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Kavthekar SO, Chougule AA, Kavthekar SS, Kurane AB, Verma S. Assessment of preferable site for temperature measurement using non-contact infra-red temperature among pediatric patients. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2024; 76:7-12. [PMID: 32418406 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.20.05755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate temperature measurement with little or no discomfort that is safe, without risk of hospital-acquired infections or perforations, is the preferred choice of medical professionals in pediatric settings. The objective was to discover the preferable site for body temperature measurement using non-contact infra-red thermometer (NCIT) among pediatric patients. METHODS NCIT measurement at mid forehead (F), right temporal region (T), right side of neck-over-carotid artery area (N), jugular notch (J), sternum (S), umbilical region and sublingual region (U) were compared with digital axillary temperature (DAT) in a single attempt in 500 patients, aged between 2 to 5 years with fever. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation, paired t-test and Bland-Altman plot to assess the correlation and agreement between the DAT and NCIT sites. RESULTS The mean temperature of NCIT-T (38.42±0.64 °C) was more agreeable with DAT (38.42±0.63 °C) compared to other body sites. The minimum mean bias of -0.00480 °C was noted for NCIT-F with 95% CI of -0.164-0.15; however, NCIT-F revealed many outliers as compared to NCIT-J. A strong positive correlation existed between DAT and NCIT sites (r value: 0.99-0.98). However, significant difference was found between DAT and NCIT-N, NCIT-F and NCIT-U (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS NCIT-J is the most preferable choice for measuring body temperature and can be interchanged with DAT. It will help to deliver fast results with enhanced patient comfort due to its non-invasive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiprasad O Kavthekar
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Center, D.Y. Patil Medical College, D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
| | - Ashok A Chougule
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Center, D.Y. Patil Medical College, D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India -
| | - Swati S Kavthekar
- Department of Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Center, D.Y. Patil Medical College, D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
| | - Anil B Kurane
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Center, D.Y. Patil Medical College, D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
| | - Sachin Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Center, D.Y. Patil Medical College, D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, India
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Lin KY, Shao W, Tsai YJ, Yang JF, Wu MH. Physical therapy intervention for breast symptoms in lactating women: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:792. [PMID: 37964187 PMCID: PMC10647054 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic ultrasound, education, and massage are the most common physical therapy interventions provided to mothers with breast symptoms. However, there is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the combination of these interventions. This study aimed to explore the effects of the combination of therapeutic ultrasound, education, and massage on breast symptoms in lactating women. METHODS This study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Postpartum lactating women aged from 21 to 45 with breast symptoms were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three groups (ultrasound group, sham group, and usual care group). The severity of breast symptoms (pain, redness, lump, general malaise), breast engorgement, breast hardness, body temperature, breast temperature, and milk volume were assessed at baseline (T1), immediately post-intervention (T2), and at 3 months following baseline (T3). RESULTS A total of 37 participants were included in the study (ultrasound group n = 12; sham group n = 12; usual care n = 13). The severity of breast symptoms (i.e., pain, lump, and general malaise) as well as breast engorgement, were significantly improved in the ultrasound group at T2 when compared to T1, and these improvements were sustained at T3. The severity of breast engorgement was significantly lower in the ultrasound group when compared to the usual care group at T2. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the ultrasound and sham groups for all outcomes at any assessment time points. CONCLUSIONS Physical therapy interventions may be beneficial in relieving breast symptoms in lactating women. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings of this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04569136); Date of registration: 29/09/2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yin Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Feng Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Physical Therapy Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Zhao Y, Bergmann JHM. Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers and Thermal Scanners for Human Body Temperature Monitoring: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7439. [PMID: 37687902 PMCID: PMC10490756 DOI: 10.3390/s23177439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) and infrared thermography (IRT) have gained prominence as convenient, non-invasive tools for human body temperature measurement. Despite their widespread adoption in a range of settings, there remain questions about their accuracy under varying conditions. This systematic review sought to critically evaluate the performance of NCITs and IRT in body temperature monitoring, synthesizing evidence from a total of 72 unique settings from 32 studies. The studies incorporated in our review ranged from climate-controlled room investigations to clinical applications. Our primary findings showed that NCITs and IRT can provide accurate and reliable body temperature measurements in specific settings and conditions. We revealed that while both NCITs and IRT displayed a consistent positive correlation with conventional, contact-based temperature measurement tools, NCITs demonstrated slightly superior accuracy over IRT. A total of 29 of 50 settings from NCIT studies and 4 of 22 settings from IRT studies achieved accuracy levels within a range of ±0.3 °C. Furthermore, we found that several factors influenced the performance of these devices. These included the measurement location, the type of sensor, the reference and tool, individual physiological attributes, and the surrounding environmental conditions. Our research underscores the critical need for further studies in this area to refine our understanding of these influential factors and to develop standardized guidelines for the use of NCITs and IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen H. M. Bergmann
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
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Patel DV, Barot RB, Cecil R, Phatak AG, Shinde MK, Patel AJ, Nimbalkar SM. Temperature Monitoring in Children: An Agreement Study. JOURNAL OF NEONATOLOGY 2023; 37:134-141. [DOI: 10.1177/09732179231164527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT) measures temperature rapidly and noninvasively. It is commonly used at forehead, but other potential sites such as axilla and abdomen are yet to be explored. We assessed agreement of temperature recordings of axillary temperature by glass mercury thermometer (the “gold standard”) with axillary temperature by the digital thermometer as well as with NCIT at forehead, axilla, mid abdomen, and at right hypochondriac areas. Methods: Neonates and children below 5 years admitted in neonatal and pediatrics wards were enrolled in the study through convenience sampling. For each participant, temperature was measured using NCIT at forehead, mid abdomen, right hypochondrium, and right axilla as well as using digital thermometer at right axilla and using glass mercury thermometer at right axilla. The agreement between methods was presented as mean difference (95% limits of agreement) using Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Total 400 temperature readings were taken for each method from 132 participants. There was a good agreement between mercury axillary with digital axillary in both the groups, that is, neonates and children (>1 month to 5 years) (Mean difference [95% limits of agreement] = –0.046 [–0.26 to 0.169]°C and –0.028 [–0.183 to 0.128]°C, respectively). While for all the methods using NCIT, there was a poor agreement with mercury axillary temperature in both the groups. Conclusion: Agreement between axillary temperatures using digital and glass mercury thermometers was good, while agreements between the axillary temperature using glass mercury thermometer with NCIT readings at different sites were poor in neonates and children below 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipen V. Patel
- Department of Neonatology, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rushi B. Barot
- Department of Pediatrics, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rashmin Cecil
- Department of Pediatrics, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajay G. Phatak
- Central Research Services, Shree Krishna Hospital, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayur K. Shinde
- Central Research Services, Shree Krishna Hospital, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Arya J. Patel
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Somashekhar M. Nimbalkar
- Department of Neonatology, Bhaikaka University, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Easterwood L, Cohen ND. Agreement of Temperatures Measured Using a Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer With a Rectal Digital Thermometer in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104243. [PMID: 36806714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the body temperature of horses is an essential tool for monitoring horse health and biosecurity in groups of horses. Temperatures of horses and foals are determined most often using rectal thermometry. Rectal thermometry has limitations that include safety considerations for horses and humans. Thus, we investigated the agreement between a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT) and a rectal digital thermometer in 142 horses and 34 foals. For each horse and foal, measurements using the NCIT were collected from the forehead (n = 2) or neck (n = 1) and with a rectal digital thermometer (n = 1). Although the NCIT demonstrated good reliability (i.e. repeatability of measurements), a large negative bias (nearly 2°F (-16.7°C) in adult horses and >3°F (-16.1°C) in foals) was observed between readings from the NCIT and the rectal thermometer in healthy horses. Although horses with febrile illness were not included in the study, our results indicate that the large and inconsistent bias observed with the NCIT indicates that these devices will not be a suitable substitute for rectal thermometry for obtaining valid estimates of core body temperature in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Easterwood
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Brioschi ML, Dalmaso Neto C, Toledo MD, Neves EB, Vargas JVC, Teixeira MJ. Infrared image method for possible COVID-19 detection through febrile and subfebrile people screening. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103444. [PMID: 36796899 PMCID: PMC9794388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study proposed an infrared image-based method for febrile and subfebrile people screening to comply with the society need for alternative, quick response, and effective methods for COVID-19 contagious people screening. The methodology consisted of: (i) Developing a method based on facial infrared imaging for possible COVID-19 early detection in people with and without fever (subfebrile state); (ii) Using 1206 emergency room (ER) patients to develop an algorithm for general application of the method, and (iii) Testing the method and algorithm effectiveness in 2558 cases (RT-qPCR tested for COVID-19) from 227,261 workers evaluations in five different countries. Artificial intelligence was used through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to develop the algorithm that took facial infrared images as input and classified the tested individuals in three groups: fever (high risk), subfebrile (medium risk), and no fever (low risk). The results showed that suspicious and confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases characterized by temperatures below the 37.5 °C fever threshold were identified. Also, average forehead and eye temperatures greater than 37.5 °C were not enough to detect fever similarly to the proposed CNN algorithm. Most RT-qPCR confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases found in the 2558 cases sample (17 cases/89.5%) belonged to the CNN selected subfebrile group. The COVID-19 (+) main risk factor was to be in the subfebrile group, in comparison to age, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking and others. In sum, the proposed method was shown to be a potentially important new tool for COVID-19 (+) people screening for air travel and public places in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Leal Brioschi
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Dalmaso Neto
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil; Mechanical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Marcos de Toledo
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Biomedical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR, Curitiba, PR, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - José Viriato Coelho Vargas
- Mechanical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
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Clinical Accuracy of Non-Contact Forehead Infrared Thermometer Measurement in Children: An Observational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091389. [PMID: 36138700 PMCID: PMC9497495 DOI: 10.3390/children9091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical reliability and utility of temperature measurements using no-contact forehead infrared thermometers (NCFITs) by comparing their temperature measurements with those obtained using infrared tympanic thermometers (IRTTs) in children. In this observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study, we enrolled 255 children (aged 1 month to 18 years) from the pediatric surgery ward at a tertiary medical center in Korea. The mean age of the children was 9.05 ± 5.39 years, and 54.9% were boys. The incidence rate of fever, defined as an IRTT reading of ≥38.0 °C, was 15.7%. The ICC coefficient for the assessment of agreement between temperatures recorded by the NCFIT and IRTT was 0.87, and the κ-coefficient was 0.83. The bias and 95% limits of agreement were 0.15 °C (−0.43 to 0.73). For an accurate diagnosis of fever (≥38 °C), the false-negative rate was much lower, but the false-positive rate was higher, especially in 6-year-old children. Therefore, NCFITs can be used to screen children for fever. However, a secondary check is required using another thermometer when the child’s temperature is >38 °C. NCFITs are proposed for screening but not for measuring the temperature. For the latter, an accurate and reliable thermometer shall be used.
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Both caffeine and Capsicum annuum fruit powder lower blood glucose levels and increase brown adipose tissue temperature in healthy adult males. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870154. [PMID: 36017333 PMCID: PMC9395699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of respiratory gas exchange, infrared thermography, and blood glucose (BGL) analysis, we have investigated the impact of Capsicum annuum (C. annuum) fruit powder (475 mg) or caffeine (100 mg) on metabolic activity in a placebo controlled (lactose, 100 mg) double-blinded three-way cross-over-design experiment. Metabolic measurements were made on day 1 and day 7 of supplementation in eight adult male participants (22.2 ± 2 years of age, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2, x̅ ± SD). Participants arrived fasted overnight and were fed a high carbohydrate meal (90 g glucose), raising BGL from fasting baseline (4.4 ± 0.3 mmol/L) to peak BGL (8.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L) 45 min after the meal. Participants consumed the supplement 45 min after the meal, and both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder restored BGL (F (8,178) = 2.2, p = 0.02) to near fasting levels within 15 min of supplementation compared to placebo (120 min). In parallel both supplements increased energy expenditure (F (2, 21) = 175.6, p < 0.001) over the 120-min test period (caffeine = 50.74 ± 2 kcal/kg/min, C. annuum fruit = 50.95 ± 1 kcal/kg/min, placebo = 29.34 ± 1 kcal/kg/min). Both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder increased supraclavicular fossa temperature (F (2,42) = 32, p < 0.001) on both day 1 and day 7 of testing over the 120-min test period. No statistical difference in core temperature or reference point temperature, mean arterial pressure or heart rate was observed due to supplementation nor was any statistical difference seen between day 1 and day 7 of intervention. This is important for implementing dietary ingredients as potential metabolism increasing supplements. Together the results imply that through dietary supplements such as caffeine and C. annuum, mechanisms for increasing metabolism can be potentially targeted to improve metabolic homeostasis in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Lachlan Van Schaik,
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Green
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Capraro GA, Balmaekers B, den Brinker AC, Rocque M, DePina Y, Schiavo MW, Brennan K, Kobayashi L. Contactless Vital Signs Acquisition Using Video Photoplethysmography, Motion Analysis and Passive Infrared Thermography Devices During Emergency Department Walk-In Triage in Pandemic Conditions. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:115-129. [PMID: 35940984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contactless vital signs (VS) measurement with video photoplethysmography (vPPG), motion analysis (MA), and passive infrared thermometry (pIR) has shown promise. OBJECTIVES To compare conventional (contact-based) and experimental contactless VS measurement approaches for emergency department (ED) walk-in triage in pandemic conditions. METHODS Patients' heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR), and temperatures were measured with cardiorespiratory monitor and vPPG, manual count and MA, and contact thermometers and pIR, respectively. RESULTS There were 475 walk-in ED patients studied (95% of eligible). Subjects were 35.2 ± 20.8 years old (range 4 days‒95 years); 52% female, 0.2% transgender; had Fitzpatrick skin type of 2.3 ± 1.4 (range 1‒6), Emergency Severity Index of 3.0 ± 0.6 (range 2‒5), and contact temperature of 36.83°C (range 35.89-39.4°C) (98.3°F [96.6‒103°F]). Pediatric HR and RR data were excluded from analysis due to research challenges associated with pandemic workflow. For a 30-s, unprimed "Triage" window in 377 adult patients, vPPG-MA acquired 377 (100%) HR measurements featuring a mean difference with cardiorespiratory monitor HR of 5.9 ± 12.8 beats/min (R = 0.6833) and 252 (66.8%) RR measurements featuring a mean difference with manual RR of -0.4 ± 2.6 beats/min (R = 0.8128). Subjects' Emergency Severity Index components based on conventional VS and contactless VS matched for 83.8% (HR) and 89.3% (RR). Filtering out vPPG-MA measurements with low algorithmic confidence reduced VS acquired while improving correlation with conventional measurements. The mean difference between contact and pIR temperatures was 0.83 ± 0.67°C (range -1.16-3.5°C) (1.5 ± 1.2°F [range -2.1-6.3°F]); pIR fever detection improved with post hoc adjustment for mean bias. CONCLUSION Contactless VS acquisition demonstrated good agreement with contact methods during adult walk-in ED patient triage in pandemic conditions; clinical applications will need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Capraro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Mukul Rocque
- Philips Research Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Leo Kobayashi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Třebický V, Rudolf J, Pavelka R. The effect of warm-up on peak impact force of the rear hand strike in full-contact combat sports. Sports Biomech 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35707863 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2088400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Warming up is a generally accepted practice that leads to improved performance and reduces the risk of injury in a wide range of sports. However, the evidence about the influence of warm-up in combat sports is limited and, specifically, little is known about the impact which delays between a warm-up and the start of a match may have on fighters' performance. This study investigates the influence of warm-up and cool-down on one of significant performance predictors in full-contact combat sports, the peak force of a rear hand strike, in a sample of 31 athletes.Peak impact force was measured before, after, and at two time points after a standardized warm-up routine; skin temperature and heart rate were also monitored. Warm-up and cool-down periods were substantial predictors of body temperature and heart rate, but we observed no effect of the warm-up routine on strike impact force. Strike impact force remained unaffected even after the cool-down intervals.Strike impact force does not seem to respond to physiological changes elicited by a warm-up. This measure is partly related only to fighters' physical characteristics, namely the body weight. Athletes and trainers could thus concentrate on other aspects of successful performance during warm-up routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Třebický
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rudolf
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Pavelka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Goggins KA, Tetzlaff EJ, Young WW, Godwin AA. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) workplace temperature screening: Seasonal concerns for thermal detection in northern regions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103576. [PMID: 34488191 PMCID: PMC8407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Workplace temperature screening has become standard practice during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The objective was to determine the consistency of four temperature devices during exposure to simulated and actual environmental conditions reflective of a workplace. An infrared (IR) digital thermometer (accuracy(A)±0.2), IR laser thermometer (A±1), and thermal imaging camera (A±0.3) were used to measure forehead and tympanic (digital only) temperatures. The first experiment was conducted in a controlled simulated environment (-20 to 20 °C) with three participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM, 20-YOF). The second experiment used actual outdoor conditions (-0.48 to 45.6 °C) with two participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM). The tympanic measurement was the least impacted by environmental temperature (mean(±SD)): simulated (36.8(±0.18) °C) and actual (36.9(±0.16) °C). The thermal imaging camera had the lowest RMSE values (0.81-0.97 °C), with outdoor temperatures ranging from 0 to 45 °C. Environmental temperature influenced forehead temperature readings and required a resting period in a thermoneutral environment (5-9 min (-20 to -10 °C) to immediate (15-20 °C)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Goggins
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| | - Emily J Tetzlaff
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Wesley W Young
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Alison A Godwin
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ghassemi P, McBride D, Casamento JP, Pfefer TJ. Infrared Thermography for Measuring Elevated Body Temperature: Clinical Accuracy, Calibration, and Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010215. [PMID: 35009758 PMCID: PMC8749858 DOI: 10.3390/s22010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermographs (IRTs) implemented according to standardized best practices have shown strong potential for detecting elevated body temperatures (EBT), which may be useful in clinical settings and during infectious disease epidemics. However, optimal IRT calibration methods have not been established and the clinical performance of these devices relative to the more common non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) remains unclear. In addition to confirming the findings of our preliminary analysis of clinical study results, the primary intent of this study was to compare methods for IRT calibration and identify best practices for assessing the performance of IRTs intended to detect EBT. A key secondary aim was to compare IRT clinical accuracy to that of NCITs. We performed a clinical thermographic imaging study of more than 1000 subjects, acquiring temperature data from several facial locations that, along with reference oral temperatures, were used to calibrate two IRT systems based on seven different regression methods. Oral temperatures imputed from facial data were used to evaluate IRT clinical accuracy based on metrics such as clinical bias (Δcb), repeatability, root-mean-square difference, and sensitivity/specificity. We proposed several calibration approaches designed to account for the non-uniform data density across the temperature range and a constant offset approach tended to show better ability to detect EBT. As in our prior study, inner canthi or full-face maximum temperatures provided the highest clinical accuracy. With an optimal calibration approach, these methods achieved a Δcb between ±0.03 °C with standard deviation (σΔcb) less than 0.3 °C, and sensitivity/specificity between 84% and 94%. Results of forehead-center measurements with NCITs or IRTs indicated reduced performance. An analysis of the complete clinical data set confirms the essential findings of our preliminary evaluation, with minor differences. Our findings provide novel insights into methods and metrics for the clinical accuracy assessment of IRTs. Furthermore, our results indicate that calibration approaches providing the highest clinical accuracy in the 37-38.5 °C range may be most effective for measuring EBT. While device performance depends on many factors, IRTs can provide superior performance to NCITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzeng Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yangling Zhou
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Pejman Ghassemi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
| | - David McBride
- University Health Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Jon P. Casamento
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
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13
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Lazaro M, Lazaro A, Villarino R, Girbau D. Smart Face Mask with an Integrated Heat Flux Sensor for Fast and Remote People's Healthcare Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7472. [PMID: 34833547 PMCID: PMC8623048 DOI: 10.3390/s21227472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a large amount of challenges to address. To combat the spread of the virus, several safety measures, such as wearing face masks, have been taken. Temperature controls at the entrance of public places to prevent the entry of virus carriers have been shown to be inefficient and inaccurate. This paper presents a smart mask that allows to monitor body temperature and breathing rate. Body temperature is measured by a non-invasive dual-heat-flux system, consisting of four sensors separated from each other with an insulating material. Breathing rate is obtained from the temperature changes within the mask, measured with a thermistor located near the nose. The system communicates by means of long-range (LoRa) backscattering, leading to a reduction in average power consumption. It is designed to establish the relative location of the smart mask from the signal received at two LoRa receivers installed inside and outside an access door. Low-cost LoRa transceivers with WiFi capabilities are used in the prototype to collect information and upload it to a server. Accuracy in body temperature measurements is consistent with measurements made with a thermistor located in the armpit. The system allows checking the correct placement of the mask based on the recorded temperatures and the breathing rate measurements. Besides, episodes of cough can be detected by sudden changes in thermistor temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Lazaro
- Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.L.); (R.V.); (D.G.)
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Van den Bruel A, Verbakel J, Wang K, Fleming S, Holtman G, Glogowska M, Morris E, Edwards G, Abakar Ismail F, Curtis K, Goetz J, Barnes G, Slivkova R, Nesbitt C, Aslam S, Swift E, Williams H, Hayward G. Non-contact infrared thermometers compared with current approaches in primary care for children aged 5 years and under: a method comparison study. Health Technol Assess 2021; 24:1-28. [PMID: 33111663 DOI: 10.3310/hta24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current options for temperature measurement in children presenting to primary care include either electronic axillary or infrared tympanic thermometers. Non-contact infrared thermometers could reduce both the distress of the child and the risk of cross-infection. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the use of non-contact thermometers with the use of electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers in children presenting to primary care. DESIGN Method comparison study with a nested qualitative study. SETTING Primary care in Oxfordshire. PARTICIPANTS Children aged ≤ 5 years attending with an acute illness. INTERVENTIONS Two types of non-contact infrared thermometers [i.e. Thermofocus (Tecnimed, Varese, Italy) and Firhealth (Firhealth, Shenzhen, China)] were compared with an electronic axillary thermometer and an infrared tympanic thermometer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was agreement between the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer and the axillary thermometer. Secondary outcomes included agreement between all other sets of thermometers, diagnostic accuracy for detecting fever, parental and child ratings of acceptability and discomfort, and themes arising from our qualitative interviews with parents. RESULTS A total of 401 children (203 boys) were recruited, with a median age of 1.6 years (interquartile range 0.79-3.38 years). The readings of the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer differed from those of the axillary thermometer by -0.14 °C (95% confidence interval -0.21 to -0.06 °C) on average with the lower limit of agreement being -1.57 °C (95% confidence interval -1.69 to -1.44 °C) and the upper limit being 1.29 °C (95% confidence interval 1.16 to 1.42 °C). The readings of the Firhealth non-contact infrared thermometer differed from those of the axillary thermometer by -0.16 °C (95% confidence interval -0.23 to -0.09 °C) on average, with the lower limit of agreement being -1.54 °C (95% confidence interval -1.66 to -1.41 °C) and the upper limit being 1.22 °C (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.34 °C). The difference between the first and second readings of the Thermofocus was -0.04 °C (95% confidence interval -0.07 to -0.01 °C); the lower limit was -0.56 °C (95% confidence interval -0.60 to -0.51 °C) and the upper limit was 0.47 °C (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.52 °C). The difference between the first and second readings of the Firhealth thermometer was 0.01 °C (95% confidence interval -0.02 to 0.04 °C); the lower limit was -0.60 °C (95% confidence interval -0.65 to -0.54 °C) and the upper limit was 0.61 °C (95% confidence interval 0.56 to 0.67 °C). Sensitivity and specificity for the Thermofocus non-contact infrared thermometer were 66.7% (95% confidence interval 38.4% to 88.2%) and 98.0% (95% confidence interval 96.0% to 99.2%), respectively. For the Firhealth non-contact infrared thermometer, sensitivity was 12.5% (95% confidence interval 1.6% to 38.3%) and specificity was 99.4% (95% confidence interval 98.0% to 99.9%). The majority of parents found all methods to be acceptable, although discomfort ratings were highest for the axillary thermometer. The non-contact thermometers required fewer readings than the comparator thermometers. LIMITATIONS A method comparison study does not compare new methods against a reference standard, which in this case would be central thermometry requiring the placement of a central line, which is not feasible or acceptable in primary care. Electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers have been found to have moderate agreement themselves with central temperature measurements. CONCLUSIONS The 95% limits of agreement are > 1 °C for both non-contact infrared thermometers compared with electronic axillary and infrared tympanic thermometers, which could affect clinical decision-making. Sensitivity for fever was low to moderate for both non-contact thermometers. FUTURE WORK Better methods for peripheral temperature measurement that agree well with central thermometry are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15413321. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 53. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van den Bruel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Academic Centre for Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Verbakel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Academic Centre for Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kay Wang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susannah Fleming
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gea Holtman
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Margaret Glogowska
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Morris
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fatene Abakar Ismail
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Curtis
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Goetz
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grace Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralitsa Slivkova
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Nesbitt
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suhail Aslam
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ealish Swift
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harriet Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Duan K, Ma L, Yi Y, Ren W. Tunable diode laser-based two-line thermometry: a noncontact thermometer for active body temperature measurement. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:7036-7042. [PMID: 34613187 DOI: 10.1364/ao.430886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A precise and fast optical thermometer based on a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy is developed for breath diagnostics with relevance to noncontact body temperature measurement. As water vapor (H2O) is the major component in human breath, two optimal absorption lines of H2O at 1392 nm and 1371 nm are selected for sensitive body temperature measurement by systematically investigating the near-infrared spectral database. The optical thermometer is developed using two distributed feedback diode lasers with the time-division multiplexing technique to achieve real-time measurement. The sensor performance such as accuracy, repeatability, and time response is tested in a custom-designed gas cell with its temperature controlled in the range of 20°C-50°C. By measuring the test air with different water concentrations, the sensor consistently shows a quadratic response to temperature with an R-squared value of 0.9998. Under the readout rate of 1 s, the sensor achieves a measurement precision of 0.16°C, suggesting its potential applications to fast, accurate, and noncontact body temperature measurements.
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16
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Hussain AS, Hussain HS, Betcher N, Behm R, Cagir B. Proper use of noncontact infrared thermometry for temperature screening during COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11832. [PMID: 34088919 PMCID: PMC8178358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the myriad of challenges healthcare institutions face in dealing with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), screening for the detection of febrile persons entering facilities remains problematic, particularly when paired with CDC and WHO spatial distancing guidance. Aggressive source control measures during the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to re-purposed use of noncontact infrared thermometry (NCIT) for temperature screening. This study was commissioned to establish the efficacy of this technology for temperature screening by healthcare facilities. We conducted a prospective, observational, single-center study in a level II trauma center at the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak to assess (i) method agreement between NCIT and temporal artery reference temperature, (ii) diagnostic accuracy of NCIT in detecting referent temperature \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge 100.0\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}≥100.0∘F and ensuing test sensitivity and specificity and (iii) technical limitations of this technology. Of 51 healthy, non-febrile, healthcare workers surveyed, the mean temporal artery temperature was \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$95\%$$\end{document}95% confidence interval (CI) = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$[98.2,98.6]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}[98.2,98.6]∘F). Mean NCIT temperatures measured from \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(95\%\ {\text {CI}}=[91.8\ 92.67]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}})$$\end{document}(95%CI=[91.892.67]∘F), \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$91.3\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}91.3∘F\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(95\%\ {\text {CI}}=[90.8\ 91.8]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}})$$\end{document}(95%CI=[90.891.8]∘F), and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(95\%\ {\text {CI}}=[89.2 \ 90.1]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}})$$\end{document}(95%CI=[89.290.1]∘F), respectively. From statistical analysis, the only method in sufficient agreement with the reference standard was NCIT at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$95\%\ {\text {CI}}=[-6.56,-5.74]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}95%CI=[-6.56,-5.74]∘F) with 95% of measurement differences within \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$95\%\ {\text {CI}}=[-9.69,-8.29]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}95%CI=[-9.69,-8.29]∘F) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$95\%\ {\text {CI}}= [-4.00,-2.61]\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}95%CI=[-4.00,-2.61]∘F). By setting the NCIT screening threshold to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$93.5\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}93.5∘F at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge 100.0\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}≥100.0∘F by reference standard. In comparison, reducing this screening criterion to the lower limit of the device-specific offset, such as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$91.1\,^{\circ }{\mathrm{F}}$$\end{document}91.1∘F, produces a highly sensitive screening test at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$98.2\%$$\end{document}98.2%, which may be favorable in high-risk pandemic disease. For future consideration, an infrared device with a higher distance-to-spot size ratio approaching 50:1 would theoretically produce similar results at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${6}\,{\mathrm{ft}}$$\end{document}6ft, in accordance with CDC and WHO spatial distancing guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber S Hussain
- Department of General Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, 1 Guthrie Square, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA.
| | | | | | - Robert Behm
- Department of General Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, 1 Guthrie Square, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA
| | - Burt Cagir
- Department of General Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, 1 Guthrie Square, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA
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Green R, Webb D, Jeena PM, Wells M, Butt N, Hangoma JM, Moodley R(S, Maimin J, Wibbelink M, Mustafa F. Management of acute fever in children: Consensus recommendations for community and primary healthcare providers in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J Emerg Med 2021; 11:283-296. [PMID: 33912381 PMCID: PMC8063696 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is one of the most common reasons for unwell children presenting to pharmacists and primary healthcare practitioners. Currently there are no guidelines for assessment and management of fever specifically for community and primary healthcare workers in the sub-Saharan Africa region. This multidisciplinary consensus guide was developed to assist pharmacists and primary healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa to risk stratify and manage children who present with fever, decide when to refer, and how to advise parents and caregivers. Fever is defined as body temperature ≥ 37.5 °C and is a normal physiological response to illness that facilitates and accelerates recovery. Although it is often associated with self-limiting illness, it causes significant concern to both parents and attending healthcare workers. Clinical signs may be used by pharmacy staff and primary healthcare workers to determine level of distress and to distinguish between a child with fever who is at high risk of serious illness and who requires specific treatment, hospitalisation or specialist care, and those at low risk who could be managed conservatively at home. In children with warning signs, serious causes of fever that may need to be excluded include infections (including malaria), non-infective inflammatory conditions and malignancy. Simple febrile convulsions are not in themselves harmful, and are not necessarily indicative of serious infection. In the absence of illness requiring specific treatment, relief from distress is the primary indication for prescribing pharmacotherapy, and antipyretics should not be administered with the sole intention of reducing body temperature. Care must be taken not to overdose medications and clear instructions should be given to parents/caregivers on managing the child at home and when to seek further medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Green
- Department Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David Webb
- Houghton House Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prakash Mohan Jeena
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mike Wells
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Jackie Maimin
- South African Pharmacy Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Fatima Mustafa
- Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Pecoraro V, Petri D, Costantino G, Squizzato A, Moja L, Virgili G, Lucenteforte E. The diagnostic accuracy of digital, infrared and mercury-in-glass thermometers in measuring body temperature: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:1071-1083. [PMID: 33237494 PMCID: PMC7686821 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Not much is known about how accurate and reproducible different thermometers are at diagnosing patients with suspected fever. The study aims at evaluating which peripheral thermometers are more accurate and reproducible. We searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, WOS, CENTRAL, and Cinahl to perform: (1) diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis (MA) using rectal mercury-in-glass or digital thermometry as reference, and bivariate models for pooling; (2) network MA to estimate differences in mean temperature between devices; (3) Bland-Altman method to estimate 95% coefficient of reproducibility. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020174996. We included 46 studies enrolling more than 12,000 patients. Using 38 °C (100.4 ℉) as cut-off temperature, temporal infrared thermometry had a sensitivity of 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.65, 0.84; low certainty) and specificity of 0.96 (0.92, 0.98; moderate certainty); tympanic infrared thermometry had a sensitivity of 0.77 (0.60, 0.88; low certainty) and specificity of 0.98 (0.95, 0.99; moderate certainty). For all the other index devices, it was not possible to pool the estimates. Compared to the rectal mercury-in-glass thermometer, mean temperature differences were not statistically different from zero for temporal or tympanic infrared thermometry; the median coefficient of reproducibility ranged between 0.53 °C [0.95 ℉] for infrared temporal and 1.2 °C [2.16 ℉] for axillary digital thermometry. Several peripheral thermometers proved specific, but not sensitive for diagnosing fever with rectal thermometry as a reference standard, meaning that finding a temperature below 38 °C does not rule out fever. Fixed differences between temperatures together with random error means facing differences between measurements in the order of 2 °C [4.5 ℉]. This study informs practitioners of the limitations associated with different thermometers; peripheral ones are specific but not sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pecoraro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, AUSL Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Petri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso e Medicina D'Urgenza, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Moja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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19
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Design and Development of a Low Cost, Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer with Range Compensation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113817. [PMID: 34073031 PMCID: PMC8198193 DOI: 10.3390/s21113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of many infections, e.g., in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, keeping monitoring devices such as thermometers in constant demand. Recent technological advancements have made infrared (IR) thermometers the choice for contactless screening of multiple individuals. Yet, even so, the measurement accuracy of such thermometers is affected by many factors including the distance from the volunteers’ forehead, impurities (such as sweat), and the location measured on the volunteers’ forehead. To overcome these factors, we describe the assembly of an Arduino-based digital IR thermometer with distance correction using the MLX90614 IR thermometer and HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors. Coupled with some analysis of these factors, we also found ways to programme compensation methods for the final assembled digital IR thermometer to provide more accurate readings and measurements.
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20
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Chen Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Lin H, Zhu X, Wang Y. Use of non-contact infrared thermometers in rehabilitation patients: a randomized controlled study. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520984617. [PMID: 33472462 PMCID: PMC7829519 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520984617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to determine whether
non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are more time-efficient and create
less patient distress than mercury axillary thermometers (MATs) and infrared
tympanic thermometers (ITTs). Methods Forty-five rehabilitation inpatients were randomly assigned to one of three
groups (NCIT, MAT, and ITT). Time required to measure body temperature with
an NCIT, MAT, and ITT was recorded. We examined associations between time
required to take patients’ temperature and measuring device used. Patient
distress experienced during temperature measurement using the three
thermometers was recorded. Results A significantly longer average time was required to measure temperatures
using the MAT (mean 43.17, standard deviation [SD] 8.39) than the ITT (mean
13.74, SD 1.63) and NCIT (mean 12.13, SD 1.18). The thermometer used
influenced the time required to measure body temperature (t = 33.99). There
were significant differences among groups (NCIT vs. ITT, NCIT vs. MAT, and
ITT vs. MAT) regarding patient distress among the different thermometers.
Most distress arose owing to needing help from others, sleep disruption, and
boredom. Conclusion The NCIT has clinically relevant advantages over the ITT and MAT in measuring
body temperature among rehabilitation patients, including saving nurses’
time and avoiding unnecessary patient distress. Clinical trial registration number (http://www.chictr.org.cn): ChiCTR1800019756.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Neurorehabilitation Centre, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai/Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University (Preparatory), No. 349 Hangzhou Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Neurorehabilitation Centre, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai/Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University (Preparatory), No. 349 Hangzhou Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- Neurorehabilitation Centre, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai/Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University (Preparatory), No. 349 Hangzhou Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Zhu
- Neurorehabilitation Centre, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai/Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University (Preparatory), No. 349 Hangzhou Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Neurorehabilitation Centre, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai/Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University (Preparatory), No. 349 Hangzhou Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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21
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Ebeid AG, Selem E, Abd El-kader SM. Early Detection of COVID-19 Using a Non-contact Forehead Thermometer. ADVANCES IN INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND COMPUTING 2021:314-323. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58669-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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22
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Aggarwal N, Garg M, Dwarakanathan V, Gautam N, Kumar SS, Jadon RS, Gupta M, Ray A. Diagnostic accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal scanners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5920642. [PMID: 33043363 PMCID: PMC7665626 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermal screening, via the use of handheld non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) and thermal scanners, has been widely implemented all over the world. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate its diagnostic accuracy for the detection of fever. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, medRxiv, bioRxiv, ClinicalTrials.gov, COVID-19 Open Research Dataset, COVID-19 research database, Epistemonikos, EPPI-Centre, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies where a non-contact infrared device was used to detect fever against a reference standard of conventional thermometers. Forest plots and Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Characteristics curves were used to describe the pooled summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio. From a total of 1063 results, 30 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, of which 19 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.808 (95%CI 0.656-0.903) and 0.920 (95%CI 0.769-0.975), respectively, for the NCITs (using forehead as the site of measurement), and 0.818 (95%CI 0.758-0.866) and 0.923 (95%CI 0.823-0.969), respectively, for thermal scanners. The sensitivity of NCITs increased on use of rectal temperature as the reference. The sensitivity of thermal scanners decreased in a disease outbreak/pandemic setting. Changes approaching statistical significance were also observed on the exclusion of neonates from the analysis. Thermal screening had a low positive predictive value, especially at the initial stage of an outbreak, whereas the negative predictive value (NPV) continued to be high even at later stages. Thermal screening has reasonable diagnostic accuracy in the detection of fever, although it may vary with changes in subject characteristics, setting, index test and the reference standard used. Thermal screening has a good NPV even during a pandemic. The policymakers must take into consideration the factors surrounding the screening strategy while forming ad-hoc guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mohil Garg
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vignesh Dwarakanathan
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Nitesh Gautam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Swasthi S Kumar
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ranveer Singh Jadon
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mohak Gupta
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Animesh Ray
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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23
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Hashikawa AN, Sells JM, DeJonge PM, Alkon A, Martin ET, Shope TR. Child Care in the Time of Coronavirus Disease-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. J Pediatr 2020; 225:239-245. [PMID: 32687914 PMCID: PMC7366077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Hashikawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Emergency Services, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Jill M Sells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter M DeJonge
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Abbey Alkon
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Timothy R Shope
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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24
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Zhou Y, Ghassemi P, Chen M, McBride D, Casamento JP, Pfefer TJ, Wang Q. Clinical evaluation of fever-screening thermography: impact of consensus guidelines and facial measurement location. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200193R. [PMID: 32921005 PMCID: PMC7486803 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Infrared thermographs (IRTs) have been used for fever screening during infectious disease epidemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus disease, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although IRTs have significant potential for human body temperature measurement, the literature indicates inconsistent diagnostic performance, possibly due to wide variations in implemented methodology. A standardized method for IRT fever screening was recently published, but there is a lack of clinical data demonstrating its impact on IRT performance. AIM Perform a clinical study to assess the diagnostic effectiveness of standardized IRT-based fever screening and evaluate the effect of facial measurement location. APPROACH We performed a clinical study of 596 subjects. Temperatures from 17 facial locations were extracted from thermal images and compared with oral thermometry. Statistical analyses included calculation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) values for detection of febrile subjects. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients for IRT-based and reference (oral) temperatures were found to vary strongly with measurement location. Approaches based on maximum temperatures in either inner canthi or full-face regions indicated stronger discrimination ability than maximum forehead temperature (AUC values of 0.95 to 0.97 versus 0.86 to 0.87, respectively) and other specific facial locations. These values are markedly better than the vast majority of results found in prior human studies of IRT-based fever screening. CONCLUSION Our findings provide clinical confirmation of the utility of consensus approaches for fever screening, including the use of inner canthi temperatures, while also indicating that full-face maximum temperatures may provide an effective alternate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangling Zhou
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- University of Maryland, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States
| | - Pejman Ghassemi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - David McBride
- University of Maryland, University Health Center, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Jon P. Casamento
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Quanzeng Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Quanzeng Wang, E-mail:
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25
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Chen HY, Chen A, Chen C. Investigation of the Impact of Infrared Sensors on Core Body Temperature Monitoring by Comparing Measurement Sites. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102885. [PMID: 32438729 PMCID: PMC7284737 DOI: 10.3390/s20102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many types of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Infrared thermometers (IRT) are fast, convenient and ease to use. Two types of infrared thermometers are uses to measure body temperature: tympanic and forehead. With the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus, forehead temperature measurement is used widely to screen people for the illness. The performance of this type of device and the criteria for screening are worth studying. This study evaluated the performance of two types of tympanic infrared thermometers and an industrial infrared thermometer. The results showed that these infrared thermometers provide good precision. A fixed offset between tympanic and forehead temperature were found. The measurement values for wrist temperature show significant offsets with the tympanic temperature and cannot be used to screen fevers. The standard operating procedure (SOP) for the measurement of body temperature using an infrared thermometer was proposed. The suggestion threshold for the forehead temperature is 36 °C for screening of fever. The body temperature of a person who is possibly ill is then measured using a tympanic infrared thermometer for the purpose of a double check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Andrew Chen
- Africa Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chiachung Chen
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National ChungHsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22857562
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26
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Non-contact infrared versus axillary and tympanic thermometers in children attending primary care: a mixed-methods study of accuracy and acceptability. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e236-e244. [PMID: 32205332 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20x708845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend measuring temperature in children presenting with fever using electronic axillary or tympanic thermometers. Non-contact thermometry offers advantages, yet has not been tested against recommended methods in primary care. AIM To compare two different non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) to axillary and tympanic thermometers in children aged ≤5 years visiting their GP with an acute illness. DESIGN AND SETTING Method comparison study with nested qualitative component. METHOD Temperature measurements were taken with electronic axillary (Welch Allyn SureTemp®), electronic tympanic (Braun Thermoscan®), NCIT Thermofocus® 0800, and NCIT Firhealth Forehead. Parents rated acceptability and discomfort. Qualitative interviews explored parents' experiences of the thermometers. RESULTS In total, 401 children were recruited (median age 1.6 years, 50.62% male). Mean difference between the Thermofocus NCIT and axillary thermometer was -0.14°C (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.21 to -0.06°C); lower limit of agreement was -1.57°C (95% CI = -1.69 to -1.44°C) and upper limit 1.29°C (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.42°C). A second NCIT (Firhealth) had similar levels of agreement; however, the limits of agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers were also wide. Parents expressed a preference for the practicality and comfort of NCITs, and were mostly negative about their child's experience of axillary thermometers. But there was willingness to adopt whichever device was medically recommended. CONCLUSION In a primary care paediatric population, temperature measurements with NCITs varied by >1°C compared with axillary and tympanic approaches. But there was also poor agreement between tympanic and axillary thermometers. Since clinical guidelines often rely on specific fever thresholds, clinicians should interpret peripheral thermometer readings with caution and in the context of a holistic assessment of the child.
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27
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Selem E, Abd El-kader SM. Role of the Accurate Detection of Core Body Temperature in the Early Detection of Coronavirus. STUDIES IN BIG DATA 2020:227-243. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55258-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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28
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Kahng E, Brundage C. Comparing alternatives to canine rectal thermometry at the axillary, auricular and ocular locations. Open Vet J 2020; 9:301-308. [PMID: 32042649 PMCID: PMC6971358 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Body temperature is an important component in the diagnosis and treatment of disease in canines. The rectal temperature remains the standard of obtaining temperature within the clinical setting, but there are many drawbacks with this method, including time, access, animal stress, and safety concerns. Interest in using infrared thermometry in canines to obtain body temperature has grown as animal scientists and veterinarians search for non-invasive and non-contact methods and locations of obtaining canine temperatures. Here, we review evidence on axillary, auricular, and ocular region canine thermometry and the degree to which measurements in these locations are representative of rectal temperature values. Instrumentation refinement and development, as well as morphologic differences, play an important role in the potential correlation between the rectal temperature and these other locations. These caveats have yet to be fully addressed in the literature, limiting the options for those seeking alternatives to rectal thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kahng
- California Polytechnic University of Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Cord Brundage
- California Polytechnic University of Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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29
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Ingestible sensors correlate closely with peripheral temperature measurements in febrile patients. J Infect 2019; 80:161-166. [PMID: 31734342 PMCID: PMC7112658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Reliable non-invasive methods for measuring body temperature are essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious disease. METHODS This study used Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and the Bland- Altman plot to analyse the agreement between temperature measurements using an ingestible capsule sensor, a skin sensor and two non-invasive peripheral temperature measurements (axillary and infrared non-contact), collected from a population of febrile patient admitted for infectious disease. RESULTS Of the 77 febrile patients screened, 26 patients were enrolled. The ICC between axillary temperature measurements (Taxi) vs. non-contact measurements (Tno-c) were 0.34 [-0.18; 0.63], 0.87 [0.55; 0.94] between Taxi vs. ingestible capsule measurements (Tcap) and 0.12 [-0.09; 0.37] between Taxi vs. Tetac. The mean difference between Taxi vs Tno-c was -1.18 °C with limits of agreement (LoA) from -2.96 to 0.58 °C. The mean difference between Taxi vs Tcap was 0.48 °C, with LoA from -0.60 to 1.56 °C. The mean difference between Taxi vs Tetac was -4.23 °C with LoA from -7.22 to -1.23 °C. CONCLUSIONS Ingestible capsule measurements are reliable enough to adequately estimate the core body temperature in clinical practice. Its non-invasiveness, and the real-time remote control offer new opportunities for future research into fever during infectious diseases.
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30
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Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Almpani E, Stefanopoulos N. Temporal Artery Thermometry in Pediatric Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 46:89-99. [PMID: 30865876 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Non-invasive thermometry methods have been used as substitutes for intra-corporeal ones in order to decrease patient discomfort and risk for complications, yet the evaluation of their performance is necessary. Our aim was to synthesize the evidence on the accuracy and precision of temporal artery (TA) thermometry, as well as on its sensitivity and specificity for fever detection. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This systematic review and meta-analysis included method-comparison studies, which compared TA temperature measurements with invasive thermometry ones, were published between 2000 and 2018, and were conducted on patients aged <18 years. SAMPLE Thirty articles were selected for inclusion in the final analysis after screening those identified by searches in CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Scopus. RESULTS Quantitative synthesis indicated that pooled mean TA temperature was lower than core temperature by 0.01 °C (95% limits of agreement, -0.06 °C to 0.03 °C). Average summary sensitivity and specificity for fever detection were 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.79) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.93) respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated a trend toward larger temperature underestimation in febrile patients and in ages ≤4 years. CONCLUSIONS Despite its satisfactory accuracy, precision and specificity, TA thermometry has low sensitivity when used in pediatric patients, which does not allow satisfactory fever detection. IMPLICATIONS TA thermometry cannot be recommended for replacing rectal temperature measurement methods in children, due to its high proportion of false negative readings during screening for fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kiekkas
- Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece.
| | - Diamanto Aretha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Almpani
- Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Stefanopoulos
- Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece
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31
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Evaluation of Noninvasive Thermometers in an Endoscopy Setting. Gastroenterol Nurs 2019; 42:123-131. [PMID: 30946299 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of body temperature is an important aspect of assessment prior to invasive procedures. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of agreement between temporal artery, noncontact infrared, and disposable oral electronic thermometers to a clinical reference device (nondisposable oral electronic thermometer) in outpatients prior to an endoscopic procedure. A descriptive, method-comparison study design was used to compare 3 noninvasive thermometers with a clinical reference device. Four noninvasive temperatures were measured with 3 test devices (temporal artery with ear tap; temporal artery without ear tap; disposable oral electronic; and noncontact infrared), followed by measurement with the clinical reference device (nondisposable, oral electronic). Differences (bias) and limits of agreement (±1.96 SD) were calculated for the test devices and graphed using Bland-Altman method. Clinically acceptable levels of agreement were set at a bias of 0.54 °F or less and precision of 0.90 °F or less. A total of 25 endoscopy patients (N = 14 female; N = 11 male) were studied, with temperatures ranging from 97.5 to 98.9, averaging 98.1 ± 0.3 °F. All thermometers, with the exception of the noncontact infrared (0.66 °F), had acceptable ranges for use in clinical practices. Findings from this study support the use of both temporal artery and disposable oral electronic thermometers in afebrile outpatients but not the noncontact infrared thermometer.
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32
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Ataş Berksoy E, Bağ Ö, Yazici S, Çelik T. Use of noncontact infrared thermography to measure temperature in children in a triage room. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9737. [PMID: 29384856 PMCID: PMC5805428 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the accuracy and utility of 3 infrared (IFR) thermographs fitted with axillary digital thermometers used to measure temperature in febrile and afebrile children admitted to an emergency triage room.A total of 184 febrile and 135 afebrile children presenting to a triage room were consecutively evaluated. Axillary temperature was recorded using a digital electronic thermometer. Simultaneously, IFR skin scans were performed on the forehead, the neck (over the carotid artery), and the nape by the same nurse. Fever was defined as an axillary temperature ≥37.5°C. The temperature readings at the 4 sites were compared.For all subjects, the median axillary temperature was 37.7 ± 1.5°C, the IFR forehead temperature was 37 ± 1.1°C, the IFR neck temperature was 37.6 ± 1.5°C, and the IFR nape temperature was 37 ± 1.2°C. A Bland-Altman plot of the differences suggested that all agreements between IFR and axillary measures were poor (the latter measure was considered the standard). The forehead measurements had a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 60% in patients with temperatures ≥36.75°C. The sensitivities of the neck measurement at cut-offs of ≥37.35°C and ≥36.95 were 95.5% and 78.8% for those aged 2 to 6 years. Thus, 11.4% of febrile subjects were missed when forehead measurements were performed.An IFR scan over the lateral side of neck is a reliable, comfortable, rapid, and noninvasive method for fever screening, particularly in children aged 2 to 6 years, in busy settings such as pediatric triage rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Ataş Berksoy
- University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Clinic, İzmir
| | - Özlem Bağ
- Pediatric Clinic, Dr Behçet Uz Children Hospital, İzmir
| | - Selçuk Yazici
- Department of Pediatrics, Balikesir University Medical Faculty, Balikesir. Turkey
| | - Tanju Çelik
- Pediatric Clinic, Dr Behçet Uz Children Hospital, İzmir
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Barbi E, Marzuillo P, Neri E, Naviglio S, Krauss BS. Fever in Children: Pearls and Pitfalls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 4:E81. [PMID: 28862659 PMCID: PMC5615271 DOI: 10.3390/children4090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever in children is a common concern for parents and one of the most frequent presenting complaints in emergency department visits, often involving non-pediatric emergency physicians. Although the incidence of serious infections has decreased after the introduction of conjugate vaccines, fever remains a major cause of laboratory investigation and hospital admissions. Furthermore, antipyretics are the most common medications administered to children. We review the epidemiology and measurement of fever, the meaning of fever and associated clinical signs in children of different ages and under special conditions, including fever in children with cognitive impairment, recurrent fevers, and fever of unknown origin. While the majority of febrile children have mild, self-resolving viral illness, a minority may be at risk of life-threatening infections. Clinical assessment differs markedly from adult patients. Hands-off evaluation is paramount for a correct evaluation of breathing, circulation and level of interaction. Laboratory markers and clinical prediction rules provide limited help in identifying children at risk for serious infections; however, clinical examination, prudent utilization of laboratory tests, and post-discharge guidance ("safety netting") remain the cornerstone of safe management of febrile children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Marzuillo
- Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elena Neri
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Samuele Naviglio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Baruch S Krauss
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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Correlation of Handheld Infrared Skin Thermometer and Infrared Videothermography Device for Measurement of Corneal Temperature. Eye Contact Lens 2017. [PMID: 26219077 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of handheld infrared skin thermometer and videothermography device for the measurement of corneal temperature. METHODS Forty healthy individuals (80 eyes) were enrolled to the study. Participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination and medical history review for excluding any ocular and systemic diseases. The measurements of the central corneal temperature were performed in a room having constant temperature, humidity, and brightness levels. To avoid any variability, all the temperature measurements were performed in the same examination room by a single examiner. The temperature was measured with a handheld infrared skin thermometer (MEDISANA, FTN) from the corneal surface. The same instrument was also used to measure the subjects' body temperature. Moreover, the subjects underwent the corneal temperature measurement by a noncontact videothermography device (Optris PI 450; Optris GmbH). RESULTS The male to female ratio was 19:21 among the subjects. The mean age was 25.1±4.7 years. The mean body temperature was 36.93±0.33°C. The mean corneal temperatures measured by the handheld infrared skin thermometer and the ocular videothermography device were 36.94±0.28°C and 35.61±0.61°C, respectively (P<0.01). The mean temperature difference was 1.34±0.57°C, with a 95% confidence interval. There was a moderate correlation between the corneal temperatures measured by the 2 devices in the right, the left eyes, and both eyes, respectively (P=0.450, 0.539, 0.490). CONCLUSIONS Handheld infrared skin thermometers can be used for the evaluation of the corneal temperature. These devices may provide a simple, practical, and cheaper way to detect the corneal temperature, and the widely performed corneal temperature measurements may afford us to understand the temperature variability in numerous ocular conditions in a better way.
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Chiappini E, Venturini E, Remaschi G, Principi N, Longhi R, Tovo PA, Becherucci P, Bonsignori F, Esposito S, Festini F, Galli L, Lucchesi B, Mugelli A, Marseglia GL, de Martino M. 2016 Update of the Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines for Management of Fever in Children. J Pediatr 2017; 180:177-183.e1. [PMID: 27810155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review new scientific evidence to update the Italian guidelines for managing fever in children as drafted by the panel of the Italian Pediatric Society. STUDY DESIGN Relevant publications in English and Italian were identified through search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from May 2012 to November 2015. RESULTS Previous recommendations are substantially reaffirmed. Antipyretics should be administered with the purpose to control the child's discomfort. Antipyretics should be administered orally; rectal administration is discouraged except in the setting of vomiting. Combined use of paracetamol and ibuprofen is discouraged, considering risk and benefit. Antipyretics are not recommended preemptively to reduce the incidence of fever and local reactions in children undergoing vaccination, or in attempt to prevent febrile convulsions in children. Ibuprofen and paracetamol are not contraindicated in children who are febrile with asthma, with the exception of known cases of paracetamol- or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced asthma. CONCLUSIONS Recent medical literature leads to reaffirmation of previous recommendations for use of antipyretics in children who are febrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Venturini
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Remaschi
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Longhi
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pier-Angelo Tovo
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Becherucci
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonsignori
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Festini
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Bice Lucchesi
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mugelli
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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- Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Infrared skin thermometry: an underutilized cost-effective tool for routine wound care practice and patient high-risk diabetic foot self-monitoring. Adv Skin Wound Care 2016; 28:37-44; quiz 45-6. [PMID: 25502975 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000458991.58947.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide information about the use of infrared skin thermometry for routine wound care practice and patient high-risk diabetic foot self-monitoring. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES After participating in this educational activity, the participant will be able to:1. Describe infrared thermometer use and the authors' study findings.2. Summarize studies that have evaluated the use of infrared thermometers for measuring skin temperature of the diabetic foot. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to provide practitioners with an overview of infrared skin thermometry for everyday wound care practice. Thermometers have the potential for home use by patients with neuropathy to self-detect damage from repetitive trauma that will increase the risk of foot ulceration.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of temporal artery thermometers (TAT). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. The index test consisted of temperature measurement with TAT. The reference test consisted of an estimation of core temperature. PARTICIPANTS Clinical patients as well as healthy participants, with or without fever. INTERVENTIONS Literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and Web of Science. Three reviewers selected articles for full-text reading after which a further selection was made. Risk of bias was assessed with QUADAS-2. Pooled difference and limits of agreement (LoA) were estimated with an inverse variance weighted approach. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated using hierarchical models. Quality of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE system. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was measurement accuracy expressed as mean difference ± 95% LoA. A secondary outcome was sensitivity and specificity to detect fever. If tympanic thermometers were assessed in the same population as TAT, these results were recorded as well. RESULTS 37 articles comprising 5026 participants were selected. Pooled difference was -0.19 °C (95% LoA -1.16 to 0.77 °C), with moderate quality of evidence. Pooled sensitivity was 0.72 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.81) with a specificity of 0.94 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.97). The subgroup analysis revealed a trend towards underestimation of the temperature for febrile patients. There was a large heterogeneity among included studies with wide LoA which reduced the quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS TAT is not sufficiently accurate to replace one of the reference methods such as rectal, bladder or more invasive temperature measurement methods. The results are, however, similar to those with tympanic thermometers, both in our meta-analysis and when compared with others. Thus, it seems that TAT could replace tympanic thermometers with the caveat that both methods are inaccurate. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014008832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Geijer
- Centre for Assessment of Medical Technology in Örebro, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ruzan Udumyan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Georg Lohse
- Centre for Assessment of Medical Technology in Örebro, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
- Örebro Rehab Center, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ylva Nilsagård
- Centre for Assessment of Medical Technology in Örebro, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Sollai S, Dani C, Berti E, Fancelli C, Galli L, de Martino M, Chiappini E. Performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer in healthy newborns. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e008695. [PMID: 26983944 PMCID: PMC4800130 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) in comparison with digital axillary thermometer (DAT) and infrared tympanic thermometers (ITT) in a population of healthy at term and preterm newborns nursed in incubators. SETTING 1 level III maternity hospital, and its intensive neonatal care unit. PARTICIPANTS 119 healthy at term newborns and 70 preterm newborns nursed in incubators were consecutively enrolled. Exclusion criteria were unstable/critical conditions, polymalformative congenital syndromes and severe congenital syndromes. INTERVENTIONS Body temperature readings were prospectively collected. Each participant underwent bilateral axillary temperature measurement with DAT, bilateral tympanic measurement with ITT and mid-forehead temperature measurements using NCIT. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Degree of agreement between methods was evaluated by the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS 714 measurements in 119 healthy at term newborns and 420 measurements in 70 preterm newborns nursed in incubators were performed. Clinical reproducibility of NCIT was 0.0455 °C for infants in incubators and 0.0861 °C for infants outside an incubator. Bias was 0.029 °C for infants in incubators and <0.0001 °C for infants outside an incubator. Zero outliers were recorded. The mean difference between methods was good both for newborns at term (0.12 °C for NCIT vs DAT and 0.02 °C for NCIT vs ITT) and preterm newborns in incubators (0.10 °C for NCIT vs DAT and 0.14 °C for NCIT vs ITT). Limits of agreement were 0.99 to -0.75 and 0.78 to -0.75 in at term newborns and were particularly satisfactory in preterm newborns in incubators (95% CI: 0.48 to -0.27 and 0.68 to -0.40). CONCLUSIONS Our results with Bland and Altman analysis demonstrate that NCIT is a very promising tool, especially in preterm newborns nursed in incubators. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was approved by the Careggi University Hospital Ethics Committee (07/2011).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sollai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Dani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elettra Berti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fancelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, Mrklas KJ, Roberts DJ, Stelfox HT. Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:768-77. [PMID: 26571241 DOI: 10.7326/m15-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body temperature is commonly used to screen patients for infectious diseases, establish diagnoses, monitor therapy, and guide management decisions. PURPOSE To determine the accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating core body temperature in adults and children. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Plus from inception to July 2015. STUDY SELECTION Prospective studies comparing the accuracy of peripheral (tympanic membrane, temporal artery, axillary, or oral) thermometers with central (pulmonary artery catheter, urinary bladder, esophageal, or rectal) thermometers. DATA EXTRACTION 2 reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes and assessed the quality of individual studies. DATA SYNTHESIS 75 studies (8682 patients) were included. Most studies were at high or unclear risk of patient selection bias (74%) or index test bias (67%). Compared with central thermometers, peripheral thermometers had pooled 95% limits of agreement (random-effects meta-analysis) outside the predefined clinically acceptable range (± 0.5 °C), especially among patients with fever (-1.44 °C to 1.46 °C for adults; -1.49 °C to 0.43 °C for children) and hypothermia (-2.07 °C to 1.90 °C for adults; no data for children). For detection of fever (bivariate random-effects meta-analysis), sensitivity was low (64% [95% CI, 55% to 72%]; I2 = 95.7%; P < 0.001) but specificity was high (96% [CI, 93% to 97%]; I2 = 96.3%; P < 0.001). Only 1 study reported sensitivity and specificity for the detection of hypothermia. LIMITATIONS High-quality data for some temperature measurement techniques are limited. Pooled data are associated with interstudy heterogeneity that is not fully explained by stratified and metaregression analyses. CONCLUSION Peripheral thermometers do not have clinically acceptable accuracy and should not be used when accurate measurement of body temperature will influence clinical decisions. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Niven
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan E. Gaudet
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin B. Laupland
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly J. Mrklas
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek J. Roberts
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry Thomas Stelfox
- From Peter Lougheed Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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Silvah JH, Lima CMMD, Unamuno MDRDLD, Schetino MAA, Schetino LPL, Fassini PG, Brandão CFCECM, Basile-Filho A, Cunha SFCD, Marchini JS. Body surface infrared thermometry in patients with central venous cateter-related infections. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2015; 13:364-9. [PMID: 26466058 PMCID: PMC4943780 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate if body surface temperature close to the central venous catheter insertion area is different when patients develop catheter-related bloodstream infections. Methods Observational cross-sectional study. Using a non-contact infrared thermometer, 3 consecutive measurements of body surface temperature were collected from 39 patients with central venous catheter on the following sites: nearby the catheter insertion area or totally implantable catheter reservoir, the equivalent contralateral region (without catheter), and forehead of the same subject. Results A total of 323 observations were collected. Respectively, both in male and female patients, disregarding the occurrence of infection, the mean temperature on the catheter area minus that on the contralateral region (mean ± standard deviation: -0.3±0.6°C versus -0.2±0.5ºC; p=0.36), and the mean temperature on the catheter area minus that on the forehead (mean ± standard deviation: -0.2±0.5°C versus -0.1±0.5ºC; p=0.3) resulted in negative values. Moreover, in infected patients, higher values were obtained on the catheter area (95%CI: 36.6-37.5ºC versus 36.3-36.5ºC; p<0.01) and by temperature subtractions: catheter area minus contralateral region (95%CI: -0.17 - +0.33ºC versus -0.33 - -0.20ºC; p=0.02) and catheter area minus forehead (95%CI: -0.02 - +0.55ºC versus -0.22 - -0.10ºC; p<0.01). Conclusion Using a non-contact infrared thermometer, patients with catheter-related bloodstream infections had higher temperature values both around catheter insertion area and in the subtraction of the temperatures on the contralateral and forehead regions from those on the catheter area.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Henrique Silvah
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Priscila Giácomo Fassini
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anibal Basile-Filho
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Sergio Marchini
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Yap Kannan R, Keresztes K, Hussain S, Coats TJ, Bown MJ. Infrared cameras are potential traceable "fixed points" for future thermometry studies. J Med Eng Technol 2015; 39:485-9. [PMID: 26468981 DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2015.1067728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The National physical laboratory (NPL) requires "fixed points" whose temperatures have been established by the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS 90) be used for device calibration. In practice, "near" blackbody radiators together with the standard platinum resistance thermometer is accepted as a standard. The aim of this study was to report the correlation and limits of agreement (LOA) of the thermal infrared camera and non-contact infrared temporal thermometer against each other and the "near" blackbody radiator. Temperature readings from an infrared thermography camera (FLIR T650sc) and a non-contact infrared temporal thermometer (Hubdic FS-700) were compared to a near blackbody (Hyperion R blackbody model 982) at 0.5 °C increments between 20-40 °C. At each increment, blackbody cavity temperature was confirmed with the platinum resistance thermometer. Measurements were taken initially with the thermal infrared camera followed by the infrared thermometer, with each device mounted in turn on a stand at a fixed distance of 20 cm and 5 cm from the blackbody aperture, respectively. The platinum thermometer under-estimated the blackbody temperature by 0.015 °C (95% LOA: -0.08 °C to 0.05 °C), in contrast to the thermal infrared camera and infrared thermometer which over-estimated the blackbody temperature by 0.16 °C (95% LOA: 0.03 °C to 0.28 °C) and 0.75 °C (95% LOA: -0.30 °C to 1.79 °C), respectively. Infrared thermometer over-estimates thermal infrared camera measurements by 0.6 °C (95% LOA: -0.46 °C to 1.65 °C). In conclusion, the thermal infrared camera is a potential temperature reference "fixed point" that could substitute mercury thermometers. However, further repeatability and reproducibility studies will be required with different models of thermal infrared cameras.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yap Kannan
- a Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Leicester , Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK .,b NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit , Leicester , UK
| | - K Keresztes
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and.,d Space Research Centre, Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK
| | - S Hussain
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and
| | - T J Coats
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and
| | - M J Bown
- a Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Leicester , Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK .,b NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit , Leicester , UK
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Nutt KR, Levy JK, Tucker SJ. Comparison of non-contact infrared thermometry and rectal thermometry in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015. [PMID: 26208866 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15596564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Body temperature is commonly used for assessing health and identifying infectious diseases in cats. Rectal thermometry, the most commonly used method, is stressful, invasive and time consuming. Non-contact infrared thermometry (NIRT) has been used with mixed success to measure temperature in humans and other species. The purpose of this study was to determine if NIRT measurements were comparable to rectal temperature measurements or, if not highly correlated, could at least identify cats in the hypothermic or hyperthermic range in need of further evaluation. METHODS From a total of six NIRT devices and 15 anatomic sites, three devices and three sites (pinna, gingiva and perineum) with the highest correlation to rectal temperature were selected for further study. Measurements were made in 188 adult cats housed indoors at animal shelters, veterinary clinics and private homes across a wide range of body temperatures and compared with rectal temperatures. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis revealed poor agreement between NIRT and rectal thermometry. The mean NIRT measurements ranged from 0.7-1.3°C below the mean rectal measurements, but the effect was not consistent; NIRT measurements tended to exceed rectal measurements in hypothermic cats and fall below rectal measurements in normothermic and hyperthermic cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The accuracy of temperature measurements using NIRT devices is not reliable for clinical use in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Nutt
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvia J Tucker
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kreissl H, Neiger R. Measurement of body temperature in 300 dogs with a novel noncontact infrared thermometer on the cornea in comparison to a standard rectal digital thermometer. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:372-8. [PMID: 25854787 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of obtaining body temperatures in dogs with a noncontact infrared thermometer (NCIT) on the cornea compared with a rectal digital thermometer (RDT). DESIGN Prospective single center study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Three hundred dogs presented with low, normal, or high body temperatures. INTERVENTIONS Three body temperature readings were measured by an RDT and by an NCIT on the cornea of the left eye by 2 investigators (experienced and inexperienced). Results obtained by the 2 methods were compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Median body temperature measured by the experienced investigator with the RDT and the NCIT were 38.3°C (range 35.5°C-41.1°C; 95% CI: 38.2-38.4°C) and 37.7°C (35.9°C-40.1°C; 95% CI: 37.7°C-37.9°C), respectively. Measurement of RDT as well as of NCIT correlated well between both investigators (rRDT = 0.94; rNCIT = 0.82; respectively, P < 0.001 for both methods). Mean RDT and NCIT-temperature correlated poorly (r = 0.43; P < 0.001) when taken by the experienced investigator and even less by the nonexperienced investigator (r = 0.38; P < 0.001). Repeatability of the NCIT revealed an unsatisfactory value (0.24°C) compared to RDT measurement (0.12°C). Agreement between both devices in measuring low, normal, and high values, calculated by Cohens-Kappa, was unsatisfactory (к = 0.201; P < 0.001). Calculating the receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the best threshold for fever (defined as RDT temperature >39.0°C) showed an area under the curve of 0.76. Mean discomfort score was significantly lower using NCIT compared to RDT measurement (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was poor agreement between body temperatures obtained by RDT and NCIT. The corneal NCIT measurement tends to underrecognize hypothermic and hyperthermic conditions. Although the use of the NCIT yields faster results and is significantly more comfortable for the dog than the RDT measurement, it cannot be recommended in dogs at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kreissl
- Department of Clinical Studies, Small Animal Clinic, University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Reto Neiger
- Department of Clinical Studies, Small Animal Clinic, University of Giessen, Germany
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Wang K, Gill P, Wolstenholme J, Price CP, Heneghan C, Thompson M, Plüddemann A. Non-contact infrared thermometers for measuring temperature in children: primary care diagnostic technology update. Br J Gen Pract 2014; 64:e681-3. [PMID: 25267058 PMCID: PMC4173735 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14x682045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Wang
- Horizon Scanning Programme, Primary Care Diagnostic Horizon Scanning, Centre for Monitoring and Diagnosis Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Peter Gill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jane Wolstenholme
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Christopher P Price
- Horizon Scanning Programme, Primary Care Diagnostic Horizon Scanning, Centre for Monitoring and Diagnosis Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Carl Heneghan
- Horizon Scanning Programme, Primary Care Diagnostic Horizon Scanning, Centre for Monitoring and Diagnosis Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | | | - Annette Plüddemann
- Horizon Scanning Programme, Primary Care Diagnostic Horizon Scanning, Centre for Monitoring and Diagnosis Oxford, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
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Bodkin RP, Acquisto NM, Zwart JM, Toussaint SP. Differences in noninvasive thermometer measurements in the adult emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32:987-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Reynolds M, Bonham L, Gueck M, Hammond K, Lowery J, Redel C, Rodriguez C, Smith S, Stanton A, Sukosd S, Craft M. Are Temporal Artery Temperatures Accurate Enough to Replace Rectal Temperature Measurement in Pediatric ED Patients? J Emerg Nurs 2014; 40:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Erenberk U, Torun E, Ozkaya E, Uzuner S, Demir AD, Dundaroz R. Skin temperature measurement using an infrared thermometer on patients who have been exposed to cold. Pediatr Int 2013; 55:767-70. [PMID: 23927418 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine if the skin temperature of febrile children is affected by the child's exposure to cold outdoor temperatures immediately prior to the taking of that temperature. METHODS A total of 150 febrile and non-febrile children (aged 3-10 years) who had walked to the hospital's pediatric emergency department and were thus exposed to outside cold weather were enrolled in the study. Using infrared thermometry, forehead and chest skin temperatures were simultaneously measured every 2 min during the first 14 min after presentation. Temperatures were recorded and differences between the two measurements were calculated. RESULTS By the fifth evaluation (10 min from the first reading), skin temperatures from forehead and chest had equalized. CONCLUSION Determination of fever from the body parts that had been exposed to cold environmental conditions may cause contradictory results if taken while the child is still chilled from exposure to the cold. For accuracy, children should be acclimated to the indoor temperature before taking body temperature readings. Acclimation takes at least 10 min after coming in from cold weather outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Erenberk
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Clinical accuracy of tympanic thermometer and noncontact infrared skin thermometer in pediatric practice: an alternative for axillary digital thermometer. Pediatr Emerg Care 2013; 29:992-7. [PMID: 23974719 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0b013e3182a2d419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the body temperature measurements of infrared tympanic and forehead noncontact thermometers with the axillary digital thermometer. METHODS Randomly selected 50 pediatric patients who were hospitalized in Dr Behcet Uz Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, between March 2012 and September 2012 were included in the study. Body temperature measurements were performed using an axillary thermometer (Microlife MT 3001), a tympanic thermometer (Microlife Ear Thermometer IR 100), and a noncontact thermometer (ThermoFlash LX-26). RESULTS Fifty patients participated in this study. We performed 1639 temperature readings for every method. The average difference between the mean (SD) of both axillary and tympanic temperatures was -0.20°C (0.61°C) (95% confidence interval, -1.41°C to 1.00°C). The average difference between the mean (SD) of both axillary and forehead temperatures was -0.38 (0.55°C) (95% confidence interval, -1.47°C to 0.70°C). The Bland-Altman plot showed that most of the data points were tightly clustered around the zero line of the difference between the 2 temperature readings. With the use of the axillary method as the criterion standard, positive likelihood ratios were 17.9 and 16.5 and negative likelihood ratios were 0.2 and 0.4 for tympanic and forehead measurements, respectively. DISCUSSION The results demonstrated that the infrared tympanic thermometer could be a good option in the measurement of fever in the pediatric population. The noncontact infrared thermometer is very useful for the screening of fever in the pediatric population, but it must be used with caution because it has a high value of bias.
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Intricacies of body temperature measurement. Indian J Pediatr 2013; 80:249-51. [PMID: 23436193 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-0988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chiappini E, Venturini E, Principi N, Longhi R, Tovo PA, Becherucci P, Bonsignori F, Esposito S, Festini F, Galli L, Lucchesi B, Mugelli A, de Martino M. Update of the 2009 Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines About Management of Fever in Children. Clin Ther 2012; 34:1648-1653.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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