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Al B, Traidl S, Holzscheck N, Freimooser S, Mießner H, Reuter H, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Werfel T, Seidel JA. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals 2D cytokine assay can model atopic dermatitis more accurately than immune-competent 3D setup. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15077. [PMID: 38711200 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Modelling atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro is paramount to understand the disease pathophysiology and identify novel treatments. Previous studies have shown that the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce AD-like features in keratinocytes in vitro. However, it has not been systematically researched whether the addition of Th2 cells, their supernatants or a 3D structure is superior to model AD compared to simple 2D cell culture with cytokines. For the first time, we investigated what in vitro option most closely resembles the disease in vivo based on single-cell RNA sequencing data (scRNA-seq) obtained from skin biopsies in a clinical study and published datasets of healthy and AD donors. In vitro models were generated with primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes, subjected to cytokine treatment or Th2 cell cocultures in 2D/3D. Gene expression changes were assessed using qPCR and Multiplex Immunoassays. Of all cytokines tested, incubation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts with IL-4 and IL-13 induced the closest in vivo-like AD phenotype which was observed in the scRNA-seq data. Addition of Th2 cells to fibroblasts failed to model AD due to the downregulation of ECM-associated genes such as POSTN. While keratinocytes cultured in 3D showed better stratification than in 2D, changes induced with AD triggers did not better resemble AD keratinocyte subtypes observed in vivo. Taken together, our comprehensive study shows that the simple model using IL-4 or IL-13 in 2D most accurately models AD in fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro, which may aid the discovery of novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Al
- Discovery, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Traidl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sina Freimooser
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Wu J, Li L, Zhang T, Lu J, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Chen Z. The epidermal lipid-microbiome loop and immunity: Important players in atopic dermatitis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00088-2. [PMID: 38460775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promotion of epidermal barrier dysfunction is attributed to abnormalities in the lipid-microbiome positive feedback loop which significantly influences the imbalance of the epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis (AD). This imbalance encompasses impaired lamellar membrane integrity, heightened exposure to epidermal pathogens, and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The lipid-microbiome loop is substantially influenced by intense adaptive immunity which is triggered by abnormal loop activity and affects the loop's integrity through the induction of atypical lipid composition and responses to dysregulated epidermal microbes. Immune responses participate in lipid abnormalities within the EIME by downregulating barrier gene expression and are further cascade-amplified by microbial dysregulation which is instigated by barrier impairment. AIM OF REVIEW This review examines the relationship between abnormal lipid composition, microbiome disturbances, and immune responses in AD while progressively substantiating the crosstalk mechanism among these factors. Based on this analysis, the "lipid-microbiome" positive feedback loop, regulated by immune responses, is proposed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The review delves into the impact of adaptive immune responses that regulate the EIME, driving AD, and investigates potential mechanisms by which lipid supplementation and probiotics may alleviate AD through the up-regulation of the epidermal barrier and modulation of immune signaling. This exploration offers support for targeting the EIME to attenuate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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3
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Ma F, Gharaee-Kermani M, Tsoi LC, Plazyo O, Chaskar P, Harms P, Patrick MT, Xing X, Hile G, Piketty C, Lazzari A, Van Delm W, Maverakis E, Nakamura M, Modlin RL, Kahlenberg JM, Billi AC, Julia V, Krishnaswamy JK, Gudjonsson JE. Single-cell profiling of prurigo nodularis demonstrates immune-stromal crosstalk driving profibrotic responses and reversal with nemolizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:146-160. [PMID: 37506977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic neuroimmune skin disease characterized by bilaterally distributed pruritic hyperkeratotic nodules on extremities and trunk. Neuroimmune dysregulation and chronic scratching are believed to both induce and maintain the characteristic lesions. OBJECTIVES This study sought to provide a comprehensive view of the molecular pathogenesis of PN at the single-cell level to identify and outline key pathologic processes and the cell types involved. Features that distinguish PN skin from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis were of particular interest. We further aimed to determine the impact of the IL31RA antagonist, nemolizumab, and its specificity at the single-cell level. METHODS Single-cell RNA-sequencing of skin from 15 healthy donors and nonlesional and lesional skin from 6 patients each with PN and atopic dermatitis, combined with spatial-sequencing using the 10x Visium platform. Integration with bulk RNA-sequencing data from patients treated with nemolizumab. RESULTS This study demonstrates that PN is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by both keratinocyte proliferation and activation of profibrotic responses. This study also demonstrates that the COL11A1+ fibroblast subset is a major contributor to fibrosis and is predominantly found in the papillary dermis of PN skin. Activation of fibrotic responses is the main distinguishing feature between PN and atopic dermatitis skin. This study further shows the broad effect of nemolizumab on PN cell types, with a prominent effect driving COL11A1+ fibroblast and keratinocyte responses toward normal. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the cell types and cellular processes activated in PN skin, establishing PN as a chronic fibrotic inflammatory skin disease. It further demonstrates the broad effect of nemolizumab on pathological processes in PN skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Olesya Plazyo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | - Paul Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Grace Hile
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | | | | | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, Calif
| | - Mio Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Los Angeles, Calif
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | | | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Catunda RQ, Ho KKY, Patel S, Roy CB, Alexiou M, Levin L, Ulrich BJ, Kaplan MH, Febbraio M. Loricrin and Cytokeratin Disorganisation in Severe Forms of Periodontitis. Int Dent J 2023; 73:862-872. [PMID: 37316411 PMCID: PMC10658443 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to investigate the role of the cornified epithelium, the outermost layer of the oral mucosa, engineered to prevent water loss and microorganism invasion, in severe forms of periodontitis (stage III or IV, grade C). METHODS Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal disease pathogen, can affect cornified epithelial protein expression through chronic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6). We used a mouse model, Stat6VT, that mimics this to determine the effects of barrier defect on P gingivalis-induced inflammation, bone loss, and cornified epithelial protein expression, and compared histologic and immunohistologic findings with tissues obtained from human controls and patients with stage III and IV, grade C disease. Alveolar bone loss in mice was assessed using micro-computerised tomography, and soft tissue morphology was qualitatively and semi-quantitatively assessed by histologic examination for several proteins, including loricrin, filaggrin, cytokeratin 1, cytokeratin 14, a proliferation marker, a pan-leukocyte marker, as well as morphologic signs of inflammation. Relative cytokine levels were measured in mouse plasma by cytokine array. RESULTS In the tissues from patients with periodontal disease, there were greater signs of inflammation (rete pegs, clear cells, inflammatory infiltrates) and a decrease and broadening of expression of loricrin and cytokeratin 1. Cytokeratin 14 expression was also broader and decreased in stage IV. P gingivalis-infected Stat6VT mice showed greater alveolar bone loss in 9 out of 16 examined sites, and similar patterns of disruption to human patients in expression of loricrin and cytokeratins 1 and 14. There were also increased numbers of leukocytes, decreased proliferation, and greater signs of inflammation compared with P gingivalis-infected control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that changes in epithelial organisation can exacerbate the effects of P gingivalis infection, with similarities to the most severe forms of human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Queiroz Catunda
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Ka-Yan Ho
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Srushti Patel
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Bryant Roy
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Alexiou
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liran Levin
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Keith YH, Egawa G, Honda T, Kabashima K. Mast cells in type 2 skin inflammation: Maintenance and function. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250359. [PMID: 36933268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells residing in tissues and playing indispensable roles in maintaining homeostasis and inflammatory states. Skin lesions associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) and type 2 skin inflammation display an increment in MCs, which have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The direct and indirect activations of skin MCs by environmental factors such as Staphylococcus aureus can instigate type 2 skin inflammation in AD with poorly understood mechanisms. Furthermore, both IgE-dependent and -independent degranulation of MCs contribute to pruritus in AD. Conversely, MCs suppress type 2 skin inflammation by promoting Treg expansion through IL-2 secretion in the spleen. Moreover, skin MCs can upregulate gene expression involved in skin barrier function, thus mitigating AD-like inflammation. These functional variances of MCs in AD could stem from differences in experimental systems, their localization, and origins. In this review, we will focus on how MCs are maintained in the skin under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, and how they are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda Keith
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Intravital Microscopy Laboratory and Gene Expression (IMAGE) Lab, Precision Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- A*Star Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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6
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Genetic polymorphism (rs6587666) in FLG protects from eczema in admixed Brazilian children population with high African ancestry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13659. [PMID: 36865480 PMCID: PMC9970909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in filaggrin (FLG) are key in eczema and are less common in Africans than in Europeans and Asians. Here we examined the association between FLG Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and eczema in a population of admixed Brazilian children and whether African ancestry modifies this association. We included 1010 controls and 137 cases and ran logistic regressions between SNPs in FLG and eczema in the studied population and also stratified the analyses according to the degree of African ancestry. In addition, we tested the replication of the findings on an independent set of individuals, as well as, we verified the impact on FLG expression according to each SNP genotype. The T allele of SNP rs6587666 was negatively associated with eczema in additive model (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47-0.93, P: 0.017). Moreover, African ancestry modifies the association between rs6587666 and eczema. The effect of the T allele was higher among individuals with higher African ancestry and the association with eczema was lost in individuals with lower African ancestry. In our analyses the expression of FLG in skin was slightly downregulated by the presence of the T allele of rs6587666. In our population, the T allele of rs6587666 in FLG was associated with protection to eczema and the degree of African ancestry was able to modify the observed association.
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7
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Genetic Variants in Epidermal Differentiation Complex Genes as Predictive Biomarkers for Atopic Eczema, Allergic Sensitization, and Eczema-Associated Asthma in a 6-Year Follow-Up Case-Control Study in Children. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164865. [PMID: 36013110 PMCID: PMC9410399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic eczema is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease of early childhood and is often the first manifestation of atopic march. Therefore, one challenge is to identify the risk factors associated with atopic eczema that may also be predictors of atopic disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SNPs in hornerin (HRNR) and filaggrin-2 (FLG2) genes with childhood atopic eczema, as well as other atopic phenotypes. Genotyping for HRNR and FLG2 was performed in 188 children younger than 2 years of age, previously screened for the FLG null mutations, and followed at yearly intervals until the age of 6. We demonstrated that risk variants of HRNR rs877776[C] and FLG2 rs12568784[T] were associated with atopic eczema, allergic sensitization, and susceptibility to the complex phenotype—asthma plus eczema. These effects seem to be supplementary to the well-known associations for FLG mutations and may be modulated by gene–gene interactions. Additionally, in children with eczema, these genetic variants may also be considered, along with FLG mutations, as predictive biomarkers for eczema-associated asthma. In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic variants in the epidermal differentiation complex gene could contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic eczema and progression to subsequent allergic disease.
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8
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An Overview of the Latest Metabolomics Studies on Atopic Eczema with New Directions for Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158791. [PMID: 35955924 PMCID: PMC9368995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 20% of children worldwide and early onset can lead to asthma and allergies. Currently, the mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood. Metabolomics, the analysis of small molecules in the skin produced by the host and microbes, opens a window to observe the mechanisms of the disease which then may lead to new drug targets for AE treatment. Here, we review the latest advances in AE metabolomics, highlighting both the lipid and non-lipid molecules, along with reviewing the metabolites currently known to reside in the skin.
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9
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Visscher MO, Carr AN, Narendran V. Epidermal Immunity and Function: Origin in Neonatal Skin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:894496. [PMID: 35755808 PMCID: PMC9215705 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.894496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fascinating story of epidermal immunity begins in utero where the epidermal barrier derives from the ectoderm and evolves through carefully orchestrated biological processes, including periderm formation, keratinocyte differentiation, proliferation, cornification, and maturation, to generate a functional epidermis. Vernix caseosa derives from epidermal cells that mix with sebaceous lipids and coat the fetus during late gestation, likely to provide conditions for cornification. At birth, infants dramatically transition from aqueous conditions to a dry gaseous environment. The epidermal barrier begins to change within hours, exhibiting decreased hydration and low stratum corneum (SC) cohesion. The SC varied by gestational age (GA), transformed over the next 2–3 months, and differed considerably versus stable adult skin, as indicated by analysis of specific protein biomarkers. Regardless of gestational age, the increased infant SC proteins at 2–3 months after birth were involved in late differentiation, cornification, and filaggrin processing compared to adult skin. Additionally, the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), the product of filaggrin processing, was higher for infants than adults. This suggests that neonatal skin provides innate immunity and protection from environmental effects and promotes rapid, continued barrier development after birth. Functional genomic analysis showed abundant differences across biological processes for infant skin compared to adult skin. Gene expression for extracellular matrix, development, and fatty acid metabolism was higher for infant skin, while adult skin had increased expression of genes for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis, antigen processing/presentation of immune function, and others. These findings provide descriptive information about infant epidermal immunity and its ability to support the newborn’s survival and growth, despite an environment laden with microbes, high oxygen tension, and irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew N Carr
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vivek Narendran
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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10
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Yoshida T, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis: From old idea to new opportunity. Allergol Int 2022; 71:3-13. [PMID: 34916117 PMCID: PMC8934597 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic skin inflammatory disease, with a profound impact on patients’ quality of life. AD varies considerably in clinical course, age of onset and degree to which it is accompanied by allergic and non-allergic comorbidities. Skin barrier impairment in both lesional and nonlesional skin is now recognized as a critical and often early feature of AD. This may be explained by a number of abnormalities identified within both the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of key barrier defects in AD, starting with a historical perspective. We will also highlight some of the commonly used methods to characterize and quantify skin barrier function. There is ample opportunity for further investigative work which we call out throughout this review. These include: quantifying the relative impact of individual epidermal abnormalities and putting this in a more holistic view with physiological measures of barrier function, as well as determining whether these barrier-specific endotypes predict clinical phenotypes (e.g. age of onset, natural history, comorbidities, response to therapies, etc). Mechanistic studies with new (and in development) AD therapies that specifically target immune pathways, Staphylococcus aureus abundance and/or skin barrier will help us understand the dynamic crosstalk between these compartments and their relative importance in AD.
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11
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Kanwal S, Singh SK, Soman SP, Choudhury S, Kumari P, Ram PK, Garg SK. Expression of barrier proteins in the skin lesions and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11418. [PMID: 34075152 PMCID: PMC8169657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases of dogs. Defects in the skin barrier and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines may be the pathogenesis of canine AD. Therefore, the present study was aimed to quantify the gene expression of certain skin barrier proteins and inflammatory cytokines in dogs with AD. Eleven dogs with AD and three healthy dogs were included in the present study. The skin barrier proteins, namely Filaggrin (FLG) and Involucrin (IVL), gene expression was quantified by Real-time PCR in the lesional skin tissues of the atopic dogs and normal skin of the healthy dogs. In addition to the skin proteins, the gene expressions of the interleukin (IL)-13, IL-31, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also quantified in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these dogs. Compared to the healthy dogs, significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) FLG gene expression and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower expression of the IVL gene were quantified in the skin of atopic dogs. Further, the dogs with AD revealed significantly higher expression of TNF-α (P ≤ 0.01), IL-31 (P ≤ 0.05), and IL-13 (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to the healthy dogs. The findings of our present study evidently suggest significantly increased and decreased expressions of FLG and IVL genes, respectively, which may be responsible for disruption of the skin barrier in dogs with AD. While, the over-expressions of TNF-α, IL-31, and IL-13 genes might be attributed to the clinical pathology and manifestations of AD in dogs. However, further studies are warranted to substantiate our hypothesis about pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of AD in dogs by including a large number of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Kanwal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India.
| | - Sandeep P Soman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
| | - Pradeep K Ram
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sanstahan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India
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12
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Luo M, Huang P, Pan Y, Zhu Z, Zhou R, Yang Z, Wang C. Weighted gene coexpression network and experimental analyses identify lncRNA SPRR2C as a regulator of the IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cell phenotype through the miR-330/STAT1/S100A7 axis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:86. [PMID: 33452236 PMCID: PMC7810847 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with highly complex pathogenesis. In this study, we identified lncRNA SPRR2C (small proline-rich protein 2C) as a hub gene with a critical effect on the pathogenesis of psoriasis and response to treatment using both weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression analysis. SPRR2C expression was significantly upregulated in both psoriatic lesion samples and HaCaT cell lines in response to IL-22 treatment. After SPRR2C knockdown, IL-22-induced suppression of HaCaT proliferation, changes in the KRT5/14/1/10 protein levels, and suppression of the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels were dramatically reversed. In the coexpression network with SPRR2C based on GSE114286, miR-330 was significantly negatively correlated with SPRR2C, while STAT1 and S100A7 were positively correlated with SPRR2C. By binding to miR-330, SPRR2C competed with STAT1 and S100A7 to counteract miR-330-mediated suppression of STAT1 and S100A7. MiR-330 overexpression also reversed the IL-22-induced changes in HaCaT cell lines; in response to IL-22 treatment, miR-330 inhibition significantly attenuated the effects of SPRR2C knockdown. STAT1 and S100A7 expression was significantly upregulated in psoriatic lesion samples. The expression of miR-330 had a negative correlation with the expression of SPRR2C, while the expression of SPRR2C had a positive correlation with the expression of STAT1 and S100A7. Thus, SPRR2C modulates the IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cell phenotype through the miR-330/STAT1/S100A7 axis. WGCNA might uncover additional biological pathways that are crucial in the pathogenesis and response to the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijunzi Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- The Second Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, The Domestic First-class Discipline Construction Project of Chinese Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.
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13
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Chermprapai S, Thengchaisri N. A descriptive study of allergen-specific IgE serological tests for canine atopic dermatitis in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:475. [PMID: 33287810 PMCID: PMC7720388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the usefulness of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serology (ASIS) for identifying allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. ASIS tests were conducted in 23 dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis for indoor allergens (yeast and mites), outdoor allergens (grass pollen, weed pollen, and tree pollen), and fleas. The relationship among positive ASIS tests were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Results Of the atopic dogs, 26.09%, 4.35%, and 47.83% had positive ASIS tests for only indoor allergens, only outdoor allergens, and both indoor and outdoor allergens, respectively. The prevalence of positive ASIS tests was highest for mites (69.57%) and did not differ between indoor and outdoor allergens by age, breed, or sex. The prevalence of positive ASIS tests for indoor allergens during the rainy season (84.21%) was significantly higher than during winter (25.00%, P-value = 0.030). The correlation coefficient of the ASIS results among the outdoor allergens indicated a strong correlation between grass and tree pollen (r = 0.840, P-value < 0.01), grass and weed pollen (r = 0.812, P-value < 0.01), and tree and weed pollen (r = 0.714, P-value < 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the ASIS results of D. farinae indicated a strong correlation with A. siro (r = 0.951, P-value < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with B. tropicalis (r = 0.656, P-value < 0.01) and T. putrescentie (r = 0.672, P-value < 0.01). Conclusions ASIS tests are useful in screening for multiple allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Dust mites are an important source of indoor allergens and may be responsible for a higher titer of IgE antibodies against indoor allergens during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiwee Chermprapai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.,Dermatology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Kumar P, Sharma DK, Ashawat MS. Pathophysiology and Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Laconic Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190828152316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conclusion:
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is long-lasting degenerating skin disease with a characteristic
phenotype and stereotypically spread skin lesions. The AD results due to a complex interface
among genetic factors, host’s surroundings, pharmacological anomalies and immunological factors.
In previous decades, researchers had shown marked interest due to increased prevalence in developed
countries. In this review, basics along with the advances in pathogenesis and management of
AD have been discussed. The immunological factors i.e. Innate Lymphoid Cells, IL-22 and Toll-like
receptors have an important role in the pathogenesis. The proactive topical therapy by skincare,
topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have improved effect in the management of
AD. The human monoclonal antibody-based systemic drug (Duplimab) is a considerable advancement
in the management of AD. Other monoclonal antibody-based drugs (Lebrikizumab, Tralokinumab,
Apremilast and Nemolizumab) are in different phases of clinical trials. A better understanding of
genetics and immunoregulatory cascade will lead to the development of efficacious drugs and better
management therapy preventing the relapse of flares and improved life quality of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
| | | | - Mahendra Singh Ashawat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
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15
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Anturaniemi J, Zaldívar-López S, Savelkoul HFJ, Elo K, Hielm-Björkman A. The Effect of Atopic Dermatitis and Diet on the Skin Transcriptome in Staffordshire Bull Terriers. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552251. [PMID: 33178726 PMCID: PMC7596200 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) has a hereditary basis that is modified by interactions with the environment, including diet. Differentially expressed genes in non-lesional skin, determined by RNA sequencing before and after a dietary intervention, were compared between dogs with naturally occurring CAD (n = 4) and healthy dogs (n = 4). The dogs were fed either a common commercial heat-processed high carbohydrate food (kibble diet) (n = 4), or a non-processed high fat food (raw meat-based diet) (n = 4). At the end of the diet intervention, 149 differentially expressed transcripts were found between the atopic and healthy dogs. The main canonical pathways altered by the dysregulation of these genes were angiopoietin signaling, epidermal growth factor signaling, activation of angiogenesis, and alterations in keratinocyte proliferation and lipid metabolism. On the other hand, 33 differently expressed transcripts were found between the two diet groups, of which 8 encode genes that are annotated in the current version of the dog genome: immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM), immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein beta chain (CD79B), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), and mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor (MRRF). All genes were upregulated in the raw diet group. In conclusion the findings of this study suggest alterations in lipid and keratinocyte metabolism as well as angiogenesis in the skin of atopic dogs. Additionally, a possible enhancement of innate immunity and decrease in oxidative stress was seen in raw food fed dogs, which could have an important role in preventing hypersensitivities and disturbed immunity at young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Anturaniemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Genomics and Animal Breeding Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kari Elo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Expression Profiles of Genes Encoding Cornified Envelope Proteins in Atopic Dermatitis and Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030862. [PMID: 32213830 PMCID: PMC7146369 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier defect in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) was recently confirmed to be similar to the one observed in atopic dermatitis (AD). We have examined the expression level of cornified envelope (CE) proteins in CTCL, AD and healthy skin, to search for the differences and their relation to the courses of both diseases. The levels of FLG, FLG2, RPTN, HRNR, SPRR1A, SPRR1B, SPRR3 and LELP-1 mRNA were determined by qRT-PCR, while protein levels were examined using the ELISA method in skin samples. We have found that mRNA levels of FLG, FLG2, LOR, CRNN and SPRR3v1 were decreased (p ≤ 0.04), whereas mRNA levels of RPTN, HRNR and SPRR1Av1 were increased in lesional and nonlesional AD skin compared to the healthy control group (p ≤ 0.04). The levels of FLG, FLG2, CRNN, SPRR3v1 mRNA increased (p ≤ 0.02) and RPTN, HRNR and SPRR1Av1 mRNA decreased (p ≤ 0.005) in CTCL skin compared to the lesional AD skin. There was a strong correlation between the stage of CTCL and increased SPRR1Av1 gene expression at both mRNA (R = 0.89; p ≤ 0.05) and protein levels (R = 0.94; p ≤ 0.05). FLG, FLG2, RPTN, HRNR and SPRR1A seem to play a key role in skin barrier dysfunction in CTCL and could be considered a biomarker for differential diagnosis of AD and CTCL. SPRR1Av1 transcript levels seem to be a possible marker of CTCL stage, however, further studies on a larger study group are needed to confirm our findings.
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17
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Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, Gáspár K, Szabó IL, Janka EA, Póliska S, Hendrik Z, Méhes G, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Kapitány A, Szegedi A. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1938-1950.e5. [PMID: 32199994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland-rich facial skin characterized by severe skin dryness, elevated pH, transepidermal water loss, and decreased hydration levels. Until now, there has been no thorough molecular analysis of permeability barrier alterations in the skin of patients with rosacea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with healthy sebaceous gland-rich skin, using RNA sequencing analysis (n = 8). Pathway analyses by Cytoscape ClueGO revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways related to skin barrier formation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the pathway analyses. The results showed significant alterations in barrier components in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with sebaceous gland-rich skin, including the cornified envelope and intercellular lipid lamellae formation, desmosome and tight junction organizations, barrier alarmins, and antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the barrier damage in papulopustular rosacea was unexpectedly similar to atopic dermatitis; this similarity was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. In summary, besides the well-known dysregulation of immunological, vascular, and neurological functions, we demonstrated prominent permeability barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea at the molecular level, which highlight the importance of barrier repair therapies for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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18
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Smieszek SP, Welsh S, Xiao C, Wang J, Polymeropoulos C, Birznieks G, Polymeropoulos MH. Correlation of age-of-onset of Atopic Dermatitis with Filaggrin loss-of-function variant status. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2721. [PMID: 32066784 PMCID: PMC7026049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) with chronic pruritus is complex. Filaggrin (FLG) is an essential gene in the epidermal barrier formation s. Loss-of-function (LOF) variants in FLG associated with skin barrier dysfunction constitute the most well-known genetic risk factor for AD. In this study, we focused on the frequency and effect of FLG loss-of-function variants in association with self-reported age-of-onset of AD. The dataset consisted of 386 whole-genome sequencing (WGS) samples. We observe a significant association between FLG LOF status and age-of-onset, with earlier age of onset of AD observed in the FLG LOF carrier group (p-value 0.0003, Wilcoxon two-sample test). We first tested this on the two most prevalent FLG variants. Interestingly, the effect is even stronger when considering all detected FLG LOF variants. Having two or more FLG LOF variants associates with the onset of AD at 2 years of age. In this study, we have shown enrichment of rare variants in the EDC region in cases compared with controls. Age-of-onset analysis shows not only the effect of the FLG and likely EDC variants in terms of the heightened risk of AD, but foremost enables to predict early-onset, lending further credence to the penetrance and causative effect of the identified variants. Understanding the genetic background and risk of early-onset is suggestive of skin barrier dysfunction etiology of AD with chronic pruritus
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Smieszek
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, DC, USA.
| | - S Welsh
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Xiao
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Wang
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - G Birznieks
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Fujii M. Current Understanding of Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Atopic Dermatitis: Interactions among Skin Barrier Dysfunction, Immune Abnormalities and Pruritus. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:12-19. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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20
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Catunda R, Rekhi U, Clark D, Levin L, Febbraio M. Downregulation von Loricrin und epitheliale Erkrankungen: ein systematischer Überblick. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1227-1238. [PMID: 31885179 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14001_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Catunda
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Umar Rekhi
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Danielle Clark
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Liran Levin
- School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Maria Febbraio
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
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21
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Catunda R, Rekhi U, Clark D, Levin L, Febbraio M. Loricrin downregulation and epithelial-related disorders: a systematic review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1227-1238. [PMID: 31846220 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loricrin downregulation has been associated with age-related changes as well as inherited and inflammatory skin diseases. We hypothesize that changes in loricrin could be more related to altered barrier function and consequently disorders that affect epithelial cells, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), erythrokeratoderma, loricrin keratoderma (LK) and periodontitis. The aim of this review is to summarize what is known about the association between loricrin downregulation and epithelial-related disorders (ERDs). A search was performed on the following databases: Medline, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Lilacs, Scopus and Google Scholar, resulting in 16 included articles. Loricrin keratoderma was the ERD most frequently associated with loricrin mutations (730insG, 709insC and 578insG; 5/7 cases - 71.44 %). Atopic dermatitis was the ERD most frequently associated with loricrin downregulation (2/7 cases - 28.6 %). Mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma, progressive symmetrical erythrokeratoderma and a new type of erythrokeratoderma were not associated with any mutations. At the gene level, periodontitis patients showed the highest decrease (-6.89x), followed by AD (-6.5x) and psoriasis patients (-0.5x). In summary, loricrin mutation and downregulation were associated with several ERDs. The diversity in disease presentation is likely related to whether there is a total loss of loricrin, mislocalization and/or if the mutant form of loricrin causes dysfunction of other proteins and/or changes in cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Catunda
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Umar Rekhi
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle Clark
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liran Levin
- School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta
| | - Maria Febbraio
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medecine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Aw M, Penn J, Gauvreau GM, Lima H, Sehmi R. Atopic March: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:1-10. [PMID: 31593946 DOI: 10.1159/000502958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the worldwide prevalence of allergic disease has increased considerably. The atopic march is a model aimed at explaining the apparent progression of allergic diseases from atopic dermatitis (AD) to allergic asthma (AA) and to allergic rhinitis (AR). It hypothesizes that allergic disease begins, typically in children, with the development of AD, then AA, and finally progresses to AR. This theory has been widely studied in cross-sectional and long-term longitudinal studies and it has been found that as prevalence of AD declines, prevalence of AA increases. A similar relationship is reported between AA and AR. The legitimacy of the atopic march model is, however, currently debated. Epidemiological evidence and criticism of longitudinal studies point to an overstatement of the atopic march's prevalence and incorrect mechanisms, opening a discussion for alternative models to better explain the pathophysiological and epidemiological processes that promote this progression of allergic diseases. Albeit, risk factors for the development and progression of allergic disease, particularly AD, are critical in identifying disease progression. Investigating the role of age, severity, family history, phenotype, and genetic traits may give a better indication into the progression of allergic diseases. In addition, studies following patients from infancy into adulthood and a general increase in longitudinal studies would help broaden the knowledge of allergic disease progression and the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aw
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy Penn
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hermenio Lima
- Division of Dermatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
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23
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Brunner PM, Israel A, Zhang N, Leonard A, Wen HC, Huynh T, Tran G, Lyon S, Rodriguez G, Immaneni S, Wagner A, Zheng X, Estrada YD, Xu H, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is characterized by T H2/T H17/T H22-centered inflammation and lipid alterations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2094-2106. [PMID: 29731129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although atopic dermatitis (AD) often starts in early childhood, detailed tissue profiling of early-onset AD in children is lacking, hindering therapeutic development for this patient population with a particularly high unmet need for better treatments. OBJECTIVE We sought to globally profile the skin of infants with AD compared with that of adults with AD and healthy control subjects. METHODS We performed microarray, RT-PCR, and fluorescence microscopy studies in infants and young children (<5 years old) with early-onset AD (<6 months disease duration) compared with age-matched control subjects and adults with longstanding AD. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses revealed profound differences between pediatric patients with early-onset versus adult patients with longstanding AD in not only lesional but also nonlesional tissues. Although both patient populations harbored TH2-centered inflammation, pediatric AD also showed significant TH17/TH22 skewing but lacked the TH1 upregulation that characterizes adult AD. Pediatric AD exhibited relatively normal expression of epidermal differentiation and cornification products, which is downregulated in adults with AD. Defects in the lipid barrier (eg, ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 [ELOVL3] and diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 2 [DGAT2]) and tight junction regulation (eg, claudins 8 and 23) were evident in both groups. However, some lipid-associated mediators (eg, fatty acyl-CoA reductase 2 and fatty acid 2-hydroxylase) showed preferential downregulation in pediatric AD, and lipid barrier genes (FA2H and DGAT2) showed inverse correlations with transepidermal water loss, a functional measure of the epidermal barrier. CONCLUSIONS Skin samples from children and adult patients with AD share lipid metabolism and tight junction alterations, but epidermal differentiation complex defects are only present in adult AD, potentially resulting from chronic immune aberration that is not yet present in early-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ariel Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra Leonard
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Thy Huynh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Gary Tran
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sarah Lyon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Giselle Rodriguez
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Supriya Immaneni
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Annette Wagner
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yeriel D Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The progression of atopic disorders from atopic dermatitis in infants to allergic rhinitis and asthma in children, adolescents, and adults defines the allergy march. Allergen immunotherapy is the only causal treatment altering the immunological mechanism underlying the allergic diseases. The sublingual administration route is more acceptable than the subcutaneous one in pediatric age. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies show the efficacy and safety profile of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for the treatment of respiratory allergy diseases, but few data are available on its effect of primary and secondary prevention of allergic disease. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the latest studies addressing the effect of SLIT on the development of new sensitizations in not sensitized or already sensitized patients and progression of the allergy march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Porcaro
- Respiratory Unit, Pediatric Pulmonology & Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep and Long Term Ventilation Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, A.O.U.P. "P. Giaccone", Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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De Vuyst E, Salmon M, Evrard C, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Atopic Dermatitis Studies through In Vitro Models. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:119. [PMID: 28791291 PMCID: PMC5523664 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin condition that is not fully understood. Epidermal barrier defects and Th2 immune response dysregulations are thought to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. A vicious circle takes place between these alterations, and it can further be complicated by additional genetic and environmental factors. Studies investigating in more depth the etiology of the disease are thus needed in order to develop functional treatments. In recent years, there have been significant advances regarding in vitro models reproducing important features of AD. However, since a lot of models have been developed, finding the appropriate experimental setting can be difficult. Therefore, herein, we review the different types of in vitro models mimicking features of AD. The simplest models are two-dimensional culture systems composed of immune cells or keratinocytes, whereas three-dimensional skin or epidermal equivalents reconstitute more complex stratified tissues exhibiting barrier properties. In those models, hallmarks of AD are obtained, either by challenging tissues with interleukin cocktails overexpressed in AD epidermis or by silencing expression of pivotal genes encoding epidermal barrier proteins. Tissue equivalents cocultured with lymphocytes or containing AD patient cells are also described. Furthermore, each model is placed in its study context with a brief summary of the main results obtained. In conclusion, the described in vitro models are useful tools to better understand AD pathogenesis, but also to screen new compounds in the field of AD, which probably will open the way to new preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne De Vuyst
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Céline Evrard
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Yves Poumay
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Liang Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis-Filaggrin and Other Polymorphisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:315-328. [PMID: 26385242 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic evidences depict a complex network comprising by epidermal barrier dysfunctions and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of AD. Mutations in the human filaggrin gene (FLG) are the most significant and well-replicated genetic mutation associated with AD, and other mutations associated with epidermal barriers such as SPINK5, FLG-2, SPRR3, and CLDN1 have all been linked to AD. Gene variants may also contribute to the abnormal innate and adaptive responses found in AD, including mutations in PRRs and AMPs, TSLP and TSLPR, IL-1 family cytokines and receptors genes, vitamin D pathway genes, FCER1A, and Th2 and other cytokines genes. GWAS and Immunochip analysis have identified a total of 19 susceptibility loci for AD. Candidate genes at these susceptibility loci identified by GWAS and Immunochip analysis also suggest roles for epidermal barrier functions, innate and adaptive immunity, interleukin-1 family signaling, regulatory T cells, the vitamin D pathway, and the nerve growth factor pathway in the pathogenesis of AD. Increasing evidences show the modern lifestyle (i.e., the hygiene hypothesis, Western diet) and other environmental factors such as pollution and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) lead to the increasing prevalence of AD with the development of industrialization. Epigenetic alterations in response to these environmental factors, including DNA methylation and microRNA related to immune system and skin barriers, have been found to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Genetic variants and epigenetic alteration might be the key tools for the molecular taxonomy of AD and provide the background for the personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM 2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14010072. [PMID: 28085100 PMCID: PMC5295323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to observe the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells. The potential mechanism linking PM2.5 and skin was explored. HaCaT cells were cultured and then accessed in plate with PM2.5. Cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit-8. The mRNA and protein expression of Filaggrin, Loricrin, Involucrin, and Repetin were analyzed. The levels of Granulocyte-macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1α, and Interleukin-8 were detected in the supernatant of the HaCaT cell with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Cell viability decreased with the increase in PM2.5. Compared with the control group, the protein expression of Filaggrin, Repetin, Involucrin, and Loricrin showed different expression patterns in PM2.5 treatment groups. The level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, Interleukin-1α, and Interleukin-8 significantly increased in the cells treated with PM2.5. Ambient PM2.5 may increase the risk of eczema and other skin diseases. The relative mechanism may be associated with the impairment of the skin barrier and the elevation of inflammatory responses.
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Bin L, Leung DYM. Genetic and epigenetic studies of atopic dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 12:52. [PMID: 27777593 PMCID: PMC5069938 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the complex interaction of genetic, immune and environmental factors. There have many recent discoveries involving the genetic and epigenetic studies of AD. METHODS A retrospective PubMed search was carried out from June 2009 to June 2016 using the terms "atopic dermatitis", "association", "eczema", "gene", "polymorphism", "mutation", "variant", "genome wide association study", "microarray" "gene profiling", "RNA sequencing", "epigenetics" and "microRNA". A total of 132 publications in English were identified. RESULTS To elucidate the genetic factors for AD pathogenesis, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptomic profiling assays have been performed in this period. Epigenetic mechanisms for AD development, including genomic DNA modification and microRNA posttranscriptional regulation, have been explored. To date, candidate gene association studies indicate that filaggrin (FLG) null gene mutations are the most significant known risk factor for AD, and genes in the type 2 T helper lymphocyte (Th2) signaling pathways are the second replicated genetic risk factor for AD. GWAS studies identified 34 risk loci for AD, these loci also suggest that genes in immune responses and epidermal skin barrier functions are associated with AD. Additionally, gene profiling assays demonstrated AD is associated with decreased gene expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes and elevated Th2 and Th17 genes. Hypomethylation of TSLP and FCER1G in AD were reported; and miR-155, which target the immune suppressor CTLA-4, was found to be significantly over-expressed in infiltrating T cells in AD skin lesions. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that two major biologic pathways are responsible for AD etiology: skin epithelial function and innate/adaptive immune responses. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier and immune responses reciprocally affect each other, and thereby drive development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Bin
- The Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K926i, Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - Donald Y. M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K926i, Denver, CO 80206 USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Proshutinskaya DV. Atopic dermatitis in children. A current algorithm for the disease treatment and control. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2016. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2016-92-2-65-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The article discusses key aspects of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and issues of the selection of pathogenetically substantiated therapy methods. The authors provide data on the efficient use of basic drugs used to treat dermatosis in children - topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. The authors also describe a current algorithm for using topical calcineurin inhibitors during the period of an exacerbation of atopic dermatitis and to prevent relapses.
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Rouaud-Tinguely P, Boudier D, Marchand L, Barruche V, Bordes S, Coppin H, Roth MP, Closs B. From the morphological to the transcriptomic characterization of a compromised three-dimensional in vitro model mimicking atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1006-14. [PMID: 26147950 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which skin barrier function is disrupted. In this AD environment, proinflammatory cytokines are upregulated, promoting a vicious circle of inflammation. Although several three-dimensional in vitro models mimicking AD have been published, no study has presented a fully characterized and controlled model of AD-related inflammation. OBJECTIVES To develop and characterize, from the morphological to the molecular level, a compromised reconstructed epidermis (RE) mimicking AD-related inflammation in vitro. METHODS Normal human keratinocytes were used to generate RE, treated or not with an inflammatory cocktail (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4 and interleukin-13). RESULTS The inflammatory cocktail induces some modifications observed in patients with AD: (i) it leads to spongiosis; (ii) it alters early and terminal differentiation proteins; (iii) it increases thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-8 secretion by keratinocytes and (iv) it results in a specific gene expression pattern. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory context contributes to the morphological, functional and transcriptomic changes observed in AD skin. As a result, this compromised RE model shares some characteristics with those found in AD skin and thus can be used as a relevant tool for screening formulations and drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Boudier
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - L Marchand
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - V Barruche
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - S Bordes
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
| | - H Coppin
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M P Roth
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - B Closs
- R&D Department, SILAB, BP 213, 19108, Brive CEDEX, France
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Leśniak W, Graczyk-Jarzynka A. The S100 proteins in epidermis: Topology and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2563-72. [PMID: 26409143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins encoded by genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Differently to other proteins encoded by EDC genes, which are indispensable for normal epidermal differentiation, the role of S100 proteins in the epidermis remains largely unknown. SCOPE OF REVIEW Particular S100 proteins differ in their distribution in epidermal layers, skin appendages, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. Taking into account that each epidermal component consists of specialized cells with well-defined functions, such differential distribution may be indicative of the function of a given S100 protein. We used this criterion together with the survey of the current experimental data pertinent to epidermis to provide a fairly comprehensive view on the possible function of individual S100 proteins in this tissue. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS S100 proteins are differently expressed and, despite extensive structural homology, perform diverse functions in the epidermis. Certain S100 proteins probably ensure constant epidermal renewal and support wound healing while others act in epidermal differentiation or have a protective role. As their expression is differently affected in various skin pathologies, particular S100 proteins could be valuable diagnostic markers. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE S100 proteins seem to be important although not yet fully recognized epidermal constituents. Better understanding of their role in the epidermis might be helpful in designing therapies to various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Asahina R, Kamishina H, Kamishina H, Maeda S. Gene transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines induced by IL-17A in canine keratinocytes. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:426-31, e100. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Asahina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences ; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Harumi Kamishina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
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Park J, Jekarl DW, Kim Y, Kim J, Kim M, Park YM. NovelFLGnull mutations in Korean patients with atopic dermatitis and comparison of the mutational spectra in Asian populations. J Dermatol 2015; 42:867-73. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Wook Jekarl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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Pendaries V, Malaisse J, Pellerin L, Le Lamer M, Nachat R, Kezic S, Schmitt AM, Paul C, Poumay Y, Serre G, Simon M. Knockdown of Filaggrin in a Three-Dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis Impairs Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2938-2946. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mutations in the filaggrin gene and food allergy. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2014; 9:200-7. [PMID: 25276250 PMCID: PMC4178045 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.45100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The results of long-term epidemiological studies show that the number of people suffering from allergic diseases, especially from food allergies and atopic dermatitis (AD), is still increasing. Although the research thus far has been conducted mainly in Europe, North America, and Asia, there are also data appearing from the first studies in that field among the African population. This may indicate the importance of the problem of allergic diseases. The discovery that loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding filaggrin (FLG) are the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris marked a significant breakthrough in understanding the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The presence of mutations in the filaggrin gene is also an important factor that predisposes to such allergic diseases as: allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, atopic asthma, and food allergy. So far, over 40 loss-of-function mutations and numerous silent mutations in filaggrin have been discovered.
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Cole C, Kroboth K, Schurch NJ, Sandilands A, Sherstnev A, O'Regan GM, Watson RM, McLean WHI, Barton GJ, Irvine AD, Brown SJ. Filaggrin-stratified transcriptomic analysis of pediatric skin identifies mechanistic pathways in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:82-91. [PMID: 24880632 PMCID: PMC4090750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD; eczema) is characterized by a widespread abnormality in cutaneous barrier function and propensity to inflammation. Filaggrin is a multifunctional protein and plays a key role in skin barrier formation. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are a highly significant risk factor for atopic disease, but the molecular mechanisms leading to dermatitis remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to interrogate tissue-specific variations in the expressed genome in the skin of children with AD and to investigate underlying pathomechanisms in atopic skin. METHODS We applied single-molecule direct RNA sequencing to analyze the whole transcriptome using minimal tissue samples. Uninvolved skin biopsy specimens from 26 pediatric patients with AD were compared with site-matched samples from 10 nonatopic teenage control subjects. Cases and control subjects were screened for FLG genotype to stratify the data set. RESULTS Two thousand four hundred thirty differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate, P < .05) were identified, of which 211 were significantly upregulated and 490 downregulated by greater than 2-fold. Gene ontology terms for "extracellular space" and "defense response" were enriched, whereas "lipid metabolic processes" were downregulated. The subset of FLG wild-type cases showed dysregulation of genes involved with lipid metabolism, whereas filaggrin haploinsufficiency affected global gene expression and was characterized by a type 1 interferon-mediated stress response. CONCLUSION These analyses demonstrate the importance of extracellular space and lipid metabolism in atopic skin pathology independent of FLG genotype, whereas an aberrant defense response is seen in subjects with FLG mutations. Genotype stratification of the large data set has facilitated functional interpretation and might guide future therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cole
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Kroboth
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Schurch
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Sandilands
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Sherstnev
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne M O'Regan
- Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rosemarie M Watson
- Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J Barton
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sara J Brown
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Harris JM, Hovnanian A. Proteases and proteomics: Cutting to the core of human skin pathologies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:389-402. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. de Veer
- Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute; Paris France
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Laetitia Furio
- Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute; Paris France
| | - Jonathan M. Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute; Paris France
- Department of Genetics; Necker Hospital for Sick Children; Paris France
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38
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An integrated epigenetic and transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct tissue-specific patterns of DNA methylation associated with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1873-1883. [PMID: 24739813 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are increasingly recognized as mechanisms for disease-associated changes in genome function and important risk factors for complex diseases. The epigenome differs between cell types and so far has been characterized in few human tissues only. In order to identify disease-associated DNA methylation differences for atopic dermatitis (AD), we investigated DNA from whole blood, T cells, B cells, as well as lesional and non-lesional epidermis from AD patients and healthy controls. To elicit functional links, we examined epidermal mRNA expression profiles. No genome-wide significant DNA methylation differences between AD cases and controls were observed in whole blood, T cells, and B cells, and, in general, intra-individual differences in DNA methylation were larger than interindividual differences. However, striking methylation differences were observed between lesional epidermis from patients and healthy control epidermis for various CpG sites, which partly correlated with altered transcript levels of genes predominantly relevant for epidermal differentiation and innate immune response. Significant DNA methylation differences were discordant in skin and blood samples, suggesting that blood is not an ideal surrogate for skin tissue. Our pilot study provides preliminary evidence for functionally relevant DNA methylation differences associated with AD, particularly in the epidermis, and represents a starting point for future investigations of epigenetic mechanisms in AD.
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Fölster-Holst R, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Dähnhardt D, Proksch E. The role of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.12.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xiaoxue W, Xi C, Zhibo X. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on expression of genes in keloid fibroblasts. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34:154-9. [PMID: 23709452 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x13482938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive growth of fibroblast cells, which is regulated by multiple biological factors, is the key event in the pathophysiology of keloid scars. Recent studies have suggested that botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) could inhibit invasive growth of keloids. However, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE The authors explore the effect of BoNT-A on the expression of genes relevant to invasive growth in keloid fibroblasts. METHODS With 112 genes that were relevant to invasive growth, the authors utilized microarray analysis to study messenger RNA expression profiles in keloid fibroblasts treated with BoNT-A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the microarray results. RESULTS Analyses from microarray and qRT-PCR revealed that the S100A4 gene was upregulated and that the TGF-β1, VEGF, MMP-1, and PDGFA genes were downregulated in fibroblasts treated with BoNT-A. CONCLUSIONS The BoNT-A altered expression levels of S100A4, TGF-β1, VEGF, MMP-1, and PDGFA genes in keloid fibroblasts provide a useful clue for exploring the function of BoNT-A and finding a novel treatment for keloid scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiaoxue
- Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, China
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Bantz SK, Zhu Z, Zheng T. The Atopic March: Progression from Atopic Dermatitis to Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25419479 PMCID: PMC4240310 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy and subsequent allergic rhinitis and asthma in later childhood is known as the atopic march. This progressive atopy is dependent on various underlying factors such as the presence of filaggrin mutations as well as the time of onset and severity of AD. Clinical manifestations vary among individuals. Previously it was thought that atopic disorders may be unrelated with sequential development. Recent studies support the idea of a causal link between AD and later onset atopic disorders. These studies suggest that a dysfunctional skin barrier serves as a site for allergic sensitization to antigens and colonization of bacterial super antigens. This induces systemic Th2 immunity that predisposes patients to allergic nasal responses and promotes airway hyper reactivity. While AD often starts early in life and is a chronic condition, new research signifies that there may be an optimal window of time in which targeting the skin barrier with therapeutic interventions may prevent subsequent atopic disorders. In this review we highlight recent studies describing factors important in the development of atopic disorders and new insights in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene K Bantz
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, 06520, USA
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, 06520, USA
| | - Tao Zheng
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, 06520, USA
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Stoeckli MR, McNeilly TN, Frew D, Marr EJ, Nisbet AJ, van den Broek AHM, Burgess STG. The effect of Psoroptes ovis infestation on ovine epidermal barrier function. Vet Res 2013; 44:11. [PMID: 23398847 PMCID: PMC3599485 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep scab is an intensively pruritic, exudative and allergic dermatitis of sheep caused by the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of P. ovis infestation on different components of the ovine epidermal barrier within the first 24 hours post-infestation (hpi). To achieve this, the expression of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes and epidermal barrier proteins, the nature and severity of epidermal pathology and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were evaluated. By 1 hpi a significant dermal polymorphonuclear infiltrate and a significant increase in TEWL with maximal mean TEWL (598.67 g/m2h) were observed. Epidermal pathology involving intra-epidermal pustulation, loss of epidermal architecture and damage to the basement membrane was seen by 3 hpi. Filaggrin and loricrin protein levels in the stratum corneum declined significantly in the first 24 hpi and qPCR validation confirmed the decrease in expression of the key EDC genes involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin observed by microarray analysis, with 5.8-fold, 4.5-fold and 80-fold decreases, respectively by 24 hpi. The present study has demonstrated that early P. ovis infestation disrupts the ovine epidermal barrier causing significant alterations in the expression of critical barrier components, epidermal pathology, and TEWL. Many of these features have also been documented in human and canine atopic dermatitis suggesting that sheep scab may provide a model for the elucidation of events occurring in the early phases of atopic sensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Stoeckli
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Sailasuta A, Thanawongnuwech R, Suriyaphol G. Alterations of keratins, involucrin and filaggrin gene expression in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostic strategies are gaining wider acceptance and use in dermatology and dermatopathology as more practitioners in this field develop an understanding of the principles and applications of genomic technologies. Molecular testing is facilitating more accurate diagnosis, staging, and prognostication, in addition to guiding the selection of appropriate treatment, monitoring of therapy, and identification of novel therapeutic targets, for a wide variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zendee Elaba
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Sevilla LM, Latorre V, Sanchis A, Pérez P. Epidermal inactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor triggers skin barrier defects and cutaneous inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:361-70. [PMID: 22951731 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) mediates the effects of physiological and pharmacological GC ligands and has a major role in cutaneous pathophysiology. To dissect the epithelial versus mesenchymal contribution of GR in developing and adult skin, we generated mice with keratinocyte-restricted GR inactivation (GR epidermal knockout or GR(EKO) mice). Developing and early postnatal GR(EKO) mice exhibited impaired epidermal barrier formation, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, hyperproliferation, and stratum corneum (SC) fragility. At birth, GR(EKO) epidermis showed altered levels of epidermal differentiation complex genes, proteases and protease inhibitors which participate in SC maintenance, and innate immunity genes. Many upregulated genes, including S100a8/a9 and Tslp, also have increased expression in inflammatory skin diseases. Infiltration of macrophages and degranulating mast cells were observed in newborn GR(EKO) skin, hallmarks of atopic dermatitis. In addition to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, GR(EKO) newborn and adult epidermis had increased levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, a feature of psoriasis. Although adult GR(EKO) epidermis had a mild phenotype of increased proliferation, perturbation of skin homeostasis with detergent or phorbol ester triggered an exaggerated proliferative and hyperkeratotic response relative to wild type. Together, our results show that epidermal loss of GR provokes skin barrier defects and cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Jaime Roig, Valencia, Spain
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Gutowska-Owsiak D, Schaupp AL, Salimi M, Selvakumar TA, McPherson T, Taylor S, Ogg GS. IL-17 downregulates filaggrin and affects keratinocyte expression of genes associated with cellular adhesion. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:104-10. [PMID: 22229441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atopic eczema and psoriasis are common skin diseases. While it is well established that the pathogenesis of these diseases varies, both are characterized by impairment in epidermal barrier function and abnormal IL-17 expression in the skin and peripheral blood. Recent findings indicated that filaggrin is essential during barrier formation and its insufficiency underlies the pathogenesis of atopic eczema. Filaggrin downregulation has also been reported in psoriasis. It is clear that Th1/Th2 bias influences expression of the protein, but an analysis of the effects of interleukin-17 (IL-17) on the expression of the protein and profilaggrin-processing enzymes has not yet been reported. In addition, the effect of the cytokine on components of functional epidermal barrier, tight junctions and adhesion/desmosomal proteins, has not been elucidated. Keratinocytes were exposed to interleukin-17A, and microarray analysis was performed. Filaggrin protein level was assessed by western blot. We have observed a significant decrease in profilaggrin mRNA level in interleukin-17A-exposed cultures (P = 0.008). Expression of processing enzymes was also altered, indicating an indirect effect of the cytokine on filaggrin production/degradation. Moreover, expression of many genes involved in cellular adhesion was also decreased. A significant downregulation of filaggrin at the protein level was detected by western blot in immortal and primary keratinocytes. Gene ontology analysis indicated changes in keratinization, epidermal differentiation and formation of the cornified envelope. We conclude that IL-17A downregulates the expression of filaggrin and genes important for cellular adhesion which could affect epidermal barrier formation. This effect potentially contributes to barrier dysfunction and could become a possible therapeutic target.
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Fuiano N, Incorvaia C. Dissecting the causes of atopic dermatitis in children: less foods, more mites. Allergol Int 2012; 61:231-43. [PMID: 22361514 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.11-ra-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic or chronically relapsing, multifactorial skin disease that mainly occurs in children but affects also adults. AD usually begins early in life and often concerns people with a personal or family history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. AD is characterized by eczematous changes in the epidermis and originates from a late, T-cell mediated reaction associated to the formation and production of memory T-cell of TH2 type, occurrence of homing receptor at skin level and cutaneous lymphocyte-associated (CLA) antigens. Extrinsic or allergic AD, but not intrinsic AD, shows high total serum IgE levels and the presence of specific IgE for environmental and food allergens. A pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD is played by filaggrin, a protein contained in the granular layer of the epidermis regulating the aggregation of keratin filaments. Mutation in the filaggrin gene causes decreased barrier function of the corny layers of the epidermis. This favours the enter through the skin of environmental allergens, especially the house dust mite, that further facilitates such entering by the proteolytic activity of its major allergen Der p 1. In fact, recent advances suggest that the dust mite, more than foods, is the major cause of allergic AD. As far as the causal diagnosis of AD is concerned, there is notable evidence supporting the capacity of the atopy patch test (APT) to reproduce the pathophysiologic events of AD. This makes APT a valuable diagnostic tool for AD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/adverse effects
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides/immunology
- Arthropod Proteins/adverse effects
- Arthropod Proteins/immunology
- Child
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/adverse effects
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Filaggrin Proteins
- Gene-Environment Interaction
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/diagnosis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/etiology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/genetics
- Mutation
- Patch Tests
- Pyroglyphidae/immunology
- Skin/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fuiano
- Pediatric Allergy Service, ASL FG, Torremaggiore, Italy.
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Epstein TG, LeMasters GK, Bernstein DI, Ericksen MB, Martin LJ, Ryan PH, Biagini Myers JM, Butsch Kovacic MS, Lindsey MA, He H, Reponen T, Villareal MS, Lockey JE, Bernstein CK, Khurana Hershey GK. Genetic variation in small proline rich protein 2B as a predictor for asthma among children with eczema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:145-50. [PMID: 22374195 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small proline rich protein 2B (SPRR2B) is a skin and lung epithelial protein associated with allergic inflammation in mice that has not been evaluated in human atopic diseases. OBJECTIVE To determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SPRR2B are associated with childhood eczema and with the phenotype of childhood eczema combined with asthma. METHODS Genotyping for SPRR2B and filaggrin (FLG) was performed in 2 independent populations: the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy & Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS; N = 762; birth-age, 4 years) and the Greater Cincinnati Pediatric Clinical Repository (GCPCR; N = 1152; ages 5-10 years). Eczema and eczema plus asthma were clinical outcomes based on parental report and clinician's diagnosis. Genetic analyses were restricted to whites and adjusted for sex in both cohorts and adjusted for environmental covariates in CCAAPS. RESULTS Variants in SPRR2B were not significantly associated with eczema in either cohort after Bonferroni adjustment. Children from both cohorts with the CC genotype of the SPRR2B rs6693927 SNP were at 4 times the risk for eczema plus asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-10.9; P = .005 in CCAAPS; and adjusted odds ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-9.1; P < .001 in the GCPCR), however. SNPs in SPRR2B were not in strong linkage disequilibrium with the R501X and del2282 FLG mutations, and these findings were independent of FLG. CONCLUSIONS An SNP in SPRR2B was predictive of asthma among white children with eczema from 2 independent populations. SPRR2B polymorphisms may serve as important predictive markers for the combined eczema plus asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolly G Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Rebane A, Zimmermann M, Aab A, Baurecht H, Koreck A, Karelson M, Abram K, Metsalu T, Pihlap M, Meyer N, Fölster-Holst R, Nagy N, Kemeny L, Kingo K, Vilo J, Illig T, Akdis M, Franke A, Novak N, Weidinger S, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of IFN-γ-induced apoptosis of human skin keratinocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1297-306. [PMID: 22445417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced apoptosis of keratinocytes is the main cause of eczema and spongiosis in patients with the common inflammatory skin disease atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate molecular mechanisms of AD-related apoptosis of keratinocytes. METHODS Primary keratinocytes isolated from patients with AD and healthy donors were used to study apoptosis by using annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D staining. Illumina mRNA Expression BeadChips, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence were used to study gene expression. In silico analysis of candidate genes was performed on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data. RESULTS We demonstrate that keratinocytes of patients with AD exhibit increased IFN-γ-induced apoptosis compared with keratinocytes from healthy subjects. Further mRNA expression analyses revealed differential expression of apoptosis-related genes in AD keratinocytes and skin and the upregulation of immune system-related genes in skin biopsy specimens of chronic AD lesions. Three apoptosis-related genes (NOD2, DUSP1, and ADM) and 8 genes overexpressed in AD skin lesions (CCDC109B, CCL5, CCL8, IFI35, LYN, RAB31, IFITM1, and IFITM2) were induced by IFN-γ in primary keratinocytes. The protein expression of IFITM1, CCL5, and CCL8 was verified in AD skin. In line with the functional studies and AD-related mRNA expression changes, in silico analysis of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data revealed evidence of an association between AD and genetic markers close to or within the IFITM cluster or RAB31, DUSP1, and ADM genes. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate increased IFN-γ responses in skin of patients with AD and suggest involvement of multiple new apoptosis- and inflammation-related factors in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rebane
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
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Kvarnhammar AM, Rydberg C, Järnkrants M, Eriksson M, Uddman R, Benson M, Cardell LO. Diminished levels of nasal S100A7 (psoriasin) in seasonal allergic rhinitis: an effect mediated by Th2 cytokines. Respir Res 2012; 13:2. [PMID: 22230654 PMCID: PMC3287248 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A7 is an antimicrobial peptide involved in several inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression and regulation of S100A7 in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS Nasal lavage (NAL) fluid was obtained from healthy controls before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provocation, from SAR patients before and after allergen challenge, and from SAR patients having completed allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). Nasal biopsies, nasal epithelial cells and blood were acquired from healthy donors. The airway epithelial cell line FaDu was used for in vitro experiments. Real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine S100A7 expression in nasal tissue and cells. Release of S100A7 in NAL and culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. The function of recombinant S100A7 was explored in epithelial cells, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS Nasal administration of LPS induced S100A7 release in healthy non-allergic subjects. The level of S100A7 was lower in NAL from SAR patients than from healthy controls, and it was further reduced in the SAR group 6 h post allergen provocation. In contrast, ASIT patients displayed higher levels after completed treatment. S100A7 was expressed in the nasal epithelium and in glands, and it was secreted by cultured epithelial cells. Stimulation with IL-4 and histamine repressed the epithelial S100A7 release. Further, recombinant S100A7 induced activation of neutrophils and PBMC. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows an epithelial expression and excretion of S100A7 in the nose after microbial stimulation. The levels are diminished in rhinitis patients and in the presence of an allergic cytokine milieu, suggesting that the antimicrobial defense is compromised in patients with SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Månsson Kvarnhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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