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Maeda M, Abe M, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Fukushi H, Kimura T. Identification of the Promoter Antisense Transcript Enhancing the Transcription of the Equine Herpesvirus-1 Immediate-Early Gene. Viruses 2024; 16:1195. [PMID: 39205169 PMCID: PMC11360796 DOI: 10.3390/v16081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory diseases, abortion, and encephalomyelitis in horses. The EHV-1 immediate-early (IE) protein, essential for viral replication, is transactivated by the binding of a multiprotein complex including the open reading frame 12 (ORF12) and some host factors to the IE promoter region. Promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs), which are transcribed from bidirectional promoters, regulate the transcription of neighboring genes in mammals and pathogens. In this study, we identified a novel pancRNA transcribed from across the areas of the 5'-untranslated region and a promoter of EHV-1 IE and named it IE pancRNA. IE pancRNA and mRNA were simultaneously expressed in EHV-1-infected RN33B-A68B2M cells. This pancRNA was also transcribed in RK13 and E. Derm cells, which are highly susceptible to EHV-1 infection. Furthermore, IE pancRNA upregulated IE gene expression in the presence of ORF12, and stable expression of IE pancRNA increased the number of EHV-1-infected RN33B-A68B2M cells. These results suggest that IE pancRNAs facilitate EHV-1 proliferation by promoting IE gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Maeda
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Miou Abe
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (M.M.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (A.K.)
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Minato E, Kobayashi A, Aoshima K, Fukushi H, Kimura T. Susceptibility of rat immortalized neuronal cell line Rn33B expressing equine major histocompatibility class 1 to equine herpesvirus-1 infection is differentiation dependent. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:123-132. [PMID: 31758567 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), which causes encephalomyelitis in horses, shows endotheliotropism in the central nervous system of horses, and generally does not infect neurons. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the resistance of neuron to EHV-1, due to the lack of convenient cell culture systems. In this study, we examined EHV-1 infection in immortalized Rn33B rat neuronal cells, which differentiate into neurons when cultured under nonpermissive conditions. Because murine cell lines are resistant to EHV-1 infections due to the lack of functional entry receptors for EHV-1, we used an Rn33B-derived cell line that stably expresses the equine MHC class 1 molecule, which acts as EHV-1 entry receptor (Rn33B-A68B2M cells). EHV-1 infected undifferentiated Rn33B-A68B2M cells more efficiently than differentiated cells, resulting in the production of progeny virus in the former but not in the latter. By contrast, both differentiated and undifferentiated cells infected with herpes simplex virus-1 produced infectious viral progeny. While EHV-1 infection induced stronger expression of IFN alpha gene in differentiated cells than in undifferentiated cells, downstream IFN responses, including phosphorylation of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and expression of IFN-stimulated genes, were not activated regardless of whether cells were differentiated or not. These results suggest that neuronal differentiation of RN33B-A68B2M cells reduced their susceptibility to EHV-1, which is not due to different IFN responses. This culture system may be useful as an in vitro model for studying neuron-specific resistance to EHV-1, by investigating viral and host factors responsible for the difference in susceptibility between differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Minato
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Okada A, Izume S, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein VP22 is not essential for pathogenicity in a hamster model, but is required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1293-7. [PMID: 25948053 PMCID: PMC4638299 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
VP22 is a major tegument protein of Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) that is a conserved
protein among alphaherpesviruses. However, the roles of VP22 differ among each virus, and
the roles of EHV-1 VP22 are still unclear. Here, we constructed an EHV-1 VP22 deletion
mutant and a revertant virus to clarify the role of VP22. We found that EHV-1 VP22 was
required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells, but not for virulence in a hamster
model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Okada
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Pagamjav O, Yamada S, Ibrahim ESM, Crandell RA, Matsumura T, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Molecular Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Isolated from Cattle Indicating No Specific Mutations Associated with the Interspecies Transmission. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:313-9. [PMID: 17380051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies trasmission of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) from horse to cattle was shown by Crandell et al. (1988). Specific mutations related to the transmission were studied by comparison of five EHV-1 isolates in cattle (BH1247, 3M20-3, G118, G1753, and 9BSV4) using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with added sequencing. G118 and 3M20-3 were the genome type EHV-1 P, while G1753 was the genome type EHV-1 B. BH1247 and 9BSV4 might be other genome types. We could not identify specific mutations related to the interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochir Pagamjav
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Zanuzzi C, Scrochi M, Fuentealba N, Nishida F, Portiansky E, Muglia C, Gimeno E, Barbeito C, Galosi C. Effects of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) AR8 and HH1 strains on BALB-c mice. Arch Virol 2013; 159:141-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sasaki M, Kim E, Igarashi M, Ito K, Hasebe R, Fukushi H, Sawa H, Kimura T. Single amino acid residue in the A2 domain of major histocompatibility complex class I is involved in the efficiency of equine herpesvirus-1 entry. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39370-8. [PMID: 21949188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), an α-herpesvirus of the family Herpesviridae, causes respiratory disease, abortion, and encephalomyelitis in horses. EHV-1 utilizes equine MHC class I molecules as entry receptors. However, hamster MHC class I molecules on EHV-1-susceptible CHO-K1 cells play no role in EHV-1 entry. To identify the MHC class I molecule region that is responsible for EHV-1 entry, domain exchange and site-directed mutagenesis experiments were performed, in which parts of the extracellular region of hamster MHC class I (clone C5) were replaced with corresponding sequences from equine MHC class I (clone A68). Substitution of alanine for glutamine at position 173 (Q173A) within the α2 domain of the MHC class I molecule enabled hamster MHC class I C5 to mediate EHV-1 entry into cells. Conversely, substitution of glutamine for alanine at position 173 (A173Q) in equine MHC class I A68 resulted in loss of EHV-1 receptor function. Equine MHC class I clone 3.4, which possesses threonine at position 173, was unable to act as an EHV-1 receptor. Substitution of alanine for threonine at position 173 (T173A) enabled MHC class I 3.4 to mediate EHV-1 entry into cells. These results suggest that the amino acid residue at position 173 of the MHC class I molecule is involved in the efficiency of EHV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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Sasaki M, Hasebe R, Makino Y, Suzuki T, Fukushi H, Okamoto M, Matsuda K, Taniyama H, Sawa H, Kimura T. Equine major histocompatibility complex class I molecules act as entry receptors that bind to equine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D. Genes Cells 2011; 16:343-57. [PMID: 21306483 PMCID: PMC3118799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The endotheliotropism of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) leads to encephalomyelitis secondary to vasculitis and thrombosis in the infected horse central nervous system (CNS). To identify the host factors involved in EHV-1 infection of CNS endothelial cells, we performed functional cloning using an equine brain microvascular endothelial cell cDNA library. Exogenous expression of equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain genes conferred susceptibility to EHV-1 infection in mouse NIH3T3 cells, which are not naturally susceptible to EHV-1 infection. Equine MHC class I molecules bound to EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), and both anti-gD antibodies and a soluble form of gD blocked viral entry into NIH3T3 cells stably expressing the equine MHC class I heavy chain gene (3T3-A68 cells). Treatment with an anti-equine MHC class I monoclonal antibody blocked EHV-1 entry into 3T3-A68 cells, equine dermis (E. Derm) cells and equine brain microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, inhibition of cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules in E. Derm cells drastically reduced their susceptibility to EHV-1 infection. These results suggest that equine MHC class I is a functional gD receptor that plays a pivotal role in EHV-1 entry into equine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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Hasebe R, Sasaki M, Sawa H, Wada R, Umemura T, Kimura T. Infectious entry of equine herpesvirus-1 into host cells through different endocytic pathways. Virology 2009; 393:198-209. [PMID: 19720389 PMCID: PMC7111996 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism by which equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) enters primary cultured equine brain microvascular endothelial cells (EBMECs) and equine dermis (E. Derm) cells. EHV-1 colocalized with caveolin in EBMECs and the infection was greatly reduced by the expression of a dominant negative form of equine caveolin-1 (ecavY14F), suggesting that EHV-1 enters EBMECs via caveolar endocytosis. EHV-1 entry into E. Derm cells was significantly reduced by ATP depletion and treatments with lysosomotropic agents. Enveloped virions were detected from E. Derm cells by infectious virus recovery assay after viral internalization, suggesting that EHV-1 enters E. Derm cells via energy- and pH-dependent endocytosis. These results suggest that EHV-1 utilizes multiple endocytic pathways in different cell types to establish productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hasebe
- Laboratory of Prion Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 9 North 18, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of Argentinian Equid Herpesvirus 1 strains. Virus Genes 2008; 38:113-7. [PMID: 19023651 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has long been causally implicated in the occurrence of abortion, neonatal death, respiratory disease, and neurological disorders in horses. This study analyzed for the first time the characteristics of the genomic section of Argentinian EHV-1 strains and reconstructed the phylogeny in order to establish their origin. The phylogenetic dataset included 22 Argentinian strains and four additional reference strains isolated in other countries. The intergenic region between ORF 62 and ORF 63 was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis carried out by parsimony algorithms showed that six of the Argentinian strains had the same origin as British and Japanese strains. The mapping of symptoms caused by EHV-1 suggested that neonatal disease developed through convergent evolution, which would constitute an adaptation mechanism of the virus. This study constitutes the first analysis carried out in South-American strains that establishes the phylogenetic relationship between Argentinian strains and rebuilds the evolutionary history of symptoms. This study focuses on a very important aspect of evolution of Herpesviridae infecting perissodactyls and attempts to shed light on the evolution of symptoms, an issue of high clinical interest.
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YAMADA S, MATSUMURA T, TSUJIMURA K, YAMAGUCHI T, OHYA K, FUKUSHI H. Comparison of the Growth Kinetics of Neuropathogenic and Nonneuropathogenic Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Strains in Cultured Murine Neuronal Cells and the Relevance of the D/N752 Coding Change in DNA Polymerase Gene (ORF30). J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:505-11. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Souichi YAMADA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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Galosi CM, Barbeito CG, Martin Ocampos GP, Martinez JP, Ayala MA, Corva SG, Fuentealba NA, Gimeno EJ. An Argentine equine herpesvirus strain with special restriction patterns protect mice challenged with a pathogenic strain. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 53:412-7. [PMID: 17062117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was first isolated in Argentina in 1979. This strain SPv has special restriction patterns, but a previous study demonstrated that SPv did not modify its growth in cell culture. In addition, it showed low virulence in the mouse respiratory model consistently with results found in female BALB/C at different state of gestation. This study evaluates in a mouse respiratory model, if primary infection with SPv strain protects animals from subsequent challenge with a pathogenic strain. Body weight loss was not observed in mice intranasally inoculated with SPv strain and challenged with HH1 Japanese strain. The SPv primary infection does not completely prevent clinical presentation by HH1 infection but the SPv inoculated animals recovered more quickly, with less intense and less persistent histological lesions. The challenge infection caused a rapid and prolonged increase in anti-EHV-1 antibodies in the mice previously infected with SPv, along with a more rapid reduction of viral titres in lungs. In this work it was demonstrated that this EHV-1 strain constitute a good immunogen. These results show that this SPv strain could be considered to produce an EHV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aries, Argentina.
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Ibrahim ESM, Kinoh M, Matsumura T, Kennedy M, Allen GP, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from onager, zebra and gazelle. Arch Virol 2006; 152:245-55. [PMID: 17051419 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from an onager in 1985, a zebra in 1986 and a Thomson's gazelle in 1996 in USA. The genetic relatedness and pathogenicity of these three viruses were investigated based on the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein G (gG) gene, experimental infection in hamsters, and comparison with horse isolates. The gG gene sequences of EHV-1 from onager and zebra were identical. The gG gene sequences of the gazelle isolate showed 99.5% identity to those of onager and zebra isolates. The gG gene sequences of EHV-1 isolated from horses were 99.9-100% identical and 98, 98 and 97.8% similar to gG from onager, zebra and gazelle isolates, respectively. Hamsters inoculated with onager, zebra and gazelle isolates had severe weight loss, compared with hamsters inoculated with horse isolates. The histopathological findings were related to the virulence of each isolate. The results indicated that EHV-1 isolates from onager, zebra and gazelle differ from horse EHV-1 and are much more virulent in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S M Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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