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Pomegranate Seed Oil as a Source of Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA) Has No Effect on Atherosclerosis Development but Improves Lipid Profile and Affects the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in apoE/LDLR -/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021737. [PMID: 36675252 PMCID: PMC9863817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) (cis-9,trans-11,cis-13; punicic acid) compared to linolenic acid (LnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (cis-9,trans-11) in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. In the LONG experiment, 10-week old mice were fed for the 18 weeks. In the SHORT experiment, 18-week old mice were fed for the 10 weeks. Diets were supplied with seed oils equivalent to an amount of 0.5% of studied fatty acids. In the SHORT experiment, plasma TCh and LDL+VLDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in animals fed CLnA and CLA compared to the Control. The expression of PPARα in liver was four-fold increased in CLnA group in the SHORT experiment, and as a consequence the expression of its target gene ACO was three-fold increased, whereas the liver's expression of SREBP-1 and FAS were decreased in CLnA mice only in the LONG experiment. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined in the adipose tissue and liver in animals receiving pomegranate seed oil. In both experiments, there were no effects on the area of atherosclerotic plaque in aortic roots. However, in the SHORT experiment, the area of atherosclerosis in the entire aorta in the CLA group compared to CLnA and LnA was significantly decreased. In conclusion, CLnA improved the lipid profile and affected the lipid metabolism gene expression, but did not have the impact on the development of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
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Blockade of the BLT1-LTB 4 axis does not affect mast cell migration towards advanced atherosclerotic lesions in LDLr -/- mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18362. [PMID: 36319730 PMCID: PMC9626554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been associated with the progression and destabilization of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Reducing intraplaque mast cell accumulation upon atherosclerosis progression could be a potent therapeutic strategy to limit plaque destabilization. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been reported to induce mast cell chemotaxis in vitro. Here, we examined whether antagonism of the LTB4-receptor BLT1 could inhibit mast cell accumulation in advanced atherosclerosis. Expression of genes involved in LTB4 biosynthesis was determined by single-cell RNA sequencing of human atherosclerotic plaques. Subsequently, Western-type diet fed LDLr-/- mice with pre-existing atherosclerosis were treated with the BLT1-antagonist CP105,696 or vehicle control three times per week by oral gavage. In the spleen, a significant reduction in CD11b+ myeloid cells was observed, including Ly6Clo and Ly6Chi monocytes as well as dendritic cells. However, atherosclerotic plaque size, collagen and macrophage content in the aortic root remained unaltered upon treatment. Finally, BLT1 antagonism did not affect mast cell numbers in the aortic root. Here, we show that human intraplaque leukocytes may be a source of locally produced LTB4. However, BLT1-antagonism during atherosclerosis progression does not affect either local mast cell accumulation or plaque size, suggesting that other mechanisms participate in mast cell accumulation during atherosclerosis progression.
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Ler AAL, Carty MP. DNA Damage Tolerance Pathways in Human Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2022; 11:822500. [PMID: 35198436 PMCID: PMC8859465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.822500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arising from both exogenous and endogenous sources occur frequently in DNA. During DNA replication, the presence of unrepaired DNA damage in the template can arrest replication fork progression, leading to fork collapse, double-strand break formation, and to genome instability. To facilitate completion of replication and prevent the generation of strand breaks, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways play a key role in allowing replication to proceed in the presence of lesions in the template. The two main DDT pathways are translesion synthesis (TLS), which involves the recruitment of specialized TLS polymerases to the site of replication arrest to bypass lesions, and homology-directed damage tolerance, which includes the template switching and fork reversal pathways. With some exceptions, lesion bypass by TLS polymerases is a source of mutagenesis, potentially contributing to the development of cancer. The capacity of TLS polymerases to bypass replication-blocking lesions induced by anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin can also contribute to tumor chemoresistance. On the other hand, during homology-directed DDT the nascent sister strand is transiently utilised as a template for replication, allowing for error-free lesion bypass. Given the role of DNA damage tolerance pathways in replication, mutagenesis and chemoresistance, a more complete understanding of these pathways can provide avenues for therapeutic exploitation. A number of small molecule inhibitors of TLS polymerase activity have been identified that show synergy with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in killing cancer cells. In this review, we will summarize the major DDT pathways, explore the relationship between damage tolerance and carcinogenesis, and discuss the potential of targeting TLS polymerases as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn Ai Li Ler
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael P. Carty
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Michael P. Carty,
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Durrant DE, Smith EA, Goncharova EI, Sharma N, Alexander PA, Stephen AG, Henrich CJ, Morrison DK. Development of a High-throughput NanoBRET Screening Platform to Identify Modulators of the RAS/RAF Interaction. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1743-1754. [PMID: 34158349 PMCID: PMC8419108 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in RAS are found in approximately 30% of human cancers, resulting in the delivery of a persistent signal to critical downstream effectors that drive tumorigenesis. RAS-driven malignancies respond poorly to conventional cancer treatments and inhibitors that target RAS directly are limited; therefore, the identification of new strategies and/or drugs to disrupt RAS signaling in tumor cells remains a pressing therapeutic need. Taking advantage of the live-cell bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) methodology, we describe the development of a NanoBRET screening platform to identify compounds that modulate binding between activated KRAS and the CRAF kinase, an essential effector of RAS that initiates ERK cascade signaling. Using this strategy, libraries containing synthetic compounds, targeted inhibitors, purified natural products, and natural product extracts were evaluated. These efforts resulted in the identification of compounds that inhibit RAS/RAF binding and in turn suppress RAS-driven ERK activation, but also compounds that have the deleterious effect of enhancing the interaction to upregulate pathway signaling. Among the inhibitor hits identified, the majority were compounds derived from natural products, including ones reported to alter KRAS nanoclustering (ophiobolin A), to impact RAF function (HSP90 inhibitors and ROS inducers) as well as some with unknown targets and activities. These findings demonstrate the potential for this screening platform in natural product drug discovery and in the development of new therapeutic agents to target dysregulated RAS signaling in human disease states such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Durrant
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Emily A Smith
- Molecular Targets Program, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ekaterina I Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Directorate, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nirmala Sharma
- Molecular Targets Program, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Patrick A Alexander
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Curtis J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland.
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NCI, Frederick, Maryland.
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Taghizadeh E, Taheri F, Renani PG, Reiner Ž, Navashenaq JG, Sahebkar A. Macrophage: A Key Therapeutic Target in Atherosclerosis? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3165-3174. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and a leading cause of coronary artery
disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Lipid-laden macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes
and form fatty streaks as the first step of atherogenesis.
Methods:
An electronic search in major databases was performed to review new therapeutic opportunities for
influencing the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis based on monocytes/macrophages targeting.
Results:
In the past two decades, macrophages have been recognized as the main players in atherogenesis but also
in its thrombotic complications. There is a growing interest in immunometabolism and recent studies on metabolism
of macrophages have created new therapeutic options to treat atherosclerosis. Targeting recruitment, polarization,
cytokine profile extracellular matrix remodeling, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory
activity and non-coding RNAs of monocyte/macrophage have been proposed as potential therapeutic approaches
against atherosclerosis.
Conclusion:
Monocytes/macrophages have a crucial role in progression and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Therefore, targeting monocyte/macrophage therapy in order to achieve anti-inflammatory effects might be a good
option for prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Forough Taheri
- Sharekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sharekord, Iran
| | | | - Željko Reiner
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Department of Internal Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jamshid G. Navashenaq
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Calcagno C, Lairez O, Hawkins J, Kerr SW, Dugas MS, Simpson T, Epskamp J, Robson PM, Eldib M, Bander I, K-Raman P, Ramachandran S, Pruzan A, Kaufman A, Mani V, Ehlgen A, Niessen HG, Broadwater J, Fayad ZA. Combined PET/DCE-MRI in a Rabbit Model of Atherosclerosis: Integrated Quantification of Plaque Inflammation, Permeability, and Burden During Treatment With a Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Inhibitor. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 11:291-301. [PMID: 29413439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors sought to develop combined positron emission tomography (PET) dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify plaque inflammation, permeability, and burden to evaluate the efficacy of a leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) inhibitor in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Multimodality PET/MRI allows combining the quantification of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, neovascularization, permeability, and burden by combined 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET, DCE-MRI, and morphological MRI. The authors describe a novel, integrated PET-DCE/MRI protocol to noninvasively quantify these parameters in aortic plaques of a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. As proof-of-concept, the authors apply this protocol to assess the efficacy of the novel LTA4H inhibitor BI691751. METHODS New Zealand White male rabbits (N = 49) were imaged with integrated PET-DCE/MRI after atherosclerosis induction and 1 and 3 months after randomization into 3 groups: 1) placebo; 2) high-dose BI691751; and 3) low-dose BI691751. All animals were euthanized at the end of the study. RESULTS Among the several metrics that were quantified, only maximum standardized uptake value and target-to-background ratio by 18F-FDG PET showed a modest, but significant, reduction in plaque inflammation in rabbits treated with low-dose BI691751 (p = 0.03), whereas no difference was detected in the high-fat diet and in the high-dose BI691751 groups. No differences in vessel wall area by MRI and area under the curve by DCE-MRI were detected in any of the groups. No differences in neovessel and macrophage density were found at the end of study among groups. CONCLUSIONS The authors present a comprehensive, integrated 18F-FDG PET and DCE-MRI imaging protocol to noninvasively quantify plaque inflammation, neovasculature, permeability, and burden in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis on a simultaneous PET/MRI scanner. A modest reduction was found in plaque inflammation by 18F-FDG PET in the group treated with a low dose of the LTA4H inhibitor BI691751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging Center, Rangueil University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Hawkins
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Steven W Kerr
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Melanie S Dugas
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Jelle Epskamp
- Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip M Robson
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mootaz Eldib
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ilda Bander
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Purushothaman K-Raman
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York
| | - Sarayu Ramachandran
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alison Pruzan
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Audrey Kaufman
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Ehlgen
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Heiko G Niessen
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - John Broadwater
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Li Y, Xu X, Zhang D, Cheng W, Zhang Y, Yu B, Zhang Y. Genetic variation in the leukotriene pathway is associated with myocardial infarction in the Chinese population. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:25. [PMID: 30678701 PMCID: PMC6346589 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic variation in the genes ALOX5 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase), ALOX5AP (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein) and LTA4H (leukotriene A4 hydrolase) has previously been shown to contribute to the risk of MI (myocardial infarction) in Caucasian and African American populations. All genes encode proteins playing a role in the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory leukotriene B mediators, possibly providing a link between MI and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these associations could be confirmed in the study of China MI patients. The study included 401 Han Chinese MI patients and 409 controls. Six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—ALOX5 rs12762303 and rs12264801, ALOX5AP rs10507391, LTA4H rs2072512, rs2540487 and rs2540477—were selected. SNP genotyping was performed by an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction assay. Results The rs2540487 genotype was associated with the risk of MI in overdominant model (P = 0.008). rs12762303 and rs10507391 SNPs were significantly associated with lipid levels in MI patients (P < 0.006–0.008). Several SNPs interacted with alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and hypertension to modify TC, TG, LDL-C and CRE levels, and the risk of MI (P < 0.0017 for all). No association between the SNPs of LT pathway and susceptibility to MI was found (P > 0.05 for all). Conclusions Taken together, this study provides additional evidence that functional genetic variation of the LT pathway can mediate atherogenic processes and the risk of MI in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Li
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Sonnweber T, Pizzini A, Nairz M, Weiss G, Tancevski I. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113285. [PMID: 30360467 PMCID: PMC6274989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid and immune pathways are crucial in the pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Arachidonic acid (AA) and its derivatives link nutrient metabolism to immunity and inflammation, thus holding a key role in the emergence and progression of frequent diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. We herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, tissue homeostasis, and immunity, and explore the role of the AA metabolome in diverse pathophysiological conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Alex Pizzini
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Mechanisms underlying the protective effect of montelukast in prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in female rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:326-333. [PMID: 30056375 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the possible protective role of montelukast in endometrial hyperplesia (EH) rat model, induced by estradiol valerate (EV). METHODS/MATERIALS Thirty six female albino Wistar rats were classified into 7 groups: normal control, EV (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.), montelukast (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.), montelukast (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) + EV (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.), montelukast (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) + EV (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.), montelukast (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) + EV (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.) groups. Uterine malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total nitrites (NO) and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. Uterine, serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Histopathological examination of the uterine tissue was also done. In addition, immunohistochemistry was done using Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) antibodies. RESULTS Our results showed that montelukast in dose dependant manner improves oxidative stress, lipids profile and TNF α which were affected by EV. Moreover, immunohistochemical examination revealed that montelukast markedly reduced iNOS expression, while expression of PTEN was markedly enhanced, as compared to EV group. The protective effects of montelukast were also verified histopathologically. CONCLUSIONS Montelukast in dose dependant manner provided biochemical and histo-pathological improvement in EV induced EH, through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and inhibition of iNOS expression with induction of PTEN expression.
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Šiaučiulis M, Sapmaz S, Pulis AP, Procter DJ. Dual vicinal functionalisation of heterocycles via an interrupted Pummerer coupling/[3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement cascade. Chem Sci 2017; 9:754-759. [PMID: 29629145 PMCID: PMC5870476 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual vicinal functionalisation cascade involving the union of heterocycles and allyl sulfoxides is described. In particular, the approach provides efficient one-step access to biologically relevant and synthetically important C3 thio, C2 carbo substituted indoles. The reaction operates under mild, metal free conditions and without directing groups, via an interrupted Pummerer coupling of activated allyl sulfoxides, generating allyl heteroaryl sulfonium salts that are predisposed to a charge accelerated [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Šiaučiulis
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - Selma Sapmaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company Limited , Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road , Windlesham , Surrey GU20 6PH , UK
| | - Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Rd , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2432958. [PMID: 28932020 PMCID: PMC5592403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2432958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid inflammatory mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid, through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Owing to their properties, CysLTs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammation; therefore, CysLT modifiers as synthesis inhibitors or receptor antagonists, central in asthma management, may become a potential target for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases such as the cardiovascular disorders. 5-LO pathway activation and increased expression of its mediators and receptors are found in cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the cardioprotective effects observed by using CysLT modifiers are promising and contribute to elucidate the link between CysLTs and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of present research about the role of the CysLTs in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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12
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Pace S, Pergola C, Dehm F, Rossi A, Gerstmeier J, Troisi F, Pein H, Schaible AM, Weinigel C, Rummler S, Northoff H, Laufer S, Maier TJ, Rådmark O, Samuelsson B, Koeberle A, Sautebin L, Werz O. Androgen-mediated sex bias impairs efficiency of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors in males. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3167-3176. [PMID: 28737505 DOI: 10.1172/jci92885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) are produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) aided by 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). LT biosynthesis inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation as treatments for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we have revealed a sex bias in the efficiency of clinically relevant LT biosynthesis inhibitors, showing that their effects are superior in females. We found that androgens cause these sex differences by impeding the LT-biosynthetic 5-LO/FLAP complex assembly. Lower doses of the FLAP inhibitor MK886 were required to reduce LTB4 levels in exudates of female versus male mice and rats. Following platelet-activating factor-induced shock, MK886 increased survival exclusively in female mice, and this effect was abolished by testosterone administration. FLAP inhibitors and the novel-type 5-LO inhibitors licofelone and sulindac sulfide exhibited higher potencies in human blood from females, and bioactive 5-LO/FLAP complexes were formed in female, but not male, human and murine leukocytes. Supplementation of female blood or leukocytes with 5α-dihydrotestosterone abolished the observed sex differences. Our data suggest that females may benefit from anti-LT therapy to a greater extent than males, prompting consideration of sex issues in LT modifier development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Dehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabiana Troisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Pein
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja M Schaible
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Tuebingen, and
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine and Center for Study and Prevention of Neurodegenerative Inflammation (NEURODIN), Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Drug discovery approaches targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) for inhibition of cellular leukotriene biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 153:34-48. [PMID: 28784429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are proinflammatory lipid mediators associated with diverse chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, COPD, IBD, arthritis, atherosclerosis, dermatitis and cancer. Cellular leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in which the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, also named as FLAP, plays a critical role by operating as a regulatory protein for efficient transfer of arachidonic acid to 5-lipoxygenase. By blocking leukotriene production, FLAP inhibitors may behave as broad-spectrum leukotriene modulators, which might be of therapeutic use for chronic inflammatory diseases requiring anti-leukotriene therapy. The early development of FLAP inhibitors (i.e. MK-886, MK-591, BAY-X-1005) mostly concentrated on asthma cure, and resulted in promising readouts in preclinical and clinical studies with asthma patients. Following the recent elucidation of the 3D-structure of FLAP, development of new inhibitor chemotypes is highly accelerated, eventually leading to the evolution of many un-drug-like structures into more drug-like entities such as AZD6642 and BI665915 as development candidates. The most clinically advanced FLAP inhibitor to date is GSK2190918 (formerly AM803) that has successfully completed phase II clinical trials in asthmatics. Concluding, although there are no FLAP inhibitors reached to the drug approval phase yet, due to the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy such as atherosclerosis, FLAP inhibitor development remains a significant research field. FLAP inhibitors reviewed herein are classified into four sub-classes as the first-generation FLAP inhibitors (indole and quinoline derivatives), the second-generation FLAP inhibitors (diaryl-alkanes and biaryl amino-heteroarenes), the benzimidazole-containing FLAP inhibitors and other FLAP inhibitors with polypharmacology for easiness of the reader. Hence, we meticulously summarize how FLAP inhibitors historically developed from scratch to their current advanced state, and leave the reader with a positive view that a FLAP inhibitor might soon reach to the need of patients who may require anti-LT therapy.
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The Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Inflammatory Exerkines in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061260. [PMID: 28608819 PMCID: PMC5486082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cardiovascular (CVD) medications, such as antithrombotics, statins, and antihypertensives, have been identified to treat atherosclerosis, at most, many of these therapeutic agents only delay its progression. A growing body of evidence suggests physical exercise could be implemented as a non-pharmacologic treatment due to its pro-metabolic, multisystemic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Specifically, it has been discovered that certain anti-inflammatory peptides, metabolites, and RNA species (collectively termed “exerkines”) are released in response to exercise that could facilitate these benefits and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. However, much of the relationship between exercise and these exerkines remains unanswered, and there are several challenges in the discovery and validation of these exerkines. This review primarily highlights major anti-inflammatory exerkines that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. To provide some context and comparison for the therapeutic potential of exerkines, the anti-inflammatory, multisystemic benefits of exercise, the basic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the limited efficacies of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics for atherosclerosis are briefly summarized. Finally, key challenges and future directions for exploiting these exerkines in the treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Hoxha M, Rovati GE, Cavanillas AB. The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast and its possible role in the cardiovascular field. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:799-809. [PMID: 28374082 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are pro-inflammatory mediators of the 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) pathway, that play an important role in bronchoconstriction, but can also enhance endothelial cell permeability and myocardial contractility, and are involved in many other inflammatory conditions. In the late 1990s, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) were introduced in therapy for asthma and later on, approved for the relief of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and urticaria. In addition, it has been shown that LTRAs may have a potential role in preventing atherosclerosis progression. PURPOSE The aims of this short review are to delineate the potential cardiovascular protective role of a LTRA, montelukast, beyond its traditional use, and to foster the design of appropriate clinical trials to test this hypothesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS What it is known about leukotriene receptor antagonists? •Leukotriene receptor antagonist, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, is used in asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis. • Montelukast is the most prescribed CysLT1 antagonist used in asthmatic patients. • Different in vivo animal studies have shown that leukotriene receptor antagonists can prevent the atherosclerosis progression, and have a protective role after cerebral ischemia. What we still need to know? • Today, there is a need for conducting clinical trials to assess the role of montelukast in reducing cardiovascular risk and to further understand the mechanism of action behind this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga. D. Hoxha, Tirana, Albania.
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Bueno Cavanillas
- IBS Granada, University of Granada, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain
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Gajda M, Jasztal A, Banasik T, Jasek-Gajda E, Chlopicki S. Combined orcein and martius scarlet blue (OMSB) staining for qualitative and quantitative analyses of atherosclerotic plaques in brachiocephalic arteries in apoE/LDLR -/- mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:671-681. [PMID: 28168649 PMCID: PMC5429900 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cellular and extracellular components should be analyzed in sections of atherosclerotic plaques to assess atherosclerosis progression and vulnerability. Here, we combined orcein (O) staining for elastic fibers and martius scarlet blue (MSB) polychrome to visualize various morphological contents of plaque in brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) of apoE/LDLR−/− mice. Elastic fibers (including broken elastic laminae and ‘buried’ fibrous caps) were stained purple and they could be easily distinguished from collagen fibers (blue). Orcein allowed clear identification of even the finest elastic fibers. Erythrocytes were stained yellow and they could easily be discerned from mature fibrin (red). Old fibrin tends to acquire blue color. The method of OMSB staining is simple, takes less than 1 h to perform and can be adapted to automatic stainers. Most importantly, the color separation is good enough to allow digital automatic segmentation of specific components in tissue section and quantitative analysis of the plaque constituents. OMSB was used to compare atherosclerotic plaques in proximal and distal regions of BCA in apoE/LDLR−/− mice. In conclusion, OMSB staining represents a novel staining that could be routinely used for qualitative and quantitative microscopic assessments of formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of arteries with atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Gajda
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Banasik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Jasek-Gajda
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Discovery of the Novel Oxadiazole-Containing 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) Inhibitor BI 665915. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1239.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Common Polymorphisms in the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Case-Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167217. [PMID: 27893808 PMCID: PMC5125697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-lipoxygenase pathway (5-LOX) has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease and studies have suggested that genetic polymorphisms related to key enzymes in this pathway may confer risk of myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigated the association of pre-selected genetic polymorphisms in four candidate genes of 5-LOX (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and its activating protein (ALOX-5 and FLAP), leukotriene A4 hydroxylase (LTA4-H) and leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4-S)) with incident MI. METHODS In a Danish cohort including 57,053 participants, aged 50-64 at enrolment and recruited from 1993-97, we conducted a case-cohort study including cases with incident MI and a randomly selected sub cohort of 3,000 participants. Cases were identified from national registries through July 2013. A total of 22 SNPs were selected and genotyped using the commercially available KASP™ assay. A tandem-repeat polymorphism, located in the ALOX-5 gene, was genotyped by multi-titre plate sequencing. Haplotypes were inferred using PHASE 2.1. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 17.0 years we identified 3,089 cases of incident MI. In FLAP, two SNPs were negatively associated with incident MI (rs9551963 & rs17222842) while one SNP (rs2247570) located in LTA4-H, was associated with higher risk of MI when comparing subjects with two copies of the variant allele to homozygotes for the wild type. However, only rs17222842 remained significantly associated with MI after correcting for multiple testing. Furthermore, the promoter polymorphism rs59439148 was associated with risk of MI in men. For male carriers of two variant alleles we found a hazard ratio of 1.63 (95% CI: 1.06;2.52) compared to homozygotes for the wild type. Previously described haplotypes (Hap-A -B, -E and -K) were not associated with MI in our population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, some common polymorphisms in the 5-lipoxygenase pathway were modestly associated with incident MI, suggesting a potential role for this pathway in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Maga P, Sanak M, Rewerska B, Maga M, Jawien J, Wachsmann A, Rewerski P, Szczeklik W, Celejewska-Wójcik N. Urinary cysteinyl leukotrienes in one-year follow-up of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Li S, Wang C, Li K, Li L, Tian M, Xie J, Yang M, Jia Y, He J, Gao L, Boden G, Liu H, Yang G. NAMPT knockdown attenuates atherosclerosis and promotes reverse cholesterol transport in ApoE KO mice with high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26746. [PMID: 27229177 PMCID: PMC4882618 DOI: 10.1038/srep26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NAMPT has been suggested association with atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. However, the impact of NAMPT on atherosclerosis remained unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a NAMPT loss-of-function approach to investigate the effect of NAMPT on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. We demonstrated that a specific NAMPT knockdown increased plasma HDL-C levels, reduced the plaque area of the total aorta en face and the cross-sectional aortic sinus, decreased macrophage number and apoptosis, and promoted RCT in HFD-fed ApoE KO mice. These changes were accompanied by increased PPARα, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in the liver. NAMPT knockdown also facilitated cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 cells. We further investigated the effect of NAMPT knockdown on the PPARα-LXRα pathway of cholesterol metabolism with MK886 (a selective inhibitor of PPARα) in RAW264.7 macrophages. MK886 abolished the ability of NAMPT knockdown to decrease intracellular cholesterol levels to enhance the rate of (3)H-cholesterol efflux and to increase ABCA1/G1 and LXRα expressions in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our observations demonstrate that NAMPT knockdown exerted antiatherogenic effects by promoting cholesterol efflux and macrophage RCT through the PPARα- LXRα- ABCA1/G1pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Junying He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, 563003 Guizhou, China
| | - Guenther Boden
- The Division of Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism and the Clinical Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
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Banoglu E, Çelikoğlu E, Völker S, Olgaç A, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U, Çalışkan B, Schubert US, Carotti A, Macchiarulo A, Werz O. 4,5-Diarylisoxazol-3-carboxylic acids: A new class of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors potentially targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Mashima R, Okuyama T. The role of lipoxygenases in pathophysiology; new insights and future perspectives. Redox Biol 2015; 6:297-310. [PMID: 26298204 PMCID: PMC4556770 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that catalyze the formation of corresponding hydroperoxides from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. LOX enzymes are expressed in immune, epithelial, and tumor cells that display a variety of physiological functions, including inflammation, skin disorder, and tumorigenesis. In the humans and mice, six LOX isoforms have been known. 15-LOX, a prototypical enzyme originally found in reticulocytes shares the similarity of amino acid sequence as well as the biochemical property to plant LOX enzymes. 15-LOX-2, which is expressed in epithelial cells and leukocytes, has different substrate specificity in the humans and mice, therefore, the role of them in mammals has not been established. 12-LOX is an isoform expressed in epithelial cells and myeloid cells including platelets. Many mutations in this isoform are found in epithelial cancers, suggesting a potential link between 12-LOX and tumorigenesis. 12R-LOX can be found in the epithelial cells of the skin. Defects in this gene result in ichthyosis, a cutaneous disorder characterized by pathophysiologically dried skin due to abnormal loss of water from its epithelial cell layer. Similarly, eLOX-3, which is also expressed in the skin epithelial cells acting downstream 12R-LOX, is another causative factor for ichthyosis. 5-LOX is a distinct isoform playing an important role in asthma and inflammation. This isoform causes the constriction of bronchioles in response to cysteinyl leukotrienes such as LTC4, thus leading to asthma. It also induces neutrophilic inflammation by its recruitment in response to LTB4. Importantly, 5-LOX activity is strictly regulated by 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP) though the distribution of 5-LOX in the nucleus. Currently, pharmacological drugs targeting FLAP are actively developing. This review summarized these functions of LOX enzymes under pathophysiological conditions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Kutryb-Zajac B, Zukowska P, Toczek M, Zabielska M, Lipinski M, Rybakowska I, Chlopicki S, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Extracellular nucleotide catabolism in aortoiliac bifurcation of atherosclerotic ApoE/LDLr double knock out mice. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 33:323-8. [PMID: 24940687 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.880478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a consequence of diverse pathologies that could be affected by signaling mediated by nucleotides and their metabolites. Concentration of specific nucleotide derivatives in the proximity of purinergic receptors is controlled by extracellular enzymes such as ecto-nucleoside triphopsphate diphosphohydrolase (eNTPD), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5NT), and ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA). To estimate changes in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides in the atherosclerotic vessel wall, aortoiliac bifurcation of ApoE/LDLr (-/-) mice was perfused with solution containing adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) or adenosine. Formation of the product of eNTPD, e5NT or eADA was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most significant difference between ApoE/LDLr (-/-) and wild-type mice was several times higher rate of conversion of adenosine to inosine catalyzed by eADA activity. This highlights potential decrease in intravascular adenosine concentration in atherosclerosis.
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Takahashi H, Riether D, Bartolozzi A, Bosanac T, Berger V, Binetti R, Broadwater J, Chen Z, Crux R, De Lombaert S, Dave R, Dines JA, Fadra-Khan T, Flegg A, Garrigou M, Hao MH, Huber J, Hutzler JM, Kerr S, Kotey A, Liu W, Lo HY, Loke PL, Mahaney PE, Morwick TM, Napier S, Olague A, Pack E, Padyana AK, Thomson DS, Tye H, Wu L, Zindell RM, Abeywardane A, Simpson T. Synthesis, SAR, and Series Evolution of Novel Oxadiazole-Containing 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Inhibitors: Discovery of 2-[4-(3-{(R)-1-[4-(2-Amino-pyrimidin-5-yl)-phenyl]-1-cyclopropyl-ethyl}-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]-N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (BI 665915). J Med Chem 2015; 58:1669-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Crux
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathon A. Dines
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Flegg
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Garrigou
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Kotey
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pui Leng Loke
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Spencer Napier
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Heather Tye
- Evotec, 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The view of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease has emerged from observations of immune activation and inflammatory signalling in human atherosclerotic lesions, from the definition of inflammatory biomarkers as independent risk factors for cardiovascular events, and from evidence of low-density lipoprotein-induced immune activation. Studies in animal models of hyperlipidaemia have also supported the beneficial effects of countering inflammation to delay atherosclerosis progression. Specific inflammatory pathways with relevance to human diseases have been identified, and inhibitors of these pathways are either already in use for the treatment of other diseases, or are under development and evaluation. These include 'classic' drugs (such as allopurinol, colchicine, and methotrexate), biologic therapies (for example tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and IL-1 neutralization), as well as targeting of lipid mediators (such as phospholipase inhibitors and antileukotrienes) or intracellular pathways (inhibition of NADPH oxidase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, or phosphodiesterase). The evidence supporting the use of anti-inflammatory therapies for atherosclerosis is mainly based on either observational or small interventional studies evaluating surrogate markers of disease activity. Nevertheless, these data are crucial to understand the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, and to design randomized controlled studies to evaluate the effect of specific anti-inflammatory strategies on cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Franczyk-Żarów M, Czyżyńska I, Drahun A, Maślak E, Chłopicki S, Kostogrys RB. Margarine supplemented with conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) has no effect on atherosclerosis but alleviates the liver steatosis and affects the expression of lipid metabolism genes in apoE/LDLR-/-mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Franczyk-Żarów
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology; University of Agriculture; Kraków Poland
| | - Izabela Czyżyńska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology; University of Agriculture; Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Drahun
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology; University of Agriculture; Kraków Poland
| | - Edyta Maślak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET); Kraków Poland
| | - Stefan Chłopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET); Kraków Poland
| | - Renata B. Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology; University of Agriculture; Kraków Poland
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27
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Gan LM, Wikström J, Fritsche-Danielson R. Coronary flow reserve from mouse to man--from mechanistic understanding to future interventions. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:715-28. [PMID: 23877202 PMCID: PMC3790920 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is recognized as an important mechanism increasing the risk for cardiovascular events in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In addition to obstructive coronary diseases, systemic inflammation, macro- and microvascular function are additional important mechanisms contributing to the ischemic myocardium. Accumulating evidence indicates that coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a quantitative measurement of ischemia including integrated information on structure and function of the coronary artery at all levels. Not surprisingly, CFR has been shown to confer strong prognostic value for hard cardiovascular (CV) events in a number of relevant patient cohorts. Using high-resolution imaging, it is now possible to study coronary arteries from mouse to man. Therefore, CFR may be an important translational tool to risk-stratify patients and to perform both preclinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies before investing in large-scale outcome trials, thus improving the translational value for novel CV targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden,
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29
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Lee SJ, Choi EK, Seo KW, Bae JU, Kim YH, Park SY, Oh SO, Kim CD. 5-Lipoxygenase plays a pivotal role in endothelial adhesion of monocytes via an increased expression of Mac-1. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:724-33. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Jawien J, Toton-Zuranska J, Kus K, Pawlowska M, Olszanecki R, Korbut R. The effect of AVE 0991, nebivolol and doxycycline on inflammatory mediators in an apoE-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis. Med Sci Monit 2013; 18:BR389-93. [PMID: 23018345 PMCID: PMC3560549 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether the 3 different substances that can decrease the development of atherosclerosis--nebivolol, AVE 0991 and doxycycline--could at the same time diminish the level of inflammatory indicators interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), serum amyloid A (SAA), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). MATERIAL/METHODS Forty 8-week-old female apoE-knockout mice on the C57BL/6J background were divided into 4 groups and put on chow diet for 4 months. Three experimental groups received the same diet as a control group, mixed with AVE 0991 at a dose 0.58 µmol per kg of body weight per day, nebivolol at a dose 2.0 µmol per kg of body weight per day, and doxycycline at a dose 1.5 mg per kg of body weight per day. At the age of 6 months, the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS All inflammatory indicators (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-12 and SAA) were diminished by AVE 0991. There was also a tendency to lower MCP-1, IL-6, IL-12 and SAA levels by nebivolol and doxycycline; however, it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Of the 3 presented substances, only AVE 0991 was able to diminish the rise of inflammatory markers. Therefore, drug manipulations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis seem to be the most promising in the future treatment of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jawien
- Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Cracow, Poland.
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31
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Low carbohydrate, high protein diet promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E/low-density lipoprotein receptor double knockout mice (apoE/LDLR−/−). Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:327-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Systems analysis of eleven rodent disease models reveals an inflammatome signature and key drivers. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:594. [PMID: 22806142 PMCID: PMC3421440 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A common inflammatome signature, as well as disease-specific expression patterns, was identified from 11 different rodent inflammatory disease models. Causal regulatory networks and the drivers of the inflammatome signature were uncovered and validated. ![]()
Representative inflammatome gene signatures, as well as disease model-specific gene signatures, were identified from 12 gene expression profiling data sets derived from 9 different tissues isolated from 11 rodent inflammatory disease models. The inflammatome signature is highly enriched for immune response-related genes, disease causal genes, and drug targets. Regulatory relationships among the inflammatome signature genes were examined in over 70 causal networks derived from a number of large-scale genetic studies of multiple diseases, and the potential key drivers were uncovered and validated prospectively. Over 70% of the inflammatome signature genes and over 50% of the key driver genes have not been reported in previous studies of common signatures in inflammatory conditions.
Common inflammatome gene signatures as well as disease-specific signatures were identified by analyzing 12 expression profiling data sets derived from 9 different tissues isolated from 11 rodent inflammatory disease models. The inflammatome signature significantly overlaps with known drug targets and co-expressed gene modules linked to metabolic disorders and cancer. A large proportion of genes in this signature are tightly connected in tissue-specific Bayesian networks (BNs) built from multiple independent mouse and human cohorts. Both the inflammatome signature and the corresponding consensus BNs are highly enriched for immune response-related genes supported as causal for adiposity, adipokine, diabetes, aortic lesion, bone, muscle, and cholesterol traits, suggesting the causal nature of the inflammatome for a variety of diseases. Integration of this inflammatome signature with the BNs uncovered 151 key drivers that appeared to be more biologically important than the non-drivers in terms of their impact on disease phenotypes. The identification of this inflammatome signature, its network architecture, and key drivers not only highlights the shared etiology but also pinpoints potential targets for intervention of various common diseases.
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Riccioni G, Bäck M. Leukotrienes as modifiers of preclinical atherosclerosis? ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:490968. [PMID: 22645425 PMCID: PMC3354776 DOI: 10.1100/2012/490968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical atherosclerosis represents a crucial period associated with several pathophysiological reactions in the vascular wall. Failure to diagnose preclinical atherosclerosis at this stage misses a major opportunity to prevent the long-term consequences of this disease. Surrogate biological and structural vascular markers are available to determine the presence and the extension of preclinical vascular injury in the general population. Examples of surrogate markers are carotid intima media thickness and biomarkers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases, and leukotrienes. Recently, leukotrienes have been implicated as mediators, biomarkers, and possible therapeutic targets in the context of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this short paper is to focus on the relation between preclinical atherosclerosis and leukotrienes, with particular attention to the recent development on the use of leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Riccioni
- Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Manfredonia, Foggia, Italy.
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Kostogrys RB, Franczyk-Żarów M, Maślak E, Gajda M, Mateuszuk Ł, Chłopicki S. Effects of margarine supplemented with t10c12 and C9T11 CLA on atherosclerosis and steatosis in apoE/LDLR -/- mice. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:482-90. [PMID: 22555796 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate functional effects of margarine supplemented with individual CLA isomers trans-10, cis-12 and cis-9, trans-11 in apoE/LDLR -/- mice. DESIGN In LONG experiment (LONG), two-month old mice with no atherosclerosis were assigned to experimental groups and fed for the next 4 months. In SHORT experiment (SHORT), four-month old mice, with pre-established atherosclerosis, were assigned to experimental groups and fed for the next 2 months. The experimental diets were: AIN-93G (margarine), AIN-93G + 0.5% trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10c12), and AIN-93G + 0.5% cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9t11). RESULTS In both experiments (LONG and SHORT), liver weight was significantly (P<0.05) increased in mice fed t10c12 CLA. Hepatic steatosis was found in animals fed t10c12 diet and no signs of the steatosis was observed in mice fed c9t11 CLA. Dietary treatments with t10c12 CLA significantly increased total plasma cholesterol and plasma triacylglycerols. There were no isomer-specific effects of CLA isomers on area of atherosclerotic plaque in aortic root. CONCLUSION In conclusion, t10c12 CLA significantly increased liver weight in mice in LONG and SHORT experiments. Our results do not support the notion that CLA isomer supplementation to the margarine possess anti-atheroclerotic effect. Therefore, no isomer-specific effects of CLA on development of atherosclerosis were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
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35
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Disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway attenuates atherogenesis consequent to COX-2 deletion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6727-32. [PMID: 22493243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115313109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-derived prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is sufficient to explain most elements of the cardiovascular hazard from nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, randomized trials are consistent with the emergence of cardiovascular risk during chronic dosing with NSAIDs. Although deletion of the PGI(2) receptor fosters atherogenesis, the importance of COX-2 during development has constrained the use of conventional knockout (KO) mice to address this question. We developed mice in which COX-2 was deleted postnatally, bypassing cardiorenal defects exhibited by conventional KOs. When crossed into ApoE-deficient hyperlipidemic mice, COX-2 deletion accelerated atherogenesis in both genders, with lesions exhibiting leukocyte infiltration and phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, as reflected by loss of α-smooth muscle cell actin and up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Stimulated peritoneal macrophages revealed suppression of COX-2-derived prostanoids and augmented 5-lipoxygenase product formation, consistent with COX-2 substrate rediversion. Although deletion of the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) did not influence atherogenesis, it attenuated the proatherogeneic impact of COX-2 deletion in hyperlipidemic mice. Chronic administration of NSAIDs may increasingly confer a cardiovascular hazard on patients at low initial risk. Promotion of atherogenesis by postnatal COX-2 deletion affords a mechanistic explanation for this observation. Coincident inhibition of FLAP may offer an approach to attenuating such a risk from NSAIDs.
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36
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Hartiala J, Gilliam E, Vikman S, Campos H, Allayee H. Association of PLA2G4A with myocardial infarction is modulated by dietary PUFAs. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:959-65. [PMID: 22378731 PMCID: PMC3302367 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.032094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes are proinflammatory molecules derived from dietary PUFAs and have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We previously reported that an A→G variant (rs12746200) of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA gene (PLA2G4A), which encodes the enzyme that liberates PUFAs from cellular membranes for leukotriene synthesis, decreases the risk of CVD. OBJECTIVE We sought to replicate these initial observations with a more clinically relevant phenotype, such as myocardial infarction (MI), and to determine whether dietary PUFAs mediate this association. DESIGN In a Costa Rican case-control data set (n = 3971), rs12746200 was genotyped and was tested for an association with MI. Functional experiments were carried out to determine whether rs12746200 led to differences in mRNA expression. RESULTS Risk of MI was significantly lower in AG/GG subjects than in AA homozygotes (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.99; P = 0.040). The reduced risk of MI was observed primarily in AG/GG subjects who were above the median for intake of dietary omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.87; P-interaction = 0.005). A similar analysis with dietary omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs did not show a statistically significant nutrigenetic association (P-interaction = 0.23). Functional analysis in human aortic endothelial cells showed that the carriers of the G allele had significantly lower PLA2G4A gene expression (P = 0.014), consistent with the atheroprotective association of this variant. CONCLUSION These results replicate the association of rs12746200 with CVD phenotypes and provide evidence that the protective association of this functional PLA2G4A variant is mediated by dietary PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Capra V, Bäck M, Barbieri SS, Camera M, Tremoli E, Rovati GE. Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:364-438. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
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38
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Xu JM, Shi GP. Emerging role of mast cells and macrophages in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:71-108. [PMID: 22240242 PMCID: PMC3365842 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Nanfang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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39
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Choi JH, Park JG, Jeon HJ, Kim MS, Lee MR, Lee MN, Sonn S, Kim JH, Lee MH, Choi MS, Park YB, Kwon OS, Jeong TS, Lee WS, Shim HB, Shin DH, Oh GT. 5-(4-Hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylbenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione attenuates atherosclerosis possibly by reducing monocyte recruitment to the lesion. Exp Mol Med 2012; 43:471-8. [PMID: 21691142 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.8.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of benzylidenethiazole analogs have been demonstrated to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Here we report the anti-atherogenic potential of 5-(4-hydroxy- 2,3,5-trimethylbenzylidene) thiazolidin-2,4-dione (HMB-TZD), a benzylidenethiazole analog, and its potential mechanism of action in LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. HMB-TZD Treatment reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production significantly in RAW264.7 macrophages and SVEC4-10 endothelial cells. Macrophages or endothelial cells pre-incubated with HMB-TZD for 2 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) displayed reduced cytokine production. Also, HMB-TZD reduced cell migration and adhesion in accordance with decreased proinflammatory molecule production in vitro and ex vivo. HMB-TZD treatment of 8-week-old male Ldlr-/- mice resulted in significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions without a change to plasma lipid profiles. Moreover, aortic expression of pro-atherogenic molecules involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the aortic wall, including TNF-α , MCP-1, and VCAM-1, was downregulated. HMB-TZD also reduced macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic lesions. In conclusion, HMB-TZD ameliorates atherosclerotic lesion formation possibly by reducing the expression of proinflammatory molecules and monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the lesion. These results suggest that HMB-TZD, and benzylidenethiazole analogs in general, may have therapeutic potential as treatments for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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40
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Stock NS, Bain G, Zunic J, Li Y, Ziff J, Roppe J, Santini A, Darlington J, Prodanovich P, King CD, Baccei C, Lee C, Rong H, Chapman C, Broadhead A, Lorrain D, Correa L, Hutchinson JH, Evans JF, Prasit P. 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein (FLAP) Inhibitors. Part 4: Development of 3-[3-tert-Butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)benzyl]-5-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropionic Acid (AM803), a Potent, Oral, Once Daily FLAP Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8013-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2008369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Stock
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Gretchen Bain
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jasmine Zunic
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Yiwei Li
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jeannie Ziff
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jeffrey Roppe
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Angelina Santini
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Janice Darlington
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Pat Prodanovich
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Christopher D. King
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Christopher Baccei
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Haojing Rong
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Charles Chapman
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Alex Broadhead
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Dan Lorrain
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Lucia Correa
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - John H. Hutchinson
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Jilly F. Evans
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Peppi Prasit
- Departments
of †Chemistry, ‡Biology, and §Drug Metabolism, Amira Pharmaceuticals, 9535 Waples Road,
Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
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41
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Gajda M, Kowalska J, Banaś A, Banaś K, Kwiatek WM, Kostogrys RB, Mateuszuk Ł, ChŁopicki S, Litwin JA, Appel K. Distribution of selected elements in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice subjected to dietary and pharmacological treatments. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Darrow AL, Shohet RV, Maresh JG. Transcriptional analysis of the endothelial response to diabetes reveals a role for galectin-3. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1144-52. [PMID: 21791638 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the endothelial dysfunction associated with Type II diabetes, we surveyed transcriptional responses in the vascular endothelia of mice receiving a diabetogenic, high-fat diet. Tie2-GFP mice were fed a diet containing 60% fat calories (HFD); controls were littermates fed normal chow. Following 4, 6, and 8 wk, aortic and leg muscle tissues were enzymatically dispersed, and endothelial cells were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Relative mRNA abundance in HFD vs. control endothelia was measured with long-oligo microarrays; highly dysregulated genes were confirmed by real-time PCR and protein quantification. HFD mice were hyperglycemic by 2 wk and displayed vascular insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance by 5 and 6 wk, respectively. Endothelial transcripts upregulated by HFD included galectin-3 (Lgals3), 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, and chemokine ligands 8 and 9. Increased LGALS3 protein was detected in muscle endothelium by immunohistology accompanied by elevated LGALS3 in the serum of HFD mice. Our comprehensive analysis of the endothelial transcriptional response in a model of Type II diabetes reveals novel regulation of transcripts with roles in inflammation, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. Increased endothelial expression and elevated humoral levels of LGALS3 supports a role for this molecule in the vascular response to diabetes, and its potential as a direct biomarker for the inflammatory state in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Darrow
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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43
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Kostogrys RB, Maślak E, Franczyk-Żarów M, Gajda M, Chłopicki S. Effects of trans-10,cis-12 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR−/− mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hartiala J, Li D, Conti DV, Vikman S, Patel Y, Tang WHW, Brennan ML, Newman JW, Stephensen CB, Armstrong P, Hazen SL, Allayee H. Genetic contribution of the leukotriene pathway to coronary artery disease. Hum Genet 2011; 129:617-27. [PMID: 21293878 PMCID: PMC3092945 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the genetic contribution of the leukotriene (LT) pathway to risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 4,512 Caucasian and African American subjects ascertained through elective cardiac evaluation. Of the three previously associated variants, the shorter “3” and “4” alleles of a promoter repeat polymorphism in ALOX5 increased risk of CAD in African Americans (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9; p = 0.04), whereas a haplotype of LTA4H (HapK) was associated with CAD in Caucasians (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.01–1.4; p = 0.03). In Caucasians, first-stage analysis of 254 haplotype-tagging SNPs in 15 LT pathway genes with follow-up of 19 variants in stage 2 revealed an LTA4H SNP (rs2540477) that increased risk of CAD (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.5; p = 0.003) and a PLA2G4A SNP (rs12746200) that decreased risk of CAD (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9; p = 0.0007). The PLA2G4A rs12746200 variant also decreased risk of experiencing a major adverse cardiac event (MACE = myocardial infarction, stroke, or death) over 3 years of follow-up (HR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9; p = 0.01), consistent with its cardioprotective effect. Functional experiments demonstrated that stimulated monocytes from carriers of LTA4H variants HapK or rs2540477 had 50% (p = 0.002) and 33% (p = 0.03) higher LTB4 production, respectively, compared to non-carriers. These ex vivo results are consistent with LTB4 being the direct product of the reaction catalyzed by LTA4H and its role in promoting monocyte chemotaxis to sites of inflammation, including the artery wall of atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, this study provides additional evidence that functional genetic variation of the LT pathway can mediate atherogenic processes and the risk of CAD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetically-engineered mice with hyperlipidemia are the most widely used atherosclerosis models today, but recent advances in transgenesis open the possibility to create new models in alternative species, such as the rat and pig. It seems relevant at this point in time to review some of the strengths and weaknesses of the mouse. RECENT FINDINGS The histology of lesion development in mouse and man has more similarities than differences, and comparative genetics show that many mechanisms of murine and human atherogenesis are shared. Unfortunately, the most feared complication of human atherosclerosis, that is, plaque rupture and thrombosis, occur extremely rarely in mice. This is a major problem. Most patients today are not treated before symptoms ensue, and at this late stage of the disease, mechanisms identified during plaque development in the mouse may not be very important. SUMMARY Murine atherosclerosis models are highly valuable for identifying atherogenic mechanisms that can be targeted by preventive medicine. However, models with thrombotic complications and large animal models suitable for interventional procedures and imaging would be more supportive for current clinical practice and are highly wanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Feng J, Sun J, Wang MZ, Zhang Z, Kim ST, Zhu Y, Sun J, Xu J. Compilation of a comprehensive gene panel for systematic assessment of genes that govern an individual’s drug responses. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1403-25. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Polymorphisms of genes involved in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes underlie the divergent drug responses among individuals. Despite some successes in identifying these polymorphisms, the candidate gene approach suffers from insufficient gene coverage whereas the genome-wide association approach is limited by less than ideal coverage of SNPs in some important genes. To expand the potential of the candidate approach, we aim to delineate a comprehensive network of drug-response genes for in-depth genetic studies. Materials & methods: Pharmacologically important genes were extracted from various sources including literatures and web resources. These genes, along with their homologs and regulatory miRNAs, were organized based on their pharmacological functions and weighted by literature evidence and confidence levels. Their coverage was evaluated by analyzing three commercial SNP chips commonly used for genome-wide association studies: Affymetrix SNP array 6.0, Illumina HumanHap1M and Illumina Omni. Results: A panel of drug-response genes was constructed, which contains 923 pharmacokinetic genes, 703 pharmacodynamic genes and 720 miRNAs. There are only 16.7% of these genes whose all known SNPs can be directly or indirectly (r2 > 0.8) captured by the SNP chips with coverage of more than 80%. This is possibly because these SNPs chips have notably poor performance over rare SNPs and miRNA genes. Conclusion: We have compiled a panel of candidate genes that may be pharmacologically important. Using this knowledgebase, we are able to systematically evaluate genes and their variants that govern an individual’s response to a given pharmaceutical therapy. This approach can serve as a necessary complement to genome-wide associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Feng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy & Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jishan Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Gonsalves CS, Kalra VK. Hypoxia-mediated expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein involves HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB and microRNAs 135a and 199a-5p. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3878-88. [PMID: 20194722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in a number of pathological states, such as pulmonary, hematological, and cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism by which hypoxia contributes to increased leukotriene formation. Our studies showed hypoxia augmented the expression of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), a key enzyme in leukotriene formation, in both human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and a transformed human brain endothelial cell line. Hypoxia-induced FLAP mRNA expression involved activation of NADPH-oxidase, PI-3 kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-kappaB, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. Hypoxia-induced FLAP promoter activity was attenuated on mutation of hypoxia-response elements (HREs) and NF-kappaB binding motif in the FLAP promoter. Hypoxia also augmented binding of HIF-1alpha to HREs in FLAP promoter as demonstrated by EMSA with nuclear extracts. Furthermore, chromain immunoprecipitation analysis showed HIF-1alpha bound to HREs in native chromatin obtained from hypoxia-treated cells. Next, we examined the role of HIF-1alpha regulated microRNAs on FLAP expression. Our studies showed decreased expression of miR-135a and miR-199a-5p in response to hypoxia. However, overexpression of anti-miR-135a and anti-miR-199a-5p oligonucleotides led to a several fold increased FLAP mRNA and protein expression. These studies demonstrate for the first time that hypoxia-mediated FLAP expression is regulated by HREs and NF-kappaB site in its promoter, and negatively regulated by miR-135a and miR-199a-5p, which target the 3'-UTR of FLAP mRNA. An understanding of these regulatory pathways provides new avenues to ameliorate leukotriene formation and hence reactive airway disease, and inflammation in individuals who have sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn S Gonsalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Poeckel D, Funk CD. The 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene pathway in preclinical models of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:243-53. [PMID: 20093252 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) derived from 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity are most widely known for their actions during acute inflammation and asthma. 5-LO/LT pathway involvement in cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis has come to the forefront based on provocative human genetic/population and animal studies leading to the hypothesis that this pathway promotes atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and myocardial infarction/reperfusion injury via increased leucocyte chemotaxis, vascular inflammation and enhanced permeability, and subsequent tissue/matrix degeneration. A series of pre-clinical studies have tested this hypothesis by means of genetic or pharmacological inhibition of either the LT biosynthesis axis (5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein, LTA(4) hydrolase, LTC(4) synthase) or the cognate LT receptors. Here, we summarize, compare, and analyse these animal studies and relate their findings to human disease pathogenesis. We draw a complex picture of 5-LO/LT participation in cardiovascular disorders, which is further complicated by marked differences between species. Moreover, we discuss how the cytokine footprint of the respective pathological conditions determines the expression level and hence, the contribution of components of the pathway to the overall disease state. Current knowledge implies a role for 5-LO and LTs during the early/acute phase of CVD, but our understanding of a putative 5-LO/LT involvement in more advanced stages of CVD is limited, thereby preventing simple extrapolation of findings from animal studies to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Poeckel
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, 433 Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hutchinson JH, Li Y, Arruda JM, Baccei C, Bain G, Chapman C, Correa L, Darlington J, King CD, Lee C, Lorrain D, Prodanovich P, Rong H, Santini A, Stock N, Prasit P, Evans JF. 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors: development of 3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-benzyl]-5-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (AM103). J Med Chem 2009; 52:5803-15. [PMID: 19739647 DOI: 10.1021/jm900945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein leukotriene synthesis inhibitor 3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[4-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-benzyl]-5-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionic acid (11j) is described. Lead optimization was designed to afford compounds with superior in vitro and in vivo inhibition of leukotriene synthesis in addition to having excellent pharmacokinetics and safety in rats and dogs. The key structural features of these new compounds are incorporation of heterocycles on the indole N-benzyl substituent and replacement of the quinoline group resulting in compounds with excellent in vitro and in vivo activities, superior pharmacokinetics, and improved physical properties. The methoxypyridine derivative 11j has an IC(50) of 4.2 nM in a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) binding assay, an IC(50) of 349 nM in the human blood LTB(4) inhibition assay, and is efficacious in a murine ovalbumin model of allergen-induced asthma. Compound 11j was selected for clinical development and has successfully completed phase 1 trials in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Hutchinson
- Departments of Chemistry, Amira Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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