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Kolářová H, Víteček J, Černá A, Černík M, Přibyl J, Skládal P, Potěšil D, Ihnatová I, Zdráhal Z, Hampl A, Klinke A, Kubala L. Myeloperoxidase mediated alteration of endothelial function is dependent on its cationic charge. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:14-26. [PMID: 33271281 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx (GLX) comprise a multicomponent layer of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Alteration of its integrity contributes to chronic vascular inflammation and leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a highly abundant enzyme released by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, binds to the GLX and deleteriously affects vascular EC functions. The focus of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of MPO-mediated alteration of GLX molecules, and to unravel subsequent changes in endothelial integrity and function. MPO binding to GLX of human ECs and subsequent internalization was mediated by cell surface heparan sulfate chains. Moreover, interaction of MPO, which is carrying a cationic charge, with anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) resulted in reduction of their relative charge. By means of micro-viscometry and atomic force microscopy, we disclosed that MPO can crosslink GAG chains. MPO-dependent modulation of GLX structure was further supported by alteration of wheat germ agglutinin staining. Increased expression of ICAM-1 documented endothelial cell activation by both catalytically active and also inactive MPO. Furthermore, MPO increased vascular permeability connected with reorganization of intracellular junctions, however, this was dependent on MPO's catalytic activity. Novel proteins interacting with MPO during transcytosis were identified by proteomic analysis. Altogether, these findings provide evidence that MPO through interaction with GAGs modulates overall charge of the GLX, causing modification of its structure and thus affecting EC function. Importantly, our results also suggest a number of proteins interacting with MPO that possess a variety of cellular localizations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kolářová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Víteček
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Černá
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Černík
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Přibyl
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Ihnatová
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Klinke
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Agnes Wittenborg Institute of Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - A bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:36-51. [PMID: 30797769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the superfamily of heme peroxidases that is mainly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO-derived reactive species play a key role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense against various pathogens primarily by participating in phagocytosis. Elevated MPO levels in circulation are associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an association between MPO and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-related injury, stroke, cardiac arrhythmia and venous thrombosis. Elevated MPO levels are associated with a poor prognosis including increased risk for overall and CVD-related mortality. Elevated MPO may signify an increased risk for CVD for at least 2 reasons. First, low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress coexist with many metabolic abnormalities and comorbidities and consequently an elevated MPO level may represent an increased cardiometabolic risk in general. Second, MPO produces a large number of highly reactive species which can attack, destroy or modify the function of every known cellular component. The most common MPO actions relevant to CVD are generation of dysfunctional lipoproteins with an increased atherogenicity potential, reduced NO availability, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasoreactivity and atherosclerotic plaque instability. These actions strongly suggest that MPO is directly involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this regard MPO may be seen as a mediator or an instrument through which inflammation promotes CVD at molecular and cellular level. Clinical value of MPO therapeutic inhibition remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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Legendre P, Régent A, Thiebault M, Mouthon L. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in vasculitis: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Monach PA. ANCA-associated vasculitis: a prothrombotic state even in remission? J Rheumatol 2014; 40:1935-7. [PMID: 24293615 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Monach
- Section of Rheumatology, Vasculitis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-533, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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O'Flynn J, Dixon KO, Faber Krol MC, Daha MR, van Kooten C. Myeloperoxidase directs properdin-mediated complement activation. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:417-25. [PMID: 24355864 DOI: 10.1159/000356980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and complement are key members of innate immunity. The alternative pathway (AP) of complement consists of C3, factor B, factor D and properdin, which amplifies AP activation. AP has been implicated in many neutrophil-mediated diseases, such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. The exact mechanism by which the AP and neutrophils interact remains largely unstudied. We investigated the ability of the AP to interact with neutrophil components which can be exposed and released upon activation. Our studies focused on neutrophil enzymes, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), proteinase 3 (PR3), azurocidin, elastase, lysozyme and cathepsin G. All enzymes except for azurocidin were able to bind properdin. However, only MPO could induce C3 activation. MPO mediated AP complement activation in the presence of MgEGTA compared to the EDTA control. This activation resulted in C3 deposition and required properdin to occur. Furthermore, we could show that MPO binds properdin directly, which then serves as a focus for AP activation. In summary, properdin can directly interact with neutrophil components. MPO demonstrates the ability to activate the AP which is dependent on properdin. Finally, MPO is capable of inducing properdin-initiated C3 and C5b-9 deposition in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Flynn
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Impairment and Differential Expression of PR3 and MPO on Peripheral Myelomonocytic Cells with Endothelial Properties in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:715049. [PMID: 22792461 PMCID: PMC3390043 DOI: 10.1155/2012/715049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are autoimmune-mediated diseases characterized by vasculitic inflammation of respiratory tract and kidneys. Clinical observations indicated a strong association between disease activity and serum levels of certain types of autoantibodies (antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies with cytoplasmic [cANCA in GPA] or perinuclear [pAN CA in MPA] immunofluorescence). Pathologically, both diseases are characterized by severe microvascular endothelial cell damage. Early endothelial outgrowth cells (eEOCs) have been shown to be critically involved in neovascularization under both physiological and pathological condition. Objectives. The principal aims of our study were (i) to analyze the regenerative activity of the eEOC system and (ii) to determine mPR3 and MPO expression in myelo monocytic cells with endothelial characteristics in GPA and MPA patients. Methods. In 27 GPA and 10 MPA patients, regenerative activity blood-derived eEOCs were analyzed using a culture-forming assay. Flk-1+, CD133+/Flk-1+, mPR3+, and Flk-1+/mPR3+ myelomonocytic cells were quantified by FACS analysis. Serum levels of Angiopoietin-1 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Results. We found reduced eEOC regeneration, accompanied by lower serum levels of Angiopoietin-1 in GPA patients as compared to healthy controls. In addition, the total numbers of Flk-1+ myelomonocytic cells in the peripheral circulation were decreased. Membrane PR3 expression was significantly higher in total as well as in Flk-1+ myelomonocytic cells. Expression of MPO was not different between the groups. Conclusions. These data suggest impairment of the eEOC system and a possible role for PR3 in this process in patients suffering from GPA.
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Patschan D, Hildebrandt A, Rinneburger J, Wessels JT, Patschan S, Becker JU, Henze E, Krüger A, Müller GA. The hormone melatonin stimulates renoprotective effects of "early outgrowth" endothelial progenitor cells in acute ischemic kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1305-12. [PMID: 22357919 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00445.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) protect the kidney from acute ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to analyze whether pretreatment of murine "early outgrowth" EPCs (eEPCs) with the hormone melatonin increases the cells' renoprotective effects in the setting of murine acute ischemic renal failure. Male (8-12 wk old) C57Bl/6N mice were subjected to unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury postuninephrectomy (40 min). Postischemic animals were injected with either 0.5×10(6) untreated syngeneic murine eEPCs or with cells, pretreated with melatonin for 1 h. Injections were performed shortly after reperfusion of the kidney. While animals injected with untreated cells developed acute renal failure, eEPC pretreatment with melatonin dramatically improved renoprotective actions of the cells. These effects were completely reversed after cell pretreatment with melatonin and the MT-1/-2 antagonist luzindole. In vitro analysis revealed that melatonin reduced the amount of tumor growth factor-β-induced eEPC apoptosis/necrosis. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor by the cells was markedly stimulated by the hormone. In addition, migratory activity of eEPCs was enhanced by melatonin and supernatant from melatonin-treated eEPCs stimulated migration of cultured mature endothelial cells. In summary, melatonin was identified as a new agonist of eEPCs in acute ischemic kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Patschan
- Abteilung für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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van der Veen BS, de Winther MPJ, Heeringa P. Myeloperoxidase: molecular mechanisms of action and their relevance to human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2899-937. [PMID: 19622015 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase abundantly expressed in neutrophils and to a lesser extent in monocytes. Enzymatically active MPO, together with hydrogen peroxide and chloride, produces the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid and is a key contributor to the oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of phagocytes. In addition, excessive generation of MPO-derived oxidants has been linked to tissue damage in many diseases, especially those characterized by acute or chronic inflammation. It has become increasingly clear that MPO exerts effects that are beyond its oxidative properties. These properties of MPO are, in many cases, independent of its catalytic activity and affect various processes involved in cell signaling and cell-cell interactions and are, as such, capable of modulating inflammatory responses. Given these diverse effects, an increased interest has emerged in the role of MPO and its downstream products in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. In this article, our knowledge pertaining to the biologic role of MPO and its downstream effects and mechanisms of action in health and disease is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S van der Veen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
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HU NAN, WESTRA JOHANNA, HUITEMA MINKEG, STEGEMAN COENA, LIMBURG PIETC, KALLENBERG CEESGM. Autoantibodies against glomerular endothelial cells in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:11-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Guilpain P, Mouthon L. Antiendothelial cells autoantibodies in vasculitis-associated systemic diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 35:59-65. [PMID: 18228162 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been detected in healthy individuals, as well as in autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases, including systemic vasculitides. AECA have been reported in large vessel vasculitides such as giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis; medium-sized vessel vasculitides, such as polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus infection and Kawasaki disease; and small-sized vessel vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. In Takayasu arteritis and antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-positive vasculitides, AECA have been reported to correlate with disease activity. A cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) represent one of the reference techniques for AECA detection, although flow cytometry and immunobloting have also been proposed. AECA might contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitides and vasculitis-associated diseases through (1) activation of endothelial cells (EC), (2) direct cytotoxic effect due to complement-dependent cytotoxicity or indirect cytotoxic effect secondary to antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, (3) induction of coagulation, (4) induction of apoptosis through the binding of phospholipids or heat-shock protein 60, and (5) induction of EC activation. None of the identified target antigens of AECA is specific for EC, and EC-specific target antigens of AECA remain to be identified in systemic vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guilpain
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, UPRES EA, Paris, France
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Kahan BD. Fokko Johannes van der Woude, 1953-2006. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:321-4. [PMID: 17415942 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chanseaud Y, García de la Peña-Lefebvre P, Guilpain P, Mahr A, Tamby MC, Uzan M, Guillevin L, Boissier MC, Mouthon L. IgM and IgG autoantibodies from microscopic polyangiitis patients but not those with other small- and medium-sized vessel vasculitides recognize multiple endothelial cell antigens. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:165-78. [PMID: 14597215 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a quantitative immunoblotting technique on extracts of macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells (EC), we analyzed serum IgM and IgG reactivities of patients with active disease fulfilling the ACR and Chapel Hill criteria for the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) (n = 8), PAN related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBV-PAN) (n = 5), Wegener's granulomatosis (n = 6), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) (n = 18), Churg-Strauss syndrome (n = 8), and patients with chronic HBV infection without PAN (n = 5) and age- and gender-matched healthy individuals (n = 45). MPA patients' IgM bound to 200-, 105-, 80-, 65-, 45-, 35-, and 33-kDa major bands, whereas IgM from controls and other patients bound predominantly to the 65-kDa band in EC extracts. MPA patients' IgG reacted mainly with 105-, 70-, 55-, and 38-kDa protein bands, whereas IgG from controls and other patients did not. Our results provide evidence that IgM and to a lesser degree IgG from MPA patients specifically recognize multiple EC antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Chanseaud
- UPRES EA 3408, Formation Associée Claude-Bernard, UFR-SMBH Léonard-de-Vinci, Bobigny, France
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Durant S, Pederzoli M, Lepelletier Y, Canteloup S, Nusbaum P, Lesavre P, Witko-Sarsat V. Apoptosis-induced proteinase 3 membrane expression is independent from degranulation. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:87-98. [PMID: 14525959 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0203079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are serine proteinases stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. In contrast to HNE, PR3 is the target of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) in Wegener's granulomatosis. The mechanisms leading to the membrane expression of PR3 and HNE are still unclear and appear to be critical to understand the pathophysiological role of ANCA. Stably transfected rat basophilic cell lines (RBL) with PR3 or HNE were used to analyze the PR3 and HNE secretion mechanisms and differentiate between them. RBL cells were lacking endogenous PR3 and HNE. They were stably transfected with HNE or PR3 or an inactive mutant of PR3 (PR3S203A). Using the calcium ionophore A23187 as a secretagogue, higher serine proteinase activity was secreted in the supernatant of RBL/HNE than in RBL/PR3. It is interesting that PR3 and PR3/S203A were also expressed at the plasma membrane, thus demonstrating that serine protease activity was not required for plasma membrane expression. In contrast, no expression of plasma membrane HNE could be detected in RBL/HNE. Apoptosis induced by etoposide was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, the presence of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments, and annexin V labeling. No membrane HNE was detected in RBL/HNE. In contrast, in RBL/PR3 and in RBL/PR3S203A, the membrane expression of PR3 and PR3S203A increased with etoposide concentrations and appeared closely related to annexin V labeling. Our data suggest that membrane PR3 originates from two distinct pools, the granular pool mobilized following degranulation or a plasma membrane pool mobilized upon apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Durant
- Inserm U507, Hôpital Necker, 161, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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Russell KA, Specks U. Are antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies pathogenic? Experimental approaches to understand the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 27:815-32, vii. [PMID: 11723766 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against the neutrophil enzymes PR3 and MPO are tightly associated with the development of small vessel vasculitis. This article reviews the large body of data derived from in vitro experiments documenting many different proinflammatory effects of these ANCA on neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Taken in conjunction with clinical observations and data from animal models, a concept of the pathogenicity of ANCA emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Russell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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17
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van der Geld YM, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CGM. Proteinase 3, Wegener’s autoantigen: from gene to antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. M. van der Geld
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. Limburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C. G. M. Kallenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Bajema IM, Hagen EC, Ferrario F, de Heer E, Bruijn JA. Immunopathological aspects of systemic vasculitis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2001; 23:253-65. [PMID: 11591101 DOI: 10.1007/s002810100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhou Z, Dionne A, Richard C, Ménard HA. On the origin of surface proteinase 3 of nonmyeloid cells: evidence favoring an exogenous source. Clin Immunol 2000; 97:171-81. [PMID: 11027458 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), when the endogenous Proteinase 3 (PR3) of myeloid cells is translocated to the cell surface, a pathologically consequent interaction is believed to occur with classic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (cANCA). In contrast, the exact origin of surface PR3 on cells of nonmyeloid origin is still debated. By various methods, PR3 mRNA and protein are easily demonstrated in myeloid cells but not in nonmyeloid cells. Exceptionally, the endothelial ECV304 cell line spontaneously produced PR3 mRNA but no PR3 protein. In the other nonmyeloid cells, we could not show cell surface PR3 either spontaneously or after TNFalpha stimulation. On the other hand, under serum-free conditions and using [(3)H]DFP-labeled HL-60 extract, a rapid, dose-dependent, saturable binding was demonstrated to both myeloid and nonmyeloid cells. That was reproduced with purified [(3)H]DFP-PR3. While we could not demonstrate cell surface PR3 on nonmyeloid cells after incubation with serum-containing supernatants of HL-60 cell cultures, we could do so after an overnight coculture period with HL-60 cell suspensions under the usual serum-containing culture conditions. Overall, our data would suggest that in vivo, the surface PR3 found on nonmyeloid cells is not endogenous but results from adsorption of PR3 extruded in their microenvironment by neighboring myeloid cells coming in close contact with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Brons RH, Bakker HI, Van Wijk RT, Van Dijk NW, Muller Kobold AC, Limburg PC, Manson WL, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. Staphylococcal acid phosphatase binds to endothelial cells via charge interaction; a pathogenic role in Wegener's granulomatosis? Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119:566-73. [PMID: 10691932 PMCID: PMC1905582 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) are chronic nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Chronic nasal carriage of S. aureus is associated with an increased risk of developing a relapse of the disease. The mechanism by which this occurs is still unknown. We hypothesized that a cationic protein of S. aureus, staphylococcal acid phosphatase (SAcP), acts as a planted antigen and initiates glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in patients with WG. In order to test the hypothesis that SAcP can act as a planted antigen in WG, we studied the ability of SAcP to bind to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human glomerular endothelial cells. We also studied whether this binding can be prevented by preincubation with an anionic protein, and whether binding of SAcP activates endothelial cells. We also evaluated whether antibodies in sera of patients with WG are able to bind to endothelial cell-bound SAcP. The results show that SAcP can act as a planted antigen by binding to both types of endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding of concentrations as low as 4 microg/ml can be detected on HUVEC within 5 min of incubation. Binding of SAcP to endothelial cells was charge-dependent but did not activate endothelial cells. Finally, endothelial cell-bound SAcP was recognized by sera of patients with WG. The data suggest a possible pathogenic role for SAcP by acting as a planted antigen thereby initiating glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in patients with WG.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Brons
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Wegener's granulomatosis is a multisystem disease characterized by granulomata of the respiratory tract and systemic necrotising vasculitis. There is a strong and specific association with autoantibodies directed against proteinase 3, a constituent of neutrophril azurophilic granules. Antibody titers correlate with clinical disease activity and predict relapses. The disease responds favorably to immunosuppressive therapy. The pathogenicity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), however, remains unproven. In vitro, the expression of proteinase-3 and other ANCA antigens on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes can be induced by priming with proinflammatory cytokines. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are then able to activate these leukocytes, stimulating degranulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the secretion of further cytokines. Neutrophils activated by ANCA, and possibly ANCA alone, directly damage endothelial cells in vitro. An animal model of proteinase 3-ANCA-induced vasculitis has not been found. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies directed against another antigen, myeloperoxidase, are not sufficient to cause vasculitis but they promote damage in certain animal models. Thus, a considerable amount of evidence supports the notion that Wegener's granulomatosis is an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hewins
- Division of Medical Sciences, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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22
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Triolo G, Accardo-Palumbo A, Triolo G, Carbone MC, Ferrante A, Giardina E. Enhancement of endothelial cell E-selectin expression by sera from patients with active Behçet's disease: moderate correlation with anti-endothelial cell antibodies and serum myeloperoxidase levels. Clin Immunol 1999; 91:330-7. [PMID: 10370379 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1999.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the in vitro E-selection expression of endothelial cells treated with sera from patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and factors (anti-endothelial cell antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, cytokines, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) that may contribute to adhesion molecule expression. A total of 21 patients with BD and 27 healthy controls were studied. In vitro E-selectin endothelial cell expression was investigated by ELISA after HUVEC incubation with sera or purified IgG from patients with BD and controls. Increased E-selectin expression was observed when endothelial cells were incubated with sera from patients with active disease or from patients with circulating anti-endothelial cell antibodies and high levels of plasma myeloperoxidase. Abnormalities of endothelial cell function have been suggested to play a role in the occurrence of vascular damage in BD. Our findings suggest that anti-endothelial cell antibodies and neutrophil hyperactivity, as inferred from the high plasma MPO levels in patients with active disease, may explain endothelial cell activation and neutrophil accumulation in vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Triolo
- Cattedra di Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, University of Palermo, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Hoffman
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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24
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Taekema-Roelvink ME, van Kooten C, Janssens MC, Heemskerk E, Daha MR. Effect of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies on proteinase 3-induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:37-43. [PMID: 9714408 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis. Both proteinase 3 (PR3) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), directed against this enzyme, are thought to play a pathogenic role. PR3 has been shown to cause detachment and cytolysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and to induce apoptosis of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In the present study we investigated the effect of PR3 and ANCA on the induction of apoptosis of human endothelial cells in vitro. HUVEC were cultured in the absence or presence of varying concentrations of PR3 for different time periods and apoptosis was assessed by three different methods. Staining of the cells with Hoechst 33258 and assessment of nuclear morphology by ultraviolet (UV) light microscopy revealed a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis, as determined by cell counts. A concentration of 8 microg/ml PR3 was found to induce 16% apoptosis after 16 h incubation. Analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method also demonstrated a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis by PR3. DNA fragmentation was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. To investigate the effect of ANCA on PR3-mediated apoptosis, HUVEC were exposed to immunoglobulin G (IgG) from patients with Wegener's granulomatosis or systemic vasculitis, and from normal controls, in the presence or absence of PR3. Enhancement of PR3-mediated apoptosis was found in two of 10 IgG samples with anti-PR3 activity, whereas a reduction in apoptosis was observed in two others. Anti-MPO (myeloperoxidase)-positive IgG, six additional anti-PR3 positive IgG samples and control IgG samples did not have any detectable effect on apoptosis. These studies suggest that ANCA may modulate the relative degree of injury in some cases of Wegener's granulomatosis.
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25
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Sibelius U, Hattar K, Schenkel A, Noll T, Csernok E, Gross WL, Mayet WJ, Piper HM, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Wegener's granulomatosis: anti-proteinase 3 antibodies are potent inductors of human endothelial cell signaling and leakage response. J Exp Med 1998; 187:497-503. [PMID: 9463400 PMCID: PMC2212153 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1997] [Revised: 12/01/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) targeting proteinase 3 (PR3) have a high specifity for Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), and their role in activating leukocytes is well appreciated. In this study, we investigated the influence of PR3-ANCA and murine monoclonal antibodies on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Priming of HUVECs with tumor necrosis factor alpha induced endothelial upregulation of PR3 message and surface expression of this antigen, as measured by Cyto-ELISA, with a maximum occurrence after 2 h. Primed cells responded to low concentrations of both antibodies (25 ng-2.5 microg/ml), but not to control immunoglobulins, with pronounced, dose-dependent phosphoinositide hydrolysis, as assessed by accumulation of inositol phosphates. The signaling response peaked after 20 min, in parallel with the appearance of marked prostacyclin and platelet-activating factor synthesis. The F(ab)2 fragment of ANCA was equally potent as ANCA itself. Disrupture of the endothelial F-actin content by botulinum C2 toxin to avoid antigen-antibody internalization did not affect the response. In addition to the metabolic events, anti-PR3 challenge, in the absence of plasma components, provoked delayed, dose-dependent increase in transendothelial protein leakage. We conclude that anti-PR3 antibodies are potent inductors of the preformed phosphoinositide hydrolysis-related signal tranduction pathway in human endothelial cells. Associated metabolic events and the loss of endothelial barrier properties suggest that anti-PR3-induced activation of endothelial cells may contribute to the pathogenetic sequelae of autoimmune vasculitis characterizing WG.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sibelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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26
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Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Tervaert JW, Weening JJ, Kallenberg CG. Animal models of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 1998; 53:253-63. [PMID: 9461083 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Heeringa
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Belizna C, Tervaert JW. Specificity, pathogenecity, and clinical value of antiendothelial cell antibodies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 27:98-109. [PMID: 9355208 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(97)80010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the putative target antigens for antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA), the possible pathophysiological role of AECA, and the clinical value of these antibodies as markers of disease activity. METHODS A structured literature search was done using Medline in combination with a manual search. Two physicians reviewed all articles of special interest. RESULTS AECA are a heterogenous group of antibodies directed against a variety of antigen determinants on endothelial cells (EC). The EC antigens can be constitutively expressed, constitutively expressed and modulated by cytokines, or cryptic. In addition, antigen determinants for AECA may also be molecules that adhere to EC ("planted" antigens). However, many AECA antigens are currently not well characterized. AECA are detected in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders. Although probably of limited value in disease diagnosis, the detection of these antibodies may be valuable in following disease activity. In several diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic vasculitis, high AECA titers are found during active disease whereas lower titers or disappearence of AECA have been reported during remission. The correlation between changes in AECA titers and disease activity suggests an important role for AECA in processes in which vessel wall damage occurs, although it does not exclude the possibility that AECA are an epiphenomenon of vascular injury. Several recent in vitro studies support a role of AECA in the pathophysiology of these inflammatory disorders. AECA may play a role in the pathophysiology by inducing activation of EC resulting in upregulation in the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and/or secretion of chemoattractants and cytokines. An alternative mechanism by which AECA could be a trigger in the pathogenesis of some diseases is complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In experimental animal models, antibodies to antigenic determinants expressed on EC were capable of inducing vascular injury. CONCLUSION AECA represent a heterogenous group of antibodies directed against a variety of antigenic determinants on EC. They are present in a variety of inflammatory disorders. The detection of these antibodies may be valuable in following disease activity. Further characterization of putative antigens is needed to better understand their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Belizna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Heeringa P, Foucher P, Klok PA, Huitema MG, Tervaert JW, Weening JJ, Kallenberg CG. Systemic injection of products of activated neutrophils and H2O2 in myeloperoxidase-immunized rats leads to necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs and gut. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 151:131-40. [PMID: 9212739 PMCID: PMC1857928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The strong association of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with various forms of systemic vasculitis suggests a role for these autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of systemic vasculitis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that release of neutrophil lysosomal enzymes in the presence of an anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) immune response may underlie the development of systemic vasculitis. Brown Norway rats were immunized with MPO in complete Freund's adjuvant or complete Freund's adjuvant alone. Two weeks after immunization, rats bad developed antibodies to human and rat MPO as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Next, rats were intravenously infused with 400 micrograms of a human neutrophil lysosomal extract containing 200 micrograms of MPO followed by 0.5 ml of a 1 mmol/L solution of H2O2 through a cannula inserted into the right jugular vein. Rats were sacrificed at 4 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, or 14 days, and several organs (lungs, heart, liver, spleen, gut, and kidneys) were examined for vasculitic lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Macroscopically, patchy hemorrhagic spots were observed in the lungs and gut of MPO-immunized rats at days 7 and 14 after systemic infection of the neutrophil lysosomal extract and H2O2. Such changes were not observed at earlier time points or in control immunized rats. Histologically, the lungs of MPO-immunized rats sacrificed at days 7 and 14 showed patchy inflammatory cell infiltrates associated with vasculitis, granuloma formation, giant cells, and foci of hemorrhage. At 14 days, early signs of fibrosis were found with deposition of collagen and proliferation of fibroblasts. Furthermore, a prominent leukocytoclastic vasculitis was found in the small intestine of these rats characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and an extensive neutrophilic infiltrate. No inflammatory changes were found in the other organs studied (heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys). Control immunized rats, sacrificed at days 7 and 14 showed only some small foci of inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs whereas no inflammatory changes were found in the gastrointestinal tract. These studies show that release of products from activated neutrophils in the presence of anti-MPO autoantibodies may be relevant to the pathogenesis of anti-MPO-associated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heeringa
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Mayet WJ, Helmreich-Becker I, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. The pathophysiology of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and their clinical relevance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1996; 23:151-65. [PMID: 8835853 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(96)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W J Mayet
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
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30
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Schultz DR, Tozman EC. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: major autoantigens, pathophysiology, and disease associations. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 25:143-59. [PMID: 8650585 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(95)80027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are important serological markers for the primary systemic vasculitides, including microscopic polyarteritis and necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Numerous reports have established the clinical utility of ANCA titer in monitoring disease activity, relapses, and response to treatment. ANCA, detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assays using patient's serum and ethanol-fixed human neutrophils, produce two common fluorescent staining patterns: cytoplasmic (C-ANCA), involving a 29-kD neutral serine protease termed proteinase 3 (PR3), and perinuclear (P-ANCA), the result mainly of myeloperoxidase (MPO), but occasionally by other components of the azurophilic granules including lysozyme, elastase, cathepsins, and lactoferrin. Some sera contain granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies (GS-ANA), which require formaldehyde fixation of neutrophils to cross link cytoplasmic antigens for distinguishing between ANCA and the GS-ANA by IIF. Positive IIF is confirmed by Western blot analysis or specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for PR3, MPO, and other neutrophil granule antigens. The C-ANCA pattern is highly specific for Wegener's granulomatosis, a disease characterized by granulomatous inflammation, necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis; P-ANCA is found in sera of individuals with vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and several other diseases. ANCA are predominantly immunoglobulin (Ig)G isotype, but may be IgM and IgA. Various pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed involving ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation in a hypothetical model of vasculitic diseases: positive signals via the FcgammaRII (CD32) receptor after IgG-ANCA binding to membrane-associated PR3, relevant cytokines, production of adhesion molecules on both activated neutrophils and endothelial cells, and the release of neutrophil reactive oxygen species and degranulation causing endothelial cell damage. Interference of C-ANCA with PR3 proteolysis and PR3 inhibition physiologically by the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor may have a pathogenic role. No convincing data have been reported for the existence of autoreactive T lymphocytes reactive to any degree with the neutrophil azurophilic enzymes. Studies of various drug- and infectious agent-related diseases and ANCA may contribute to understanding the mechanism(s) involved in some vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Schultz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA
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van den Berg RH, Faber-Krol M, van Es LA, Daha MR. Regulation of the function of the first component of complement by human C1q receptor. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2206-10. [PMID: 7664783 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A membrane-associated receptor for the C1q subcomponent of complement is widely distributed among different cell types. While a number of possible physiological functions of the C1q receptor (C1qR) on different cell types have been described, the way in which C1qR regulates complement activity remains unclear. This report describes the mechanism by which C1qR regulates activation of the first component of complement, C1. Using purified components of complement, we were able to show that membrane-associated C1qR as well as detergent-solubilized C1qR, purified from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells or an endothelial cell line, EA.hy 926, are able to inhibit complement-mediated lysis of C1q-sensitized erythrocytes. Using hemolytic assays, we were able to demonstrate that C1qR prevents the association of C1q with C1r and C1s to form macromolecular C1. In addition, incubation of C1qR with the collagen-like stalks, but not with the globular heads of C1q, inhibits the effect of C1qR. This demonstrates that C1qR exerts its complement inhibitory effect by binding to the collagen-like stalk of C1q. No complement regulatory effect of C1qR was observed on preformed macromolecular C1. These data suggest that besides such-well-known complement regulatory molecules as CD55 (DAF), CD46 (MCP), CD35 (CR1) and CD59 (HRF), C1qR too is able to regulate complement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H van den Berg
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ballieux BE, Hiemstra PS, Klar-Mohamad N, Hagen EC, van Es LA, van der Woude FJ, Daha MR. Detachment and cytolysis of human endothelial cells by proteinase 3. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3211-5. [PMID: 7805749 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activation and degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with release of proteolytic enzymes, such as proteinase 3 (PR3) and elastase, in the vessels of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is thought to play an important role in the vascular endothelial cell damage. We have investigated the detachment and cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by highly purified, enzymatically active, PR3 and elastase. Incubation of confluent monolayers of HUVEC with 100 mU/ml of PR3 for 3 h at 37 degrees C generally resulted in 20% detachment and 30% cytolysis. Elastase (350 mU/ml) induced approximately 40% detachment and 15% cytolysis. Both PR3-mediated and elastase-mediated detachment and cytolysis were fully inhibited by alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI), while anti-leukoprotease (ALP) only inhibited elastase-mediated endothelial damage. By selective inhibition of an azurophilic granule extract with either alpha 1PI or ALP we calculated that PR3 is responsible for 23% of the total detachment and cytolysis induced by the extract. Elastase was responsible for 60% of the detachment and 19% of the cytolysis. Detachment induced by PR3 was inhibited by three out of five IgG preparations purified from c-ANCA-positive sera of WG patients. PR3-mediated cytolysis was inhibited by each of the c-ANCA+IgG preparations and also to a limited extent by control IgG, suggesting a partial nonspecific stabilization of the endothelial cells. These studies provide evidence that besides elastase, PR3 also plays an important role in the PMN-mediated endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Ballieux
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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