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Kelly JJ, Dalesandro BE, Liu Z, Chordia MD, Ongwae GM, Pires MM. Measurement of Accumulation of Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus in Phagosomes of Live Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313870. [PMID: 38051128 PMCID: PMC10799677 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved the ability to persist after uptake into host immune cells. This intracellular niche enables S. aureus to potentially escape host immune responses and survive the lethal actions of antibiotics. While the elevated tolerance of S. aureus to small-molecule antibiotics is likely to be multifactorial, we pose that there may be contributions related to permeation of antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles, which would require translocation across two mammalian bilayers. To empirically test this, we adapted our recently developed permeability assay to determine the accumulation of FDA-approved antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles of live macrophages. Bioorthogonal reactive handles were metabolically anchored within the surface of S. aureus, and complementary tags were chemically added to antibiotics. Following phagocytosis of tagged S. aureus cells, we were able to specifically analyze the arrival of antibiotics within the phagosomes of infected macrophages. Our findings enabled the determination of permeability differences between extra- and intracellular S. aureus, thus providing a roadmap to dissect the contribution of antibiotic permeability to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zichen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - George M. Ongwae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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2
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Arciola CR, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Dolzani P, Montanaro L, Daglia M, Campoccia D. Biofilms in Periprosthetic Orthopedic Infections Seen through the Eyes of Neutrophils: How Can We Help Neutrophils? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16669. [PMID: 38068991 PMCID: PMC10706149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in our knowledge of neutrophil responses to planktonic bacteria during acute inflammation, much remains to be elucidated on how neutrophils deal with bacterial biofilms in implant infections. Further complexity transpires from the emerging findings on the role that biomaterials play in conditioning bacterial adhesion, the variety of biofilm matrices, and the insidious measures that biofilm bacteria devise against neutrophils. Thus, grasping the entirety of neutrophil-biofilm interactions occurring in periprosthetic tissues is a difficult goal. The bactericidal weapons of neutrophils consist of the following: ready-to-use antibacterial proteins and enzymes stored in granules; NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS); and net-like structures of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, which neutrophils extrude to extracellularly trap pathogens (the so-called NETs: an allusive acronym for "neutrophil extracellular traps"). Neutrophils are bactericidal (and therefore defensive) cells endowed with a rich offensive armamentarium through which, if frustrated in their attempts to engulf and phagocytose biofilms, they can trigger the destruction of periprosthetic bone. This study speculates on how neutrophils interact with biofilms in the dramatic scenario of implant infections, also considering the implications of this interaction in view of the design of new therapeutic strategies and functionalized biomaterials, to help neutrophils in their arduous task of managing biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Paolo Dolzani
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
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3
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Kelly JJ, Dalesandro BE, Liu Z, Chordia MD, Ongwae GM, Pires MM. Measurement of Accumulation of Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus in Phagosomes of Live Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528196. [PMID: 36824967 PMCID: PMC9949086 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) has evolved the ability to persist after uptake into host immune cells. This intracellular niche enables S. aureus to potentially escape host immune responses and survive the lethal actions of antibiotics. While the elevated tolerance of S. aureus to small-molecule antibiotics is likely to be multifactorial, we pose that there may be contributions related to permeation of antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles, which would require translocation across two mammalian bilayers. To empirically test this, we adapted our recently developed permeability assay to determine the accumulation of FDA-approved antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles of live macrophages. Bioorthogonal reactive handles were metabolically anchored within the surface of S. aureus, and complementary tags were chemically added to antibiotics. Following phagocytosis of tagged S. aureus cells, we were able to specifically analyze the arrival of antibiotics within the phagosomes of infected macrophages. Our findings enabled the determination of permeability differences between extra- and intracellular S. aureus , thus providing a roadmap to dissect the contribution of antibiotic permeability to intracellular pathogens.
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4
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Buckley PT, Chan R, Fernandez J, Luo J, Lacey KA, DuMont AL, O'Malley A, Brezski RJ, Zheng S, Malia T, Whitaker B, Zwolak A, Payne A, Clark D, Sigg M, Lacy ER, Kornilova A, Kwok D, McCarthy S, Wu B, Morrow B, Nemeth-Seay J, Petley T, Wu S, Strohl WR, Lynch AS, Torres VJ. Multivalent human antibody-centyrin fusion protein to prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:751-765.e11. [PMID: 37098341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Treating and preventing infections by antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens is a worldwide problem. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus produce an array of virulence determinants, making it difficult to identify single targets for the development of vaccines or monoclonal therapies. We described a human-derived anti-S. aureus monoclonal antibody (mAb)-centyrin fusion protein ("mAbtyrin") that simultaneously targets multiple bacterial adhesins, resists proteolysis by bacterial protease GluV8, avoids Fc engagement by S. aureus IgG-binding proteins SpA and Sbi, and neutralizes pore-forming leukocidins via fusion with anti-toxin centyrins, while maintaining Fc- and complement-mediated functions. Compared with the parental mAb, mAbtyrin protected human phagocytes and boosted phagocyte-mediated killing. The mAbtyrin also reduced pathology, reduced bacterial burden, and protected from different types of infections in preclinical animal models. Finally, mAbtyrin synergized with vancomycin, enhancing pathogen clearance in an animal model of bacteremia. Altogether, these data establish the potential of multivalent mAbs for treating and preventing S. aureus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Buckley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fernandez
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Songmao Zheng
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Malia
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Whitaker
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Adam Zwolak
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Angela Payne
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Desmond Clark
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Martin Sigg
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Anna Kornilova
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Debra Kwok
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Steve McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Bingyuan Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Morrow
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Ted Petley
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sam Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - William R Strohl
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Langone Health, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Zhao Y, Zhai L, Qin T, Hu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Sui C, Zhang L, Zhou D, Lv M, Yang W. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis of the Lungs of Mice Challenged with Aerosols of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Clone Reveals Inflammatory Balance. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020347. [PMID: 36830716 PMCID: PMC9953551 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
USA300, a dominant clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), is circulating globally and can cause necrotizing pneumonia with high morbidity and mortality. To further reveal the host anti-MRSA infection immune response, we established a mouse model of acute primary MRSA pneumonia challenged with aerosols of the USA300 clone. A time-course transcriptome analysis of the lungs collected at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h post-infection (hpi) was conducted using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and multiple bioinformatic analysis methods. The change trend of histopathology and five innate immune cell (neutrophils, mononuclear cells, eosinophils, macrophages, DC cells) proportions in the lungs after infection was also examined. We observed a distinct acute pulmonary recovery process. A rapid initiation period of inflammation was present at 12 hpi, during which the IL-17 pathway dominantly mediated inflammation and immune defense. The main stages of host inflammatory response occurred at 24 and 48 hpi, and the regulation of interferon activation and macrophage polarization played an important role in the control of inflammatory balance at this stage. At 96 hpi, cellular proliferation processes associated with host repair were observed, as well as adaptive immunity and complement system responses involving C1q molecules. More importantly, the data provide new insight into and identify potential functional genes involved in the checks and balances occurring between host anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate transcriptional responses throughout the inflammatory recovery process in the lungs after MRSA infection. Our study uncovers valuable research targets for key regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MRSA lung infections, which may help to develop novel treatment strategies for MRSA pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lina Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tongtong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chengyu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.Y.)
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Scutera S, Sparti R, Comini S, Menotti F, Musso T, Cuffini AM, Allizond V, Banche G. Dalbavancin Boosts the Ability of Neutrophils to Fight Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032541. [PMID: 36768864 PMCID: PMC9917267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most important cell type involved in the early nonspecific host response to bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus has evolved mechanisms to evade immune responses that contribute to its persistence in PMNs, and acquired resistance to several antimicrobials. Additionally, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSIs). Dalbavancin (DBV), a lipoglycopeptide, is indicated for the treatment of ABSSSIs, and has a broad spectrum of action against most microorganisms. Here, we sought to determine the effect of DBV on the neutrophil killing of MRSA and its potential immunomodulating activity. Our results revealed that DBV boosts MRSA killing by acting on both bacteria and PMNs. DBV pre-treatment of PMNs did not change the respiratory burst or degranulation, while an increased trend in neutrophil extracellular traps-associated elastase and in the production of TNFα and CXCL8 was revealed. In parallel, DBV caused a delay in the apoptosis of MRSA-infected neutrophils. In conclusion, we demonstrated a cooperative effect between the antimicrobial properties of PMNs and DBV, thus owing to their immunomodulatory activity. In the choice of the treatment management of serious S. aureus infections, DBV should be considered as an outstanding option since it reinforces PMNs pathogen clearance capability by exerting its effect directly, not only on MRSA but also on neutrophils.
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Yang D, Li R, Dong P, Rao L, Wang Y, Liao X. Influence of pressurization rate and mode on cell damage of Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus by high hydrostatic pressure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108194. [PMID: 36937272 PMCID: PMC10018152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-thermal technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has been widely investigated for inactivating microorganisms in food. Few studies have been presented on the pressurization/depressurization rate and mode of microbial inactivation. In this study, effect of pressurization rate and mode on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cell damage during HHP treatment was investigated. The results showed that fast pressurization + linear mode (FL) treatment has the best bactericidal effect on E. coli and S. aureus, followed by fast pressurization + stepwise mode (FS) and slow pressurization + stepwise mode (SS) treatments. FL treatment caused more morphological damage to the cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasmic components compared with FS and SS treatment detected by SEM and TEM. Additionally, the damage to membrane permeability of them was also enhanced after FL treatment. Therefore, our results indicated that FL treatment could be applied to enhance the bactericidal effect of HHP on bacteria by increasing the damage to cell morphological structure and membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Rao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongtao Wang,
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, Beijing, China
- Xiaojun Liao,
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Dong W, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Liu P, He H, Lu T, He Y, Du X, Hu J, Zhao X, Zhang Y. Effects of lipoteichoic and arachidonic acids on the immune-regulatory mechanism of bovine mammary epithelial cells using multi-omics analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:984607. [PMID: 36090174 PMCID: PMC9450935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.984607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cows. It mainly utilizes the properties of its pathogenic factor, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), to elicit a host-cell inflammatory response and evade the host-cell immune response. Arachidonic acid (AA) has a regulatory role in the inflammatory response, cell metabolism, and apoptosis. The study aimed to establish a cell model by determining the optimal concentration of LTA and AA for cell induction using the Cell Counting Kit−8 assay and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, and IL-6. MAC-T cells were planted in 36 10-cm2 culture dishes at a density of 1 × 107 cells per dish. They were treated with LTA for 24 h to constitute the LTA group and with AA for 12 h to constitute the AA group. The cells were pretreated with LTA for 24 h followed by treatment with AA for 12 h to constitute the LTA + AA group. Using proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses, this study determined that LTA can regulate the expression of Actin Related protein 2/3 complex (ARPC)3, ARPC4, Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 3, protein kinase cGMP-dependent, NF-κB Inhibitor Alpha,and other genes to affect cellular metabolism, immune regulation and promote apoptosis. In contrast, AA was observed to regulate the expression of genes such as ARPC3, ARPC4, Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 3, Laminin Gamma 1, Insulin Receptor, Filamin B, and Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon to inhibit cellular apoptosis and promote immune regulation, which provides a theoretical basis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haijian He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang
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Nilsen KE, Skjesol A, Frengen Kojen J, Espevik T, Stenvik J, Yurchenko M. TIRAP/Mal Positively Regulates TLR8-Mediated Signaling via IRF5 in Human Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071476. [PMID: 35884781 PMCID: PMC9312982 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) recognizes single-stranded RNA of viral and bacterial origin as well as mediates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons by human monocytes and macrophages. TLR8, as other endosomal TLRs, utilizes the MyD88 adaptor protein for initiation of signaling from endosomes. Here, we addressed the potential role of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) in the regulation of TLR8 signaling in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). To accomplish this, we performed TIRAP gene silencing, followed by the stimulation of cells with synthetic ligands or live bacteria. Cytokine-gene expression and secretion were analyzed by quantitative PCR or Bioplex assays, respectively, while nuclear translocation of transcription factors was addressed by immunofluorescence and imaging, as well as by cell fractionation and immunoblotting. Immunoprecipitation and Akt inhibitors were also used to dissect the signaling mechanisms. Overall, we show that TIRAP is recruited to the TLR8 Myddosome signaling complex, where TIRAP contributes to Akt-kinase activation and the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5). Recruitment of TIRAP to the TLR8 signaling complex promotes the expression and secretion of the IRF5-dependent cytokines IFNβ and IL-12p70 as well as, to a lesser degree, TNF. These findings reveal a new and unconventional role of TIRAP in innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Elisabeth Nilsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Skjesol
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - June Frengen Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (K.E.N.); (A.S.); (J.F.K.); (T.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
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10
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia. To better manage patients with MRSA pneumonia, we require a greater understanding of the host-pathogen interactions during infection. MRSA research focuses on highly virulent and cytotoxic strains, which demonstrate robust phenotypes in animal models of infection. However, nosocomial infections are often caused by hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) isolates that exhibit low cytotoxicity and few or no phenotypes in mice, thereby confounding mechanistic studies of pathogenesis. Consequently, virulence pathways utilized by HA-MRSA in nosocomial pneumonia are largely unknown. Here, we report that conditioning mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics lowers the barrier to pneumonia, thereby transforming otherwise avirulent HA-MRSA isolates into lethal pathogens. HA-MRSA isolates are avirulent in gnotobiotic mice, mimicking results in conventional animals. Thus, the observed enhanced susceptibility to infection in antibiotic-treated mice is not due to depletion of the microbiota. More generally, we found that antibiotic conditioning leads to increased susceptibility to infection by diverse antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens of low virulence. Treatment with antibiotics leads to dehydration and malnutrition, suggesting a potential role for these clinically relevant and reducible hospital complications in susceptibility to pathogens. In sum, the model described here mitigates the impact of low virulence in immunocompetent mice, providing a convenient model to gain fundamental insight into the pathogenesis of nosocomial pathogens.
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11
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Host-pathogen interaction between macrophage co-cultures with Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2563-2574. [PMID: 34312744 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor. During the infectious process, the interaction between biofilms and immune cells is determinant; however, the properties that make biofilms resistant to the immune system are not well characterized. In order to better understand this, we evaluated the in vitro interaction of macrophages during the early stages of S. aureus biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining, light microscopy, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Furthermore, different activation on L-arginine pathways such as nitric oxide (NO•) release and the arginase, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total oxidative stress response (OSR), and levels of cytokine liberation, were determined. Our findings show that the interaction between biofilms and macrophages results in stimuli for catabolism of L-arginine via arginase, but not for NO•, an increase of ROS production, and activation of the non-enzymatic OSR. We also observed the production of IL-6, but not of TNFα o IL-10 in these co-cultures. These results contribute to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that biofilms increase resistance against immune cell mechanisms, a phenomenon that could contribute to the ability of S. aureus biofilms to establish mature biofilms.
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12
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Sun W, Jian Y, Zhou M, Yao Y, Tian N, Li C, Chen J, Wang X, Zhou Q. Selective and Efficient Photoinactivation of Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA with Little Accumulation of Drug Resistance: Application of a Ru(II) Complex with Photolabile Ligands. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7359-7370. [PMID: 34032114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibacterial agents capable of efficiently sterilizing intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) but with low cytotoxicity and low resistance development are quite appealing. In this work, three Ru(II) complexes with photolabile ligands were explored to realize such a goal. Complex 3 (5 μM) can inhibit more than 90% growth of S. aureus/MRSA that has invaded in J774A.1 cells upon visible light irradiation, being much more efficient than vancomycin. In similar conditions, negligible dark- and phototoxicity were found toward the host cells. The bactericidal activity is highly correlated with DNA covalent binding by the Ru(II) fractions generated after ligand photodissociation. Moreover, S. aureus quickly developed resistance toward vancomycin, while negligible resistance toward complex 3 even after 700 generations was obtained. These appealing results may pave a new way for fighting against intracellular antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weize Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Jian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,ACAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yishan Yao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,ACAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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13
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Multi-functionalized nanocarriers targeting bacterial reservoirs to overcome challenges of multi drug-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:319-332. [PMID: 32193748 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases associated with intracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important public health concern. Emergence of multi and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains have made it even more obstinate to offset such infections. Bacteria residing within intracellular compartments provide additional barriers to effective treatment. METHOD Information provided in this review has been collected by accessing various electronic databases including Google scholar, Web of science, Scopus, and Nature index. Search was performed using keywords nanoparticles, intracellular targeting, multidrug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhimurium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Information gathered was categorized into three major sections as 'Intracellular targeting of Staphylococcus aureus, Intracellular targeting of Salmonella typhimurium and Intracellular targeting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis' using variety of nanocarrier systems. RESULTS Conventional management for infectious diseases typically comprises of long-term treatment with a combination of antibiotics, which may lead to side effects and decreased patient compliance. A wide range of multi-functionalized nanocarrier systems have been studied for delivery of drugs within cellular compartments where bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside. Such carrier systems along with targeted delivery have been utilized for sustained and controlled delivery of drugs. These strategies have been found useful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments including multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION Development of multi-functional nanocargoes encapsulating antibiotics that are proficient in targeting and releasing drug into infected reservoirs seems to be a promising strategy to circumvent the challenge of multidrug resistance. Graphical abstract.
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14
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Llamazares C, Sanz Del Olmo N, Ortega P, Gómez R, Soliveri J, de la Mata FJ, García-Gallego S, Copa-Patiño JL. Antibacterial Effect of Carbosilane Metallodendrimers in Planktonic Cells of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090405. [PMID: 31450779 PMCID: PMC6769849 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the main threats to public health security. Biofilm formation is a resistance mechanism that is responsible for most human bacterial infections and requires new and effective therapeutic approaches, such as those provided by nanotechnology. In this work, the antibacterial effect of carbosilane metallodendrimers with different metals (copper(II) and ruthenium(II)), ligands (chloride and nitrate) and generations (generation 0, 1 and 2) has been studied using planktonic Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Furthermore, the ability of the metallodendrimers to avoid the formation of S. aureus biofilms was also evaluated. The results showed a promising biocide activity in both types of planktonic bacteria, especially for first-generation dendrimers, which arises from the metal complexation to the dendrimer. Cu(II) metallodendrimers require lower concentration than Ru(II) counterpart to inhibit the production of S. aureus biofilms, but none produce hemolysis at the inhibitory concentrations and can be safely used as antibacterial agents. In particular, the first-generation Cu(II) metallodendrimer with nitrate ligands displayed the most promising properties to continue with further studies in both planktonic cells and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Llamazares
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Sanz Del Olmo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Soliveri
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Gao F, Xu L, Yang B, Fan F, Yang L. Kill the Real with the Fake: Eliminate Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Using Nanoparticle Coated with Its Extracellular Vesicle Membrane as Active-Targeting Drug Carrier. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:218-227. [PMID: 30489062 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is one of the most serious bacterial infections worldwide. Most complications of S. aureus bacteremia arise because the pathogen can survive inside host phagocytes, especially macrophages, which makes elimination of intracellular S. aureus key to clinical success. Unfortunately, most antibiotics have poor cellular penetration capacity, which necessitates intracellular delivery of antibiotics. We herein use nanoparticle coated with membrane of extracellular vesicle secreted by S. aureus (i.e., NP@EV) as active-targeting antibiotic carrier, with counterparts coated with PEGylated lipid bilayer (i.e., NP@Lipo; PEG = poly(ethylene glycol)) or with membrane of outer membrane vesicle secreted by Escherichia coli (i.e., NP@OMV) included as controls. NP@EV is internalized at higher efficiency by S. aureus-infected macrophage than by naïve counterpart, whereas NP@Lipo and NP@OMV are not; instead, NP@OMV, but neither NP@EV nor NP@Lipo, is internalized at higher efficiency by E. coli-infected macrophage than by naïve counterpart. Moreover, when injected intravenously into mouse models, NP@EV, but neither NP@OMV nor NP@Lipo, exhibits significantly higher accumulations within four major organs (kidney, lung, spleen, and heart) bearing metastatic S. aureus infections than within healthy counterparts. These observations suggest that EV membrane coating of NP@EV endows the particle with active targeting capacity both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, when preloaded with antibiotics and intravenously administered to alleviate metastatic infection in S. aureus bacteremia-bearing mouse model, NP@EV confers its cargoes with strikingly improved efficacy; in doing so, NP@EV is significantly more efficient than both NP@Lipo and NP@OMV in kidney and lung-which bear the highest metastatic bacterial burden and represent most common sites for S. aureus infection, respectively. Such an active-targeting delivery platform may have implications in promoting clinical success on intracellular pathogen-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Binqian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Feng Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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16
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Yang D, Ho YX, Cowell LM, Jilani I, Foster SJ, Prince LR. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Factors Involved in S. aureus-Induced Human Neutrophil Cell Death and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30766531 PMCID: PMC6365652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal organism in approximately 30% of the human population and colonization is a significant risk factor for invasive infection. As a result of this, there is a great need to better understand how S. aureus overcomes human immunity. Neutrophils are essential during the innate immune response to S. aureus, yet this microorganism uses multiple evasion strategies to avoid killing by these immune cells, perhaps the most catastrophic of which is the rapid induction of neutrophil cell death. The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms underpinning S. aureus-induced neutrophil lysis, and how this contributes to pathogenesis in a whole organism model of infection. To do this we screened the genome-wide Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library (NTML) in the community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus strain, USA300, for decreased ability to induce neutrophil cell lysis. Out of 1,920 S. aureus mutants, a number of known regulators of cell lysis (including the master regulators accessory gene regulator A, agrA and Staphylococcus exoprotein expression protein S, saeS) were identified in this blinded screen, providing validity to the experimental system. Three gene mutations not previously associated with cell death: purB, lspA, and clpP were found to be significantly attenuated in their ability to induce neutrophil lysis. These phenotypes were verified by genetic transductants and complemented strains. purB and clpP were subsequently found to be necessary for bacterial replication and pathogenesis in a zebrafish embryo infection model. The virulence of the clpP mutant was restored in a neutrophil-depleted zebrafish model, suggesting the importance of ClpP in mechanisms underpinning neutrophil immunity to S. aureus. In conclusion, our work identifies genetic components underpinning S. aureus pathogenesis, and may provide insight into how this commensal organism breaches innate immune barriers during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Yang
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Xin Ho
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Cowell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iqra Jilani
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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17
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Brandt SL, Putnam NE, Cassat JE, Serezani CH. Innate Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus: Evolving Paradigms in Soft Tissue and Invasive Infections. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3871-3880. [PMID: 29866769 PMCID: PMC6028009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of diseases that together embody a significant public health burden. Aided by metabolic flexibility and a large virulence repertoire, S. aureus has the remarkable ability to hematogenously disseminate and infect various tissues, including skin, lung, heart, and bone, among others. The hallmark lesions of invasive staphylococcal infections, abscesses, simultaneously denote the powerful innate immune responses to tissue invasion as well as the ability of staphylococci to persist within these lesions. In this article, we review the innate immune responses to S. aureus during infection of skin and bone, which serve as paradigms for soft tissue and bone disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Brandt
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nicole E Putnam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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18
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A Corylus avellana L. extract enhances human macrophage bactericidal response against Staphylococcus aureus by increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory and iron metabolism genes. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Hussain S, Joo J, Kang J, Kim B, Braun GB, She ZG, Kim D, Mann AP, Mölder T, Teesalu T, Carnazza S, Guglielmino S, Sailor MJ, Ruoslahti E. Antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles targeted to the site of infection enhance antibacterial efficacy. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:95-103. [PMID: 29955439 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has made it necessary to resort to antibiotics that have considerable toxicities. Here, we show that the cyclic 9-amino acid peptide CARGGLKSC (CARG), identified via phage display on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria and through in vivo screening in mice with S. aureus-induced lung infections, increases the antibacterial activity of CARG-conjugated vancomycin-loaded nanoparticles in S. aureus-infected tissues and reduces the needed overall systemic dose, minimizing side effects. CARG binds specifically to S. aureus bacteria but not Pseudomonas bacteria in vitro, selectively accumulates in S. aureus-infected lungs and skin of mice but not in non-infected tissue and Pseudomonas-infected tissue, and significantly enhances the accumulation of intravenously injected vancomycin-loaded porous silicon nanoparticles bearing the peptide in S. aureus-infected mouse lung tissue. The targeted nanoparticles more effectively suppress staphylococcal infections in vivo relative to equivalent doses of untargeted vancomycin nanoparticles or of free vancomycin. The therapeutic delivery of antibiotic-carrying nanoparticles bearing peptides targeting infected tissue may help combat difficult-to-treat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazid Hussain
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Byungji Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary B Braun
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aman P Mann
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tarmo Mölder
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Center for Nanomedicine, and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Santina Carnazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali- ChiBioFarAm, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Guglielmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali- ChiBioFarAm, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Nanomedicine, and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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20
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Rainard P, Foucras G, Fitzgerald JR, Watts JL, Koop G, Middleton JR. Knowledge gaps and research priorities in Staphylococcus aureus mastitis control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:149-165. [PMID: 28984427 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed knowledge gaps and suggested research priorities in the field of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus infecting the mammary gland remains a major problem to the dairy industry worldwide because of its pathogenicity, contagiousness, persistence in the cow environment, colonization of skin or mucosal epithelia, and the poor curing efficacy of treatments. Staphylococcus aureus also constitutes a threat to public health due to food safety and antibiotic usage issues and the potential for bidirectional transmission of strains between humans and dairy animals (cows and small ruminants). Gaps have been identified in (i) understanding the molecular basis for pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis, (ii) identifying staphylococcal antigens inducing protection and (iii) determining the cell-mediated immune responses to infection and vaccination. The recommended priorities for research are (i) improved diagnostic methods for early detection of infection and intervention through treatment or management, (ii) development of experimental models to investigate the strategies used by S. aureus to survive within the mammary gland and resist treatment with anti-microbials, (iii) investigation of the basis for cow-to-cow variation in response to S. aureus mastitis, (iv) identification of the immune responses (adaptive and innate) induced by infection or vaccination and (v) antibacterial discovery programmes to develop new, more effective, narrow spectrum antibacterial agents for the treatment of S. aureus mastitis. With the availability and ongoing improvement of molecular research tools, these objectives may not be out of reach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rainard
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - G Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - J R Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J L Watts
- Zoetis, External Innovation-Anti-Infectives, VMRD, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - G Koop
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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21
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Serine-Aspartate Repeat Protein D Increases Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Survival in Blood. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00559-16. [PMID: 27795358 PMCID: PMC5203653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses a panel of cell wall-anchored adhesins, including proteins belonging to the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family, exemplified by the serine-aspartate repeat protein D (SdrD), which serve key roles in colonization and infection. Deletion of sdrD from S. aureus subsp. aureus strain NCTC8325-4 attenuated bacterial survival in human whole blood ex vivo, which was associated with increased killing by human neutrophils. Remarkably, SdrD was able to inhibit innate immune-mediated bacterial killing independently of other S. aureus proteins, since addition of recombinant SdrD protein and heterologous expression of SdrD in Lactococcus lactis promoted bacterial survival in human blood. SdrD contributes to bacterial virulence in vivo, since fewer S. aureus subsp. aureus NCTC8325-4 ΔsdrD bacteria than bacteria of the parent strain were recovered from blood and several organs using a murine intravenous infection model. Collectively, our findings reveal a new property of SdrD as an important key contributor to S. aureus survival and the ability to escape the innate immune system in blood.
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Giovannini D, Gismondi A, Basso A, Canuti L, Braglia R, Canini A, Mariani F, Cappelli G. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil Exerts Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Macrophage Mediated Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:11-28. [PMID: 26730790 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1085392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Different studies described the antibacterial properties of Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.) essential oil and its anti-inflammatory effects. Besides, no data exist on its ability to activate human macrophages during the innate response against Staphylococcus aureus. The discovery of promising regulators of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, without side effects, could be useful for the prevention of, or as therapeutic remedy for, various inflammation-mediated diseases. This study investigated, by transcriptional analysis, how a L. angustifolia essential oil treatment influences the macrophage response to Staphylococcus aureus infection. The results showed that the treatment increases the phagocytic rate and stimulates the containment of intracellular bacterial replication by macrophages. Our data showed that this stimulation is coupled with expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species production (i.e., CYBB and NCF4). Moreover, the essential oil treatment balanced the inflammatory signaling induced by S. aureus by repressing the principal pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors and inducing the heme oxygenase-1 gene transcription. These data showed that the L. angustifolia essential oil can stimulate the human innate macrophage response to a bacterium which is responsible for one of the most important nosocomial infection and might suggest the potential development of this plant extract as an anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory coadjutant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giovannini
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy
| | - A Gismondi
- b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - A Basso
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy
| | - L Canuti
- b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - R Braglia
- b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - A Canini
- b Department of Biology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - F Mariani
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy
| | - G Cappelli
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology , National Research Council , Italy , Rome , Italy
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Elks PM, Renshaw SA, Meijer AH, Walmsley SR, van Eeden FJ. Exploring the HIFs, buts and maybes of hypoxia signalling in disease: lessons from zebrafish models. Dis Model Mech 2016; 8:1349-60. [PMID: 26512123 PMCID: PMC4631790 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A low level of tissue oxygen (hypoxia) is a physiological feature of a wide range of diseases, from cancer to infection. Cellular hypoxia is sensed by oxygen-sensitive hydroxylase enzymes, which regulate the protein stability of hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) transcription factors. When stabilised, HIF-α binds with its cofactors to HIF-responsive elements (HREs) in the promoters of target genes to coordinate a wide-ranging transcriptional programme in response to the hypoxic environment. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the HIF-1α transcription factor, and in recent years the HIF-mediated hypoxia response is being increasingly recognised as an important process in determining the outcome of diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disease and bacterial infections. Animal models have shed light on the roles of HIF in disease and have uncovered intricate control mechanisms that involve multiple cell types, observations that might have been missed in simpler in vitro systems. These findings highlight the need for new whole-organism models of disease to elucidate these complex regulatory mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of hypoxia and HIFs in disease that have emerged from studies of zebrafish disease models. Findings from such models identify HIF as an integral player in the disease processes. They also highlight HIF pathway components and their targets as potential therapeutic targets against conditions that range from cancers to infectious disease. Summary: Hypoxia signalling, mediated by HIF, is a crucial pathway in many disease processes. Here, we review current knowledge of HIF signalling and disease, focusing on recent findings from zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Elks
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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24
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Nandi A, Bishayi B. Intracellularly survived Staphylococcus aureus after phagocytosis are more virulent in inducing cytotoxicity in fresh murine peritoneal macrophages utilizing TLR-2 as a possible target. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:131-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, Staben L, Kajihara KK, Vandlen R, DePalatis L, Raab H, Hazenbos WL, Morisaki JH, Kim J, Park S, Darwish M, Lee BC, Hernandez H, Loyet KM, Lupardus P, Fong R, Yan D, Chalouni C, Luis E, Khalfin Y, Plise E, Cheong J, Lyssikatos JP, Strandh M, Koefoed K, Andersen PS, Flygare JA, Wah Tan M, Brown EJ, Mariathasan S. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26536114 DOI: 10.1038/nature16057.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be an extracellular pathogen. However, survival of S. aureus within host cells may provide a reservoir relatively protected from antibiotics, thus enabling long-term colonization of the host and explaining clinical failures and relapses after antibiotic therapy. Here we confirm that intracellular reservoirs of S. aureus in mice comprise a virulent subset of bacteria that can establish infection even in the presence of vancomycin, and we introduce a novel therapeutic that effectively kills intracellular S. aureus. This antibody-antibiotic conjugate consists of an anti-S. aureus antibody conjugated to a highly efficacious antibiotic that is activated only after it is released in the proteolytic environment of the phagolysosome. The antibody-antibiotic conjugate is superior to vancomycin for treatment of bacteraemia and provides direct evidence that intracellular S. aureus represents an important component of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Lehar
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Pillow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leanna Staben
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly K Kajihara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Helga Raab
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wouter L Hazenbos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - J Hiroshi Morisaki
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Summer Park
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Lupardus
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rina Fong
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Pathology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Luis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yana Khalfin
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joseph P Lyssikatos
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Magnus Strandh
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koefoed
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - John A Flygare
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Man Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Eric J Brown
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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26
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Lehar SM, Pillow T, Xu M, Staben L, Kajihara KK, Vandlen R, DePalatis L, Raab H, Hazenbos WL, Morisaki JH, Kim J, Park S, Darwish M, Lee BC, Hernandez H, Loyet KM, Lupardus P, Fong R, Yan D, Chalouni C, Luis E, Khalfin Y, Plise E, Cheong J, Lyssikatos JP, Strandh M, Koefoed K, Andersen PS, Flygare JA, Wah Tan M, Brown EJ, Mariathasan S. Novel antibody-antibiotic conjugate eliminates intracellular S. aureus. Nature 2015; 527:323-8. [PMID: 26536114 DOI: 10.1038/nature16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be an extracellular pathogen. However, survival of S. aureus within host cells may provide a reservoir relatively protected from antibiotics, thus enabling long-term colonization of the host and explaining clinical failures and relapses after antibiotic therapy. Here we confirm that intracellular reservoirs of S. aureus in mice comprise a virulent subset of bacteria that can establish infection even in the presence of vancomycin, and we introduce a novel therapeutic that effectively kills intracellular S. aureus. This antibody-antibiotic conjugate consists of an anti-S. aureus antibody conjugated to a highly efficacious antibiotic that is activated only after it is released in the proteolytic environment of the phagolysosome. The antibody-antibiotic conjugate is superior to vancomycin for treatment of bacteraemia and provides direct evidence that intracellular S. aureus represents an important component of invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Lehar
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Pillow
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leanna Staben
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kimberly K Kajihara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laura DePalatis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Helga Raab
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wouter L Hazenbos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - J Hiroshi Morisaki
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Summer Park
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Lupardus
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rina Fong
- Structural Biology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Translational Immunology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Pathology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Luis
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yana Khalfin
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joseph P Lyssikatos
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Magnus Strandh
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Klaus Koefoed
- Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - John A Flygare
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Man Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Eric J Brown
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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27
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Bergstrøm B, Aune MH, Awuh JA, Kojen JF, Blix KJ, Ryan L, Flo TH, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 Senses Staphylococcus aureus RNA in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages and Induces IFN-β Production via a TAK1–IKKβ–IRF5 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1100-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Tuchscherr L, Bischoff M, Lattar SM, Noto Llana M, Pförtner H, Niemann S, Geraci J, Van de Vyver H, Fraunholz MJ, Cheung AL, Herrmann M, Völker U, Sordelli DO, Peters G, Löffler B. Sigma Factor SigB Is Crucial to Mediate Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation during Chronic Infections. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004870. [PMID: 25923704 PMCID: PMC4414502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a range of infections from acute invasive to chronic and difficult-to-treat. Infection strategies associated with persisting S. aureus infections are bacterial host cell invasion and the bacterial ability to dynamically change phenotypes from the aggressive wild-type to small colony variants (SCVs), which are adapted for intracellular long-term persistence. The underlying mechanisms of the bacterial switching and adaptation mechanisms appear to be very dynamic, but are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the role and the crosstalk of the global S. aureus regulators agr, sarA and SigB by generating single, double and triple mutants, and testing them with proteome analysis and in different in vitro and in vivo infection models. We were able to demonstrate that SigB is the crucial factor for adaptation in chronic infections. During acute infection, the bacteria require the simultaneous action of the agr and sarA loci to defend against invading immune cells by causing inflammation and cytotoxicity and to escape from phagosomes in their host cells that enable them to settle an infection at high bacterial density. To persist intracellularly the bacteria subsequently need to silence agr and sarA. Indeed agr and sarA deletion mutants expressed a much lower number of virulence factors and could persist at high numbers intracellularly. SigB plays a crucial function to promote bacterial intracellular persistence. In fact, ΔsigB-mutants did not generate SCVs and were completely cleared by the host cells within a few days. In this study we identified SigB as an essential factor that enables the bacteria to switch from the highly aggressive phenotype that settles an acute infection to a silent SCV-phenotype that allows for long-term intracellular persistence. Consequently, the SigB-operon represents a possible target to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies against chronic and therapy-refractory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Santiago M. Lattar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM UBA-CONICET) y Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariangeles Noto Llana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM UBA-CONICET) y Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Henrike Pförtner
- Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Geraci
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hélène Van de Vyver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin J. Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ambrose L. Cheung
- Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel O. Sordelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM UBA-CONICET) y Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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ω-Hydroxyemodin limits staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing-mediated pathogenesis and inflammation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2223-35. [PMID: 25645827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04564-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a global health threat. Small molecules that inhibit bacterial virulence have been suggested as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antibiotics, as they may limit pathogenesis and increase bacterial susceptibility to host killing. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of invasive skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in both the hospital and community settings, and it is also becoming increasingly antibiotic resistant. Quorum sensing (QS) mediated by the accessory gene regulator (agr) controls virulence factor production essential for causing SSTIs. We recently identified ω-hydroxyemodin (OHM), a polyhydroxyanthraquinone isolated from solid-phase cultures of Penicillium restrictum, as a suppressor of QS and a compound sought for the further characterization of the mechanism of action. At concentrations that are nontoxic to eukaryotic cells and subinhibitory to bacterial growth, OHM prevented agr signaling by all four S. aureus agr alleles. OHM inhibited QS by direct binding to AgrA, the response regulator encoded by the agr operon, preventing the interaction of AgrA with the agr P2 promoter. Importantly, OHM was efficacious in a mouse model of S. aureus SSTI. Decreased dermonecrosis with OHM treatment was associated with enhanced bacterial clearance and reductions in inflammatory cytokine transcription and expression at the site of infection. Furthermore, OHM treatment enhanced the immune cell killing of S. aureus in vitro in an agr-dependent manner. These data suggest that bacterial disarmament through the suppression of S. aureus QS may bolster the host innate immune response and limit inflammation.
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Accarias S, Lugo-Villarino G, Foucras G, Neyrolles O, Boullier S, Tabouret G. Pyroptosis of resident macrophages differentially orchestrates inflammatory responses to Staphylococcus aureus in resistant and susceptible mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:794-806. [PMID: 25472006 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and innate immunity is highly complex and requires further investigation to be deciphered. i.p. challenge of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, resistant and susceptible to the infection, respectively, resulted in different patterns of cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment. Staphylococcus aureus infection induced macrophage pyroptosis, an inflammasome-dependent cell death program, whose rates significantly differed between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Fast rate pyroptosis of C57BL/6 macrophages released high levels of IL-1β but limited the synthesis of other cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, and CXCL2. Conversely, the extended survival of DBA/2 macrophages allowed substantial production of these NF-κB-related cytokines. Phenotyping of resting macrophages in different mouse strains revealed differential predisposition toward specific macrophage phenotypes that modulate S. aureus-mediated inflammasome activation. Treatment of DBA/2 susceptible mice with inflammasome inducers (i.e. nigericin and ATP) artificially increased pyroptosis and lowered the levels of NF-κB-related inflammatory cytokines, but restored IL-1β to levels similar to those in C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, this study promotes the concept that, in association with host genetics, the basal phenotype of resident macrophages influences the early inflammatory response and possibly participates in S. aureus infection outcome via the inflammasome pathway and subsequent pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Accarias
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France; INRA, IHAP, Toulouse, France
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31
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Hirschfeld J. Dynamic interactions of neutrophils and biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26102. [PMID: 25523872 PMCID: PMC4270880 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of microbial infections in humans are biofilm-associated and difficult to treat, as biofilms are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents and protect themselves from external threats in various ways. Biofilms are tenaciously attached to surfaces and impede the ability of host defense molecules and cells to penetrate them. On the other hand, some biofilms are beneficial for the host and contain protective microorganisms. Microbes in biofilms express pathogen-associated molecular patterns and epitopes that can be recognized by innate immune cells and opsonins, leading to activation of neutrophils and other leukocytes. Neutrophils are part of the first line of defense and have multiple antimicrobial strategies allowing them to attack pathogenic biofilms. OBJECTIVE/DESIGN In this paper, interaction modes of neutrophils with biofilms are reviewed. Antimicrobial strategies of neutrophils and the counteractions of the biofilm communities, with special attention to oral biofilms, are presented. Moreover, possible adverse effects of neutrophil activity and their biofilm-promoting side effects are discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Biofilms are partially, but not entirely, protected against neutrophil assault, which include the processes of phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. However, virulence factors of microorganisms, microbial composition, and properties of the extracellular matrix determine whether a biofilm and subsequent microbial spread can be controlled by neutrophils and other host defense factors. Besides, neutrophils may inadvertently contribute to the physical and ecological stability of biofilms by promoting selection of more resistant strains. Moreover, neutrophil enzymes can degrade collagen and other proteins and, as a result, cause harm to the host tissues. These parameters could be crucial factors in the onset of periodontal inflammation and the subsequent tissue breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Hirschfeld
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße, 17 D-53111 Bonn, Germany;
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32
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Chasing bacteria within the cells using levofloxacin-loaded hyaluronic acid nanohydrogels. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Scherr TD, Heim CE, Morrison JM, Kielian T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Interplay between Staphylococcal Biofilms and Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:37. [PMID: 24550921 PMCID: PMC3913997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are notable for their propensity to form biofilms on implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal biofilm infections are typified by their recalcitrance to antibiotics and ability to circumvent host immune-mediated clearance, resulting in the establishment of chronic infections that are often recurrent in nature. Indeed, the immunomodulatory lifestyle of biofilms seemingly shapes the host immune response to ensure biofilm engraftment and persistence in an immune competent host. Here, we provide a brief review of the mechanisms whereby S. aureus and S. epidermidis biofilms manipulate host–pathogen interactions and discuss the concept of microenvironment maintenance in infectious outcomes, as well as speculate how these findings pertain to the challenges of staphylococcal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Scherr
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Cortney E Heim
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - John M Morrison
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
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Global transcriptome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in response to innate immune cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4363-76. [PMID: 24042108 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00819-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent phagocytic and microbicidal activities of neutrophils and macrophages are among the first lines of defense against bacterial infections. Yet Staphylococcus aureus is often resistant to innate immune defense mechanisms, especially when organized as a biofilm. To investigate how S. aureus biofilms respond to macrophages and neutrophils, gene expression patterns were profiled using Affymetrix microarrays. The addition of macrophages to S. aureus static biofilms led to a global suppression of the biofilm transcriptome with a wide variety of genes downregulated. Notably, genes involved in metabolism, cell wall synthesis/structure, and transcription/translation/replication were among the most highly downregulated, which was most dramatic at 1 h compared to 24 h following macrophage addition to biofilms. Unexpectedly, few genes were enhanced in biofilms after macrophage challenge. Unlike coculture with macrophages, coculture of S. aureus static biofilms with neutrophils did not greatly influence the biofilm transcriptome. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate that S. aureus biofilms differentially modify their gene expression patterns depending on the leukocyte subset encountered.
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Jansen KU, Girgenti DQ, Scully IL, Anderson AS. Vaccine review: "Staphyloccocus aureus vaccines: problems and prospects". Vaccine 2013; 31:2723-30. [PMID: 23624095 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of both healthcare- and community-associated infections globally. S. aureus exhibits diverse clinical presentations, ranging from benign carriage and superficial skin and soft tissue infections to deep wound and organ/space infections, biofilm-related prosthesis infections, life-threatening bacteremia and sepsis. This broad clinical spectrum, together with the high incidence of these disease manifestations and magnitude of the diverse populations at risk, presents a high unmet medical need and a substantial burden to the healthcare system. With the increasing propensity of S. aureus to develop resistance to essentially all classes of antibiotics, alternative strategies, such as prophylactic vaccination to prevent S. aureus infections, are actively being pursued in healthcare settings. Within the last decade, the S. aureus vaccine field has witnessed two major vaccine failures in phase 3 clinical trials designed to prevent S. aureus infections in either patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery or patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. This review summarizes the potential underlying reasons why these two approaches may have failed, and proposes avenues that may provide successful vaccine approaches to prevent S. aureus disease in the future.
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Rivas AL, Jankowski MD, Piccinini R, Leitner G, Schwarz D, Anderson KL, Fair JM, Hoogesteijn AL, Wolter W, Chaffer M, Blum S, Were T, Konah SN, Kempaiah P, Ong'echa JM, Diesterbeck US, Pilla R, Czerny CP, Hittner JB, Hyman JM, Perkins DJ. Feedback-based, system-level properties of vertebrate-microbial interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53984. [PMID: 23437039 PMCID: PMC3577842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved characterization of infectious disease dynamics is required. To that end, three-dimensional (3D) data analysis of feedback-like processes may be considered. Methods To detect infectious disease data patterns, a systems biology (SB) and evolutionary biology (EB) approach was evaluated, which utilizes leukocyte data structures designed to diminish data variability and enhance discrimination. Using data collected from one avian and two mammalian (human and bovine) species infected with viral, parasite, or bacterial agents (both sensitive and resistant to antimicrobials), four data structures were explored: (i) counts or percentages of a single leukocyte type, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages (the classic approach), and three levels of the SB/EB approach, which assessed (ii) 2D, (iii) 3D, and (iv) multi-dimensional (rotating 3D) host-microbial interactions. Results In all studies, no classic data structure discriminated disease-positive (D+, or observations in which a microbe was isolated) from disease-negative (D–, or microbial-negative) groups: D+ and D– data distributions overlapped. In contrast, multi-dimensional analysis of indicators designed to possess desirable features, such as a single line of observations, displayed a continuous, circular data structure, whose abrupt inflections facilitated partitioning into subsets statistically significantly different from one another. In all studies, the 3D, SB/EB approach distinguished three (steady, positive, and negative) feedback phases, in which D– data characterized the steady state phase, and D+ data were found in the positive and negative phases. In humans, spatial patterns revealed false-negative observations and three malaria-positive data classes. In both humans and bovines, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections were discriminated from non-MRSA infections. Conclusions More information can be extracted, from the same data, provided that data are structured, their 3D relationships are considered, and well-conserved (feedback-like) functions are estimated. Patterns emerging from such structures may distinguish well-conserved from recently developed host-microbial interactions. Applications include diagnosis, error detection, and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Rivas
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Wood AJ, Fraser JD, Swift S, Patterson-Emanuelson EAC, Amirapu S, Douglas RG. Intramucosal bacterial microcolonies exist in chronic rhinosinusitis without inducing a local immune response. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26:265-70. [PMID: 22801011 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) causes very significant morbidity, much about its pathogenesis remains uncertain. Recent studies have identified polymicrobial biofilms on the surface of sinus mucosa and Staphylococcus aureus within the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS, both with and without nasal polyps. The pathogenic implications of intramucosal bacteria in CRS are unknown. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and species of bacterial colonies within the sinus mucosa of adult patients with and without CRS and to describe the relationship of these bacterial colonies to the host immune response. METHODS Sinus mucosa from patients with and without CRS was examined using Gram and Giemsa staining, immunohistochemistry, bacterial culture, and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. RESULTS Bacterial microcolonies were observed within the mucosa in 14 of 18 patients with CRS. In 10 of these patients colonies were positively identified as S. aureus. Staphylococcal microcolonies were observed at a lower level (1 of 8 patients) in normal sinus mucosa. There was no correlation between detection of S. aureus on the mucosal surface and microcolonization of the mucosa. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of an immune reaction to microcolonies. Indeed, fewer T lymphocytes (p = 0.03) and eosinophils (p = 0.03) were counted immediately surrounding the microcolonies compared with uninfected areas of the same tissue. CONCLUSION Bacterial microcolonies are prevalent within paranasal sinus mucosa and are commonly S. aureus. These microcolonies do not provoke immune detection and may represent a phenotype that actively evades host immunity. This may underpin the recalcitrance of CRS to antibiotic therapy. These findings challenge classic views of both infection and mucosal immunity in human chronic disease. The presence of intramucosal bacteria in samples of normal sinus mucosa also questions the sensitivity of detecting nasal carriage of pathogens by swabbing the surface of the anterior nares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wood
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mal P, Dutta K, Bandyopadhyay D, Basu A, Khan R, Bishayi B. Azithromycin in combination with riboflavin decreases the severity of Staphylococcus aureus infection induced septic arthritis by modulating the production of free radicals and endogenous cytokines. Inflamm Res 2012; 62:259-73. [PMID: 23229721 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN To determine alternate therapeutic measures to combat Staphylococcus aureus induced arthritis. Thus, azithromycin was combined with riboflavin, which may combat the ROS production and inflammation. METHODS An in vivo model of S. aureus infection-induced arthritis was set up by infecting mice with 5 × 10⁶ bacterial cell/mouse. S. aureus was administered intravenously. Azithromycin and riboflavin was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 100 and 20 mg/kg body, respectively. The mice were sacrificed at 3, 9, 15 days post infection (dpi). TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 from serum and SOD, catalase and reduced glutathione concentration were observed in hepatic, cardiac, renal and splenic tissue. RESULTS CFU was found very prominent in spleen and joints and reduced in blood at 3 and 9 dpi. However, treatment with azithromycin and riboflavin completely eradicated the bacteria from blood and spleen. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and MCP-1 were induced due to infection which were downregulated by treatment with azithromycin and riboflavin. Infected mice were also found to have altered antioxidant status, measured in terms of reduced glutathione and anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD and catalase. CONCLUSION These changes were found to be ameliorated when the animals were co-treated with azithromycin and riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Mal
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
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Niemann S, Ehrhardt C, Medina E, Warnking K, Tuchscherr L, Heitmann V, Ludwig S, Peters G, Löffler B. Combined action of influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus panton-valentine leukocidin provokes severe lung epithelium damage. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1138-48. [PMID: 22837490 PMCID: PMC3433859 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is a life-threatening disease that is frequently preceded by influenza infection. The S. aureus toxin Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is most likely causative for necrotizing diseases, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms of PVL and a possible contribution of influenza virus remain to be elucidated. In this study, we present a model that explains how influenza virus and PVL act together to cause necrotizing pneumonia: an influenza infection activates the lung epithelium to produce chemoattractants for neutrophils. Upon superinfection with PVL-expressing S. aureus, the recruited neutrophils are rapidly killed by PVL, resulting in uncontrolled release of neutrophil proteases that damage the airway epithelium. The host counteracts this pathogen strategy by generating PVL-neutralizing antibodies and by neutralizing the released proteases via protease inhibitors present in the serum. These findings explain why necrotizing infections mainly develop in serum-free spaces (eg, pulmonary alveoli) and open options for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Germany
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40
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Hanke ML, Kielian T. Deciphering mechanisms of staphylococcal biofilm evasion of host immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:62. [PMID: 22919653 PMCID: PMC3417388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are adherent communities of bacteria contained within a complex matrix. Although host immune responses to planktonic staphylococcal species have been relatively well-characterized, less is known regarding immunity to staphylococcal biofilms and how they modulate anti-bacterial effector mechanisms when organized in this protective milieu. Previously, staphylococcal biofilms were thought to escape immune recognition on the basis of their chronic and indolent nature. Instead, we have proposed that staphylococcal biofilms skew the host immune response away from a proinflammatory bactericidal phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic response that favors bacterial persistence. This possibility is supported by recent studies from our laboratory using a mouse model of catheter-associated biofilm infection, where S. aureus biofilms led to the accumulation of alternatively activated M2 macrophages that exhibit anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic properties. In addition, relatively few neutrophils were recruited into S. aureus biofilms, representing another mechanism that deviates from planktonic infections. However, it is important to recognize the diversity of biofilm infections, in that studies by others have demonstrated the induction of distinct immune responses during staphylococcal biofilm growth in other models, suggesting influences from the local tissue microenvironment. This review will discuss the immune defenses that staphylococcal biofilms evade as well as conceptual issues that remain to be resolved. An improved understanding of why the host immune response is unable to clear biofilm infections could lead to targeted therapies to reverse these defects and expedite biofilm clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, OmahaNE, USA
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41
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Schmidt T, Zündorf J, Grüger T, Brandenburg K, Reiners AL, Zinserling J, Witte W, Schnitzler N. Phenotyping of Staphylococcus aureus reveals a new virulent ST398 lineage. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:279-85. [PMID: 22360315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus sequence type (ST)398, which is commonly found as a colonization strain in pig farming, is emerging more frequently as the cause of human infections. In this study, we analysed ST398 of porcine and human origin at the genetic, protein and immunogenic levels. Although genetic analysis of the genes encoding the major virulence factors revealed the presence of the same genes in all strains studied, the results demonstrated spa type crossing alterations in adhesion abilities in addition to a strongly enhanced lysis activity directly linked to impaired clearance attributable to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). This change in virulence pattern indicates high heterogenicity in the ST398 pool that is not based on a different genetic make-up, but probably on variations in the genetic regulation systems. These modifications, which are tightly connected to pathogenicity, cannot be detected by conventional diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmidt
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, L2-Biosafety-Laboratory, Bonn, Germany
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42
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Joshi A, Pancari G, Cope L, Bowman EP, Cua D, Proctor RA, McNeely T. Immunization with Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) confers protection via Th17/IL17 pathway in a murine sepsis model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:336-46. [PMID: 22327491 PMCID: PMC3426080 DOI: 10.4161/hv.18946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that IsdB, a conserved protein expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, induces a robust antibody response which correlates with protection in a murine challenge model. Here we investigate the role of cellular immunity in IsdB mediated protection using lymphocyte deficient SCID mice. As opposed to WT CB-17 mice the CB-17 SCID mice were not protected against a lethal challenge of S. aureus after active and passive immunizations with IsdB. Adoptive transfer of in vitro isolated lymphocyte subsets revealed that reconstituting mice with IsdB specific CD3+ or CD4+ T-cells conferred antigen specific protection while CD8+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells and plasma cells (CD138highB220intCD19lo) alone were not protective. A combination of CD3+ T-cells plus CD19+ B-cells conferred protection in CB-17 SCID mice, whereas bovine serum albumin (BSA) immune lymphocytes did not confer protection. Active immunization experiments indicated that IsdB immunized Jh mice (B-cell deficient) were protected against lethal challenge, while nude (T-cell deficient) mice were not. In vitro assays indicated that isolated IsdB specific splenocytes from immunized mice produced abundant IL-17A, much less IFN-γ and no detectable IL-4. IL-23 deficient mice were not protected from a lethal challenge by IsdB vaccination, pointing to a critical role for CD4+ Th17 in IsdB-mediated vaccination. Neutralizing IL-17A, but not IL-22 in vivo significantly increased mortality in IsdB immunized mice; whereas, neutralizing IFN-γ did not alter IsdB-mediated protection. These findings suggest that IL-17A producing Th17 cells play an essential role in IsdB vaccine-mediated defense against invasive S. aureus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Joshi
- Merck Research Labs, Merck and Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
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43
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Arnold CE, Bordin A, Lawhon SD, Libal MC, Bernstein LR, Cohen ND. Antimicrobial activity of gallium maltolate against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: An in vitro study. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:389-94. [PMID: 21963417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gallium is a trivalent semi-metallic element that has shown antimicrobial activity against several important human pathogens. This antimicrobial activity is likely related to its substitution in important iron-dependent pathways of bacteria. The genus Staphylococcus, which includes human and animal pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality, requires iron for growth and colonization. In this study, gallium maltolate, at various concentrations between 50 and 200μM, inhibited the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at time-points between 8 and 36h after inoculation. The inhibitory activity of gallium maltolate against clinical isolates of MRSA and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from a veterinary teaching hospital was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA.
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Archer NK, Mazaitis MJ, Costerton JW, Leid JG, Powers ME, Shirtliff ME. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: properties, regulation, and roles in human disease. Virulence 2011; 2:445-59. [PMID: 21921685 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.5.17724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been focused on understanding bacterial biofilms and this growth modality's relation to human disease. In this review we explore the genetic regulation and molecular components involved in biofilm formation and maturation in the context of the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, we discuss diseases and host immune responses, along with current therapies associated with S. aureus biofilm infections and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Archer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thurlow LR, Hanke ML, Fritz T, Angle A, Aldrich A, Williams SH, Engebretsen IL, Bayles KW, Horswill AR, Kielian T. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6585-96. [PMID: 21525381 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria encased in a matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and protein. Staphylococcus aureus can form biofilm infections, which are often debilitating due to their chronicity and recalcitrance to antibiotic therapy. Currently, the immune mechanisms elicited during biofilm growth and their impact on bacterial clearance remain to be defined. We used a mouse model of catheter-associated biofilm infection to assess the functional importance of TLR2 and TLR9 in the host immune response during biofilm formation, because ligands for both receptors are present within the biofilm. Interestingly, neither TLR2 nor TLR9 impacted bacterial density or inflammatory mediator secretion during biofilm growth in vivo, suggesting that S. aureus biofilms circumvent these traditional bacterial recognition pathways. Several potential mechanisms were identified to account for biofilm evasion of innate immunity, including significant reductions in IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL2, and CCL2 expression during biofilm infection compared with the wound healing response elicited by sterile catheters, limited macrophage invasion into biofilms in vivo, and a skewing of the immune response away from a microbicidal phenotype as evidenced by decreases in inducible NO synthase expression concomitant with robust arginase-1 induction. Coculture studies of macrophages with S. aureus biofilms in vitro revealed that macrophages successful at biofilm invasion displayed limited phagocytosis and gene expression patterns reminiscent of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that S. aureus biofilms are capable of attenuating traditional host proinflammatory responses, which may explain why biofilm infections persist in an immunocompetent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance R Thurlow
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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46
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Thwaites GE, Gant V. Are bloodstream leukocytes Trojan Horses for the metastasis of Staphylococcus aureus? Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:215-22. [PMID: 21297670 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia remains very difficult to treat, and a large proportion of cases result in potentially lethal metastatic infection. Unpredictable and persistent bacteraemia in the face of highly active, usually bactericidal antibiotics is the strongest predictor of death or disseminated disease. Although S. aureus has conventionally been considered an extracellular pathogen, much evidence demonstrates that it can survive intracellularly. In this Opinion article, we propose that phagocytes, and specifically neutrophils, represent a privileged site for S. aureus in the bloodstream, offering protection from most antibiotics and providing a mechanism by which the bacterium can travel to and infect distant sites. Furthermore, we suggest how this can be experimentally confirmed and how it may prompt a change in the current paradigm of S. aureus bacteraemia and identify better treatment options for improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy E Thwaites
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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47
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Edwards AM, Massey RC. How does Staphylococcus aureus escape the bloodstream? Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:184-90. [PMID: 21227700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteraemia, which frequently leads to infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and metastatic abscess formation. The development of these secondary infections is due to bacterial dissemination from the blood into surrounding tissues and is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Despite the importance of S. aureus extravasation in disease progression, there is relatively little understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this pathogen crosses the endothelial barrier and establishes new sites of infection. Recent work has identified a number of putative routes by which S. aureus can escape the bloodstream. In this article we review these new developments and set them in the context of strategies used by other established pathogens to traverse cellular barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Edwards
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Subcutaneous infection with S. aureus in mice reveals association of resistance with influx of neutrophils and Th2 response. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:125-32. [PMID: 20882039 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of bacterial skin infection. Once it overcomes the epithelial barrier, it either remains locally controlled or spreads in the dermis causing soft tissue infection. These different courses depend not only on its virulence factors, but also on the immune response of the infected individual. The goal of this study was to identify host factors that influence different outcomes. We, therefore, established comparative analysis of subcutaneous footpad infection with S. aureus (SH1000) in different inbred mouse strains. We found that C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible than BALB/c and DBA/2 mice, reflected by significantly higher footpad swelling and bacterial load, as well as increased dissemination of bacteria into inguinal lymph nodes and kidneys. This susceptibility was associated with lower influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), but higher secretion of CXCL-2. Remarkably, resistance correlated with S. aureus-specific Th2-cell response in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice, whereas susceptible C57BL/6 mice generated a Th1-cell response. As Th1 cells are able to induce release of CXCL-2, and as CXCL-2 is able to increase the survival of S. aureus within PMNs, interactions between PMNs and Th1 or Th2 cells need to be considered as important mechanisms of resistance in murine soft tissue infection with S. aureus.
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Th17 cells, Job's syndrome and HIV: opportunities for bacterial and fungal infections. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010; 5:179-83. [PMID: 20543597 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328335ed3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) share with HIV patients a predisposition to infections, including candidiasis in autosomal dominant HIES (AD-HIES) and molluscum contagiosum and other viral infections in other disorders of elevated IgE with infectious predilections. This review highlights the underlying pathogenesis of these diseases and their relevance to HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Patients with mutations in STAT3, who lack Th17 cells, develop AD-HIES, whereas other disorders of elevated IgE may be caused by mutations in Tyk2 or DOCK8, the latter of which is associated with decreased expansion of CD8 more so than CD4 T cells. Recent studies on patients with recurrent mucocutaneous candidiasis have led to the discovery of mutations in CARD9 and DECTIN-1, genes key to the production of the Th17-driving cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-23. Studies of the peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients have shown a decreased Th17:Th1 ratio, and Th17 cells were preferentially depleted from the gastrointestinal tract within weeks of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. SUMMARY The consequences of inadequate Th17 production in primary immunodeficiency syndromes illustrate the role of Th17 cells in controlling pathogens to which HIV-positive individuals are susceptible. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of opportunistic disease in HIV infection will probably require exploring the role of Th17 cells.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as an important human pathogen for more than 100 years. S aureus has been able to adapt and evolve in terms of its resistance traits and virulence factors; it is among the most important causes of human infections in the twenty-first century. Rapid molecular identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory of these resistance and virulence factors expressed by S aureus will play an important role in the future in decreasing the morbidity and mortality of infections. This article addresses the emerging aspects of infections caused by S aureus, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, and immunity.
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