETs related to cell-cell junction organization, canonical glycolysis, positive regulation of immune response, and potassium ion transport. Conversely, no DETs were detected in DOC versus mifepristone with DOC comparison. These data suggest that DOC has a relevant role in gill stress response and ion transport, which is differentially regulated by mineralocorticoid receptors.

Transmission ratio distortion detection by neutral genetic markers in the Pura Raza Española horse breed

Transmission Ratio Distortion (TRD) is a genetic phenomenon widely demonstrated in several livestock species, but barely in equine species. The TRD occurs when certain genotypes are over- or under-represented in the offspring of a particular mating and can be caused by a variety of factors during gamete formation or during embryonic development. For this study, 126 394 trios consisting of a stallion, mare, and offspring were genotyped using a panel of 17 neutral microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics for paternity tests and individual identification. The number of alleles available for each marker ranges from 13 to 18, been 268 the total number of alleles investigated. The TRDscan v.2.0 software was used with the biallelic procedure to identify regions with distorted segregation ratios. After completing the analysis, a total of 12 alleles (out of 11 microsatellites) were identified with decisive evidence for genotypic TRD; 3 and 9 with additive and heterosis patterns, respectively. In addition, 19 alleles (out of 10 microsatellites) were identified displaying allelic TRD. Among them, 14 and 5 were parent-unspecific and stallion-mare-specific TRD. Out of the TRD regions, 24 genes were identified and annotated, predominantly associated with cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. These genes are often linked to non-specific symptoms like impaired fertility, stunted growth, and compromised overall health. The results suggest a significant impact on the inheritance of certain genetic traits in horses. Further analysis and validation are needed to better understand the TRD impact before the potential implementation in the horse breeding programme strategies.

Randomized Trial of Five or Two MRI-guided Adaptive Radiotherapy Treatments for Prostate Cancer (FORT)

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The objective of this randomized clinical trial is to demonstrate that 2 treatments of real-time MRI-guided radiotherapy (RT) does not significantly increase patient-reported GI and GU symptoms compared to 5 treatments of RT 2 years after treatment completion (24 months).

MATERIALS/METHODS

Key Eligibility Criteria: Inclusion Criteria 1. Men aged > 18 with histologically confirmed low or intermediate risk prostate cancer per NCCN guidelines. 2. ECOG 0 - 1 3. IPSS < 18 4. Ability to receive MRI-guided radiotherapy. 5. Ability to complete the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire. Exclusion Criteria 1. Prior history of receiving pelvic RT. 2. Patient with history of IBD. 3. Hip replacements. 4. History of bladder neck or urethral stricture. 5. TURP < 8 weeks prior to RT 6. Metastatic (pelvic nodal or distant) disease on CT, Bone, and/or PSMA PET scan. Study Design/Endpoints: This is a randomized phase II non-inferiority trial comparing 2 fractions of ultrahypofractionated RT (25 Gy total with optional PSMA/MRI boost to 28 Gy) versus 5 fractions of ultra-hypofractionated RT (37.5 Gy total with optional PSMA/MRI boost to 45 Gy) in the definitive setting for prostate cancer. Subjects will be stratified based on pre-specified stratification factors and randomized 1:1 to receive 2 or 5 fractions using permuted block randomization. The primary endpoint is the change in patient-reported GI and GU symptoms as measured by EPIC at 2 years from end of treatment. Secondary endpoints will include both the safety endpoints including change in GI and GU symptoms at 3, 6, 12 and 60 months from end of treatment, and multiple efficacy endpoints including time to progression, prostate cancer specific survival and overall survival.

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size is calculated based on a non-inferiority design. The non-inferiority margins are set to be a change score of 6 points for the GI symptoms and 5 points for the GU symptoms. The standard deviations of the change scores are assumed to be 13.2 for the GI symptoms and 10.5 for the GU symptoms based on estimates generated in RTOG 0415 trial. This level of change in scores are deemed as clinically meaningful. For example, 6 points of change score for GI symptoms corresponds to two symptoms worsening by 1 level (i.e., loose stools and frequency of bowel movements change from "no problem" to "very small problem") or one of the symptoms worsening by 2 levels (i.e., loose stool change from "no problem" to "small problem"). A sample size of 122 with 61 in each arm will ensure 80% power for GI endpoint and 83% power for GU endpoint to detect non-inferiority using a one-sided two-sample t-test at the significance level of 0.05. Adjusting for a projected 10% EPIC/non-compliance rate, 136 patients (68 per arm) will be randomized. Stratification Factors: Patients will be stratified according to baseline EPIC bowel and urinary domain scores and country of treatment. Enrollment: Twenty patients.

RESULTS

To be determined.

CONCLUSION

To be determined.

Early regulation of corticosteroid receptor expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills is mediated by membrane-initiated cortisol signaling

Cortisol is a key stress-related hormone involved in the physiological adjustments of fish. In gills, cortisol contributes to acclimatization to changes in environmental salinity, promoting both ion uptake or salt excretion. Cortisol exerts its biological effects through its interaction with specific intracellular glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. Additionally, the further identification of GR and MR on the surface of different tissues, together with the existence of cortisol-mediated effects observed using membrane-impermeable analogs (e.g., cortisol-BSA), supports the existence of membrane-initiated cortisol actions in fish. Nevertheless, the impact of this alternative cortisol mechanism in relevant tissues for fish salinity acclimation, such as gill, is unknown. In this work, we sought to explore the contribution of rapid membrane-initiated cortisol on GR and MR regulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Juvenile rainbow trout intraperitoneally injected with cortisol or cortisol-BSA showed increased gr2 but no gr1 or mr mRNA levels in gills after one hour of treatment. This result was further confirmed using RT-gills-W1 cell lines stimulated with both versions of cortisol. Interestingly, after three and six hours of cortisol or cortisol-BSA treatment, there were no changes in the mRNA levels of any corticosteroid receptor in RT-gills-W1 cells. Finally, using immunofluorescence analysis, we identified GR and MR in rainbow trout gill cells localized on the cell surface. Considering the in vivo and in vitro results of this work, we suggest that membrane-initiated cortisol action contributes to the early expression of gr2 in rainbow trout gills during salinity acclimation.

Survival analysis of productive life in Florida dairy goats using a Cox proportional hazards model

Longevity is an economically important trait, since extending the functional life of a doe would allow us to keep the most productive females in the herd as long as possible, and this could result in the increased profitability of dairy farms. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the most important factors that influence the length of productive life (LPL) of female Florida goats and to estimate its genetic additive variance using a Cox proportional hazards model. The data consisted of 70,695 productive life records from 25,722 Florida females kidding between 2006 and 2020. A total of 19,495 does had completed their productive life while 6227 (24.2%) does had censored information. The pedigree contained information on 56,901 animals. The average censoring age and average failure age after first kidding for LPL were 36 and 47 months respectively. The model included, as time-independent effects, the age at first kidding and the interaction between herd, year and season of birth of the doe, and as time-dependent effects, the age at kidding, the interaction between herd, year and season of kidding, the within-herd class of milk production deviation, and the interaction between the lactation number and the stage of lactation. All fixed effects had a significant effect on LPL (p < 0.05). Does with older ages at the first kidding and an earlier age at kidding were at higher risk of being culled. A large difference among herds was observed in terms of culling risk, which highlighted the importance of adequate management practices. Also, high-producing does were less likely to be culled. The estimate of the additive genetic variance was 1.844 (in genetic standard deviation), with a heritability estimate of 0.58 ± 0.012. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of a genetic model for genetic evaluation of the length of the productive life of Spanish dairy goat breeds.

Effect of 11-Deoxycorticosterone in the Transcriptomic Response to Stress in Rainbow Trout Skeletal Muscle

In aquaculture, many stressors can negatively affect growth in teleosts. It is believed that cortisol performs glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid functions because teleosts do not synthesize aldosterone. However, recent data suggest that 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) released during stress events may be relevant to modulate the compensatory response. To understand how DOC modifies the skeletal muscle molecular response, we carried out a transcriptomic analysis. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneally treated with physiological doses of DOC in individuals pretreated with mifepristone (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) or eplerenone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist). RNA was extracted from the skeletal muscles, and cDNA libraries were constructed from vehicle, DOC, mifepristone, mifepristone plus DOC, eplerenone, and eplerenone plus DOC groups. The RNA-seq analysis revealed 131 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) induced by DOC with respect to the vehicle group, mainly associated with muscle contraction, sarcomere organization, and cell adhesion. In addition, a DOC versus mifepristone plus DOC analysis revealed 122 DETs related to muscle contraction, sarcomere organization, and skeletal muscle cell differentiation. In a DOC versus eplerenone plus DOC analysis, 133 DETs were associated with autophagosome assembly, circadian regulation of gene expression, and regulation of transcription from RNA pol II promoter. These analyses indicate that DOC has a relevant function in the stress response of skeletal muscles, whose action is differentially modulated by GR and MR and is complementary to cortisol.

Revealing coastal upwelling impact on the muscle growth of an intertidal fish

Upwelling oceanographic phenomenon is associated with increased food availability, low seawater temperature and pH. These conditions could significantly affect food quality and, in consequence, the growth of marine species. One of the most important organismal traits is somatic growth, which is highly related to skeletal muscle. In fish, skeletal muscle growth is highly influenced by environmental factors (i.e. temperature and nutrient availability) that showed differences between upwelling and downwelling zones. Nevertheless, there are no available field studies regarding the impact of those conditions on fish muscle physiology. This work aimed to evaluate the muscle fibers size, protein content, gene expression of growth and atrophy-related genes in fish sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones. Seawater and fish food items (seaweeds) samples were collected from upwelling and downwelling zones to determine the habitat's physical-chemical variations and the abundance of biomolecules in seaweed tissue. In addition, white skeletal muscle samples were collected from an intertidal fish to analyze muscular histology, the growth pathways of protein kinase B and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase; and the gene expression of growth- (insulin-like growth factor 1 and myosin heavy-chain) and atrophy-related genes (F-box only protein 32 and muscle RING-finger protein-1). Upwelling zones revealed higher nutrients in seawater and higher protein content in seaweed than samples from downwelling zones. Moreover, fish from upwelling zones presented a greater size of muscle fibers and protein content compared to downwelling fish, associated with lower protein ubiquitination and gene expression of F-box only protein 32. Our data indicate an attenuated use of proteins as energy source in upwelling conditions favoring protein synthesis and muscle growth. This report shed lights of how oceanographic conditions may modulate food quality and fish muscle physiology in an integrated way, with high implications for marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management.

Role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal muscle: A transcriptomic perspective of cortisol action

Cortisol is an essential regulator of neuroendocrine stress responses in teleost. Cortisol performs its effects through the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), activating gene expression. Until now the contribution of both receptors in the global transcriptional response in teleost skeletal muscle has not been explored. To understand in a comprehensive and global manner how GR and MR modulates the skeletal muscle transcriptomic response, we performed RNA-seq analysis. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pretreated with a suppressor of endogenous cortisol production were intraperitoneally injected with cortisol (10 mg/kg). We also included a treatment with mifepristone (GR antagonist) and eplerenone (MR antagonist) in the presence or absence of cortisol. cDNA libraries were constructed from the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout groups: vehicle, cortisol, mifepristone, eplerenone, mifepristone/cortisol and eplerenone/cortisol. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 135 transcripts were differentially expressed in cortisol vs. mifepristone/cortisol group, mainly associated to inflammatory response, ion transmembrane transport, and proteolysis. In the other hand, 68 transcripts were differentially expressed in cortisol vs. eplerenone/cortisol group, mainly associated to muscle contraction, and regulation of cell cycle. To validate these observations, we performed in vitro experiments using rainbow trout myotubes. In myotubes treated with cortisol, we found increased expression of cxcr2, c3, and clca3p mediated by GR, associated with inflammatory response, proteolysis, and ion transmembrane transport, respectively. Contrastingly, MR modulated the expression of myh2 and gadd45g mainly associated with muscle contraction and regulation of cell cycle, respectively. These results suggest that GR and MR have a differential participation in the physiological response to stress in teleost skeletal muscle.

OP0213-HPR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NURSES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RA PATIENTS ON TREATMENT WITH JAKINIBS

Background

The number of new treatments available in rheumatology continues to increase. Kinase inhibitors, or jakinibs, pose an added challenge due to their variety and because they are oral. The most important role of the rheumatology nurse is patient education, especially on how to take the medication. The better the nurse understands the drugs, the better their practical recommendations and decisions will be and the better they will be able to respond to the patient. Guidelines or recommendations for inflammatory diseases do not usually include key practical details for nurses. It is our understanding that these points that will subsequently determine adherence and safety should be specially addressed in a specific document for nurses.

Objectives

To establish practical, evidence-based nursing recommendations for the management of people with RA undergoing treatment with jakinibs.

Methods

To reach an evidence-based consensus we used systematic review and Delphi survey. A multidisciplinary panel of experts was formed with 6 rheumatology nurses, 2 rheumatologists, 1 psychologist, 1 dietician-nutritionist and 1 patient on treatment with jakinibs. This panel met on 2 occasions and was kept informed at all times of the progress of the project through the Miro platform. At the preparatory meeting the scope and users, structure and PICOt questions were established (these included efficacy and adverse effects, infections, cardiovascular risk, surgery, vaccination, pregnancy and breastfeeding, interactions and switches between jakinibs).

The steering group made recommendations based on the issues raised at the first meeting. Only those that achieved 65% in favour were included as items in a Delphi survey. The Delphi survey was sent to all members of the society nurses and rheumatologists (n=60). Voting ranged from 0 to 10 (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Items with more than 75% agreement in the first round did not proceed to a second round.

Results

The Table 1 shows the recommendations with their level of evidence and level of agreement after the Delphi (n=40; 67%). One item with only 50% agreement was rejected and did not proceed to a second round.

Table 1.RecommendationLevel of evidenceDegree of agreementBefore starting treatment with a jakinib, it should be confirmed that the patient has no contraindications.5100%The patient’s efficacy and outcome expectations for the drug should be explored and those that need to be adjusted.585%It should be indicated that a double dose should not be taken if one is missed.4100%As with other DMARDs, the patient should be instructed that close management will follow.599%The use of contraception and discontinuation of the drug is recommended in case of gestational desire or unplanned pregnancy.396%It is recommended to explain the warning signs of infection: fever, blisters, burning pain in the ribs, itching when urinating, productive cough, diarrhoea, pus-filled wounds, phlegmon.1a100%It is recommended to instruct the patient on preventive measures for infectious diseases (dental and hand hygiene, HPV, social distance, etc.).1a89%Vaccination against common germs in immunocompromised persons and shingles with the current vaccine is recommended.1a93%CV risk factors should be monitored, and the patient trained for signs of thrombosis, HF or ischaemic heart disease.1a89%Close monitoring of elderly patients (CV risk, infections) is recommended.2100%Emphasis on adherence is recommended for jakinibs to be effective.3100%Before surgery, discontinuation of jakinib should be scheduled depending on the type of surgery and comorbidities.389%

Conclusion

These recommendations will allow a practical approach to the management of jakinibs by nurses and enjoy an adequate consensus among potential users.

Disclosure of Interests

José Maria Martín Martín Speakers bureau: Lilly, Consultant of: Lilly, Grant/research support from: Galapagos, Silvia García-Díaz Grant/research support from: Galapagos, Amparo Molina Grant/research support from: Galapagos, Carmen Dominguez Grant/research support from: Galapagos, Loreto Carmona: None declared, Laura Cano Garcia Grant/research support from: Galapagos

Artificial light at night (ALAN) causes variable dose-responses in a sandy beach isopod

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is expanding worldwide, and the study of its influence remains limited mainly to documenting impacts, overlooking the variation in key characteristics of the artificial light such as its intensity. The potential dose-response of fitness-related traits to different light intensities has not been assessed in sandy beach organisms. Hence, this study explored dose-responses to ALAN by exposing the intertidal sandy beach isopod Tylos spinulosus to a range of light intensities at night: 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 lx. We quantified the response of this species at the molecular (RNA:DNA ratios), physiological (absorption efficiency) and organismal (growth rate) levels. Linear and non-linear regressions were used to explore the relationship between light intensity and the isopod response. The regressions showed that increasing light intensity caused an overall ~ threefold decline in RNA:DNA ratios and a ~ threefold increase in absorption efficiency, with strong dose-dependent effects. For both response variables, non-linear regressions also identified likely thresholds at 80 lx (RNA:DNA) and 40 lx (absorption efficiency). By contrast, isopod growth rates were unrelated (unaltered) by the increase in light intensity at night. We suggest that ALAN is detrimental for the condition of the isopods, likely by reducing the activity and feeding of these nocturnal organisms, and that the isopods compensate this by absorbing nutrients more efficiently in order to maintain growth levels.

A genome-wide association study of mare fertility in the Pura Raza Español horse

Despite the economic importance of fertility for the horse industry, few efforts have been made to achieve a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying its control. This is probably due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable phenotypes and the complexity of modelling the environmental and management factors. This work is novel in that we propose to use reproductive efficiency (RE) as an indicator of mare fertility. To achieve this, we performed a genome-wide association study in the Pura Raza Español horse aimed at identifying genomic variants, regions, and candidate genes associated with fertility in mares. The dataset included 819 animals genotyped with the Affymetrix Axiom™ Equine 670 K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Genotyping Array and the deregressed breeding values for RE trait, obtained using a ssBLUP model, employed as pseudo-phenotypic data. Our results showed 28 SNPs potentially associated with RE, which explained 87.19% of the genetic variance and 6.61% of the phenotypic variance. Those results were further validated in BayesB, showing a correlation between observed and predicted RE of 0.57. In addition, 15 candidate genes (HTRA3, SPIRE1, APOE, ERCC1, FOXA3, NECTIN-2, KLC3, RSPH6A, PDPK1, MEIOB, PAQR4, NM3, PKD1, PRSS21, IFT140) previously related to fertility in mammals were associated with the markers and genomic regions significantly associated with RE. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide association study performed on mare fertility.

The effect of the Robertsonian translocation 1/29 on the fertility of beef cattle reared under extensive conditions: a 30 years retrospective study

The Robertsonian translocation 1/29 (rob(1;29)) is the most worldwide widespread chromosomal abnormality in domestic animals. Previous studies have demonstrated its negative effect on fertility in dairy herds, but not in beef cattle extensively bred. In this study, we analyzed the effect of rob(1;29) in a Retinta cattle breed dataset gathered during the last 30 years. The data presented herein includes rob(1;29) analysis of 11,505 cows from 251 herds, pedigree information of 24,790 animals, and 67,457 calving records. Fertility was evaluated using estimated breeding values for the reproductive efficiency (Re), calculated as the percentage ratio between the number of calvings of an individual with the number expected in an optimal situation. Our results showed that cows carrying the heterozygote genotype showed a significant decrease in their Re (-5.10%, p<0.001). No decrease was detected in free rob(1;29) animals and homozygous carriers. In addition, the incidence of rob(1;29) in the breed fertility was decreased to very low values after 30 years of avoiding selection bulls carrier as stallions. The effect of rob(1;29) in cattle fertility is only significant when the prevalence of carrier individuals is high. Selecting against the disease only by the paternal side reduced the incidence to negligible values.

Differential Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Administered with Cortisol or Cortisol-BSA

Simple Summary

Cortisol is a key stress hormone in teleosts. Cortisol exerts its effects through genomic—and membrane-initiated mechanisms, however, the role of the latter in long-term stress responses is unknown. Here, we treated Sparus aurata with cortisol or cortisol-BSA (exclusive inductor to membrane-initiated effects) to emulate a long-term stress situation. We found that cortisol, but not cortisol-BSA, promotes energy substrate mobilization in the liver, together with the regulation of metabolism-related genes. We suggest that genomic cortisol actions exclusively participate in metabolic responses during prolonged treatment using cortisol in S. aurata. This study contributes to the current knowledge on cortisol’s involvement in stress responses in fish.

Abstract

Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid hormone promoting compensatory metabolic responses of stress in teleosts. This hormone acts through genomic and membrane-initiated actions to exert its functions inside the cell. Experimental approaches, using exogenous cortisol administration, confirm the role of this hormone during short (minutes to hours)- and long-term (days to weeks) responses to stress. The role of membrane-initiated cortisol signaling during long-term responses has been recently explored. In this study, Sparus aurata were intraperitoneally injected with coconut oil alone or coconut oil containing cortisol, cortisol-BSA, or BSA. After 3 days of treatment, plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle were extracted. Plasma cortisol, as well as metabolic indicators in the plasma and tissues collected, and metabolism-related gene expression, were measured. Our results showed that artificially increased plasma cortisol levels in S. aurata enhanced plasma glucose and triacylglycerols values as well as hepatic substrate energy mobilization. Additionally, cortisol stimulated hepatic carbohydrates metabolism, as seen by the increased expression of metabolism-related genes. All of these responses, observed in cortisol-administered fish, were not detected by replicating the same protocol and instead using cortisol-BSA, which exclusively induces membrane-initiated effects. Therefore, we suggest that after three days of cortisol administration, only genomic actions are involved in the metabolic responses in S. aurata.

RNA-Seq-Based Analysis of Cortisol-Induced Differential Gene Expression Associated with Piscirickettsia salmonis Infection in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Myotubes

Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is the major infectious disease of the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis. Intensive farming conditions generate stress and increased susceptibility to diseases, being skeletal muscle mainly affected. However, the interplay between pathogen infection and stress in muscle is poorly understood. In this study, we perform an RNA-seq analysis on rainbow trout myotubes that are pretreated for 3 h with cortisol (100 ng/mL) and then infected with P. salmonis strain LF-89 for 8 h (MOI 50). Twelve libraries are constructed from RNA samples (n = 3 per group) and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 4000. A total of 704,979,454 high-quality reads are obtained, with 70.25% mapped against the reference genome. In silico DETs include 175 total genes-124 are upregulated and 51 are downregulated. GO enrichment analysis reveals highly impacted biological processes related to apoptosis, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and innate immune response. These results are validated by RT-qPCR of nine candidate transcripts. Furthermore, cortisol pretreatment significantly stimulated bacterial gene expression of ahpC and 23s compared to infection. In conclusion, for the first time, we describe a transcriptomic response of trout myotubes infected with P. salmonis by inducing apoptosis, downregulating cell proliferation, and intrinsic immune-like response that is differentially regulated by cortisol.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals a Piscirickettsia salmonis-induced early inflammatory response in rainbow trout skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in teleosts and is essential for movement and metabolism. Recently, it has been described that skeletal muscle can express and secrete immune-related molecules during pathogen infection. However, the role of this tissue during infection is poorly understood. To determine the immunocompetence of fish skeletal muscle, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis strain LF-89. P. salmonis is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a severe disease that has caused major economic losses in the aquaculture industry. This gram-negative bacterium produces a chronic systemic infection that involves several organs and tissues in salmonids. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, we found that 60 transcripts were upregulated in skeletal muscle, mostly associated with inflammatory response and positive regulation of interleukin-8 production. Conversely, 141 transcripts were downregulated in association with muscle filament sliding and actin filament-based movement. To validate these results, we performed in vitro experiments using rainbow trout myotubes. In myotubes coincubated with P. salmonis strain LF-89 at an MOI of 50, we found increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine il1b and the pattern recognition receptor tlr5s 8 and 12 h after infection. These results demonstrated that fish skeletal muscle is an immunologically active organ that can implement an early immunological response against P. salmonis.

Screening and detection of chromosomal copy number alterations in the domestic horse using SNP-array genotyping data

Chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of infertility in horses. However, they are difficult to detect using automated methods. Here, we propose a simple methodology based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array data that allows us to detect the main chromosomal abnormalities in horses in a single procedure. As proof of concept, we were able to detect chromosomal abnormalities in 33 out of 268 individuals, including monosomies, chimerisms, and male and female sex-reversions, by analyzing the raw signal intensity produced by an SNP array-based genotyping platform. We also demonstrated that the procedure is not affected by the SNP density of the array employed or by the inbreeding level of the individuals. Finally, the methodology proposed in this study could be performed in an open bioinformatic environment, thus permitting its integration as a flexible screening tool in diagnostic laboratories and genomic breeding programs.

Temperature effect on oxidative stress and egg quality-related genes on post-ovulatory eggs and ovary of red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis)

Red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a native species with potential for Chilean aquaculture diversification. However, no information exists on the effects of temperature on oxidative stress and eggs quality markers in post-ovulatory eggs and ovary of this species. We determine that high and low temperature generate oxidative damage on post-ovulatory eggs, with no effect on ovary. Temperature induces thermal stress markers expression on post-ovulatory eggs, and modulates antioxidant and eggs quality markers on post-ovulatory eggs and ovary, information to consider for quality evaluation in the red cusk-eel management.

Effect of cortisol on the immune-like response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis

Salmonids are a species of high commercial value in Chilean aquaculture, where muscle is the final product of the industry. Fish can be affected by stress during intensive cultures, increasing susceptibility to infections. Recently, we reported that muscle is an important focus of immune reactions. However, studies have shown the immunosuppressive effect of stress only in lymphoid organs, and few studies have been conducted on muscle and immunity. Hence, we determine the effects of cortisol on the immune-like response of fish myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis by three trials. First, rainbow trout primary culture of muscle was cultured and treated with cortisol (100 ng/mL) for 3 and 4 h. Second, myotubes were challenged with P. salmonis (MOI 50) for 4, 6 and 8 h. And third, muscle cell cultures were pretreated with cortisol and then challenged with P. salmonis. The mRNA levels of glucocorticoid pathway and innate immunity were evaluated by qPCR. Cortisol increased the klf15 levels and downregulated the innate immune-related tlr5m gene and antimicrobial peptides. P. salmonis challenge upregulated several immune-related genes. Finally, cortisol pretreatment followed by P. salmonis challenge differentially modulated stress- and immune-related genes. These data suggest that fish muscle cells possess an intrinsic immune response and are differentially regulated by cortisol, which could lead to bacterial outbreaks in muscle under stress conditions.

[Vocal cord dysfunction in athletes: Interest of rehabilitation to effort]

INTRODUCTION

Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) is a syndrome characterized by paradoxical adduction of the vocal folds during breathing. Its non-specific clinical manifestations frequently lead to misdiagnosis and delay in its treatment. The treatment of VCD is not pharmacological but rehabilitative and remains poorly appreciated.

OBSERVATION

In this clinical case we describe a 16-year-old female judoka who presented with effort intolerance associated with occasional dyspnea, which had suddenly worsened over the preceding few months so that in now produced sudden respiratory difficulty, mainly during intense and sudden efforts. After a period where her symptoms were confused with asthma, she was diagnosed with exercise-induced VCD. Her treatment was aimed to: (a) rehabilitate respiratory mechanics in order to eliminate abdominal-thoracic asynchrony, (b) rehabilitate naso-nasal breathing, (c) train her to control abdominal-diaphragmatic breathing at rest and then during effort, (d) train her to use ventilatory control as soon as prodromal symptoms appear in order to prevent the development of stridor or complete closure of the vocal folds (at rest and then progressively during exercise).

CONCLUSION

Following the implementation of these rehabilitation strategies to correct her ventilatory and dyskinetic issues, the patient no longer develops respiratory discomfort during exercise, including during judo competitions.

Regulation of the early expression of MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1 through membrane-initiated cortisol action in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout

Glucocorticoids are key stress-related hormones in vertebrates, with cortisol being the main glucocorticoid in teleosts. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through two mechanisms of action: genomic/classic and membrane initiated. In mammals, cortisol-mediated stress has been found to be associated with increased expression of critical atrophy-related genes (atrogenes), such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and murf1/trim63. However, the direct impact of cortisol on the early regulation of atrogene expression in teleost skeletal muscle and the contribution of membrane-initiated cortisol action to this process have not been identified. In this work, the mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and murf1 were assessed in isolated myotubes and skeletal muscle of rainbow trout administered with cortisol or cortisol-BSA. This latter compound is a membrane-impermeable cortisol analog that exclusively induces membrane-initiated effects. We found that cortisol (10 mg/kg) first decreased the expression of both atrogenes at 3 h of treatment and then increased their expression at 9 h of treatment in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout. Additionally, the in vitro analysis suggested that membrane-initiated cortisol action regulates murf1 but not atrogin-1 in rainbow trout myotubes. Using RU486 to selectively block glucocorticoid receptor (GR), we found that early downregulation of murf1 is potentially mediated by membrane GR signaling in myotubes. Considering the results of both the in vivo and in vitro approaches, we suggest that membrane-initiated cortisol action regulates the early expression of atrophy-related processes in teleosts.

100 The evolution and premature hyperactivation of kinetic sperm subpopulations are affected by inbreeding level in Retinta cattle

Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) has become a powerful tool to study sperm heterogeneity because it allows to cluster individual sperm in subpopulations (Sp) according to their kinetic parameters, which are associated with fertility and sperm quality. In cattle, inbreeding (mating between close relatives) affects sperm quality. Inbreeding estimation has become more accurate with the increasing availability of genomic methodologies, such as the detection of runs of homozygosity (ROH). Additionally, genomic inbreeding values (FROH) allow us to determine which metabolic pathways are differentially affected by this genetic trait. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of inbreeding on evolution of sperm Sp over time in cattle. Sperm samples (n=100) from 50 Retinta bulls (two replicates) were analysed in a sperm longevity experiment at time 0 (T0, after thawing), 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) h. At each time point, eight parameters were measured using a CASA system (Sperm Class Analyzer 5.4), including curvilinear velocity (VCL, μm/s), straight-line velocity (VSL, μm/s); average path velocity (VAP, μm/s), percentage of linearity (LIN,%: VSL/VCL), percentage of straightness (STR,%: VSL/VAP), wobble coefficient (WOB,%: VAP/VCL), mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, μm) and beat-cross frequency (BCF, Hz). The presence of Sp was determined by a two-step multivariate analysis including non-hierarchical followed by hierarchical analysis in 80,154 motile sperm. Four sperm Sp were identified: Sp1 (rapid and highly progressive sperm); Sp2 (progressive sperm with intermediate speed); Sp3 (slow and non-progressive sperm); and Sp4 (fastest, hyperactive-like, non-progressive sperm). To determine the effect of inbreeding, individuals were clustered into lowly (FROH &lt; 0.125, n=27) and highly (FROH &gt; 0.125, n=23) inbred individuals. After thawing (T0), the percentage of sperm Sp4 was higher and showed premature hyperactivation in highly inbred animals, which was previously associated with reduced fertility (Table 1). However, highly inbred individuals showed an increased percentage of rapid (Sp1) and intermediate (Sp2) progressive sperm after T1 and T2 incubation, respectively, compared with lowly inbred bulls (P&lt;0.001). These results suggest that sperm velocity and progression persist for longer in highly inbred bulls, at least after a short incubation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that inbreeding affects sperm motility pattern and premature hyperactivation in cattle. Table 1. Percentage of subpopulations (Sp) by inbreeding group and time Time Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Highly inbred Lowly inbred Highly inbred Lowly inbred Highly inbred Lowly inbred Highly inbred Lowly inbred 0 33.17a 34a 32.39a 32.56a 28.07a 27.93a 6.37b 5.51a 1 31.73b 26.13a 36.75a 41.65b 23.80a 24.37a 7.72a 7.85a 2 11.73b 7.67a 53.75b 48.78a 29.68a 39.27b 4.83a 4.28a a,bDifferent superscripts by subpopulation in the same row denote significant difference (P&lt;0.05).

17 Increased inbreeding levels negatively affect sperm kinetics and motility in Purebred Spanish horses

Reproductive performance is one of the key factors in livestock production. It is well known that reproductive traits are influenced by several genetic factors, such as the increase of individual inbreeding levels, which are associated with changes in sperm motility and shape in several species. In horses, the increase in inbreeding is a common problem because of the reduction in effective population size and the increase in selection intensity observed in several breeds. However, studies assessing the effect of high levels of inbreeding on the sperm quality of stallions are scarce. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of increased inbreeding levels and age on the sperm motility patterns of Purebred Spanish horses (PRE). We performed kinetic characterisation of 557 sperm samples of 82 PRE stallions aged between 3 and16 years, using computer-assisted sperm analysis (Androvision™, Minitube). We evaluated 5 parameters in 6 different fields per sample: curved line velocity (VCL, µm/s), velocity average path (VAP, µm/s), velocity straight line (VSL, µm/s), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, µm), and beat-cross frequency (BCF, Hz). We determined the pedigree-based inbreeding coefficient (Fped) based on ∼300,000 PRE pedigree records to evaluate the inbreeding effect. Individuals were separated into 2 groups: highly inbred (n=339) and lowly inbred (n=218) according to an F value of 12.5%. Differences between groups were analysed using a generalized linear model. The analysis did not show significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the variables analysed with respect to the age of stallions. However, VAP, VCL, and AHL were lower in highly inbred than in lowly inbred animals (P&lt;0.05), suggesting less velocity and amplitude of head displacement. In the case of BCF, no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) were observed between the two study groups. In conclusion, age did not affect sperm quality parameters in the age group of stallions analysed. In addition, we demonstrated that high inbreeding coefficient reduced the mean velocity and trajectory pattern of spermatozoa in PRE.

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission

NASA's Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.

Meteorological Predictions for Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Landing Site at Jezero Crater

The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) and a nested simulation of the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting model (MarsWRF) are used to predict the local meteorological conditions at the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site inside Jezero crater (Mars). These predictions are complemented with the COmplutense and MIchigan MArs Radiative Transfer model (COMIMART) and with the local Single Column Model (SCM) to further refine predictions of radiative forcing and the water cycle respectively. The primary objective is to facilitate interpretation of the meteorological measurements to be obtained by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) aboard the rover, but also to provide predictions of the meteorological phenomena and seasonal changes that might impact operations, from both a risk perspective and from the perspective of being better prepared to make certain measurements. A full diurnal cycle at four different seasons (L_s 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°) is investigated. Air and ground temperatures, pressure, wind speed and direction, surface radiative fluxes and moisture data are modeled. The good agreement between observations and modeling in prior works [Pla-Garcia et al. in Icarus 280:103-113, 2016; Newman et al. in Icarus 291:203-231, 2017; Vicente-Retortillo et al. in Sci. Rep. 8(1):1-8, 2018; Savijarvi et al. in Icarus, 2020] provides confidence in utilizing these models results to predict the meteorological environment at Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site inside Jezero crater. The data returned by MEDA will determine the extent to which this confidence was justified.

Physiological and molecular responses to thermal stress in red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) juveniles reveals atrophy and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle

The red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a native species with strong potential to support Chilean aquaculture diversification. Environmental stressors, such as temperature, may generate important effects in fish physiology with negative impact. However, no information exists on the effects of thermal stress in Genypterus species or how this stressor affects the skeletal muscle. The present study evaluated for the first time the effect of high temperature stress in red cusk-eel juveniles to determine changes in plasmatic markers of stress (cortisol, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), the transcriptional effect in skeletal muscle genes related to (i) heat shock protein response (hsp60 and hsp70), (ii) muscle atrophy and growth (foxo1, foxo3, fbxo32, murf-1, myod1 and ddit4), and (iii) oxidative stress (cat, sod1 and gpx1), and evaluate the DNA damage (AP sites) and peroxidative damage (lipid peroxidation (HNE proteins)) in this tissue. Thermal stress generates a significant increase in plasmatic levels of cortisol, glucose and LDH activity and induced heat shock protein transcripts in muscle. We also observed an upregulation of atrophy-related genes (foxo1, foxo3 and fbxo32) and a significant modulation of growth-related genes (myod1 and ddit4). Thermal stress induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, as represented by the upregulation of antioxidant genes (cat and sod1) and a significant increase in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. The present study provides the first physiological and molecular information of the effects of thermal stress on skeletal muscle in a Genypterus species, which should be considered in a climate change scenario.

Effect of bacterial LPS, poly I:C and temperature on the immune response of coelomocytes in short term cultures of red sea urchin (Loxechinus albus)

In echinoderms, the immune system plays a relevant role in defense against infection by pathogens. Particularly, in sea urchins, the immune system has been shown to be complex, especially in terms of the variety of immune genes and molecules described. A key component of the response to external pathogens are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a well-characterized class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that participate in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Despite the fact that TLRs have been described in several sea urchin species, for the red sea urchin (Loxechinus albus), which is one of the most important sea urchins across the world in terms of fisheries, limited information on the TLR-mediated immune response exists. In the present study, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of thermal stress, LPS and poly I:C treatment on the coelomocyte immune response of Loxechinus albus to determine how these factors modulate TLR and strongylocin (antimicrobial peptides of echinoderms) responses. We show that the tlr3-like, tlr4-like, tlr6-like and tlr8-like transcripts are modulated by poly I:C, while LPS only modulates the tlr4-like response; there was no effect of temperature on TLR expression, as evaluated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, we showed that strongylocin-1 and strongylocin-2 are modulated in response to simulated viral infection with poly I:C, providing the first evidence of strongylocin expression in L. albus. Finally, we determined that temperature and LPS modify the viability of coelomocytes, while poly I:C treatment did not affect the viability of these cells. This study contributes to the knowledge of immune responses in sea urchins to improve the understanding of the role of TLRs and strongylocins in echinoderms.

Effects of crowding on the three main proteolytic mechanisms of skeletal muscle in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Background

Skeletal muscle is one of the tissues most affected by stress conditions. The protein degradation in this tissue is vital for the supply of energy mediated by different proteolytic pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPS), autophagy-lysosome (ALS) and the calpain/calpastatin system (CCS). Nevertheless, the regulation of this proteolytic axis under stress conditions is not yet completely clear. Chile is the main producer of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the world. This intensive fish farming has resulted in growing problems as crowding and stress are one of the major problems in the freshwater stage. In this context, we evaluated the crowding effect in juvenile rainbow trout kept in high stocking density (30 kg/m³) for 15, 45 and 60 days, using a control group of fish (10 kg/m³).

Results

Plasmatic cortisol and glucose were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. The mRNA levels of stress-related genes (gr1, gr2, mr, hsp70, klf15 and redd1), markers of the UPS (atrogin1 and murf1) and CCS (capn1, capn1, cast-l and cast-s) were evaluated using qPCR. ALS (LC3-I/II and P62/SQSTM1) and growth markers (4E-BP1 and ERK) were measured by Western blot analysis. The cortisol levels increased concomitantly with weight loss at 45 days of crowding. The UPS alone was upregulated at 15 days of high stocking density, while ALS activation was observed at 60 days. However, the CCS was inactivated during the entire trial.

Conclusion

All these data suggest that stress conditions, such as crowding, promote muscle degradation in a time-dependent manner through the upregulation of the UPS at early stages of chronic stress and activation of the ALS in long-term stress, while the CCS is strongly inhibited by stress conditions in the rainbow trout muscle farmed during freshwater stage. Our descriptive study will allow perform functional analysis to determine, in a more detailed way, the effect of stress on skeletal muscle physiology as well as in the animal welfare in rainbow trout. Moreover, it is the first step to elucidate the optimal crop density in the freshwater stage and improve the standards of Chilean aquaculture.

FRI0528 INDICATORS OF EFFECTIVENESS AFTER 6 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS IN THE FLS DR. NEGRIN

Background:

Data on the effectiveness of FLS in the medium and long term in Spain are needed

Objectives:

To analyze the indicators of long-term persistence to treatment, refracture and mortality in our Fracture Liaison Service (FLS)

Methods:

Throughout 2019, the medical records of patients with an indication of treatment to prevent new fractures whose baseline visit took place between 2012 and 2014 were reviewed. The data included those of the baseline visit (age, sex, type of index fracture, FRAX scale and DXA results) and for the follow-up (death and date, refracture including revision of spine x-rays - it was considered only the first refracture and, in the case of several fractures the most serious was chosen-, prescribed treatment, persistence of treatment trough electronic prescription on the date of review or death, and MPR or proportion of days covered by treatment).

Results:

399 patients were included, 335 of them women (84%), mean age 73.8 years (range 51-93) and average follow-up of 6 years (range 5.5-7 years).

Baseline visit.- The average FRAX was 15 and 7 for major fracture and femoral fracture respectively. DXA was normal in 22 patients (5.5%), osteopenia in 143 (35.8%) and osteoporosis in 234 (58.6%). 78 patients (19.5%) had a previous fragility fracture.

Type of fracture index: femur 126 (31.5%), forearm 119 (29.8%), humerus 76 (19%), vertebra 24 (6%), others 54 (13.5%). 80 patients (20%) had received prior treatment for osteoporosis.

Follow-up.- The persistence of treatment was assessed in 394 patients; 245 patients (62%) were prescribed a treatment on the most recent date, 200 (51%) with MPR≥80%. When analyzing patients with prescribed treatment, in 176 cases (72%) it was a bisphosphonate in a sustained manner, in 23 cases (9%) a bisphosphonate was prescribed and subsequently changed to denosumab, while in 45 cases (18%) it was initiated and maintained denosumab.

71 of 397 patients presented a new fracture (17.8%). The type of incident fracture was as follows: femur in 24 patients (34%), vertebra in 20 patients (28%), forearm in 9 patients (12%) and other fractures in 18 patients (25%). Refracture occurred in 9 patients in the first year, 16 in 2nd, 12 in the 3rd, 9 in 4th, 14 in 5th, 6 in 6th and 3 in 7th year. The persistence of treatment with MPR≥80% was similar in patients with and without refracture (52 vs 51%). The average baseline age and FRAX for major fracture in the fractured and non-fractured were 75 vs. 73 years (p = 0.10) and 17 vs. 14 respectively (p <0.01).

92 patients (23%) died, 25% of them in the two years that followed the baseline visit and 61% in the following 4 years. The persistence of treatment was 37% in those who died and 69% in those who remained alive (p <0.01).

Conclusion:

After an average of 6 years after the assessment in an FLS, the persistence of treatment was 62% (MPR≥80% in 51%), the mortality was 23% and the percentage of refractured patients was 17%.

Disclosure of Interests:

Antonio Naranjo Grant/research support from: amgen, Consultant of: UCB, Speakers bureau: AMGEN, Amparo Molina Speakers bureau: AMGEN, STADA, Cristina Sepúlveda: None declared, Francisco Rubiño: None declared, Soledad Ojeda Speakers bureau: AMGEN, LILLY, GEBRO

AB1180 THE EVOLUTION OF AN FLS IN SEARCH OF EXCELLENCE: THE EXPERIENCE OF GRAN CANARIA

Background:

The implementation of an FLS in the Spanish public health system is not an easy task since there are no official plans for the incorporation of personnel dedicated to the unit

Objectives:

To expose the consolidation and improvement of an FLS after its implementation as well as the problems that have arisen over time.

Methods:

The health program for secondary fracture prevention was implemented in 2012. Initially worked with the same staff assigned to the Rheumatology service, since 2016 we have a part-time support nurse. Patients are identified from the emergency registry and, more recently, from patients admitted for hip fracture and treated in a monographic osteoporosis clinic. The baseline visit consists of consultation with the nurse, DXA and bone metabolism analytics. Falling patients are referred to a fall prevention school. Most patients are referred to their primary care physician to start a treatment.

Results:

Of the 2,416 patients attended the baseline visit, 30% were forearm fractures, 27% hip, 20% humerus, 10% spine and 11% other fractures. In comparison to 2012, in 2019 the monthly average of patients has doubled, increased the number of hip and spine fractures, and increased the percentage of captured patients (Table). In spite of consolidating the unit, getting a support nurse for the admitted patients and establishing a solid alliance with primary care, it is pending the involvement of Primary Care Nurses and start first prescription at the hospital.

Table.

Comparison of the first year with the last year of implementation of our FLS.

20122019Mean monthly number of fractures, N2242Type of fracture: forearm/hip/spine, %37/20/628/40/11Captured patients of elegible, %5777Delay in weeks until first visit to FLS, median1412Patient origin: emergency list/inpatient/outpatient, %100/0/059/31/9DXA performed, %10061Referral to fall prevention school, %026Criteria to start a treatment, %6790*Referral to the osteoporosis clinic, %377

*We apply the 2019 recommendations of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology

Conclusion:

We present the achievements made by our FLS along 8 years and the difficulties within the Spanish public health system.

Disclosure of Interests:

Antonio Naranjo Grant/research support from: amgen, Consultant of: UCB, Speakers bureau: AMGEN, Amparo Molina Speakers bureau: AMGEN, STADA, Cristina Sepúlveda: None declared, Candelaria Torres: None declared, Fabiola Santana: None declared, Francisco Rubiño: None declared, Rubén López: None declared, Soledad Ojeda Speakers bureau: AMGEN, LILLY, GEBRO

Short communication: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk

We studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) content in red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). The production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. Fat content did not vary during the study period. However, total protein and casein contents were particularly high in the initial 5 h after parturition, decreasing to approximately 50% after 24 h postpartum. Conversely, lactose concentration was low in the beginning (<5 h), increasing gradually throughout the study. Similarly, dry matter dropped during the first 24 h and then remained constant throughout the study. Urea content decreased during the study, showing a slight recovery at 4 wk. Somatic cell count was higher during the first hours after parturition and gradually decreased throughout the study period. The IgG content was higher before 5 h postpartum than at 24 h postpartum. After 5 h, the level of IgG decreased progressively until it reached 0.18 mg/mL at 4 wk of lactation. We observed a similar pattern for IgM content, but it decreased more quickly than IgG and was not detected after 2 wk. In the case of deer, milk should be considered transitional from 24 to 48 h after parturition, and samples collected after 2 wk can be considered mature milk.

Identification and Evaluation of Long Noncoding RNAs in Response to Handling Stress in Red Cusk-Eel (Genypterus chilensis) via RNA-seq

The red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is a native species with strong potential to support Chilean aquaculture diversification. Under commercial conditions, fish are exposed to several stressors. To date, little is known about the mechanism involved in the stress response of red cusk-eel, and there is no information related to the regulation mediated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The objective of this work was to identify for the first time the lncRNAs in the transcriptome of G. chilensis and to evaluate the differential expression levels of lncRNAs in the liver, head kidney, and skeletal muscle in response to handling stress. We used previously published transcriptome data to identify the lncRNAs by applying a series of filters based on annotation information in several databases to discard coding sequences. We identified a total of 14,614 putative lncRNAs in the transcriptome of red cusk-eel, providing a useful lncRNA reference resource to be used in future studies. We evaluated their differential expression in response to handling stress in the liver, head kidney, and skeletal muscle, identifying 112, 323, and 108 differentially expressed lncRNAs, respectively. The results suggest that handling stress in red cusk-eel generate an altered metabolic status in liver, altered immune response in head kidney, and skeletal muscle atrophy through an important coding and noncoding gene network. This is the first study that identifies lncRNAs in Genypterus genus and that evaluates the relation between handling stress and lncRNAs in teleost fish, thereby providing valuable information regarding noncoding responses to stress in Genypterus species.

23 Sperm quality of Pure Spanish stallions is affected by inbreeding coefficient and age

Inbreeding depression, a genetic condition produced by the mating of close-related individuals, has been associated with a reduction of fertility in several species. However, a loss in sperm quality was also associated with age. In horses, the few existing reports have described a tendency of both parameters to produce a negative effect on sperm quality. However, those reports were performed using a subjective evaluation of sperm motility. In the present study, a total of 692 ejaculates from 86 Pure Spanish stallions (PRE), aged between 3 and 22 years, were evaluated using a computer-assisted methodology to determine the effect of inbreeding in four semen parameters: free-gel volume (V), sperm concentration (C, by haemocytometer), and total (TM) and progressive (PM) sperm motility (by Spermvision sperm class analyser; Minitube). The inbreeding coefficient (F) was estimated using 300 000 PRE pedigree records approximately (minimum pedigree depth, eight equivalent complete generations; range, between 1 and 30.1%). Stallion, age, ejaculate, and season of semen collection were the variables included in the statistical model (general linear model), with ejaculate and season being the variables with a major effect (by variance components analysis). Our results showed that sperm concentration (r=−0.18; P&lt;0.0001) and volume (to a lesser extent) were reduced with advancing age, both showing a major decline after 15 years of age. To the contrary, sperm motility was not affected by age of the stallion. We also found a negative correlation between the inbreeding coefficient and ejaculate volume (r=−0.14; P&lt;0.001), with a marked decrease seen when F was between 7 and 20%. Also, a negative correlation was observed in PM (r=−0.08; P&lt;0.05), although to a lower extent. Conversely, C and TM were not affected by inbreeding depression (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high levels of inbreeding can compromise severely the sperm quality of the PRE stallion, which, subsequently, may have a negative influence on fertility. Ongoing studies using genomic data will help to detect genetic variants associated with stallion semen quality and how it is influenced by inbreeding in specific genomic regions.