1
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Buchmiller NE, Weaver SJ, Bedard RE, Taylor EN, Moniz HA. Short communication: Storage time and temperature affect plasma osmolality values in field-collected blood samples. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111665. [PMID: 38762048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
As climate change alters the hydric regime of many habitats, understanding the hydric physiology of animals becomes increasingly important. Plasma osmolality is a popular metric to assess an organism's hydration, but samples often need to be stored before being analyzed, under varying conditions and for different lengths of time. Previous studies on plasma storage conditions, and how they impact sample integrity, are minimal and have focused more on clinical applications than field studies. We studied the stability of osmolality values from wild rattlesnake plasma samples stored in commonly used plastic snap-cap tubes under different time (0, 2, 3, 7, 29 days) and temperature (refrigerated at 2 °C and frozen at -18 °C) treatments. We hypothesized that frozen samples would remain more stable (e.g., retain osmolality values more similar to baseline values) than refrigerated samples because freezing the plasma would reduce evaporation. We found that osmolality of samples increased over time at both temperatures, becoming significantly higher than baseline after 7 days. Contrary to our prediction, osmolality increased more in frozen samples than in refrigerated samples. We discuss possible reasons for our results, along with their implications. To obtain the most accurate plasma osmolality values, we recommend refrigerating plasma samples for as short a time as possible, 3 days or fewer, before analyzing them on an osmometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemo E Buchmiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Savannah J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Robin E Bedard
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Emily N Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America
| | - Haley A Moniz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0411, United States of America.
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2
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Davison WG, Cooper CA, Sloman KA, Wilson RW. A method for measuring meaningful physiological variables in fish blood without surgical cannulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:899. [PMID: 36650204 PMCID: PMC9845352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining meaningful blood samples from water-breathing fish is a significant challenge. Two main methods typically used are grab 'n' stab and surgical cannulation. Both methods have benefits, but also significant limitations under various scenarios. Here we present a method of blood sampling laboratory fish involving gradual induction of anaesthesia within their home tank, avoiding physical struggling associated with capture, followed by rapid transfer to a gill irrigation system to maintain artificial ventilation via adequate gill water flow and then followed by sampling the caudal vasculature. This method negates many blood chemistry disturbances associated with grab 'n' stab (i.e., low pH and oxygen, elevated lactate, CO2 and stress hormones) and generates results that are directly comparable to cannulated fish under a wide range of experimentally-induced acid-base scenarios (acidosis and alkalosis). Crucially this method was successful in achieving accurate acid-base blood measurements from fish ten times smaller than are typically suitable for cannulation. This opens opportunities not previously possible for studies that relate to basic physiology, sustainable aquaculture, ecotoxicology, conservation, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- William George Davison
- Biosciences Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Christopher A Cooper
- International Zinc Association, Avenue de Tervueren 168, 1150, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katherine A Sloman
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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3
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Anders N, Hannaas S, Saltskår J, Schuster E, Tenningen M, Totland B, Vold A, Øvredal JT, Breen M. Vitality as a measure of animal welfare during purse seine pumping related crowding of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scrombrus). Sci Rep 2022; 12:21949. [PMID: 36536033 PMCID: PMC9763418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of wild capture fishing on animal welfare are poorly understood. During purse seine fishing for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scrombrus), catches are crowded to high densities to facilitate pumping onboard. This study aimed to monitor fish welfare during crowding events in the Norwegian purse seine fishery, and to identify relevant drivers. We first correlated a suite of neuro-endocrine, physiological and physical stress responses (integrated into a single measure of welfare using multivariate analysis) to the behavioural vitality of individual mackerel in controlled crowding trials in aquaculture cages. Vitality was found to be a useful measure of welfare. We then assessed individual fish vitality onboard a commercial purse seiner. Catch welfare, measured using vitality, was observed to be negatively impacted during pumping related crowding. Larger catches and longer crowding exposure times resulted in greater negative impacts. Vitality was not significantly impacted by crowding density or dissolved oxygen concentrations inside the net, although methodological limitations limited accurate measurement of these parameters. Blood lactate levels correlated negatively with vitality, suggesting that high-intensity anaerobic locomotory activity was associated with the reduction in welfare. Based on these findings, catch welfare could be improved by targeting smaller schools to minimise crowding exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Anders
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigurd Hannaas
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jostein Saltskår
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Schuster
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Tenningen
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Totland
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aud Vold
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Tore Øvredal
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mike Breen
- grid.10917.3e0000 0004 0427 3161Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Fish Capture Division, Nordnes. NO-5817, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Gomez Isaza DF, Rodgers EM. Exercise training does not affect heat tolerance in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111229. [PMID: 35500866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The progression of climate warming will expose ectotherms to transient heatwave events and temperatures above their tolerance range at increased frequencies. It is therefore pivotal that we understand species' physiological limits and the capacity for various controls to plastically alter these thresholds. Exercise training could have beneficial impacts on organismal heat tolerance through improvements in cardio-respiratory capacity, but this remains unexplored. Using juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), we tested the hypothesis that exercise training improves heat tolerance through enhancements in oxygen-carrying capacity. Fish were trained once daily at 60% of their maximum sustainable swim speed, UCRIT, for 60 min. Tolerance to acute warming was assessed following three weeks of exercise training, measured as the critical thermal maximum (CTMAX). CTMAX measurements were coupled with examinations of the oxygen carrying capacity (haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, relative ventricle size, and relative splenic mass) as critical components of the oxygen transport cascade in fish. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that exercise training did not raise the CTMAX of juvenile Chinook salmon with a mean CTMAX increase of just 0.35 °C compared to unexercised control fish. Training also failed to improve the oxygen carrying capacity of fish. Exercise training remains a novel strategy against acute warming that requires substantial fine-tuning before it can be applied to the management of commercial and wild fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gomez Isaza
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia. https://twitter.com/@_danielgomez94
| | - Essie M Rodgers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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5
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Thorstensen MJ, Vandervelde CA, Bugg WS, Michaleski S, Vo L, Mackey TE, Lawrence MJ, Jeffries KM. Non-Lethal Sampling Supports Integrative Movement Research in Freshwater Fish. Front Genet 2022; 13:795355. [PMID: 35547248 PMCID: PMC9081360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.795355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and fishes are enormous resources for human uses and biodiversity worldwide. However, anthropogenic climate change and factors such as dams and environmental contaminants threaten these freshwater systems. One way that researchers can address conservation issues in freshwater fishes is via integrative non-lethal movement research. We review different methods for studying movement, such as with acoustic telemetry. Methods for connecting movement and physiology are then reviewed, by using non-lethal tissue biopsies to assay environmental contaminants, isotope composition, protein metabolism, and gene expression. Methods for connecting movement and genetics are reviewed as well, such as by using population genetics or quantitative genetics and genome-wide association studies. We present further considerations for collecting molecular data, the ethical foundations of non-lethal sampling, integrative approaches to research, and management decisions. Ultimately, we argue that non-lethal sampling is effective for conducting integrative, movement-oriented research in freshwater fishes. This research has the potential for addressing critical issues in freshwater systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Thorstensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Hagen KB, Marie Lima K, Ang J, Montealegre-Golcher F, Alonso FH, Soto E. Glucose and Lactate Reference Intervals for White Sturgeon and Evaluation of Two Point-of-Care Devices in Sturgeon Infected with Veronaea botryosa. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2022; 34:28-37. [PMID: 35014103 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus are cultured for human consumption as well as for conservation purposes. In this study, two commercially available portable devices for measuring glucose and lactate were compared to a benchtop analyzer and blood reference intervals were generated using heparin plasma collected from 43 healthy White Sturgeon yearlings. The generated normal ranges were used to compare plasma values collected from Veronaea botryosa-infected White Sturgeon at 10, 20, and 30 d postchallenge (dpc). In the 43 healthy yearlings, significantly different glucose and lactate values were obtained when comparing the portable devices to the benchtop analyzer. In the portable devices, blood glucose showed a consistent bias of 12.3 mg/dL and blood lactate showed a proportional bias. The detected blood glucose values in infected sturgeon were significantly different from those in noninfected controls when using the benchtop analyzer at 20 and 30 dpc and when using the portable device at 20 dpc. However, blood glucose in infected individuals and controls was within the reference interval on either device. No significant difference was noted for lactate measurements in infected sturgeon. The results of this study indicate that portable devices for blood glucose and blood lactate evaluation in White Sturgeon may be useful in a setting where relative values are an acceptable approximation of absolute values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Marie Lima
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - June Ang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | | | - Flavio H Alonso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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7
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Does blood sampling from caudal vessels in fish produce parameter values different from those obtained by heart puncture? ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of blood samples in ichthyology are of importance for assessment of fish health as well as fish responses to environmental stressors. The measurement results may be affected by multiple factors. This study aimed at assessment of the influence of the blood collection site by comparing dual values of indices measured in samples obtained both from the heart and puncturing caudal vessels in the same fish specimens. Our results revealed that the sampling site did not significantly influence measured variables including haematological indices, the plasma biochemistry profile, acid-base balance parameters and the phagocytic activity. To conclude, for the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) both sampling methods are interchangeable with regard to the above-mentioned indices.
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8
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Currie A, Cockerill D, Diez-Padrisa M, Haining H, Henriquez F, Quinn B. Anemia in salmon aquaculture: Scotland as a case study. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 546:737313. [PMID: 35039692 PMCID: PMC8547259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anemia in salmonid aquaculture is a recognized blood disorder resulting from the reduction of hemoglobin concentration and/or erythrocyte count. Because of sub-optimal oxygen supply to the tissues, as a negative impact of anemia fish will experience reduced growth and poor health. This health challenge may be linked with several factors including anthropogenic changes in the marine environment, infectious etiology (viral, bacterial, and parasitic), nutritional deficiencies, or hemorrhaging. From the mid-late summer of 2017 to 2019, Scottish salmon farming companies began to report the occurrence of anemic events in open-net marine sites. At that time, the industry had little understanding of the pathogenesis and possible mechanisms of anemia and limited the ability to formulate effective mitigation strategies. Clinical examination of fish raised suspicion of anemia and this was confirmed by generating a packed cell volume value by centrifugation of a microhematocrit tube of whole anticoagulated blood. Company health team members, including vets and biologists, reported discoloration of gills and local hemorrhages. This paper reviews various commercially significant cases and lesser-known cases of anemia in cultured salmonid species induced by various biological factors. The current methods available to assess hematology are addressed and some future methods that could be adopted in modern day fish farming are identified. An account of the most recent anemic event in Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is presented and discussed as a case study from information provided by two major Scottish salmon producers. The percent of total marine sites (n = 80) included in this case study, that reported with suspected or clinical anemia covering the period mid-late summer 2017 to 2019, was between 1 and 13%. The findings from this case study suggest that anemia experienced in most cases was regenerative and most likely linked to blood loss from the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Currie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - D. Cockerill
- Scottish Salmon Company, 8 Melville Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Diez-Padrisa
- Mowi Scotland Ltd, Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, Scotland, UK
| | - H. Haining
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - F.L. Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - B. Quinn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
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9
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The Effects of Silkworm-Derived Polysaccharide (Silkrose) on Ectoparasitic Infestations in Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and White Trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of silkworm-derived polysaccharide silkrose on fish ectoparasites was investigated. When juvenile yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) fed diets containing silkrose were artificially infected with Benedenia seriolae, a fish ectoparasite, the numbers of parasitized B. seriolae were significantly lower compared to that in fish in the control group without silkrose treatment. Furthermore, when juvenile yellowtails were severely infected with B. seriolae, no mortality was observed in the silkrose-treated group, compared to more than 60% in the control group. In field studies carried out at a fish farm with yellowtail and white trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex), oral treatment with silkrose significantly reduced B. seriolae parasitism in yellowtail and Caligus longipedis and Neobenedenia girellae parasitism in white trevally. Silkrose treatment also reduced blood levels of cortisol, a stress hormone in both species. The changes in gene expression in the epidermis of yellowtail by silkrose treatment were also investigated, showing that the expression of various genes, including factors involved in immunity, stress response, and wound healing, was changed by the treatment. These findings indicate that silkworm-derived silkrose effectively prevents infection by external parasites in yellowtail and white trevally.
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10
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Bayissa TN, Geerardyn M, Vanhauteghem D, Wakjira M, Janssens GPJ. Nutrient-related metabolite profiles explain differences in body composition and size in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from different lakes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16824. [PMID: 34413370 PMCID: PMC8376951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how metabolite analysis can explain differences in tissue composition and size in fish from different habitats. We, therefore, studied Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from three Ethiopian lakes (Gilgel Gibe, Ziway, and Langano) using dried bloodspot (DBS) analysis of carnitine esters and free amino acids. A total of sixty (N = 60) Nile tilapia samples were collected comprising twenty (n = 20) fish from each lake. The proximate composition of the targeted tissues (muscle, skin, gill, gut, and liver) were analyzed. The DBS samples were analyzed for acylcarnitine and free amino acid profiles using quantitative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolite ratios were calculated from relevant biochemical pathways that could identify relative changes in nutrient metabolism. The mean weight of Nile tilapia sampled from each lake showed weight variation among the lakes, fish from Lake Ziway were largest (178 g), followed by Gilgel Gibe reservoir (134 g) and Lake Langano (118 g). Fish from Gilgel Gibe showed significantly higher fat composition in all tissues (P < 0.05) except the liver in which no significant variation was observed. The source of fish affected the tissue fat composition. Marked differences were observed in Nile tilapia metabolic activity between the lakes. For instance, the lower body weight and condition of the fish in Lake Langano coincided with several metabolite ratios pointing to a low flow of glucogenic substrate to the citric acid cycle. The low propionyl to acetylcarnitine ratio (C3:C2) in Gilgel Gibe fish is indicating that more of the available acetyl CoA is not led into the citric acid cycle, but instead will be used for fat synthesis. The metabolic markers for lipogenesis and metabolic rate could explain the high-fat concentration in several parts of the body composition of fish from Gilgel Gibe. Our results show that nutrition-related blood metabolite ratios are useful to understand the underlying metabolic events leading to the habitat-dependent differences in the growth of Nile tilapia, and by extension, other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Negisho Bayissa
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Michelle Geerardyn
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Donna Vanhauteghem
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mulugeta Wakjira
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Geert Paul Jules Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Brijs J, Føre M, Gräns A, Clark TD, Axelsson M, Johansen JL. Bio-sensing technologies in aquaculture: how remote monitoring can bring us closer to our farm animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200218. [PMID: 34121461 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed aquatic animals represent an increasingly important source of food for a growing human population. However, the aquaculture industry faces several challenges with regard to producing a profitable, ethical and environmentally sustainable product, which are exacerbated by the ongoing intensification of operations and increasingly extreme and unpredictable climate conditions. Fortunately, bio-sensors capable of measuring a range of environmental, behavioural and physiological variables (e.g. temperature, dissolved gases, depth, acceleration, ventilation, heart rate, blood flow, glucose and l-lactic acid) represent exciting and innovative tools for assessing the health and welfare of farmed animals in aquaculture. Here, we illustrate how these state-of-the-art technologies can provide unique insights into variables pertaining to the inner workings of the animal to elucidate animal-environment interactions throughout the production cycle, as well as to provide insights on how farmed animals perceive and respond to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. Using examples based on current challenges (i.e. sub-optimal feeding strategies, sub-optimal animal welfare and environmental changes), we discuss how bio-sensors can contribute towards optimizing the growth, health and welfare of farmed animals under dynamically changing on-farm conditions. While bio-sensors currently represent tools that are primarily used for research, the continuing development and refinement of these technologies may eventually allow farmers to use real-time environmental and physiological data from their stock as 'early warning systems' and/or for refining day-to-day operations to ethically and sustainably optimize production. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brijs
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Honolulu, HI 96744, USA
| | - M Føre
- Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-53223 Skara, Sweden
| | - T D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - M Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J L Johansen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Honolulu, HI 96744, USA
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12
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Gomez Isaza DF, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Exposure to Nitrate Increases Susceptibility to Hypoxia in Fish. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:124-142. [DOI: 10.1086/713252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Comparative evaluation of two anticoagulants used for the analysis of haematological, biochemical parameters and blood cell morphology of himalayan snow trout, Schizopyge plagiostomus. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101398. [PMID: 32835933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of lithium heparin and K2EDTA on haematology, biochemical parameters and blood cell morphology of snow trout Schizopyge plagiostomus inhabiting in Kashmir Himalayan region. The haematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cellcount (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), haematocrit (Hct), erythrocyte indices; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), produced certain significant differences in their values with respect to both anticoagulants. Higher values of Hct, MCH and MCV while lower RBC count and MCHC values were recorded with a sample treated with K2EDTA compared to sample treated with lithium heparin. However, no significant change in Hb and WBC count was observed in the values of samples treated with both the anticoagulants. In the present study, the effect of two anticoagulant in biochemical parameters revealed that the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) produced significant (P < 0.05) differences. Higher AST and lower ALP activity were recorded in the sample treated with K2EDTA compared to overall values in serum. Morphometric analysis showed an increase in the RBC perimeter area in samples treated with K2EDTA as compared to samples treated with lithium heparin. On the basis of above findings, it is recommended that in fish blood analysis heparin as anticoagulant could be useful as compared to K2 EDTA.
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14
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TEMPORAL STABILITY OF IN VITRO VENOUS BLOOD GAS, pH, AND LACTATE VALUES OF COWNOSE RAYS ( RHINOPTERA BONASUS) AND RED-EARED SLIDER TURTLES ( PSEUDEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:110-115. [PMID: 32212553 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the in vitro temporal changes that occur in blood pH and lactate concentrations for an elasmobranch species and a chelonian species, as well as blood gases (partial pressures of carbon dioxide [pCO2] and oxygen [pO2]) for a chelonian species, with a portable clinical point-of-care analyzer. Blood samples were collected from 10 cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) and 10 red-eared sliders (Pseudemys scripta elegans), stored on ice, and serially analyzed at six time points up to 90 min postcollection. Results indicate that analysis should be conducted as soon as possible after blood collection for these species, with immediate analysis being preferred. However, if analysis must be delayed, syringes may be capped, placed on ice, and analyzed at a later time. Analysis within 90 min provided clinically acceptable results for pH and lactate in both species and for pCO2 in red-eared sliders, whereas substantial artifactual increases of pO2 were seen in red-eared sliders.
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15
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Lawrence MJ, Raby GD, Teffer AK, Jeffries KM, Danylchuk AJ, Eliason EJ, Hasler CT, Clark TD, Cooke SJ. Best practices for non-lethal blood sampling of fish via the caudal vasculature. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:4-15. [PMID: 32243570 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood sampling through the caudal vasculature is a widely used technique in fish biology for investigating organismal health and physiology. In live fishes, it can provide a quick, easy and relatively non-invasive method for obtaining a blood sample (cf. cannulation and cardiac puncture). Here, a general set of recommendations are provided for optimizing the blood sampling protocol that reflects best practices in animal welfare and sample integrity. This includes selecting appropriate use of anaesthetics for blood sampling as well as restraint techniques for situations where sedation is not used. In addition, ideal sampling environments where the fish can freely ventilate and strategies for minimizing handling time are discussed. This study summarizes the techniques used for extracting blood from the caudal vasculature in live fishes, highlighting the phlebotomy itself, the timing of sampling events and acceptable blood sample volumes. This study further discuss considerations for selecting appropriate physiological metrics when sampling in the caudal region and the potential benefits that this technique provides with respect to long-term biological assessments. Although general guidelines for blood sampling are provided here, it should be recognized that contextual considerations (e.g., taxonomic diversity, legal matters, environmental constraints) may influence the approach to blood sampling. Overall, it can be concluded that when done properly, blood sampling live fishes through the caudal vasculature is quick, efficient and minimally invasive, thus promoting conditions where live release of focal animals is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Anders N, Eide I, Lerfall J, Roth B, Breen M. Physiological and flesh quality consequences of pre-mortem crowding stress in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228454. [PMID: 32053624 PMCID: PMC7018012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In commercial wild capture pelagic fisheries it is common practice to crowd catches to high densities to allow efficient pumping onboard. Crowding during the final stages of purse seine capture for small pelagic species often results in intense and sustained behavioural escape responses. Such a response may trigger a shift in energy production from aerobic to anaerobic pathways and result in metabolic acid accumulation and exhaustion of intracellular reserves of ATP. Where there is insufficient time or opportunity to recover to physiological equilibrium before death, pre-mortem stress may be an important determinant of fillet quality, as has been shown for a variety of farmed fish species. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge related to the flesh quality implications of capture stress for wild captured species in European waters. Here we show that crowding results in a physiological stress response that has consequences for flesh quality in the wild captured species Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Using small schools in tanks and aquaculture net pens in three separate experiments, we found crowding results in physiological changes in mackerel consistent with an acute stress response and anaerobic metabolism. Consequently, we found crowded fish had more acidic pre- and post-mortem muscle pH as well as indications of faster onset and strength of rigor mortis and increased cathepsin B & L activity. We examined fillet flesh quality after two and seven days of ice storage and found reduced green colouration, increased gaping (separation of muscle myotomes) and reduced textural firmness associated with fish which had been crowded. However, the effects on quality were dependant on experiment and/or storage time. These results indicate the potential of crowding capture stress to influence the flesh quality of an economically important species and may have important implications for the wild capture pelagic fishing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Anders
- Fish Capture Division, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida Eide
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Roth
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Michael Breen
- Fish Capture Division, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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Circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, lactate levels, hematocrit and osmolality in relation to capture stress in Atlantic sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 243:110655. [PMID: 31931107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incidental capture of sharks during commercial and recreational fishing is of major conservation concern because of the potential effects it can have on physiological stress responses and survival. Endocrine aspects of the stress response are, however, poorly understood in elasmobranchs because of difficulties in measuring the primary glucocorticoid (1α-hydroxycorticosterone). Here, we combined measures of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the highly conserved pituitary hormone responsible for stimulating the release of adrenal/interrenal glucocorticoids, with measures of plasma lactate, osmolality, hematocrit, and behavior to gain a greater understanding of the capture stress response in Atlantic Sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Individuals were subject to a non-repeated measures blood sampling protocol in which blood samples were obtained following exposure to capture stress for <3 min (designated baseline), and 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, after which behavior was categorized during release. Results revealed that ACTH was significantly higher at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min than at baseline. Lactate levels were highest at 45 and 60 min whereas osmolality and hematocrit did not differ significantly among the sampling periods. Lactate was the only variable to significantly predict the shark's behavior upon release with higher lactate levels correlating with sluggish behavior. Measurements of stress indicators are important in understanding the effects of capture on shark populations, which has been implicated in population declines.
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Schwieterman GD, Bouyoucos IA, Potgieter K, Simpfendorfer CA, Brill RW, Rummer JL. Analysing tropical elasmobranch blood samples in the field: blood stability during storage and validation of the HemoCue® haemoglobin analyser. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz081. [PMID: 31803471 PMCID: PMC6883209 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples collected from wild-caught fishes can provide important information regarding the effects of capture (and thus post-release survival) as well as other stressors. Unfortunately, blood samples often cannot be analysed immediately upon sampling, and blood parameters (e.g. blood oxygen levels and acid-base parameters) are known to change with storage duration due to the metabolic activity of the red blood cells. We obtained blood samples from both untreated and stressed individuals of both blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) to determine the effects of storage duration on blood pH, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). We found no significant effects after storage on ice for up to 180 minutes. Moreover, to validate the usability of a HemoCue haemoglobin analyser (a point-of-care device), we compared data from this device to [Hb] determined using the cyanomethaemoglobin method with blood samples from 10 individuals from each of the aforementioned species as well as epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum). Values from the HemoCue consistently overestimated [Hb], and we therefore developed the necessary correction equations. The correction equations were not statistically different among the three elasmobranch species within the biologically relevant range but did differ from published corrections developed using blood from temperate teleost fishes. Although the HemoCue is useful in field situations, development of species-specific calibration equations may be necessary to ensure the reliability of inter-species comparisons of blood [Hb]. Together, these data should increase confidence in haematological stress indicators in elasmobranch fishes, measurements of which are critical for understanding the impact of anthropogenic stressors on these ecologically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France
| | - Kristy Potgieter
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Richard W Brill
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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19
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Principe SC, Augusto A, Costa TM. Point-of-care testing for measuring haemolymph glucose in invertebrates is not a valid method. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz079. [PMID: 31798882 PMCID: PMC6882269 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose is widely used as a physiological parameter for vertebrates and invertebrates. However, its measurement in the field is often difficult due to the need for expensive and non-portable equipment. Point-of-care (POC) devices, originally intended for human use, are increasingly being used for measuring blood parameters of animals in the field. In this regard, POC glucose meters are becoming valuable tools for conservation physiologists, as glucose can be a useful indicator of stress response. In invertebrates, the use of POC glucose meters is still scarce, and no study yet has evaluated their usability in crustaceans and molluscs. We tested if a POC device can be used to measure haemolymph glucose in two widely used models, Leptuca thayeri and Perna perna, compared with a standard laboratory method. The device was unable to measure glucose in P. perna haemolymph due to equipment inaccuracy and low glucose concentration in this species (10.13 ± 6.25 mg/dL). Additionally, despite the device being capable of measuring glucose in L. thayeri haemolymph, Bland-Altman plots showed a strong bias and wide limits of agreement, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient showed a weak concordance between methods. When simulating experimental conditions, POC results differed from those found using the standard method. We conclude that POC glucose meters are unsuitable for assessing glucose in mussels and should not be used in crabs as results are inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas C Principe
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Botucatu Campus, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso, 250, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, P.O. Box: 73601, 11380-972, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Augusto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, P.O. Box: 73601, 11380-972, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), CAUNESP, Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia M Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Botucatu Campus, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso, 250, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, P.O. Box: 73601, 11380-972, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Wood AT, Andrewartha SJ, Elliott NG, Frappell PB, Clark TD. Hypoxia during incubation does not affect aerobic performance or haematology of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) when re-exposed in later life. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz088. [PMID: 31798884 PMCID: PMC6880253 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia in aquatic ecosystems is becoming increasingly prevalent, potentially reducing fish performance and survival by limiting the oxygen available for aerobic activities. Hypoxia is a challenge for conserving and managing fish populations and demands a better understanding of the short- and long-term impacts of hypoxic environments on fish performance. Fish acclimate to hypoxia via a variety of short- and long-term physiological modifications in an attempt to maintain aerobic performance. In particular, hypoxia exposure during early development may result in enduring cardio-respiratory modifications that affect future hypoxia acclimation capacity, yet this possibility remains poorly investigated. We incubated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in normoxia (~100% dissolved oxygen [DO, as percent air saturation]), moderate hypoxia (~63% DO) or cyclical hypoxia (100-25% DO daily) from fertilization until 113 days post-fertilization prior to rearing all groups in normoxia for a further 8 months. At ~11 months of age, subsets of each group were acclimated to hypoxia (50% DO) for up to 44 days prior to haematology, aerobic metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance measurements. Hypoxia exposure during incubation (fertilization to 113 days post-fertilization) did not affect the haematology, aerobic performance or hypoxia tolerance of juvenile salmon in later life. Juveniles acclimated to hypoxia increased maximum aerobic metabolic rate and aerobic scope by ~23 and ~52%, respectively, when measured at 50% DO but not at 100% DO. Hypoxia-incubated juveniles also increased haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration but did not affect acute hypoxia tolerance (critical oxygen level and DO at LOE). Thus, while Atlantic salmon possess a considerable capacity to physiologically acclimate to hypoxia by improving aerobic performance in low oxygen conditions, we found no evidence that this capacity is influenced by early-life hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Wood
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 3-4 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Sarah J Andrewartha
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Elliott
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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21
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Thurman CE, Rasmussen S, Prestia KA. Effect of 3 Euthanasia Methods on Serum Yield and Serum Cortisol Concentration in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:823-828. [PMID: 31662156 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an important model in neuroscience and developmental biology and are also an emerging model in hematology and immunology. Little information is available for zebrafish regarding the physiologic impact of different euthanasia methods and whether a chosen method of euthanasia can impact serum yield. These parameters could impact the choice of euthanasia method for a study. To that end, the current study compared 3 methods of adult zebrafish euthanasia and their effects on 3 distinct criteria; time to loss of opercular movement, volume of serum obtained, and serum cortisol concentration. Blood was collected using a postmortem tail amputation and centrifugation blood collection technique. Time to loss of opercular movement differed significantly among euthanasia methods, with animals undergoing rapid chilling displaying the shortest time (mean Rapid Chilling: 40 s; Benzocaine: 86 s; MS222: 96 s). All methods of euthanasia resulted in a comparable average serum yield (Rapid Chilling = 7.5 μL; Benzocaine = 8.5 μL; MS222 = 7.5 μL per fish). None of the euthanasia methods tested resulted in average cortisol concentrations above the reported physiologic range. Although no significant differences were observed in serum yield or serum cortisol concentration, rapid chilling remains the preferred method for painless, humane euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Thurman
- Regeneron Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Comparative Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York;,
| | - Skye Rasmussen
- Regeneron Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Comparative Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kevin A Prestia
- Regeneron Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Comparative Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
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22
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Wade NM, Clark TD, Maynard BT, Atherton S, Wilkinson RJ, Smullen RP, Taylor RS. Effects of an unprecedented summer heatwave on the growth performance, flesh colour and plasma biochemistry of marine cage-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Therm Biol 2018; 80:64-74. [PMID: 30784489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Global seawater temperatures are increasing and becoming more variable, with consequences for all marine animals including those in food production systems. In several countries around the world,arming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) occurs towards the upper end of the thermal tolerance window for this species, and marked effects on salmon production during summers have been experienced but never empirically investigated. This project tracked the effects of an extreme summer heatwave on two different cohorts of fish stocked into farm cages either during early winter (EW) or late winter (LW). The farm site experienced an unprecedented high water temperature event, with a peak water temperature of 22.9 °C and 117 days above 18 °C. Fish in both EW and LW cohorts experienced a temperature-induced cessation of voluntary feed intake as well as inefficient osmoregulatory, liver and renal function during high temperature periods. Flesh colour declined primarily in the dorsal and ventral regions of the fillet and secondarily along the midline, with over 20% of fish demonstrated a complete loss of flesh colour during the months of March and April. A return to feeding in autumn occurred faster in some fish and caused a marked bimodal size distribution to appear within both the EW and LW cohorts as autumn progressed. However, the LW cohort returned to feeding at seawater temperatures of 20.2 °C, compared with 18.6 °C for the EW cohort. There was a strong positive relationship between fillet colour recovery and residual condition index (RCI). These findings identified alkaline phosphatase as a potential marker to non-destructively track individual fish for signs of recovery after a thermal stress event, and shed light on the physiological consequences of marine heatwaves on fishes. This study also identified that supporting feed intake or promoting a return to feeding may help mitigate the negative impacts of climate warming on cultured Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Wade
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Timothy D Clark
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Ben T Maynard
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Stuart Atherton
- Petuna Aquaculture, 134 Tarleton St, East Devonport, TAS 7310, Australia
| | | | | | - Richard S Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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Abstract
Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on fish populations. Adverse effects monitoring, utilizing biomarkers from the organismal to the molecular level, can be used to assess the cumulative effects on fishes and other organisms. Fish health has been used worldwide as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. The necropsy-based fish health assessment provides data on visible abnormalities and lesions, parasites, condition and organosomatic indices. These can be compared by site, season and sex, as well as temporally, to document change over time. Severity ratings can be assigned to various observations to calculate a fish health index for more quantitative assessment. A drawback of the necropsy-based assessment is that it is based on visual observations and condition factors, which are not as sensitive as tissue and subcellular biomarkers for sublethal effects. Additionally, it is rarely possible to identify causes or risk factors associated with observed abnormalities. So, for instance a raised lesion or "tumor" on the fins, lips or body surface may be a neoplasm. However, it could also be a response to a parasite, chronic inflammation or hyperplasia of normal cells in response to an irritant. Conversely, neoplasms, certain parasites, other infectious agents and many tissue changes are not visible and so may be underestimated. However, during the necropsy-based assessment, blood (plasma), tissues for histopathology (microscopic pathology), genomics and other molecular analyses, and otoliths for aging can be collected. These downstream analyses, together with geospatial analyses, habitat assessments, water quality and contaminant analyses can all be important in comprehensive ecosystem evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Blazer
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey;
| | | | - Ryan P Braham
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey
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Clark TD, Kleindorfer S, Dudaniec RY. Baseline and stress-induced blood properties of male and female Darwin's small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) of the Galapagos Islands. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:199-206. [PMID: 29197554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Birds are renowned for exhibiting marked sex-specific differences in activity levels and reproductive investment during the breeding season, potentially impacting circulating blood parameters associated with stress and energetics. Males of many passerines often do not incubate, but they experience direct exposure to intruder threat and exhibit aggressive behaviour during the nesting phase in order to defend territories against competing males and predators. Nesting females often have long bouts of inactivity during incubation, but they must remain vigilant of the risks posed by predators and conspecific intruders approaching the nest. Here, we use 33 free-living male (n = 16) and female (n = 17) Darwin's small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa) on Floreana Island (Galapagos Archipelago) to better understand how sex-specific roles during the reproductive period impact baseline and stress-induced levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT), blood glucose and haematocrit. Specifically, we hypothesise that males are characterised by higher baseline values given their direct and relatively frequent exposure to intruder threat, but that a standardised stress event (capture and holding) overrides any sex-specific differences. In contrast with expectations, baseline levels of all blood parameters were similar between sexes (13.4 ± 1.9 ng ml-1 for CORT, 13.7 ± 0.4 mmol l-1 for glucose, 58.3 ± 0.8% for haematocrit). Interestingly, females with higher body condition had lower baseline haematocrit. All blood parameters changed with time since capture (range 1.2-41.3 min) in both sexes, whereby CORT increased linearly, haematocrit decreased linearly, and glucose increased to a peak at ∼20 min post-capture and declined to baseline levels thereafter. Our results do not support the hypothesis that sex-specific roles during the reproductive period translate to differences in blood parameters associated with stress and energetics, but we found some evidence that blood oxygen transport capacity may decline as finches increase in body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Clark
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Sonia Kleindorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Rachael Y Dudaniec
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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25
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BIOCHEMISTRY PANEL REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR JUVENILE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:776-785. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0287.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Larter KF, Rees BB. Influence of euthanasia method on blood and gill variables in normoxic and hypoxic Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2323-2343. [PMID: 28397260 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many experiments, euthanasia, or humane killing, of animals is necessary. Some methods of euthanasia cause death through cessation of respiratory or cardiovascular systems, causing oxygen levels of blood and tissues to drop. For experiments where the goal is to measure the effects of environmental low oxygen (hypoxia), the choice of euthanasia technique, therefore, may confound the results. This study examined the effects of four euthanasia methods commonly used in fish biology (overdose of MS-222, overdose of clove oil, rapid cooling and blunt trauma to the head) on variables known to be altered during hypoxia (haematocrit, plasma cortisol, blood lactate and blood glucose) or reflecting gill damage (trypan blue exclusion) and energetic status (ATP, ADP and ATP:ADP) in Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis after 24 h exposure to well-aerated conditions (normoxia, 7·93 mg O2 l-1 , c. 150 mm Hg or c. 20 kPa) or reduced oxygen levels (0·86 mg O2 l-1 , c. 17 mm Hg or c. 2·2 kPa). Regardless of oxygen treatment, fish euthanized by an overdose of MS-222 had higher haematocrit and lower gill ATP:ADP than fish euthanized by other methods. The effects of 24 h hypoxic exposure on these and other variables, however, were equivalent among methods of euthanasia (i.e. there were no significant interactions between euthanasia method and oxygen treatment). The choice of an appropriate euthanasia method, therefore, will depend upon the magnitude of the treatment effects (e.g. hypoxia) relative to potential artefacts caused by euthanasia on the variables of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Larter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, U.S.A
| | - B B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, U.S.A
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Detection of Fish Hormones by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Quartz Crystal Microbalance. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Talwar B, Bouyoucos IA, Shipley O, Rummer JL, Mandelman JW, Brooks EJ, Grubbs RD. Validation of a portable, waterproof blood pH analyser for elasmobranchs. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox012. [PMID: 28616238 PMCID: PMC5463720 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying changes in blood chemistry in elasmobranchs can provide insights into the physiological insults caused by anthropogenic stress, and can ultimately inform conservation and management strategies. Current methods for analysing elasmobranch blood chemistry in the field are often costly and logistically challenging. We compared blood pH values measured using a portable, waterproof pH meter (Hanna Instruments HI 99161) with blood pH values measured by an i-STAT system (CG4+ cartridges), which was previously validated for teleost and elasmobranch fishes, to gauge the accuracy of the pH meter in determining whole blood pH for the Cuban dogfish (Squalus cubensis) and lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris). There was a significant linear relationship between values derived via the pH meter and the i-STAT for both species across a wide range of pH values and temperatures (Cuban dogfish: 6.8-7.1 pH 24-30°C; lemon sharks: 7.0-7.45 pH 25-31°C). The relative error in the pH meter's measurements was ~±2.7%. Using this device with appropriate correction factors and consideration of calibration temperatures can result in both a rapid and accurate assessment of whole blood pH, at least for the two elasmobranch species examined here. Additional species should be examined in the future across a wide range of temperatures to determine whether correction factors are universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Talwar
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
| | - Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Oliver Shipley
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - John W. Mandelman
- John H. Prescott Marine Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Edward J. Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - R. Dean Grubbs
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
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Grieshaber CA, Midway SR, Scharf FS, Koopman H, Luckenbach JA, Middleton MA. Seasonal physiological dynamics of maturing female southern flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow043. [PMID: 29657716 PMCID: PMC5890467 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological information is rarely used in descriptions of maturity for managed, wild fish species; however, the use of physiological data holds great promise to provide important detail on the complexities of oocyte development and maturity. Investigating southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)-an overfished commercial and recreational fishery resource-we examined pre-spawn physiological changes in females to provide further detail of the maturation process. Given that adults of this species complete maturation and spawn in unknown offshore locations, information on pre-spawn physiological changes is particularly informative for both size- and age-based patterns of maturity. We evaluated seasonal and ontogenetic changes in hormone concentrations in blood plasma that are commonly associated with sexual maturation, in addition to quantifying and classifying lipid stored in liver tissue. We found a strong positive relationship between body weight and lipid content during all months, as well as evidence for mobilization of lipids among larger females in September and October, presumably for gonadal development. Throughout the sampling period, the lipid content of smaller individuals was dominated by structural lipids (as opposed to storage lipids). In contrast, larger individuals possessed greater amounts of storage lipids. This suggests that larger, putatively maturing individuals were accumulating storage lipids for later production of vitellogenin. Females sampled for blood sex steroids and ovarian histology showed different testosterone and estradiol concentrations between putatively maturing and immature fish, and temporal variation with peaks in October and November. Overall, emerging patterns of liver lipid content and composition and blood steroid concentrations describe a multi-month maturation process that is often managed one dimensionally over short time periods. Insights from this work will improve our understanding of the life history of southern flounder, with the potential for better understanding of the dynamics of offshore spawning migration and informing subsequent species management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Grieshaber
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Stephen R Midway
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Frederick S Scharf
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Heather Koopman
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - J Adam Luckenbach
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mollie A Middleton
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA
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Hunt von Herbing I, Pan TCF, Méndez-Sánchez F, Garduño-Paz M, Hernández-Gallegos O, Ruiz-Gómez ML, Rodríguez-Vargas G. Chronic stress of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at high altitude: a field study. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:138-158. [PMID: 26148653 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stress response of Oncorhynchus mykiss in high-altitude farms in central Mexico was investigated over two seasons: the cool (9·1-13·7° C) dry winter season, and the warmer (14·7-15·9° C), wetter summer season. Fish were subjected to an acute stress test followed by sampling of six physiological variables: blood cortisol, glucose, lactate, total antioxidant capacity, haemoglobin concentration and per cent packed cell volume (VPC %). Multivariate analyses revealed that lactate and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the summer, when water temperatures were warmer and moderate hypoxia (4·9-5·3 mg l(-1) ) prevailed. In contrast, plasma cortisol was significantly higher in the winter (mean ± s.e.: 76·7 ± 4·0 ng ml(-1) ) when temperatures were cooler and dissolved oxygen levels higher (6·05-7·9 mg l(-1) ), than in the summer (22·7 ± 3·8 ng ml(-1) ). Haemoglobin concentrations (mg dl(-1) ) were not significantly different between seasons, but VPC % was significantly higher in the summer (50%) than in the winter (35%). These results suggest that in summer, effects of high altitude on farmed fish are exacerbated by stresses of high temperatures and hypoxia, resulting in higher blood lactate, increased total antioxidant capacity and elevated VPC % levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hunt von Herbing
- Marine Conservation and Aquatic Physiology Laboratory (MCAPL), Biological Sciences Department, University of North Texas (UNT), Denton, TX, U.S.A
| | - T-C F Pan
- Marine Conservation and Aquatic Physiology Laboratory (MCAPL), Biological Sciences Department, University of North Texas (UNT), Denton, TX, U.S.A
| | - F Méndez-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, México
| | - M Garduño-Paz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, México
| | - O Hernández-Gallegos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, México
| | - M L Ruiz-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, México
| | - G Rodríguez-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, México
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Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Jeffries KM, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Farrell AP, Miller KM. Species- and sex-specific responses and recovery of wild, mature pacific salmon to an exhaustive exercise and air exposure stressor. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 173C:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cooke SJ, Messmer V, Tobin AJ, Pratchett MS, Clark TD. Refuge-Seeking Impairments Mirror Metabolic Recovery Following Fisheries-Related Stressors in the Spanish Flag Snapper (Lutjanus carponotatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:136-47. [DOI: 10.1086/671166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Stoot LJ, Cairns NA, Cull F, Taylor JJ, Jeffrey JD, Morin F, Mandelman JW, Clark TD, Cooke SJ. Use of portable blood physiology point-of-care devices for basic and applied research on vertebrates: a review. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 2:cou011. [PMID: 27293632 PMCID: PMC4806731 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cou011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-human vertebrate blood is commonly collected and assayed for a variety of applications, including veterinary diagnostics and physiological research. Small, often non-lethal samples enable the assessment and monitoring of the physiological state and health of the individual. Traditionally, studies that rely on blood physiology have focused on captive animals or, in studies conducted in remote settings, have required the preservation and transport of samples for later analysis. In either situation, large, laboratory-bound equipment and traditional assays and analytical protocols are required. The use of point-of-care (POC) devices to measure various secondary blood physiological parameters, such as metabolites, blood gases and ions, has become increasingly popular recently, due to immediate results and their portability, which allows the freedom to study organisms in the wild. Here, we review the current uses of POC devices and their applicability to basic and applied studies on a variety of non-domesticated species. We located 79 individual studies that focused on non-domesticated vertebrates, including validation and application of POC tools. Studies focused on a wide spectrum of taxa, including mammals, birds and herptiles, although the majority of studies focused on fish, and typical variables measured included blood glucose, lactate and pH. We found that calibrations for species-specific blood physiology values are necessary, because ranges can vary within and among taxa and are sometimes outside the measurable range of the devices. In addition, although POC devices are portable and robust, most require durable cases, they are seldom waterproof/water-resistant, and factors such as humidity and temperature can affect the performance of the device. Overall, most studies concluded that POC devices are suitable alternatives to traditional laboratory devices and eliminate the need for transport of samples; however, there is a need for greater emphasis on rigorous calibration and validation of these units and appreciation of their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Stoot
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6. Tel: +1 613 520 2600.
| | - Nicholas A. Cairns
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Felicia Cull
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jessica J. Taylor
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jennifer D. Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Félix Morin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - John W. Mandelman
- John H. Prescott Marine Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110-3399, USA
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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Currey LM, Heupel MR, Simpfendorfer CA, Clark TD. Blood lactate loads of redthroat emperor Lethrinus miniatus associated with angling stress and exhaustive exercise. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:1401-1406. [PMID: 24580674 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Baseline, post-angling and maximum attainable blood lactate concentrations were measured for the fishery species redthroat emperor Lethrinus miniatus to gain insight into the condition of fish released following c. 30 s angling and <45 s air exposure. Mean ± S.D. baseline blood lactate was 1·5 ± 0·6 mmol l⁻¹, which increased and plateaued around 6 mmol l⁻¹ at 15-30 min post-angling. These values were significantly lower than those obtained from fish maximally exhausted with a prolonged chase and air exposure protocol following capture (10·9 ± 1·8 mmol l⁻¹), suggesting that L. miniatus is not maximally exhausted during standard angling practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Currey
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Sturrock AM, Hunter E, Milton JA, Trueman CN. Analysis methods and reference concentrations of 12 minor and trace elements in fish blood plasma. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2013; 27:273-85. [PMID: 23643248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the analytical literature revealed substantial under-representation of trace element concentrations in fish blood, particularly for marine species. We describe a simple dilution procedure to measure Li, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb concentrations in low volumes of blood plasma of adult plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) using high resolution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Captive male and female plaice (n = 18) were serially sampled for one year and samples collected outside of the spawning season (n = 157) used to estimate reference ranges for this species. Method accuracy was deemed satisfactory, based on its application to the analysis of a certified reference material. Precision was generally <3%, with the most conservative measure of precision being ≤10% for all elements except Pb (∼20%). This is the first study to analyse fish blood plasma by ICP-MS and includes some of the first reference ranges for trace element concentrations in fish blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sturrock
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Waterfront Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
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Colotelo AH, Cooke SJ, Blouin-Demers G, Murchie KJ, Haxton T, Smokorowski KE. Influence of water temperature and net tending frequency on the condition of fish bycatch in a small-scale inland commercial fyke net fishery. J Nat Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Robinson KA, Hinch SG, Gale MK, Clark TD, Wilson SM, Donaldson MR, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA. Effects of post-capture ventilation assistance and elevated water temperature on sockeye salmon in a simulated capture-and-release experiment. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 1:cot015. [PMID: 27293599 PMCID: PMC4732443 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The live release of wild adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) following capture is a management tactic often used in commercial, aboriginal, and recreational fisheries. Fisheries capture and handling can be both exhausting and stressful to fish, which can limit their ability to swim and survive after release. As a result, researchers have assessed methods intended to improve post-release survival by assisting the flow of water over the gills of fish prior to release. Such approaches use recovery bags or boxes that direct water over the gills of restrained fish. This study evaluated a method of assisting ventilation that mimics one often employed by recreational anglers (i.e. holding fish facing into a current). Under laboratory conditions, wild Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) either received manual ventilation assistance for 1 min using a jet of water focused at the mouth or were left to recover unassisted following a capture-and-release simulation. A control group consisted of fish that were not exposed to the simulation or ventilation assistance. The experiment was conducted at 16 and 21°C, average and peak summer water temperatures for the Fraser River, and fish survival was monitored for 33 days. At 21°C, all fish perished within 3 days after treatment in all experimental groups, highlighting the consequences of handling adult sockeye salmon during elevated migration temperatures. Survival was higher at 16°C, with fish surviving on average 15-20 days after treatment. At 16°C, the capture-and-release simulation and ventilation assistance did not affect the survival of males; however, female survival was poor after the ventilation assistance compared with the unassisted and control groups. Our results suggest that the method of ventilation assistance tested in this study may not enhance the post-release survival of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon migrating in fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Robinson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Corresponding author: Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Tel: +1 604 822 1969.
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Marika K. Gale
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Samantha M. Wilson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Michael R. Donaldson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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Faggio C, Casella S, Arfuso F, Marafioti S, Piccione G, Fazio F. Effect of storage time on haematological parameters in mullet,Mugil cephalus. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:412-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Faggio
- Faculty of Science, Department of Life Sciences ‘M. Malpighi’ Section of General Physiology; University of Messina; Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 S. Agata; 98166; Messina; Italy
| | - S. Casella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - F. Arfuso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - S. Marafioti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - G. Piccione
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - F. Fazio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Experimental Science and Applied Biotechnology; University of Messina; Polo Universitario Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
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Clark TD, Donaldson MR, Pieperhoff S, Drenner SM, Lotto A, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Farrell AP. Physiological benefits of being small in a changing world: responses of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to an acute thermal challenge and a simulated capture event. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39079. [PMID: 22720035 PMCID: PMC3374769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is building to suggest that both chronic and acute warm temperature exposure, as well as other anthropogenic perturbations, may select for small adult fish within a species. To shed light on this phenomenon, we investigated physiological and anatomical attributes associated with size-specific responses to an acute thermal challenge and a fisheries capture simulation (exercise+air exposure) in maturing male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Full-size females were included for a sex-specific comparison. A size-specific response in haematology to an acute thermal challenge (from 7 to 20°C at 3°C h−1) was apparent only for plasma potassium, whereby full-size males exhibited a significant increase in comparison with smaller males (‘jacks’). Full-size females exhibited an elevated blood stress response in comparison with full-size males. Metabolic recovery following exhaustive exercise at 7°C was size-specific, with jacks regaining resting levels of metabolism at 9.3±0.5 h post-exercise in comparison with 12.3±0.4 h for full-size fish of both sexes. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption scaled with body mass in male fish with an exponent of b = 1.20±0.08. Jacks appeared to regain osmoregulatory homeostasis faster than full-size males, and they had higher ventilation rates at 1 h post-exercise. Peak metabolic rate during post-exercise recovery scaled with body mass with an exponent of b∼1, suggesting that the slower metabolic recovery in large fish was not due to limitations in diffusive or convective oxygen transport, but that large fish simply accumulated a greater ‘oxygen debt’ that took longer to pay back at the size-independent peak metabolic rate of ∼6 mg min−1 kg−1. Post-exercise recovery of plasma testosterone was faster in jacks compared with full-size males, suggesting less impairment of the maturation trajectory of smaller fish. Supporting previous studies, these findings suggest that environmental change and non-lethal fisheries interactions have the potential to select for small individuals within fish populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Clark
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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