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Horn J. The dichotomy between health and drug abuse in bodybuilding. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2024; 41:212-225. [PMID: 38645972 PMCID: PMC11027851 DOI: 10.1177/14550725231206011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the expansion and prevalence of anabolic steroid use by examining the divergent effects between health and drug abuse and to create more awareness around the harmful consequences of these drugs when administered at abusive levels. Methods: A focused and concise literature search was conducted, and 101 high-quality articles were included in the review. Results: The findings underscore the adverse health risks of steroid abuse, emphasizing the stark contrast between health and drug abuse. Conclusions: While steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs can yield muscle growth, strength and even fat loss, abusing these substances can lead to adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, within the fitness subculture, particularly in the realm of bodybuilding, steroid abuse fosters an atmosphere of cheating and deception, frequently downplaying or ignoring the negative and sometimes deadly consequences it brings.
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Place F, Carpenter H, Morrison BN, Chester N, Cooper R, Stansfield BN, George KP, Oxborough D. The impact of image and performance enhancing drugs on atrial structure and function in resistance trained individuals. Echo Res Pract 2023; 10:19. [PMID: 38053157 DOI: 10.1186/s44156-023-00031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) are commonly used in resistance trained (RT) individuals and negatively impact left ventricular (LV) structure and function. Few studies have investigated the impact of IPEDs on atrial structure and function with no previous studies investigating bi-atrial strain. Additionally, the impact of current use vs. past use of IPEDs is unclear. METHODS Utilising a cross-sectional design, male (n = 81) and female (n = 15) RT individuals were grouped based on IPED user status: current (n = 57), past (n = 19) and non-users (n = 20). Participants completed IPED questionnaires, anthropometrical measurements, electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography with strain imaging. Structural cardiac data was allometrically scaled to body surface area (BSA) according to laws of geometric similarity. RESULTS Body mass and BSA were greater in current users than past and non-users of IPEDs (p < 0.01). Absolute left atrial (LA) volume (60 ± 17 vs 46 ± 12, p = 0.001) and right atrial (RA) area (19 ± 4 vs 15 ± 3, p < 0.001) were greater in current users than non-users but this difference was lost following scaling (p > 0.05). Left atrial reservoir (p = 0.008, p < 0.001) and conduit (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) strain were lower in current users than past and non-users (conduit: current = 22 ± 6, past = 29 ± 9 and non-users = 31 ± 7 and reservoir: current = 33 ± 8, past = 39 ± 8, non-users = 42 ± 8). Right atrial reservoir (p = 0.015) and conduit (p = 0.007) strain were lower in current than non-users (conduit: current = 25 ± 8, non-users = 33 ± 10 and reservoir: current = 36 ± 10, non-users = 44 ± 13). Current users showed reduced LV diastolic function (A wave: p = 0.022, p = 0.049 and E/A ratio: p = 0.039, p < 0.001) and higher LA stiffness (p = 0.001, p < 0.001) than past and non-users (A wave: current = 0.54 ± 0.1, past = 0.46 ± 0.1, non-users = 0.47 ± 0.09 and E/A ratio: current = 1.5 ± 0.5, past = 1.8 ± 0.4, non-users = 1.9 ± 0.4, LA stiffness: current = 0.21 ± 0.7, past = 0.15 ± 0.04, non-users = 0.15 ± 0.07). CONCLUSION Resistance trained individuals using IPEDs have bi-atrial enlargement that normalises with allometric scaling, suggesting that increased size is, in part, associated with increased body size. The lower LA and RA reservoir and conduit strain and greater absolute bi-atrial structural parameters in current than non-users of IPEDs suggests pathological adaptation with IPED use, although the similarity in these parameters between past and non-users suggests reversibility of pathological changes with withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Place
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Harry Carpenter
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barbara N Morrison
- School of Human Kinetics, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Chester
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert Cooper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ben N Stansfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Keith P George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Shaha KK, Nagappan R, Badhe BA. Fatal anabolic androgenic steroid overdose in an amateur bodybuilder: a clinical and autopsy report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00747-7. [PMID: 37948000 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Stanozolol is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid commonly used by bodybuilders to increase muscle mass. However, its use can lead to serious adverse effects on the liver, including cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, and even death. In this case report, we describe a fatal case of stanozolol overdose in an otherwise healthy 35-year-old amateur bodybuilder. The patient presented with general malaise, jaundice, and a history of hematemesis after taking stanozolol tablets orally for 3 months. Upon admission, his liver function tests were significantly abnormal, and he succumbed within 48 h despite symptomatic treatment. The autopsy revealed sub-massive hepatic necrosis, focal macro-vesicular steatosis, and a cholestatic pattern of acute liver injury, with the chemical examination confirming the presence of stanozolol in the blood, liver, and kidneys. The cause of death was determined to be hepatic necrosis as a complication of stanozolol overdose. The overuse of anabolic steroids like stanozolol can cause hepatotoxicity, resulting in reversible cholestatic hepatitis or, in rare cases, fatal liver injury. The mechanism of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) drug-induced liver injury is obscure, but proposed mechanisms include oxidative stress and cholestasis. In this case, the recent overuse of stanozolol, a 17 alpha-alkylated (oral) AAS led to sub-massive hepatic necrosis and subsequent liver failure, proving fatal. It is imperative that healthcare providers and the public are informed about the dangers of AAS use, especially since AAS usage has increased recently due to easy online access, to prevent potentially life-threatening consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusa Kumar Shaha
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Ramaswamy Nagappan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Bhawana Ashok Badhe
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, 605006, India
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Bourgonjon B, Vermeylen K, Tytgat N, Forget P. Anaesthesia for elite athletes. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:825-834. [PMID: 35943185 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports participation has been growing rapidly since the 1960s. Anaesthesiologists are increasingly confronted with athletes in a peri-operative setting. The right choice of type of anaesthesia technique, pain management of injuries, specific physiologic adaptations of the athlete and knowledge of prohibited substances are eminent for a correct approach of this subpopulation. PURPOSE This review aims to give an overview of athletes' specific anaesthetic management in peri-operative and postoperative settings and to guide the nonspecialised anaesthetist. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed the literature, gathered all the information available on, and synthesised it in a narrative way, regarding preoperative evaluation, intraoperative implications and postoperative pain management of the elite athlete undergoing a surgical procedure. RESULTS An anaesthesiologist should recognise the most common benign ECG findings in athletes like bradycardia, isolated left ventricle hypertrophy on voltage criteria and early repolarisation as normal features in the athlete's heart. Isotonic physiology typically produces four-chamber dilation. In contrast, isometric stress creates high intravascular pressure leading to left ventricular hypertrophy. Pre-operative evaluation should also identify possible consumers of performance-enhancing drugs. Intraoperative points of interest for the anaesthesiologist is mainly avoiding drugs on the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Postoperative and chronic pain management are still developing fields in this population. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) proposed treating acute pain with a combination of paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical analgesics, injectable NSAIDs and local anaesthetics. It may be suggested that chronic pain management in elite athletes could benefit from treatment in specialised multidisciplinary pain clinics. CONCLUSION This literature review aims to serve as a guide for the anaesthesiologist taking care of the elite athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Bourgonjon
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, GZA Antwerpen (BB), Department of Anaesthesiology, AZ Turnhout, Turnhout (KV), Department of Anaesthesiology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium (NT) and Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen; Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK (PF)
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Real-Life Therapeutic Concentration Monitoring of Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine: Preliminary Results of an Ongoing Prospective Observational Study in Switzerland. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081588. [PMID: 36015214 PMCID: PMC9413113 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SHCS#879 is an ongoing Switzerland-wide multicenter observational study conducted within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) for the prospective follow-up of people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving long-acting injectable cabotegravir-rilpivirine (LAI-CAB/RPV). All adults under LAI-CAB/RPV and part of SHCS are enrolled in the project. The study addresses an integrated strategy of treatment monitoring outside the stringent frame of controlled clinical trials, based on relevant patient characteristics, clinical factors, potential drug-drug interactions, and measurement of circulating blood concentrations. So far, 91 blood samples from 46 PLWH have been collected. Most individuals are less than 50 years old, with relatively few comorbidities and comedications. The observed concentrations are globally in accordance with the available values reported in the randomized clinical trials. Yet, low RPV concentrations not exceeding twice the reported protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration have been observed. Data available at present confirm a considerable between-patient variability overall. Based on the growing amount of PK data accumulated during this ongoing study, population pharmacokinetic analysis will characterize individual concentration-time profiles of LAI-CAB/RPV along with their variability in a real-life setting and their association with treatment response and tolerability, thus bringing key data for therapeutic monitoring and precision dosage adjustment of this novel long-acting therapy.
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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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The Molecular Quality and Mitochondrial Activity of Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Are Affected by Their Exposure to Three Endocrine-Active Compounds under 3D In Vitro Maturation Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094572. [PMID: 35562963 PMCID: PMC9100547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thus far, the potential short- and long-term detrimental effects of a variety of environmental chemicals designated as endocrine-active compounds (EACs) have been found to interfere with histo- and anatomo-physiological functions of the reproductive system in humans and wildlife species. For those reasons, this study sought to examine whether selected EACs, which encompass the fungicide vinclozolin (Vnz), the androgenic anabolic steroid nandrolone (Ndn) and the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), affect the developmental competence and molecular quality (MQ) of porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) under 3D culture conditions. The COCs underwent 3D-IVM in the presence of Vnz, Ndn or CsA for 48 h. To explore whether the selected EACs induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in cumulus cells (CCs), TUNEL-assisted detection of late apoptotic cells was performed. Additionally, for the detailed evaluation of pro- and antiapoptotic pathways in COCs, apoptosis proteome profiler arrays were used. To determine changes in intracellular metabolism in COCs, comprehensive assessments of mitochondrial ultrastructure and activity were carried out. Moreover, the relative abundances (RAs) of mRNAs transcribed from genes that are involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SIRT3 and FOXO3, and intramitochondrial bioenergetic balance, such as ATP synthase subunit (ATP5A1), were ascertained. Finally, to investigate the extent of progression of oocyte maturation, the intraooplasmic levels of cAMP and the RAs of mRNA transcripts encoding regulatory and biocatalytic subunits of a heterodimeric meiosis-promoting factor, termed cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDC2), were also estimated. The obtained results provide, for the first time, strong evidence that both Vnz and Ndn decrease the developmental competence of oocytes and stimulate apoptosis processes in CCs. The present study is also the first to highlight that Vnz accelerates the maturation process in immature oocytes due to both increased ROS production and the augmented RA of the CCNB1 gene. Furthermore, Vnz was proven to trigger proapoptotic events in CCs by prompting the activity of the FOXO3 transcription factor, which regulates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In turn, Ndn was shown to inhibit oocyte maturation by inducing molecular events that ultimately lead to an increase in the intraooplasmic cAMP concentration. However, due to the simultaneous enhancement of the expression of TNF-β and HSP27 proteins in CCs, Ndn might be responsible for the onset of their neoplastic transformation. Finally, our current investigation is the first to clearly demonstrate that although CsA did not interfere with the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes, by inducing mitophagy in CCs, it disrupted oocyte metabolism, consequently attenuating the parameters related to the MQ of COCs. Summing up, Vnz, Ndn and CsA reduced not only the processes of growth and IVM but also the MQ of porcine COCs, which might make them unsuitable for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization by either gamete co-incubation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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El Deib MM, El-Sharkawy NI, Beheiry RR, Abd-Elhakim YM, Ismail SA, Fahmy EM, Saber T, Saber TM. Boldenone undecylenate disrupts the immune system and induces autoimmune clinical hypothyroidism in rats: Vitamin C ameliorative effects. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107939. [PMID: 34224995 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of boldenone undecylenate (BL) abuse alone and in combination with vitamin C (VC) on the immune responses and thyroid structure and function in rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups and were subjected to various treatment regimens for eight weeks as follows: control group, vehicle control group, VC group orally received VC (120 mg/Kg BW/day), BL-treated group intramuscularly injected with BL (5 mg/kg BW, once/week), and BL+VC group received BL and VC. At the end of this experiment, blood and tissue samples (thyroid, thymus, and spleen) were subjected to hematological evaluation, biochemical analysis, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. In comparison to controls, BL significantly increased the levels of serum proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1 β and IL-6), immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), and complement 3 but reduced anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, lysosome, and nitric oxide. Besides, altered platelet count and leukogram were evident in BL-injected rats. BL notably disturbed thyroid profile as revealed by a significant increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibody. In contrast, both total and free forms of thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine), thyroglobulin, and thyroid peroxidase, were significantly decreased. Moreover, BL caused histopathological changes in the thyroid, thymus, and spleen tissues.CD4+ immuno-expression was reduced, but CD8+ immunolabelling was increased in both spleen and thymus. The daily dosing of VC to BL-exposed rats significantly corrected most of the deviations in immune parameters. It restored most of the thyroid architecture and function, revealing a significant protective effect of this vitamin. This experimental study demonstrates that BL abusing disrupts the immune system by different mechanisms and addresses BL, for the first time, as an autoimmune clinical hypothyroidism inducer drug. Additionally, VC is helpful in the management of BL abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M El Deib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nabela I El-Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Beheiry
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Aa Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Esraa M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Borodi G, Turza A, Camarasan PA, Ulici A. Structural studies of Trenbolone, Trenbolone Acetate, Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate and Enanthate esters. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borodi G, Turza A, Bende A. Exploring the Polymorphism of Drostanolone Propionate. Molecules 2020; 25:E1436. [PMID: 32245263 PMCID: PMC7145311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone 17β-propionate, known as drostanolone propionate or masteron, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone. The crystal structures of two polymorphs of drostanolone propionate have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and both crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. One is belonging to the P21 space group, Z = 2, and has one molecule in the asymmetric unit while the second belongs to the I2 space group, Z = 4, and contains two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Another polymorph has been investigated by an X-ray powder diffraction method and solved by Parallel tempering/Monte Carlo technique and refined with the Rietveld method. This polymorph crystallizes in the orthorhombic P212121 space group, Z = 4 having one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The structural configuration analysis shows that the A, B, and C steroid rings exist as chair geometry, while ring D adopts a C13 distorted envelope configuration in all structures. For all polymorphs, the lattice energy has been computed by CLP (Coulomb-London-Pauli), and tight-binding density functional theory methods. Local electron correlation methods were used to estimate the role of electron correlation in the magnitude of the dimer energies. The nature of the intermolecular interactions has been analyzed by the SAPT0 energy decomposition methods as well as by Hirshfeld surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Borodi
- National Institute For R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Turza
- National Institute For R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, 1 Mihail Kogălniceanu, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania
| | - Attila Bende
- National Institute For R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania;
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Yuen F, Thirumalai A, Pham C, Swerdloff RS, Anawalt BD, Liu PY, Amory JK, Bremner WJ, Dart C, Wu H, Hull L, Blithe DL, Long J, Wang C, Page ST. Daily Oral Administration of the Novel Androgen 11β-MNTDC Markedly Suppresses Serum Gonadotropins in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5715395. [PMID: 31976519 PMCID: PMC7049261 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) is a modified testosterone (T) with androgenic and progestational activity. A single oral dose of the prodrug, 11β-MNT dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), was well tolerated in healthy men. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind study at 2 academic medical centers. 42 healthy men (18-50 years) were randomized to receive oral placebo or 11β-MNTDC, 200 or 400 mg daily, for 28 consecutive days. Primary outcome (safety and tolerability) measures were assessed twice per week. Subjects underwent serial blood sampling over 24 hours on days 1 and 28 to assess secondary outcomes: pharmacokinetics (serum drug concentrations); pharmacodynamics of 11β-MNTDC (serum sex steroids and gonadotropins); and mood and sexual function (via validated questionnaires). RESULTS There were no serious adverse events. No participants discontinued because of an adverse event or laboratory test abnormality. 11β-MNTDC resulted in a dose-related increase in serum 11β-MNTDC and 11β-MNT concentrations sustained over 24 hours. Administration of 11β-MNTDC resulted in a marked suppression of serum gonadotropins, T, calculated free T, estradiol, and SHBG over the treatment period (P < 0.01). Adverse effects that may be related to 11β-MNTDC included weight gain, acne, headaches, fatigue, and mild mood changes, with 5 men reporting decreased libido and 3 decreased erectile/ejaculatory function. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, weight (~2 kg), hematocrit, and hemoglobin increased and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in both 11β-MNTDC groups. CONCLUSION Daily oral 11β-MNTDC for 28 days in healthy men markedly suppressed serum gonadotropin and T concentrations without serious adverse effects. These results warrant further evaluation of 11β-MNTDC as a potential male oral contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Arthi Thirumalai
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cindy Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Ronald S Swerdloff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Bradley D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William J Bremner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Clint Dart
- Health Decisions, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Laura Hull
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Diana L Blithe
- Contraceptive Development Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jill Long
- Contraceptive Development Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christina Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Christina Wang, MD, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and, The Lundquist Research Institute 1124 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90509. E-mail:
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Ajrawat P, Bhargava D, Sadoughi M. Atypical tear of the long head of the biceps tendon in a young male adult. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/1/e232936. [PMID: 31932464 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 34-year-old man, with previous anabolic steroid abuse, presented with right shoulder pain following an underhand bowling swing. Examination indicated a Popeye sign of the right biceps, and positive Speeds, Yergason and O'Brian's tests. MRI indicated a complete tear of the intra-articular portion of the long head of biceps tendon (LHBT). Interestingly, the tear occurred within the glenohumeral joint allowing the proximal portion of the LHBT to uniquely coil and fold on itself deep to the subscapularis causing mechanical symptoms. He was treated conservatively with physical therapy but failed to achieve pain relief and proceeded with arthroscopic debridement of the folded portion of the LHBT stump, which significantly improved clinical outcomes at 18 months postoperative. We report the first case of an LHBT tear during bowling in a young adult with a rare occurrence of the proximal portion of the LHBT uniquely coiling and folding on itself deep to the subscapularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabjit Ajrawat
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Etobicoke General Hospital, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deven Bhargava
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Etobicoke General Hospital, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Sadoughi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Etobicoke General Hospital, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
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Gonçalves RV, Santos JDB, Silva NS, Guillocheau E, Silva RE, Souza-Silva TG, Oliveira RF, Santos EC, Novaes RD. Trans-fatty acids aggravate anabolic steroid-induced metabolic disturbances and differential gene expression in muscle, pancreas and adipose tissue. Life Sci 2019; 232:116603. [PMID: 31254587 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although anabolic steroids (AS) and trans-fatty acids overload exerts systemic toxicity and are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, their interaction remains poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the impact of a diet rich in trans-fatty acids (HFD) combined with AS on glycemic control, lipid profile, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and pancreas microstructure and expression of genes involved in energy metabolism. MAIN METHODS Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 6 groups treated for 12 weeks with a standard diet (SD) or a diet rich in C18:1 trans-fatty isomers (HFD), alone or combined with 10 or 20 mg/kg testosterone cypionate (AS). KEY FINDINGS Our results indicated that AS improved glycemic control, upregulated gene expression of Glut-4 and CPT-1 in skeletal muscle, FAS, ACC and UCP-1 in adipose tissue. AS also reduced total and LDL cholesterol in mice fed a SD. When combined with the HFD, AS was unable to induce microstructural adaptations in adipose tissue, pancreatic islets and β-cells, but potentiated GCK and Glut-2 (pancreas) and Glut-4 and CPT-1 (skeletal muscle) upregulation. HFD plus AS also downregulated FAS and ACC gene expression in adipose tissue. Combined with HFD, AS increased triacylglycerol circulating levels, improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that HFD and AS can interact to modulates glycemic control and lipid profile by a mechanism potentially related with a reprogramming of genes expression in organs such as the pancreas, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamili D B Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natanny S Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Robson E Silva
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaiany G Souza-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Romulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Jones IA, Togashi R, Hatch GFR, Weber AE, Vangsness CT. Anabolic steroids and tendons: A review of their mechanical, structural, and biologic effects. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2830-2841. [PMID: 30047601 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the suspected deleterious effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) is the increased risk for tendon rupture. However, investigations to date have produced inconsistent results and it is still unclear how AAS influence tendons. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that have investigated the mechanical, structural, or biologic effects that AAS have on tendons. In total, 18 highly heterogeneous studies were identified. Small animal studies made up the vast majority of published research, and contradictory results were reported frequently. All of the included studies focused on the potential deleterious effects that AAS have on tendon, which is striking given the recent use of AAS in patients following tendon injury. Rather than providing strong evidence for or against the use of AAS, this review highlights the need for additional research. Future studies investigating the use of AAS as a possible treatment for tendon injury/pathology are supported by reports suggesting that AAS may counteract the irreparable structural/functional changes that occur in the musculotendinous unit following rotator cuff tears, as well as studies suggesting that the purported deleterious effects on tendon may be transient. Other possible areas for future research are discussed in the context of key findings that may have implications for the therapeutic application of AAS. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2830-2841, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, HCT 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles 90033, California
| | - Ryan Togashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, HCT 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles 90033, California
| | - George F Rick Hatch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, HCT 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles 90033, California
| | - Alexander E Weber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, HCT 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles 90033, California
| | - C Thomas Vangsness
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, HCT 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles 90033, California
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Dahmani H, Louati K, Hajri A, Bahri S, Safta F. Development of an extraction method for anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application for doping-control. Steroids 2018; 138:134-160. [PMID: 30118779 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared anabolic steroids that are banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. Any kind of abuse with these drugs is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. Thus, the control of food additives in order to protect the best consumer health and to limit fraudulent practices in the field of sports is essential. This paper describes a simple and effective qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): androsterone, nandrolene, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5ɑ-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methenolone acetate, methandienone, boldenone and fluoxymesterone, in food supplements. Methyltestosterone was used as internal standard. Target compounds were extracted with a mixture of N-pentane and di-ethylether (7.5:2.5, v/v). A good extraction recovery was obtained by our method for all the AAS (R > 88%). Crude extract was derivatized with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoracetamide. Separation was performed on a GC connected to quadrupole MS detector using a 5% phenylmethylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness, 0.25 µm). Helium was used as carrier gas with a flow rate of 0.3 µl min-1 (measured at 6.1 psi 190 °C). The MS was operated in electron ionization mode (70 eV) and in selected ion monitoring (SIM). The mass spectra of the standard compounds were acquired in full SCAN mode (50-700 m/z) by infusion of a reference solution at 50 µg/ml. Three higher diagnostic ions were monitored for each compound of interest. All AAS get separated with good peak shapes and resolution factor. The total analysis time by our optimised method was only 20 min. The developed method was validated according to Laboratories International Standard regulations for specificity, precision in both liquid and solid matrixes, and memory effect. The Tolerance Interval was judged true. The limit of detection was about 10 ng/g for solid samples and 10 ng/ml for liquid samples. The developed method was then applied to the research of steroids in nine Tunisian commercially dietary supplements using for each compound of interest SIM mode for screening then SCAN mode for confirmation. One of the monitoring samples was positive to methandienone not declared on the label. Our analytical method can be beneficial for AAS screening in dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Dahmani
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Louati
- Scientific Research Department, El-Ain Post, Box N°204, 3042 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Adel Hajri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Senda Bahri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Safta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pharmacy, Road Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Kara M, Ozcagli E, Kotil T, Alpertunga B. Effects of stanozolol on apoptosis mechanisms and oxidative stress in rat cardiac tissue. Steroids 2018; 134:96-100. [PMID: 29477345 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stanozolol is a widely used 17α-alkylated anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) derivative. Despite stanozolol's adverse effects, its effect on oxidative stress parameters and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is not clearly defined. In our study, thirty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups as control (C), vehicle control (VC), steroid (ST), vehicle control-exercise (VCE), and steroid-exercise (STE). Animals were subcutaneously administered stanozolol 5 mg/kg in steroid groups and propylene glycol 1 ml/kg in the vehicle-control groups. On the 28th day-after sacrification, oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, PC, SOD, CAT) and apoptosis parameters (TUNEL, Cytochrome-c) in cardiac tissue were evaluated. Also, blood vessel morphology of cardiac tissue was evaluated with Verhoeff-van Giesen staining. It has been demonstrated that stanozolol administration triggers apoptosis by using TUNEL assay and cytochrome-c immunohistochemical staining intensity, while this effect is significantly reduced in the presence of exercise. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that stanozolol administration induces apoptosis with increasing PC and CAT levels, while GSH, MDA and SOD parameters do not reveal any significant change. Exercise has a protective role in stanozolol induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. According to Verhoeff-van Giesen staining results for blood vessel morphology assessment, it has been seen that exercise has a protective role on cardiac blood vessels. This mechanism needs further investigations with long term exposure studies for clarifying possible pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kotil
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Santos JDB, Mendonça AAS, Sousa RC, Silva TGS, Bigonha SM, Santos EC, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Food-drug interaction: Anabolic steroids aggravate hepatic lipotoxicity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by trans fatty acids. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:360-368. [PMID: 29704577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remains unknown if dietary lipids and anabolic steroids (AS) can interact to modify energy metabolism, hepatic structure and function. We investigated the impact of AS on gene expression, lipid profile, redox status and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice treated with a diet rich in trans fatty acids. Seventy-two C57BL/6 mice were equally randomized into six groups and treated with a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) alone or combined with testosterone cypionate (10 or 20 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. When combined with a HFD, AS reduced plasma HDL cholesterol levels. It also upregulated SREBP-1, PPARα, SCD-1 and ACOX1 gene expression; plasma and hepatic triglyceride levels; oxidative stress; circulating hepatic transaminase levels and NAFLD severity. Our finding indicated that the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione-s-transferase and superoxide dismutase was attenuated by HFD, an effect whose implications for AS-induced hepatotoxicity requires further investigation. Increased lipid, protein and DNA oxidative damage as well as worsening NAFLD in response to the interaction of HFD and AS were also potentially associated with the ability of AS to amplify the activation of regulatory lipid metabolism genes that are also involved in the control of cellular redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamili D B Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa A S Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela C Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaiany G S Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Solange M Bigonha
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Andrade GHB, Simão VA, Souza BR, Chuffa LGA, Camargo ICC. Sex steroid receptors profiling is influenced by nandrolone decanoate in the ampulla of the fallopian tube: Post-treatment and post-recovery analyses. Tissue Cell 2018; 50:79-88. [PMID: 29429521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are recommended for therapeutic clinic, but their use has increased in recent decades for aesthetic reasons. No study has evaluated the impact of AAS in the fallopian tube, after treatment and recovery periods. Herein, the aim of study was to investigate the effects of Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), administered in different doses (1.87; 3.75; 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) on the ampulla of the fallopian tube in rats, following post-treatment (PT; 15 consecutive days) and post-recovery (PR; 30 consecutive days) periods. The control group received mineral oil. Estrous cycle was monitored daily during both periods and in sequence the rats (n = 8/group/period) were killed. All ND-treated animals showed estral acyclicity during the PT and PR periods, but the histomorphometric changes in the fallopian tube varied according to the ND dose level. The expression of AR, ERα and ERβ varied in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells. No AR expression was observed in the stroma. The muscle cells exhibited variation in immunostaining. In conclusion, ND promoted histomorphometric and immunohistochemical changes in the ampullary portion of the fallopian tube after treatment and recovery periods in a dose-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H B Andrade
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - V A Simão
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - B R Souza
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - L G A Chuffa
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Anatomy, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - I C C Camargo
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Assis, SP, Brazil.
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Zarei M, Zaeemi M, Rashidlamir A. Effects of testosterone enanthate treatment in conjunction with resistance training on thyroid hormones and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28736926 DOI: 10.1111/and.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of 8-week administration of testosterone enanthate (TE) in conjunction with resistance training on thyroid hormones and lipid profiles. Sixty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: C: olive oil, RT: resistance training + olive oil, LD: TE (20 mg/kg), HD: TE (50 mg/kg), RT + LD: RT + TE (20 mg/kg), RT + HD: RT + TE (50 mg/kg). The RT consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. At the end, blood specimens were obtained from the orbital sinus and serum concentration of T4, T3, TSH and lipid profiles was determined. The serum concentration of TSH significantly increased in RT + HD group compared to C, and the serum concentration of T4 significantly decreased in LD, HD, RT + LD and RT + HD groups compared to the C and RT groups (p < .05). The concentration of HDL and cholesterol significantly decreased in HD and RT + HD groups compared with C group (p < .05). Both decreased T4 and increased TSH in the RT + HD group likely suggested a primary hypothyroidism as a complication of high-dose administration of testosterone enanthate along with resistance training. Alteration in lipid profile was another complication observed in rats received high doses of testosterone enanthate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zarei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Zaeemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Rashidlamir
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Pineau T, Schopfer A, Grossrieder L, Broséus J, Esseiva P, Rossy Q. The study of doping market: How to produce intelligence from Internet forums. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:103-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Heidarimoghadam R, Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Hashemi E, Mortazavi SS, Farmany A. Graphene oxide for rapid determination of testosterone in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in urine and blood plasma of athletes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:246-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mayer KN, Wyder D, Spasic D, Herren T. Severe rhinovirus pneumonia in a young woman taking performance-enhancing drugs. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2015-213836. [PMID: 26740273 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22-year-old woman presented to the emergency room of a local hospital with pleuritic chest pain. She regularly worked out and admitted to taking performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). Clinical findings and further diagnostic work up revealed a diagnosis of perimyocarditis, and adequate therapy was initiated. During the course of the first day, the patient had to be intubated and mechanically ventilated. A diagnosis of bilateral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to an infection by rhinovirus spp was made. A smoking habit, the intense physical training and the use of PED's may have exacerbated the course of the viral pneumonia. After 12 days the patient could be extubated. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was 16 days. After hospital discharge, the patient went to a pulmonary rehabilitation facility for 2 weeks. The outcome was favourable and the patient resumed her strength and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nadine Mayer
- University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Limmattal, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wyder
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit , Spital Limmattal, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Danijela Spasic
- Emergency Department, Hospital Limmattal, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Herren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Limmattal, Zürich, Switzerland
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Simão VA, Berloffa Belardin L, Araújo Leite GA, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Camargo ICC. Effects of different doses of nandrolone decanoate on estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of rats after treatment and recovery periods. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:338-49. [PMID: 26575430 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that different doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) will cause changes in the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of adult rats; and investigated the duration of the recovery period that is sufficient to restore the damage in the animals treated with different doses. Wistar rats were treated with ND at doses of 1.87, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg body weight, or received mineral oil (control group) for 15 days, subcutaneously. All animals were divided into three groups according to the treatment periods: (i) ND treatment for 15 days; (ii) ND treatment followed by a 30-day recovery; and (iii) ND treatment followed by a 60-day recovery. Estrous cycle was monitored daily, and at the end of each period, the animals were euthanized for histopathological analysis. During ND treatment and after 30-day recovery, all animals exhibited persistent diestrus. After a 60-day recovery, persistent diestrus was only maintained in the group that had received the highest dose. Ovarian weight was decreased significantly after the 30-day recovery, regardless of ND doses, compared with the control group. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of corpora lutea and antral and growing follicles, in contrast to an increase (P < 0.05) in atretic follicles in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Remarkable histopathological changes occurred in the ovaries of all ND-treated groups. In conclusion, the different doses of ND caused changes in the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue of rats, and recovery periods (30 and 60 days) were insufficient to completely restore the damage in the animals treated with the highest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
| | - Larissa Berloffa Belardin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Assis, Brazil
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Linakis MW, Stockmann C, Campbell SC, Williams RV, Burch PT, Lambert LM, Sherwin CMT, Reilly CA, Spigarelli MG. Quantitative Assay Validation for Oxandrolone in Human Plasma Using LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:526-31. [PMID: 26017381 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the determination of oxandrolone concentration in human plasma (0.5 mL) was developed and validated according to the 2001 FDA Bioanalytical Guidelines. Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid used to promote weight gain for cachectic patients with severe burn injuries, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and other wasting syndromes. The assay procedure involved a liquid-liquid extraction of oxandrolone and methyltestosterone (the internal standard, IS) from plasma with n-butyl chloride. The organic layer was clarified by centrifugation and evaporated to dryness under a stream of air. The residue was reconstituted in a solution containing 25% methanol and 75% Milli-Q water, and injected onto a Luna C18 reversed-phase HPLC column (30 mm × 2.0 mm, 2 μm). Separation of oxandrolone and methyltestosterone was achieved with a mobile phase starting composition of 55% methanol and 45% ammonium formate buffer at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. The total run time was 21 min per sample. Selected reaction monitoring mode was used for quantifying oxandrolone (m/z 307 → 271) and the IS, methyltestosterone (m/z 301 → 149). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first LC-MS-MS method validated for oxandrolone quantification in human plasma. This method can be used in future pharmacokinetic studies involving oxandrolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stockmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sarah C Campbell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Richard V Williams
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1500, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Phillip T Burch
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 2800, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Linda M Lambert
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 2800, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Christopher A Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael G Spigarelli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Belardin LB, Simão VA, Leite GAA, Chuffa LGDA, Camargo ICC. Dose-Dependent Effects and Reversibility of the Injuries Caused by Nandrolone Decanoate in Uterine Tissue and Fertility of Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:168-77. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Berloffa Belardin
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters; Department of Biological Sciences; Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP; Assis São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters; Department of Biological Sciences; Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP; Assis São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Faculty of Sciences and Letters; Department of Biological Sciences; Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP; Assis São Paulo Brazil
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Separation of steroid isomers by ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nicholson Roberts T, Thompson JP. Illegal substances in anaesthetic and intensive care practices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mks050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Clark L, Leece EA, Brearley JC. Diabetes mellitus affects the duration of action of vecuronium in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:472-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Musharraf SG, Gulzar U. Effective separation and simultaneous analysis of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in their pharmaceutical formulations by a validated TLC-densitometry method. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:54. [PMID: 22703827 PMCID: PMC3469343 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely misused for the enhancement of performance in sports. Several drugs are available that contain different combinations or individual steroids in different dosage form. This paper describes a TLC densitometric method for simultaneous determination of four AAS of testosterone derivatives including testosterone propionate (TP), testosterone phenyl propionate (TPP), testosterone isocaproate (TI) and testosterone deaconate (TD) in their pharmaceutical products. RESULTS Separation was carried out on Al based TLC plates, pre-coated with silica gel 60F-254 using hexane and ethyl acetate (8.5:1.5, v/v). Spots at Rf 0.31 ± 0.01, 0.34 ± 0.01, 0.40 ± 0.01 and 0.45 ± 0.02 were recognized as TPP, TP, TI and TD, respectively. Quantitative analysis was done by densitometric measurements at λmax 251 nm for all derivatives. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Method was found linear over the concentration range of 200-1200 ng/spot with the correlation coefficient of 0.995, 0.993, 0.995 and 0.996 for TP, TPP, TI, TD, respectively. Limit of detection for all derivatives were in the range of 16.7-22.3 ng/spot while limit of quantitation were found to be in the range of 55.7-70.9 ng/spot. CONCLUSIONS The developed TLC method can be applied for the simultaneous routine analysis of testosterone derivatives in their individual and combined pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Umair Gulzar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Comparison of liquid chromatography-microchip/mass spectrometry to conventional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:115-21. [PMID: 22405309 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of a microfluidic-based liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric system (HPLC-Chip/ESI/MS) was studied and compared to a conventional narrow-bore liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric (LC-ESI/MS) system for the analysis of steroids. The limits of detection (LODs) for oxime derivatized steroids, expressed as concentrations, were slightly higher with the HPLC-Chip/MS system (50-300 pM) using an injection volume of 0.5 μL than with the conventional LC-ESI/MS (10-150 pM) using an injection volume of 40 μL. However, when the LODs are expressed as injected amounts, the sensitivity of the HPLC-Chip/MS system was about 50 times higher than with the conventional LC-ESI/MS system. The results indicate that the use of HPLC-Chip/MS system is clearly advantageous only in the analysis of low-volume samples. Both methods showed good linearity and good quantitative and chromatographic repeatability. In addition to the instrument comparisons with oxime derivatized steroids, the feasibility of the HPLC-Chip/MS system in the analysis of non-derivatized and oxime derivatized steroids was compared. The HPLC-Chip/MS method developed for non-derivatized steroids was also applied to the quantitative analysis of 15 mouse plasma samples.
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Oberlander JG, Porter DM, Penatti CAA, Henderson LP. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse: multiple mechanisms of regulation of GABAergic synapses in neuroendocrine control regions of the rodent forebrain. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:202-14. [PMID: 21554430 PMCID: PMC3168686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone originally developed for clinical purposes but are now predominantly taken at suprapharmacological levels as drugs of abuse. To date, almost 100 different AAS compounds that vary in metabolic fate and physiological effects have been designed and synthesised. Although they are administered for their ability to enhance muscle mass and performance, untoward side effects of AAS use include changes in reproductive and sexual behaviours. Specifically, AAS, depending on the type of compound administered, can delay or advance pubertal onset, lead to irregular oestrous cyclicity, diminish male and female sexual behaviours, and accelerate reproductive senescence. Numerous brains regions and neurotransmitter signalling systems are involved in the generation of these behaviours, and are potential targets for both chronic and acute actions of the AAS. However, critical to all of these behaviours is neurotransmission mediated by GABA(A) receptors within a nexus of interconnected forebrain regions that includes the medial preoptic area, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. We review how exposure to AAS alters GABAergic transmission and neural activity within these forebrain regions, taking advantage of in vitro systems and both wild-type and genetically altered mouse strains, aiming to better understand how these synthetic steroids affect the neural systems that underlie the regulation of reproduction and the expression of sexual behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Oberlander
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Donna M. Porter
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Carlos A. A. Penatti
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP 01504-000 Brasil
| | - Leslie P. Henderson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
- To Whom Correspondence Should be Addressed:
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Cooper I, Reeve N, Doherty W. Delayed diagnosis of a cerebrovascular accident associated with anabolic steroid use. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.02.2011.3857. [PMID: 22693186 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a case of atherosclerotic stroke in a 46-year-old recreational bodybuilder with a 20 year history of anabolic-adrenergic steroid (AAS) abuse. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurred during his third week of hospital admission for an acute abdomen and on day 8, postemergency laparotomy. CVA presented with collapse, generalised seizures, reduced Glasgow Coma Score and severe hypertension. He was subsequently admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), where initial investigations did not illustrate an underlying diagnosis. By day 4 in ICU, there had been no significant clinical improvement and radiological investigations were repeated, identifying a left frontal lobe infarct in the middle cerebral artery territory. The authors propose CVA was secondary to AAS. After a prolonged and complicated period of rehabilitation, he has been discharged home; he requires carers due to dyspraxia and is mobilising independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Cooper
- Department of Anaesthetics, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK.
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Monteiro JC, Gomes MLM, Tomiosso TC, Nakagaki WR, Sbervelheri MM, Ferrucci DL, Pimentel ER, Dolder H. More resistant tendons obtained from the association of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca and endurance training. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:51. [PMID: 21711561 PMCID: PMC3146459 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Popular Brazilian medicine uses Heteropterys aphrodisiaca infusion as a tonic or stimulant, for the treatment of nervous debility and breakdown and for muscle and bone weakness. This study investigated the effects of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca infusion on the tendon properties and extracellular matrix of rats under endurance training. METHODS Wistar rats were grouped as follows: CS- control sedentary, HS- H. aphrodisiaca sedentary, CT-control trained, HT- H. aphrodisiaca trained. The training protocol consisted in running on a motorized treadmill, five times a week, with weekly increase in treadmill speed and duration. Control groups received water while the HS and HT groups received H. aphrodisiaca infusion, daily, by gavage for the 8 weeks of training. Achilles tendons were frozen for biochemical and biomechanical analysis or preserved in Karnovsky's fixative, then processed for histomorphological analysis with light microscopy. RESULTS Biomechanical analysis showed significant increase in maximum load, maximum stress, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of the HT animals' tendons. The metalloproteinase-2 activity was reduced in the HT group. The compression region of HT animals' tendons had a stronger and more intense metachromasy, which suggests an increase in glycosaminoglycan concentration in this region of the tendon. The most intense birefringence was observed in both compression and tension regions of HT animals' tendons, which may indicate a higher organizational level of collagen bundles. The hydroxyproline content increased in the HT group. CONCLUSIONS The association of endurance training with H. aphrodisiaca resulted in more organized collagen bundles and more resistant tendons to support higher loads from intense muscle contraction. Despite the clear anabolic effects of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca and the endurance exercise association, no side effects were observed, such as those found for synthetic anabolic androgenic steroids.
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Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, You Y, Liu Y, Li X. High-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the detection, quantification and identification of fifty-five anabolic and androgenic steroids in equine plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:1270-1279. [PMID: 20872903 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic and androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic substances related to the primary male sex hormone, testosterone. AASs can be abused in both human and equine sports and, thus, are banned by the International Olympic Committee and the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI). Enforcement of the ban on the use of AASs in racehorses during competition requires a defensible and robust method of analysis. To address this requirement, a high-throughput ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS) method was developed for the detection, quantification and confirmation of 55 AASs in equine plasma. AASs were recovered from equine plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Analytes were chromatographically separated on a sub-2 µm particle size C(18) column with a mobile phase gradient elution and detected by selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. AASs with isobaric precursor ions were either chromatographically resolved or mass spectrometrically differentiated by unique precursor-to-product ion transitions. A few of them that could not be resolved by both approaches were differentiated by intensity ratios of three major product ions. All the epimer pairs, testosterone and epitestosterone, boldenone and epiboldenone, nandrolone and epinandrolone, were chromatographically base-line separated. The limit of detection and that of quantification was 50 pg/ml for most of the AASs, and the limit of confirmation was 100-500 pg/ml. Full product ion spectra of AASs at concentrations as low as 100-500 pg/ml in equine plasma were obtained using the triple quadrupole instrument, to provide complementary evidentiary data for confirmation. The method is sensitive and selective for the detection, quantification and confirmation of multiple AASs in a single analysis and will be useful in the fight against doping of racehorses with AASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Altered GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission disrupts the firing of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in male mice under conditions that mimic steroid abuse. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6497-506. [PMID: 20463213 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5383-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are the central regulators of reproduction. GABAergic transmission plays a critical role in pubertal activation of pulsatile GnRH secretion. Self-administration of excessive doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) disrupts reproductive function and may have critical repercussions for pubertal onset in adolescent users. Here, we demonstrate that chronic treatment of adolescent male mice with the AAS 17alpha-methyltestosterone significantly decreased action potential frequency in GnRH neurons, reduced the serum gonadotropin levels, and decreased testes mass. AAS treatment did not induce significant changes in GABAA receptor subunit mRNA levels or alter the amplitude or decay kinetics of GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) or tonic currents in GnRH neurons. However, AAS treatment significantly increased action potential frequency in neighboring medial preoptic area (mPOA) neurons and GABAA receptor-mediated sPSC frequency in GnRH neurons. In addition, physical isolation of the more lateral aspects of the mPOA from the medially localized GnRH neurons abrogated the AAS-induced increase in GABAA receptor-mediated sPSC frequency and the decrease in action potential firing in the GnRH cells. Our results indicate that AAS act predominantly on steroid-sensitive presynaptic neurons within the mPOA to impart significant increases in GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory tone onto downstream GnRH neurons, resulting in diminished activity of these pivotal mediators of reproductive function. These AAS-induced changes in central GABAergic circuits of the forebrain may significantly contribute to the disruptive actions of these drugs on pubertal maturation and the development of reproductive competence in male steroid abusers.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the perceived risks and benefits that elite athletes associate with illicit drugs and their beliefs concerning the effects of recreational drug use on athletic performance. DESIGN Self-administered survey. PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred seventy-four elite athletes (mean age, 23 years; range, 18-30 years) were recruited from 8 national sporting organizations in Australia and the Australian Institute of Sport. INTERVENTIONS Participants completed a self-administered survey that included questions exploring participants' perceptions regarding the effects of illicit drug use on physical performance. SETTING National sporting organization meetings or competitions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was risk perception on athletic performance associated with illicit drug use. RESULTS The majority of athletes believed that illicit drug use would impact negatively on athletic performance. The main perceived effects of illicit drugs on athletic performance were physical and mental functioning. A minority of athletes indicated that drug use would not impact on physical performance when taken during the off-season or in moderation. CONCLUSIONS The main risks perceived in association with illicit drug use were short-term consequences, such as physical and mental functioning, rather than long-term health consequences. The current findings may contribute to the development of harm reduction strategies that communicate drug-related consequences to elite athletes in an appropriate and effective manner.
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Ahonen LL, Haapala M, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of capillary liquid chromatography/microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry in analyzing anabolic steroids in urine samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:958-964. [PMID: 20209666 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of capillary liquid chromatography/microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (capLC/microAPPI-MS/MS) for the analysis of anabolic steroids in human urine. The urine samples were pretreated by enzymatic hydrolysis (with beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia), and the compounds were liquid-liquid extracted with diethyl ether. After separation the compounds were vaporized by microchip APPI, photoionized by a 10 eV krypton discharge lamp, and detected by selected reaction monitoring. The capLC/microAPPI-MS/MS method showed good sensitivity with detection limits at the level of 1.0 ng mL(-1), good linearity with correlation coefficients between 0.9954 and 0.9990, and good repeatability with relative standard deviations below 10%. These results demonstrate that microchip APPI combined with capLC/MS/MS provides a new potential method for analyzing non-polar and neutral compounds in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Ahonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vougiouklakis T, Mitselou A, Batistatou A, Boumba V, Charalabopoulos K. First case of fatal pulmonary peliosis without any other organ involvement in a young testosterone abusing male. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 186:e13-6. [PMID: 19243902 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peliosis is a rare lesion characterized by the presence of blood-filled cysts, with unknown true incidence and etiology. It has been most frequently reported to the liver (peliosis hepatis) and to other organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system, such as spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. However, other organs may also be affected. Its occurrence has been linked to wasting conditions such as tuberculosis, cancer, immunosuppression and the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary peliosis, in a 29-year-old man who was abusing testosterone as it was proved by toxicological analysis. To our knowledge this is the third reported case of pulmonary peliosis and the first one that is not associated with peliosis of any other organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vougiouklakis
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Unit, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Administration of dexamethasone per os in finishing bulls. I. Effects on productive traits, meat quality and cattle behaviour as indicator of welfare. Animal 2008; 2:1073-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Patil JJ, O'Donohoe B, Loyden CF, Shanahan D. Near-fatal spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use: a case report. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:462-3. [PMID: 17224443 PMCID: PMC2465371 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.031617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids are commonly used at high doses by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance physique and improve performance levels. We report a case of spontaneous hepatic rupture with life-threatening haemorrhage associated with a past history of anabolic steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Patil
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK.
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