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Funari R, Chu KY, Shen AQ. Multiplexed Opto-Microfluidic Biosensing: Advanced Platform for Prostate Cancer Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2596-2604. [PMID: 38683677 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a prominent global cause of mortality, necessitating early detection to augment survival rates and alleviate economic burdens on healthcare systems. In particular, prostate cancer (PCa), impacting 1.41 million men globally in 2020, accentuates the demand for sensitive and cost-effective detection methods beyond traditional prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. While clinical techniques exhibit limitations, biosensors emerge as compact, user-friendly alternatives to traditional laboratory approaches. However, existing biosensors predominantly concentrate on PSA detection, prompting the necessity for advancing toward multiplex sensing platforms. This study introduces a compact opto-microfluidic sensor featuring a substrate of gold nanospikes, fabricated via electrodeposition, for enhanced sensitivity. Embedded within a microfluidic chip, this nanomaterial enables the precise and concurrent measurement of PSA, alongside two complementary PCa biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and anti-α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (anti-AMACR) in diluted human plasma, offering a comprehensive approach to PSA analysis. Taking advantage of the localized surface plasmon resonance principle, this biosensor offers robustness and sensitivity in real sample analysis without the need for labeling agents. With the limit of detection at 0.22, 0.37, and 0.18 ng/mL for PSA, MMP-2, and anti-AMACR, respectively, this biosensing platform holds promise for point-of-care analysis, underscoring its potential impact on medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Kang-Yu Chu
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Mokhtari M, Safavi D, Soleimani N, Monabati A, Safaei A. Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Origin: Application of Immunohistochemistry With Emphasis to Different Cytokeratin 7 and 20 Staining Patterns. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:623-634. [PMID: 36036642 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the primary origin of some carcinomas may be obscure to clinicians, its identification is crucial as it affects prognosis and treatment (especially novel targeted therapies). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) may be helpful in identifying the primary origin of carcinomas. This retrospective survey aimed to evaluate the frequency and accuracy of each IHC marker used to determine the origin of carcinomas. METHODS The review of pathology department archives revealed 307 cases of cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) between 2015 and 2020, which were accessible in the department archives. Demographic information, site of biopsy, clinical and pathologic diagnoses, and IHC results of the patients were collected. RESULTS The patients included 157 (51.15%) men and 150 (48.85%) women. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 92 years, including 106 (34.5%) expired cases. In 27% of cases, the primary origin of carcinoma remained unknown. The agreement between pathologic and clinical diagnoses was 59%. The most common pattern of cytokeratin (CK) expression in CUP was CK7+/CK20- (55.3%), followed by CK7-/CK20- (19%), CK7+/CK20+ (15%), and CK7-/CK20+ (10.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION The IHC analysis may improve the diagnosis of CUPs. However, the origin of some cases remains unknown despite an IHC analysis, thereby necessitating the use of more diagnostic procedures or gene expression studies for reaching a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Medical School
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Faghihi Hospital
| | | | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Medical School
- Department of pathology, Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Monabati
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Medical School
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Faghihi Hospital
| | - Akbar Safaei
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Medical School
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Faghihi Hospital
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3
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Taheri D, Roohani E, Izadpanahi MH, Dolatkhah S, Aghaaliakbari F, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Gharaati MR, Mazdak H, Fesharakizadeh S, Beinabadi Y, Kazemi R, Rahbar M. Diagnostic utility of a-methylacyl COA racemase in prostate cancer of the Iranian population. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:46. [PMID: 34484378 PMCID: PMC8384007 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_311_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background: Considering the great variations in the reported prevalence of prostate cancer across the world possibly due to different genetic and environmental backgrounds, we aimed to determine the expression pattern and the diagnostic utility of α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) among Iranian patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 58 patients with a definitive pathologic diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated. The expression of AMACR, intensity, and extensity of its staining was determined in selected samples by immunohistochemical technique. Results: AMACR expression was significantly higher in neoplastic compared to normal tissue (P < 0.05). The expression of AMACR was significantly associated with the age of the patients (P = 0.04). The intensity of the staining was associated with the grade of the prostate adenocarcinoma (P = 0.04). There was no significant relationship between AMACR expression and perineural invasion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of AMACR were 90%, 96%, 96%, and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: Findings from our study indicate that AMACR could be used as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. However, due to false-positive staining in the mimicker of prostatic adenocarcinoma, it is recommended to use it in combination with basal cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Roohani
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Izadpanahi
- Department of Urology, Isfahan Urology and Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Isfahan Medical Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Gharaati
- Department of Urology, Isfahan Urology and Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mazdak
- Department of Urology, Isfahan Urology and Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Urology, Isfahan Urology and Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Rahbar
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Chatrian A, Colling RT, Browning L, Alham NK, Sirinukunwattana K, Malacrino S, Haghighat M, Aberdeen A, Monks A, Moxley-Wyles B, Rakha E, Snead DRJ, Rittscher J, Verrill C. Artificial intelligence for advance requesting of immunohistochemistry in diagnostically uncertain prostate biopsies. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1780-1794. [PMID: 34017063 PMCID: PMC8376647 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunohistochemistry in the reporting of prostate biopsies is an important adjunct when the diagnosis is not definite on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) morphology alone. The process is however inherently inefficient with delays while waiting for pathologist review to make the request and duplicated effort reviewing a case more than once. In this study, we aimed to capture the workflow implications of immunohistochemistry requests and demonstrate a novel artificial intelligence tool to identify cases in which immunohistochemistry (IHC) is required and generate an automated request. We conducted audits of the workflow for prostate biopsies in order to understand the potential implications of automated immunohistochemistry requesting and collected prospective cases to train a deep neural network algorithm to detect tissue regions that presented ambiguous morphology on whole slide images. These ambiguous foci were selected on the basis of the pathologist requesting immunohistochemistry to aid diagnosis. A gradient boosted trees classifier was then used to make a slide-level prediction based on the outputs of the neural network prediction. The algorithm was trained on annotations of 219 immunohistochemistry-requested and 80 control images, and tested by threefold cross-validation. Validation was conducted on a separate validation dataset of 222 images. Non IHC-requested cases were diagnosed in 17.9 min on average, while IHC-requested cases took 33.4 min over multiple reporting sessions. We estimated 11 min could be saved on average per case by automated IHC requesting, by removing duplication of effort. The tool attained 99% accuracy and 0.99 Area Under the Curve (AUC) on the test data. In the validation, the average agreement with pathologists was 0.81, with a mean AUC of 0.80. We demonstrate the proof-of-principle that an AI tool making automated immunohistochemistry requests could create a significantly leaner workflow and result in pathologist time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chatrian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK.
| | - Richard T Colling
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Browning
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Nasullah Khalid Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Korsuk Sirinukunwattana
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefano Malacrino
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Maryam Haghighat
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan Aberdeen
- Ground Truth Labs, 9400 Garsington Road, Oxford Business Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Amelia Monks
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Moxley-Wyles
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - David R J Snead
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, West Midlands, UK
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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ANO7: Insights into topology, function, and potential applications as a biomarker and immunotherapy target. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101546. [PMID: 33940566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anoctamin 7 (ANO7) is a member of the transmembrane protein TMEM16 family. It has a conservative topology similar to other members in this family, such as the typical eight-transmembrane domain, but it also has unique features. Although the ion channel role of ANO7 has been well accepted, evolutionary analyses and relevant studies suggest that ANO7 may be a multi-facet protein in function. Studies have shown that ANO7 may also function as a scramblase. ANO7 is highly expressed in prostate cancer as well as normal prostate tissues. A considerable amount of evidence has confirmed that ANO7 is associated with human physiology and pathology, particularly with the development of prostate cancer, which makes ANO7 a good candidate as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. In addition, ANO7 may be a potential target for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Antibody-based or T cell-mediated immunotherapies against prostate cancer by targeting ANO7 have been highly anticipated. ANO7 may also correlate with several other types of cancers or diseases, where further studies are warranted.
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Artemyev DN, Kukushkin VI, Avraamova ST, Aleksandrov NS, Kirillov YA. Using the Method of "Optical Biopsy" of Prostatic Tissue to Diagnose Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071961. [PMID: 33807257 PMCID: PMC8036841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Analytical discrimination models of Raman spectra of prostate cancer tissue were constructed by using the projections onto latent structures data analysis (PLS-DA) method for different wavelengths of exciting radiation—532 and 785 nm. These models allowed us to divide the Raman spectra of prostate cancer and the spectra of hyperplasia sites for validation datasets with the accuracy of 70–80%, depending on the specificity value. Meanwhile, for the calibration datasets, the accuracy values reached 100% for the excitation of a laser with a wavelength of 785 nm. Due to the registration of Raman “fingerprints”, the main features of cellular metabolism occurring in the tissue of a malignant prostate tumor were confirmed, namely the absence of aerobic glycolysis, over-expression of markers, and a strong increase in the concentration of cholesterol and its esters, as well as fatty acids and glutamic acid. Abstract The possibilities of using optical spectroscopy methods in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer were investigated. Analytical discrimination models of Raman spectra of prostate tissue were constructed by using the projections onto latent structures data analysis(PLS-DA) method for different wavelengths of exciting radiation—532 and 785 nm. These models allowed us to divide the Raman spectra of prostate cancer and the spectra of hyperplasia sites for validation datasets with the accuracy of 70–80%, depending on the specificity value. Meanwhile, for the calibration datasets, the accuracy values reached 100% for the excitation of a laser with a wavelength of 785 nm. Due to the registration of Raman “fingerprints”, the main features of cellular metabolism occurring in the tissue of a malignant prostate tumor were confirmed, namely the absence of aerobic glycolysis, over-expression of markers (FASN, SREBP1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, etc.), and a strong increase in the concentration of cholesterol and its esters, as well as fatty acids and glutamic acid. The presence of an ensemble of Raman peaks with increased intensity, inherent in fatty acid, beta-glucose, glutamic acid, and cholesterol, is a fundamental factor for the identification of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N. Artemyev
- Laser and Biotechnical Systems Department, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia;
| | - Vladimir I. Kukushkin
- Laboratory of Non-Equilibrium Electronic Processes, Institute of Solid State Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-905-502-9277
| | - Sofia T. Avraamova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (S.T.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Nikolay S. Aleksandrov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (S.T.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Yuri A. Kirillov
- Laboratory of Clinical Morphology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
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Yang D, Shi X, Lei Y, Zhou X, Chen Q. The auxiliary diagnostic value of prostate-specific antigen and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1418-1422. [PMID: 32724384 PMCID: PMC7377033 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor, which places a major burden on the health of men, worldwide. A prerequisite to ensure good treatment outcomes for patients with PCa is an accurate diagnosis. The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) in PCa, using the tumor-associated immunolabels. In total, clinical data was collected from 125 patients undergoing prostate biopsy or surgery between January 2015 and September 2019, and stratified into: PCa (45), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (60) and unconfirmed diagnosis (20). Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to assess PSA and P504S expression levels in each group compared with that in the controls (the normal tissue in each group was the internal control). The results demonstrated that the expression level of P504S was significantly higher in the PCa group compared with that in the BPH group. Furthermore, no significant association was observed in the PCa group between PSA and P504S expression levels, and the Gleason grading groups. A total of 20 unconfirmed diagnoses was verified via PSA/P504S. Taken together, the results suggest that combination PSA and P504S have a positive effect in identifying prostate cancer. However, PSA and P504S still have limitations in their diagnosis and the final results need to be carefully and comprehensively analyzed, thus further studies are required to determine their diagnostic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijun Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qianjiang Central Hospital, QianJiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, QianJiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, QianJiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, QianJiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxiang Chen
- Department of Nursing, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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Hasan IA, Gaidan HA, Al-Kaabi MM. Diagnostic Value of Cytokeratin 34 beta E12 (Ck34βE12) and α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) Immunohistochemical Expression in Prostatic Lesions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:232-238. [PMID: 32754219 PMCID: PMC7354068 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.113544.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective Some prostatic lesions contain small suspicious foci for prostatic carcinoma in which the morphological features are equivocal. Two immunohistochemical markers namely, cytokeratin 34 beta E12 (Ck34βE12) and α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), were evaluated in these lesions for a definitive diagnosis and avoiding misdiagnosis or overdiagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Methods A total of 90 paraffin embedded blocks of prostatic tissue were selected and categorized into three groups as follows: 50 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 20 cases of prostatic carcinoma, and 20 cases of benign prostatic lesions with suspicious foci labeled as ASAP (atypical small acinar proliferation) that occupy not more than 5% of the lesion. These cases were revised for histopathological diagnosis and stained with two immunohistochemical markers: Ck34βE12 and AMACR. Results While 92.9% of BPH were positive for Ck34βE12, 96% of prostatic carcinoma were negative for this marker (P=0.0001). Regarding AMACR, 92.9% of BPH cases were negative, but 92% of prostatic carcinoma cases were positive for this marker (P=0.0001). Out of 20 cases of BPH, 15 cases containing suspicious foci showed Ck34βE12+/AMACR- (diagnosis: benign), but 5 cases were Ck34βE12-/AMACR+, for which the diagnosis changed to prostatic carcinoma (P=0.04). Conclusion Immunohistochemical staining with Ck34βE12 and AMACR improved the diagnostic performance and increased confidence level for establishing definite diagnosis in cases with suspicious foci, in which the morphological features were equivocal. This could help to avoid misdiagnosis or overdiagnosis of prostatic carcinoma that would eventually improve the management of the patient and subsequently the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram A Hasan
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hiba Ahmed Gaidan
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Methaq Mueen Al-Kaabi
- Pathology and Forensic Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Yang Q, Xu Z, Liao C, Cai J, Huang Y, Chen H, Tao X, Huang Z, Chen J, Dong J, Zhu X. Epithelium segmentation and automated Gleason grading of prostate cancer via deep learning in label-free multiphoton microscopic images. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201900203. [PMID: 31710780 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current clinical care practice, Gleason grading system is one of the most powerful prognostic predictors for prostate cancer (PCa). The grading system is based on the architectural pattern of cancerous epithelium in histological images. However, the standard procedure of histological examination often involves complicated tissue fixation and staining, which are time-consuming and may delay the diagnosis and surgery. In this study, label-free multiphoton microscopy (MPM) was used to acquire subcellular-resolution images of unstained prostate tissues. Then, a deep learning architecture (U-net) was introduced for epithelium segmentation of prostate tissues in MPM images. The obtained segmentation results were then merged with the original MPM images to train a classification network (AlexNet) for automated Gleason grading. The developed method achieved an overall pixel accuracy of 92.3% with a mean F1 score of 0.839 for epithelium segmentation. By merging the segmentation results with the MPM images, the accuracy of Gleason grading was improved from 72.42% to 81.13% in hold-out test set. Our results suggest that MPM in combination with deep learning holds the potential to be used as a fast and powerful clinical tool for PCa diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Yang
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhexin Xu
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Liao
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Cai
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiyang Dong
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Eryilmaz IE, Aytac Vuruskan B, Kaygısız O, Egeli U, Tunca B, Kordan Y, Cecener G. RNA-based markers in biopsy cores with atypical small acinar proliferation: Predictive effect of T2E fusion positivity and MMP-2 upregulation for a subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate 2019; 79:195-205. [PMID: 30294801 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) is a precursor lesion of prostate cancer (PC), and PC develops from this suspicious focus or an unsampled malignant gland nearby. However, PC-related molecular alterations that could guide the timing of repeat biopsies and help monitor PC risk in ASAP-diagnosed patients have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to first investigate the expression of seven different PC-related RNAs that included serine 2 (TMPRSS2): erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) gene (TMPRSS2-ERG, T2E) fusion, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), kallikrein related peptidase 3 (KLK3), androgen receptor (AR), prostate cancer specific antigen 3 (PCA3), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and 9. METHODS PC-related RNAs were evaluated using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) system in pathologically ASAP-diagnosed prostate biopsy cores from 55 patients presenting with a normal digital rectal examination and a PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL. RESULTS We detected that positive T2E fusion status (P = 0.013) and the expression of AMACR (P = 0.016), AR (P = 0.016) and MMP-2 (P = 0.013) were independently and significantly associated with PC risk in ASAP patients. There were also several statistically significant correlations between expression levels. Additionally, we demonstrated that T2E fusion positive ASAP patients with higher MMP-2 expression were more likely to be diagnosed with PC at a subsequent biopsy during the follow-up period (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Although, more clinical validations are needed for the stratification of PC risk in ASAP-diagnosed biopsy cores, our current results indicate that the coexistence of T2E fusion positivity with MMP-2 upregulation may help clinicians adjust their biopsy timetable and/or assessment of PC risk in ASAP-diagnosed patients with a PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ezgi Eryilmaz
- Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berna Aytac Vuruskan
- Medical Faculty, Medical Pathology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Onur Kaygısız
- Medical Faculty, Urology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yakup Kordan
- Medical Faculty, Urology Department, Koc University, Topkapı, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
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11
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Iczkowski KA. Large-Gland Proliferations of the Prostate. Surg Pathol Clin 2018; 11:687-712. [PMID: 30447836 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large-gland proliferations of the prostate have gained considerable attention in the past decade. The differential diagnosis is quite broad but can be refined using histologic criteria and, sometimes, immunostains. Pathologists have come to realize that cribriform and intraductal as well as ductal carcinomas are particularly aggressive patterns, and should name them in diagnostic reporting when present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Iczkowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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12
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Kim SH, Park WS, Park BR, Joo J, Joung JY, Seo HK, Chung J, Lee KH. PSCA, Cox-2, and Ki-67 are independent, predictive markers of biochemical recurrence in clinically localized prostate cancer: a retrospective study. Asian J Androl 2018; 19:458-462. [PMID: 27232854 PMCID: PMC5507093 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.180798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer, with half of all patients going on to develop metastases. To better identify patients at high risk for prostate cancer progression and reduce prostate cancer-related mortality, improved prognostic factors are required. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the prognostic values of multiple tissue biomarkers in hormone-naοve prostatectomy specimens of prostate cancer. Using 510 prostatectomy specimens collected between 2002 and 2012, IHC analysis was performed for Cerb-2, Cyclin D1, VEGF, EGFR, Rb, PSCA, p53, Bcl-2, Cox-2, PMS2, and Ki-67 on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the predictive risk factors for biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer. During a median 44-month follow-up, 128 (25.1%) patients developed BCR. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that Ki-67 (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.60, P = 0.033), PSCA (HR: 0.42, P < 0.001), and Cox-2 (HR: 2.05, P = 0.003) were the only significant prognostic tissue markers of BCR. Resection margin status (HR: 1.67, P = 0.010), pathologic pT0/1/2 stage (vs pT3/4; HR: 0.20, P = 0.002), preoperative PSA levels (HR: 1.03, P < 0.001), biopsied (HR: 1.30, P = 0.022) and pathologic (HR: 1.42, P = 0.005) Gleason scores, and prostate size (HR: 0.97, P = 0.003) were significant clinicopathologic factors. The expression of Ki-67, PSCA, and Cox-2 biomarkers along with other clinicopathologic factors were prognostic factors for BCR in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han Kim
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Weon Seo Park
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Park
- Department of Statistics, Biometric Research Branch, Clinical Research Coordination Center, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jungnam Joo
- Department of Statistics, Biometric Research Branch, Clinical Research Coordination Center, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae Young Joung
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Seo
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Chung
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Urology, Center for Prostate Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang XP, Perner S, Bankfalvi A, Schlücker S. Effect of Antigen Retrieval Methods on Nonspecific Binding of Antibody–Metal Nanoparticle Conjugates on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Anal Chem 2017; 90:760-768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- Physical Chemistry
I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration
Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Medical School of Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wang
- Physical Chemistry
I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration
Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the
University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Research Center Borstel−Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute
of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical Chemistry
I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration
Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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14
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Shah MD, Parwani AV, Zynger DL. Impact of the Pathologist on Prostate Biopsy Diagnosis and Immunohistochemical Stain Usage Within a Single Institution. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 148:494-501. [PMID: 29165567 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether pathologists in a tertiary care institution vary in diagnosis and immunohistochemical stain usage in prostate biopsy specimens. METHODS Men who underwent prostate needle biopsies between 2008 and 2013 were included. RESULTS In total, 1,777 prostate biopsy specimens diagnosed by nine pathologists showed variation in diagnostic reporting (atypical small acinar proliferation, 2.0%-8.0%; high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 2.0%-8.5%; nonneoplastic, 30.2%-48.3%; adenocarcinoma, 46.2%-55.3%; P < .001). Variation in Gleason scoring was observed (P < .001), with the 4 + 3 = 7 category having the greatest variability (6.9%-30.3%). A blinded review from the most outlying pathologist in this category revealed 45% grading discrepancies. The mean number of immunostains performed per case (0.3-1.2) differed between pathologists (P < .001), and one pathologist used immunostains at twice the rate of the remaining cohort. CONCLUSIONS Case pathologist significantly affects prostate biopsy diagnosis and immunohistochemical workup. We recommend evaluation for outlying practice patterns to provide consistent and efficient patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mit D Shah
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Debra L Zynger
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus
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15
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Jia L, Jiang Y, Michael CW. Performance of different prostate specific antibodies in the cytological diagnosis of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2017; 45:998-1004. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Jia
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Pathology Service PC; North Platte Nebraska 69101
| | - Claire W. Michael
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland Ohio 44106
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16
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Sanguedolce F, Cormio A, Musci G, Troiano F, Carrieri G, Bufo P, Cormio L. Typing the atypical: Diagnostic issues and predictive markers in suspicious prostate lesions. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:309-325. [PMID: 28828885 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1363155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As much as 5% of prostate biopsies yield findings equivocal for malignancy even for skilled uropathologist; such "grey zone" lesions have been addressed in many ways, although the acronym ASAP (atypical small acinar proliferation) is the most widely used when referring to an atypical focus suspicious, but not diagnostic, for malignancy. Since the introduction of this diagnostic category more than 20 years ago, debate has ensued over its histological characterization and clinical significance. Pathology reporting of ASAP, commonly based on strict morphological criteria and traditional immunohistochemical markers such as basal cell antibodies, has been improved by recent availability of novel immunohistochemical markers such as AMACR and ERG. Further pathological issues, such as the role of pre-analytical variables, number of tissue levels, interobserver variability, and association with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia also play a role in the optimal assessment of ASAP. Apart from diagnostic issues, a major issue is ASAP predictive value for prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. Therefore, attempts have been made to identify clinical and biological parameters that could predict subsequent diagnosis of malignancy as well as define time and modality of repeat biopsy. Finally, pathological features of cancers detected after a previous ASAP diagnosis are compared with those diagnosed at first prostate biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Cormio
- b Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- a Department of Pathology , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Troiano
- c Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- c Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Pantaleo Bufo
- a Department of Pathology , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Luigi Cormio
- c Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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17
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Oh WJ, Chung AM, Kim JS, Han JH, Hong SH, Lee JY, Choi YJ. Differential Immunohistochemical Profiles for Distinguishing Prostate Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 50:345-54. [PMID: 27498545 PMCID: PMC5042899 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathologic distinction between high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) involving the urinary bladder and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) infiltrating the prostate can be difficult. However, making this distinction is clinically important because of the different treatment modalities for these two entities. Methods A total of 249 patient cases (PAC, 111 cases; UC, 138 cases) collected between June 1995 and July 2009 at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital were studied. An immunohistochemical evaluation of prostatic markers (prostate-specific antigen [PSA], prostate-specific membrane antigen [PSMA], prostate acid phosphatase [PAP], P501s, NKX3.1, and α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase [AMACR]) and urothelial markers (CK34βE12, p63, thrombomodulin, S100P, and GATA binding protein 3 [GATA3]) was performed using tissue microarrays from each tumor. Results The sensitivities of prostatic markers in PAC were 100% for PSA, 83.8% for PSMA, 91.9% for PAP, 93.7% for P501s, 88.3% for NKX 3.1, and 66.7% for AMACR. However, the urothelial markers CK34βE12, p63, thrombomodulin, S100P, and GATA3 were also positive in 1.8%, 0%, 0%, 3.6%, and 0% of PAC, respectively. The sensitivities of urothelial markers in UC were 75.4% for CK34βE12, 73.9% for p63, 45.7% for thrombomodulin, 22.5% for S100P, and 84.8% for GATA3. Conversely, the prostatic markers PSA, PSMA, PAP, P501s, NKX3.1, and AMACR were also positive in 9.4%, 0.7%, 18.8%, 0.7%, 0%, and 8.7% of UCs, respectively. Conclusions Prostatic and urothelial markers, including PSA, NKX3.1, p63, thrombomodulin, and GATA3 are very useful for differentiating PAC from UC. The optimal combination of prostatic and urothelial markers could improve the ability to differentiate PAC from UC pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Oh
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arthur Minwoo Chung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Soon Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Heun Han
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeol Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Abd Raboh NM, Saad SA, El-Hariri HM. A diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for challenging cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma versus high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 36:29-38. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xej.0000482438.62310.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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19
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Krzyzanowska A, Lippolis G, Helczynski L, Anand A, Peltola M, Pettersson K, Lilja H, Bjartell A. Quantitative Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging of Androgen Receptor and Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Tissue Sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:311-22. [PMID: 27026295 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416640466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are expressed in the prostate and are involved in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to develop reliable protocols for reproducible quantification of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate tissue using time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) imaging techniques. AR and PSA were detected with TRF in tissue microarrays from 91 PCa patients. p63/ alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) staining on consecutive sections was used to categorize tissue areas as benign or cancerous. Automated image analysis was used to quantify staining intensity. AR intensity was significantly higher in AMACR+ and lower in AMACR- cancer areas as compared with benign epithelium. The PSA intensity was significantly lower in cancer areas, particularly in AMACR- glands. The AR/PSA ratio varied significantly in the AMACR+ tumor cells as compared with benign glands. There was a trend of more rapid disease progression in patients with higher AR/PSA ratios in the AMACR- areas. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing reproducible protocols for TRF imaging and automated image analysis to study the expression of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate. It also highlighted the differences in AR and PSA protein expression within AMACR- and AMACR+ cancer regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
| | - Giuseppe Lippolis
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
| | - Leszek Helczynski
- University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Clinical Pathology, Malmö, Sweden (LH)
| | - Aseem Anand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
| | - Mari Peltola
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MP, KP)
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MP, KP)
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (HL),Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (HL),Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (HL)
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB),Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (AB)
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20
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Torabi-Nezhad S, Malekmakan L, Mashayekhi M, Daneshian A. Histopathological features of intra-ductal carcinoma of prostatic and high grade prostatic intraepithelialneoplasia and correlation with PTEN and P63. Prostate 2016; 76:394-401. [PMID: 26643011 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main morphologic differential diagnosis of intra-ductal carcinoma of prostate (IDC-P) is high grade prostatic intraepithelialneoplasia (HGPIN). Since IDC-P, unlike PIN, was strongly correlated with aggressive prostate cancer, differentiation of these is too necessary. So we evaluated immunohistopathological patterns and the prognostic factors of IDC-P and HGPIN, in radical prostatectomy samples. METHODS We evaluated 250 radical prostatectomy and detected 210 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma without IDC-P foci, 40 cases with adenocarcinoma concomitant IDC-P, and 40 cases HGPIN; therefore, we evaluated immunohistopathological criteria in these groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS and P-value <0.05 was considered as the statistical significant level. RESULTS PSA level was significantly higher in IDC-P compared with non-IDC-P patients (15.7 ± 3.1 vs. 10.2 ± 4.3, P = 0.041). All pathological and morphologic features, also invasions factors were higher in IDC-P compared to non-IDC-P groups (P < 0.001). P63 was positive expressed in all IDC-P and HGPIN specimen. PTEN protein was diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm of all HGPIN but in 4 (11.1%) of IDC-P. PTEN and P63 were negative in adenocarcinoma foci. CONCLUSION We found that IDC-P had a unique histoclinical feature and was strongly associated with poor prognostic factors. Diagnosis and report of IDC-P should be considered in all prostate specimens. Also, we recommend PTEN IHC application for differentiated IDC-P from HGPIN in biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Torabi-Nezhad
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Malekmakan
- Department of Community Medicine, Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohadese Mashayekhi
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arghavan Daneshian
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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22
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Conti A, Santoni M, Burattini L, Scarpelli M, Mazzucchelli R, Galosi AB, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Briganti A, Montorsi F, Montironi R. Update on histopathological evaluation of lymphadenectomy specimens from prostate cancer patients. World J Urol 2015; 35:517-526. [PMID: 26694187 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastases to lymph nodes (LNs) represent an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Histological examination represents the gold standard in the evaluation of the lymphadenectomy (LND) specimens for the presence of secondary deposits. METHODS AND RESULTS The metastatic detection rate can vary according to the approach adopted in the microscopic analysis of the LNs, which includes frozen-section examination, total inclusion of the tissue with and without whole-mount sections, serial sectioning, and the application of immunohistochemistry. The assessment of the sentinel LN, the search for micrometastases, and the evaluation of atypical LN metastatic sites further contribute to the detection of the metastatic spread. CONCLUSION In this review, an update on the histopathological evaluation of LND specimens in patients with PCa is given, and focus is made on their clinical and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Conti
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luciano Burattini
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea B Galosi
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialized Clinical Sciences, Section of Urology, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, via Conca 71, 60126, Torrette, Ancona, Italy.
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Metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary: diagnostic approach using immunohistochemistry. Adv Anat Pathol 2015; 22:149-67. [PMID: 25844674 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma of unknown primary origin (CUP) is one of the 10 most prevalent malignancies. CUP patients in whom a site of origin can be ascribed have better outcomes than those in which the primary tumor remains unidentified. Among the tools available to pathologists in approaching these lesions, immunohistochemistry is a reliable, inexpensive, and widely available resource. New markers continue to emerge, which, in combination with other historically useful antibodies, allow rapid and accurate identification of primary site in an increasing number of cases. This review discusses the approach to the diagnosis of CUP using immunohistochemistry and outlines some of the most useful markers with a particular focus on the utility of lineage-restricted transcription factors, including CDX2, NKX3-1, PAX8, SATB2, TTF-1, and SF1.
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Atta IS, Al Qahtani FN. DOG1, alpha-amylase and p63 expression in acinic cell carcinoma of salivary gland; immunohistochemical, clinical and radiological study. Histol Histopathol 2015. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wilkerson ML, Lin F, Liu H, Cheng L. The Application of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Urologic Surgical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1643-65. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0078-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Tumors of the genitourinary tract can be diagnostically challenging, particularly in core biopsies and cystoscopic biopsies with limited material. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to use when morphology alone is insufficient for diagnosis.
Objectives
To review tumors and benign lesions of the kidney, urinary bladder, prostate gland, testis, and paratesticular structures with an emphasis on difficult differential diagnoses, as well as staining patterns in normal tissue. Recommended immunohistochemical stain panels are discussed that can assist in the diagnostic workup.
Data Sources
Review of current literature.
Conclusions
Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool, assisting in the diagnosis of problematic tumors and benign lesions of the genitourinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra L. Wilkerson
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Liang Cheng
- and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Cheng)
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26
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Mak G, Chin M, Nahar N, De Souza P. Cutaneous metastasis of prostate carcinoma treated with radiotherapy: a case presentation. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:505. [PMID: 25103825 PMCID: PMC4266901 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed and treated malignancy, although it rarely presents with cutaneous metastases. In this case presentation, we describe the diagnosis and treatment with radiotherapy of a patient who presented with cutaneous metastases on his chest wall secondary to prostate cancer. Case presentation In 2006, a 73-year-old Caucasian gentleman with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer treated with mitoxantrone and prednisolone presented with cutaneous nodules on his chest wall. A punch biopsy diagnosed cutaneous metastases, with histological confirmation with positive staining for cytokeratin, PSA (prostate specific antigen) and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatise). Systemic treatment was ceased due to progressive disease; radiotherapy was used to treat these nodules with a durable clinical response. The patient died five months after initial diagnosis of cutaneous metastases. Conclusions In this report, a rare metastatic manifestation of a common malignancy is presented. Whilst dermal metastases carries a poor prognosis from reported literature, this is the first report of radiotherapy providing a durable clinical response with relief from bleeding and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mak
- Prince of Wales Hospital; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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27
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Mohanty SK, Smith SC, Chang E, Luthringer DJ, Gown AM, Aron M, Amin MB. Evaluation of contemporary prostate and urothelial lineage biomarkers in a consecutive cohort of poorly differentiated bladder neck carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:173-83. [PMID: 25015857 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpk1ov6imnpfgl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of urothelial carcinoma (UCa) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) have emerged in recent years, yet comparative studies to establish markers remain lacking. We aimed to identify an effective but parsimonious approach for poorly differentiated bladder neck lesions, to establish a best practice panel approach in a setting simulating prospective use. METHODS We tested the performance of a panel of IHC markers on whole sections of a consecutive cohort of transurethral resection specimens of poorly differentiated, challenging bladder neck resections (n=36). RESULTS In the setting of poorly differentiated bladder neck carcinomas, biomarker sensitivities for UCa were as follows: GATA3, 100%; S100P, 88%; p63, 75%; and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, 56%; specificities of each were 100%. CK7 and CK20 showed sensitivities of 75% and 63%, though these were only 85% and 80% specific. For PCa markers, NKX3.1, p501S, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and androgen receptor (AR) each showed 100% sensitivity, outperforming ERG (35%) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA; 25%). All the prostate histogenesis markers were 100% specific, except for AR, which was positive in 13% of the UCa cases. CONCLUSIONS Novel IHC markers show improved diagnostic performance that enables positive and negative support for identifying histogenesis with the use of as few as two markers for this critical therapeutic distinction. PSA underperforms newer markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven C. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elena Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel J. Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Manju Aron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mahul B. Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Seipel AH, Samaratunga H, Delahunt B, Wiklund F, Wiklund P, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Egevad L. Immunohistochemical profile of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:559-65. [PMID: 25059847 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (DAC) is considered to be an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer with greater risk of progression than acinar adenocarcinoma (AC). It has been debated whether DAC is a distinct subtype or a morphological variant of AC. Our aim was to examine the protein expression of DAC and to compare the results with AC. A tissue microarray was constructed from 60 DAC and 46 AC matched by Gleason score. The slides were stained for 28 immunomarkers (estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptor, prolactin, PSA, prostein, PSMA, PSAP, CDX2, lysozyme, villin, monoclonal CEA, CK7, CK20, HMWCK, p63, p504s, c-myc, EGFR, Ki-67, p16, p21, p27, p53, PTEN, ERG, PAX-2, and PAX-8). HMWCK was positive in 8.5 % of DAC, but negative in all cases of AC (p = 0.045). p16 was positive in 53.3 % of DAC and in 26.1 % of AC (p = 0.005). p53 was positive in 42.4 % of DAC and 26.7 % of AC (p = 0.031). A distinct patchy positivity of CK20 was seen in 23.7 % of DAC, and this pattern was also seen in 9.1 % of AC (p = 0.047). Villin was positive in 3.4 % of DAC while expression was negative in AC. Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in DAC than in AC (mean 9.2 % [95 % CI 6.4-12.0] and 2.6 % [1.9-3.4], p < 0.001). While there is some overlap in the immunohistochemical expression of DAC and AC, the differences between these two morphotypes of prostatic carcinoma are consistent with DAC having a more aggressive phenotype than AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Seipel
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Radiumhemmet P1:02, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Sakr SA, Abdel-Wahed MM, El-Sahra DG. Immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between urothelial carcinoma and prostate adenocarcinoma among Egyptian patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:685-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Banihashemi A, Asgari M, Shooshtarizade T, Abolhasani M, Mireskandari M. Electronic expert consultation using digital still images for evaluation of atypical small acinar proliferations of the prostate. Ann Diagn Pathol 2014; 18:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Sarcoidosis vs. Sarcoid-like reactions: The Two Sides of the same Coin? Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:247-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Symes AJ, Eilertsen M, Millar M, Nariculam J, Freeman A, Notara M, Feneley MR, Patel HRH, Masters JRW, Ahmed A. Quantitative analysis of BTF3, HINT1, NDRG1 and ODC1 protein over-expression in human prostate cancer tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84295. [PMID: 24386364 PMCID: PMC3874000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men with few, quantifiable, biomarkers. Prostate cancer biomarker discovery has been hampered due to subjective analysis of protein expression in tissue sections. An unbiased, quantitative immunohistochemical approach provided here, for the diagnosis and stratification of prostate cancer could overcome this problem. Antibodies against four proteins BTF3, HINT1, NDRG1 and ODC1 were used in a prostate tissue array (> 500 individual tissue cores from 82 patients, 41 case pairs matched with one patient in each pair had biochemical recurrence). Protein expression, quantified in an unbiased manner using an automated analysis protocol in ImageJ software, was increased in malignant vs non-malignant prostate (by 2-2.5 fold, p<0.0001). Operating characteristics indicate sensitivity in the range of 0.68 to 0.74; combination of markers in a logistic regression model demonstrates further improvement in diagnostic power. Triple-labeled immunofluorescence (BTF3, HINT1 and NDRG1) in tissue array showed a significant (p<0.02) change in co-localization coefficients for BTF3 and NDRG1 co-expression in biochemical relapse vs non-relapse cancer epithelium. BTF3, HINT1, NDRG1 and ODC1 could be developed as epithelial specific biomarkers for tissue based diagnosis and stratification of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Symes
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marte Eilertsen
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Millar
- The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Nariculam
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Notara
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Feneley
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hitenedra R. H. Patel
- Division of Surgery, Oncology, Urology and Women's Health, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - John R. W. Masters
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aamir Ahmed
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gremel G, Bergman J, Djureinovic D, Edqvist PH, Maindad V, Bharambe BM, Khan WAZA, Navani S, Elebro J, Jirström K, Hellberg D, Uhlén M, Micke P, Pontén F. A systematic analysis of commonly used antibodies in cancer diagnostics. Histopathology 2013; 64:293-305. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gremel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Julia Bergman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dijana Djureinovic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Vikas Maindad
- Department of Pathology; Grant Government Medical College and Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals; Mumbai India
| | - Bhavana M Bharambe
- Department of Pathology; Grant Government Medical College and Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals; Mumbai India
| | - Wasif Ali Z A Khan
- Department of Pathology; Grant Government Medical College and Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals; Mumbai India
| | | | - Jacob Elebro
- Division of Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Regional Laboratories; Region Skåne; Lund Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Regional Laboratories; Region Skåne; Lund Sweden
| | - Dan Hellberg
- Department for Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala and Center for Clinical Research; Falun Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory and Albanova University Center; Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Liu R, Xie X, Zhang Z, Xu Y. A retrospective study of prostate cancer cases mimicking urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:36. [PMID: 24090000 PMCID: PMC3851773 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) originating from the prostate base may intrude into the urinary bladder and may be misdiagnosed as bladder cancer. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the clinic data on PCa cases which were initially misdiagnosed as bladder cancer in order to identify diagnostic methods that would allow a better differential diagnosis for PCa. METHODS Out of a total of 455 patients treated for PCa at our hospital between April 2003 and June 2011, 14 patients (3.1%) had been initially misdiagnosed as urinary bladder urothelial cell carcinoma. The clinical data on these 14 cases was retrieved and analyzed. RESULTS Of the 14 patients, 11 patients were eventually diagnosed with PCa after MRI examination, and seven out of these had PCa with bladder neck invasion. Prostate needle biopsy or transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) revealed that all 14 patients had adenocarcinoma of prostate with Gleason scores ranging from 7 to 9. Nine patients received TURP for hematuria or lower urinary tract blockage. The mean follow-up was 37 months, during which six patients survived. CONCLUSIONS As clinical presentation and in emergency settings, prostate cancer originating from the prostate base can be confused with bladder cancer originating from the neck or the triangle region of the urinary bladder. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examination, in combination with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), MRI, and prostate needle biopsy are valuable tools for definitive differential diagnosis of the basal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranlu Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology & Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
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35
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Strino F, Parisi F, Micsinai M, Kluger Y. TrAp: a tree approach for fingerprinting subclonal tumor composition. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e165. [PMID: 23892400 PMCID: PMC3783191 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing the clonal composition of a single tumor is essential for identifying cell subpopulations with metastatic potential in primary tumors or with resistance to therapies in metastatic tumors. Sequencing technologies provide only an overview of the aggregate of numerous cells. Computational approaches to de-mix a collective signal composed of the aberrations of a mixed cell population of a tumor sample into its individual components are not available. We propose an evolutionary framework for deconvolving data from a single genome-wide experiment to infer the composition, abundance and evolutionary paths of the underlying cell subpopulations of a tumor. We have developed an algorithm (TrAp) for solving this mixture problem. In silico analyses show that TrAp correctly deconvolves mixed subpopulations when the number of subpopulations and the measurement errors are moderate. We demonstrate the applicability of the method using tumor karyotypes and somatic hypermutation data sets. We applied TrAp to Exome-Seq experiment of a renal cell carcinoma tumor sample and compared the mutational profile of the inferred subpopulations to the mutational profiles of single cells of the same tumor. Finally, we deconvolve sequencing data from eight acute myeloid leukemia patients and three distinct metastases of one melanoma patient to exhibit the evolutionary relationships of their subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Strino
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Medical Center, 227 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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36
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Downes MR, Torlakovic EE, Aldaoud N, Zlotta AR, Evans AJ, van der Kwast TH. Diagnostic utility of androgen receptor expression in discriminating poorly differentiated urothelial and prostate carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:779-86. [PMID: 23775437 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pathological separation of poorly differentiated urothelial and prostate carcinoma is difficult, but imperative because of the impact on patient management. Tumour morphology, in conjunction with a panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC), such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP), CK7, CK20, p63 and high molecular weight keratins (HMWKs) are usually employed to resolve this issue. Androgen receptor (AR) expression is maintained in high-grade, undifferentiated prostate carcinoma, and thus, could be considered as a potentially useful adjunct to the conventional panel of markers. METHODS We performed an institutional review of all cases from 2006 to 2012 in which AR IHC had been performed to determine its diagnostic utility in discriminating between poorly differentiated urothelial and prostate carcinoma. Of the eligible cases (n=40), there were 9 high-grade urothelial carcinomas, 27 prostate carcinomas and 4 with both prostate and bladder tumours. All diagnoses were made by integrating the clinical, radiological, morphological and IHC results. RESULTS In all the prostate carcinomas, there was diffuse, intense nuclear staining for AR. The urothelial tumours were either negative, had cytoplasmic staining or showed occasionally weak nuclear staining. The difference was highly significant with p<0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AR is an important marker as it is best able to distinguish between poorly differentiated urothelial and prostate carcinoma. AR appears superior to PSA and PSAP, which are not consistently expressed in high-grade prostate carcinoma. Also, high-grade urothelial carcinoma may be negative for CK20, p63/HMWK and occasionally CK7. We advocate the inclusion of AR in the panel of markers to differentiate these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Downes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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37
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Shah RB, Tadros Y, Brummell B, Zhou M. The diagnostic use of ERG in resolving an “atypical glands suspicious for cancer” diagnosis in prostate biopsies beyond that provided by basal cell and α-methylacyl-CoA-racemase markers. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:786-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Clinical applications of novel ERG immunohistochemistry in prostate cancer diagnosis and management. Adv Anat Pathol 2013; 20:117-24. [PMID: 23399797 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3182862ac5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions, the most common molecular subtype of ETS family gene fusions occur in ~50% of prostate carcinomas (PCas) and ~20% of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) intermingled with adjacent PCa demonstrating identical gene fusions. ERG gene fusions have not yet been demonstrated in isolated benign prostate tissue, isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or benign cancer mimics. Taken together, ERG gene fusions are the most prostate cancer-specific biomarker yet identified and define a specific molecular subtype of PCa with important clinical and biological implications. ERG gene fusions result in the overexpression of a chimeric fusion transcript that encodes a truncated ERG protein product. Recently, N-terminal epitope-targeted mouse (9FY) and C-terminal-targeted rabbit monoclonal (EPR 3864) ERG antibodies are commercially available and are increasingly utilized as a surrogate for TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions. Until recently, because of lack of availability of reliable ERG antibody, the most commonly utilized methods for studying ERG aberrations in PCa specimens included fluorescence in situ hybridization or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The knowledge gleaned from these studies has significantly improved our understanding of molecular biology of ERG gene fusions. With availability of highly specific anti-ERG monoclonal antibodies, there are now unprecedented opportunities to explore and validate clinical applications of ERG antibody in routine pathology practice, which has just started. This review provides a brief background of molecular biology of ERG gene fusions in PCa and focuses on characterizing the current state of ERG oncoprotein and determining the role of ERG immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and biological stratification of prostate cancer.
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Petcu EB, Gonzalez-Serva A, Wright RG, Slevin M, Brinzaniuc K. Prostate carcinoma metastatic to the skin as an extrammamary Paget's disease. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:106. [PMID: 22901743 PMCID: PMC3502359 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The current paper describes a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to the skin presenting as an extrammamary Paget's disease, a very rare and poorly characterised morphological entity. We report a case of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to skin showing a pattern of extramammary Paget's disease which has not been clearly illustrated in the literature Case presentation: A 63 year-old man with prostatic adenocarcinoma developed cutaneous metastases after 16 years. The inguinal metastases were sessile and 'keratotic.' The tumour displayed solid, glandular areas as well as a polypoid region suggestive of extramammary Paget's disease were identified. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We review the diagnostic criteria that have led to the correct histopathological diagnosis in this case. A differential diagnosis of the pagetoid spread in the skin and various forms of cutaneous metastases determined by a prostatic adenocarcinoma as well as the role of immunohistochemistry in establishing the prostatic origin are presented in the context of this case. Although, morphologically the cells presented in the skin deposits were not characteristic for adenocarcinoma of prostate, immunohistochemistry for PSA and PSAP suggested a prostatic origin. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1395450057455276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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40
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Differentiating rectal carcinoma by an immunohistological analysis of carcinomas of pelvic organs based on the NCBI Literature Survey and the Human Protein Atlas database. Surg Today 2012; 42:515-25. [PMID: 22441574 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The treatments and prognoses of pelvic organ carcinomas differ, depending on whether the primary tumor originated in the rectum, urinary bladder, prostate, ovary, or uterus; therefore, it is essential to diagnose pathologically the primary origin and stages of these tumors. To establish the panels of immunohistochemical markers for differential diagnosis, we reviewed 91 of the NCBI articles on these topics and found that the results correlated closely with those of the public protein database, the Human Protein Atlas. The results revealed the panels of immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma, in which [+] designates positivity in rectal adenocarcinoma and [-] designates negativity in rectal adenocarcinoma: from bladder adenocarcinoma, CDX2[+], VIL1[+], KRT7[-], THBD[-] and UPK3A[-]; from prostate adenocarcinoma, CDX2[+], VIL1[+], CEACAM5[+], KLK3(PSA)[-], ACPP(PAP)[-] and SLC45A3(prostein)[-]; and from ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, CEACAM5[+], VIL1[+], CDX2[+], KRT7[-] and MUC5AC[-]. The panels of markers distinguishing ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial adenocarcinoma were also represented. Such a comprehensive review on the differential diagnosis of carcinomas of pelvic organs has not been reported before. Thus, much information has been accumulated in public databases to provide an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers.
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41
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Terada N, Kulkarni P, Getzenberg RH. Cyr61 is a potential prognostic marker for prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:405-8. [PMID: 22343491 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the transduction of growth factor and hormone signaling that is frequently altered in expression in several types of cancers. In prostate cancer (PCa), Cyr61 is highly expressed in organ-confined disease. Further, Cyr61 expression levels are associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence, and can be quantitatively measured in the serum. Considered together, these results indicate that Cyr61 is a potential and clinically useful tissue, as well as serum-based biomarker for differentiating lethal and non-lethal PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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42
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The utility of ERG/P63 double immunohistochemical staining in the diagnosis of limited cancer in prostate needle biopsies. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:1062-8. [PMID: 21623182 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318215cc03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of limited cancer can be challenging in prostate needle biopsies, and immunohistochemistry is commonly used in such settings. Recently, TMPRSS2:ERG gene rearrangement was found to be highly specific for and detected in approximately 50% of prostate cancer. Positive immunohistochemical staining with a novel anti-ERG antibody highly correlated with TMPRSS2:ERG gene rearrangement status. We developed a double immunohistochemical staining containing both erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogen (ERG) and basal cell marker P63 antibodies and evaluated its use in the diagnosis of limited cancer in prostate needle biopsies. A total of 77 prostate needle biopsies containing cancer occupying <1 mm of the length of only 1 core of the entire biopsy set were stained with the double stain containing ERG and P63 antibodies. ERG positivity and its staining intensity in cancerous and other noncancerous lesions were evaluated. ERG expression was detected in 42% (32 of 77) of cases, with strong, moderate, and weak staining intensity in 72%, 16%, and 12% of cases. The staining was uniform in 84% of cases and heterogeneous in 16% of cases with different staining intensities in >10% of cancerous cells. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was present in 17 cases, and in 5 (29%) cases ERG was positive in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia glands, which were all immediately adjacent to or intermingled with ERG-positive cancerous glands. In 4 additional cases, positive ERG staining was found in morphologically benign glands, which were also immediately adjacent to or intermingled with ERG-positive cancerous glands. All other benign lesions distant from cancerous glands, including simple and partial atrophy, were negative for ERG. P63 was negative in all cancerous glands and positive in noncancerous lesions. The P63/ERG double immunostain combines the high sensitivity of P63 and the high specificity of ERG and may be potentially useful in the work-up of difficult prostate biopsies. The high specificity of ERG for the presence of cancer may have important implications for prostate biopsy interpretation and needs to be further validated in larger prospective studies.
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Review of small cell carcinomas of the prostate. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:543272. [PMID: 22110988 PMCID: PMC3200299 DOI: 10.1155/2011/543272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare neoplasm, with only a few series hitherto reported. A little less than half of the cases are associated with conventional acinar adenocarcinoma, which are usually high grade. Although consensus has not been reached, the majority of patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate have advanced disease at diagnosis and disproportionally low PSA levels compared to patients with conventional acinar adenocarcinoma. Treatment consists mainly of chemotherapy associated with surgery. Radiation therapy is reserved for selected cases. This study reviews the most up-to-date information on small cell carcinomas of the prostate.
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Srinivasan M, Parwani AV. Diagnostic utility of p63/P501S double sequential immunohistochemical staining in differentiating urothelial carcinoma from prostate carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:67. [PMID: 21777423 PMCID: PMC3163513 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinguishing urothelial carcinoma (UC) from prostate carcinoma (PC) is important due to potential therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, this can be a diagnostic challenge when there is limited tissue and in poorly differentiated tumors. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of a dual immunohistochemical stain comprising p63 and P501S (prostein), applied sequentially on a single slide and visualized by double chromogen reaction, in differentiating these two cancers. Thus far, there have been no previous studies assessing the diagnostic utility of p63 and P501S combined together as a dual immunostain in distinguishing between these two cancers. Methods p63/P501S dual-color sequential immunohistochemical staining was performed on archival material from 132 patients with high-grade UC and 23 patients with PC, and evaluated for p63 (brown nuclear) and P501S (red cytoplasmic) expression. Both the staining intensity and percentage of positive tumor cells were assessed. Results p63 was positive in 119/132 of UC and negative in PC. P501S was positive in 22/23 of PC and negative in UC. The p63+/P501S- immunoprofile had 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity for UC. The p63-/P501S+ immunoprofile had 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity for PC. Conclusion Our results indicate that double sequential immunohistochemical staining with p63 and P501S is highly specific and can be a useful tool in distinguishing UC from PC especially when there is limited diagnostic tissue as it can be performed on a single slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hailemariam S, Vosbeck J, Cathomas G, Zlobec I, Mattarelli G, Eichenberger T, Zellweger T, Bachmann A, Gasser TC, Bubendorf L. Can molecular markers stratify the diagnostic value of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia? Hum Pathol 2011; 42:702-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kumaresan K, Kakkar N, Verma A, Mandal AK, Singh SK, Joshi K. Diagnostic utility of α-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S) & HMWCK in morphologically difficult prostate cancer. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:83. [PMID: 21176184 PMCID: PMC3022556 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the diagnostic utility of alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S) & HMWCK (34beta E12) in morphologically difficult prostate cancer. Methods A total of 1034 cases were reviewed and divided into benign (585) malignant (399) and suspicious (50). Immunohistochemistry with HMWCK and AMACR was done on the 50 suspicious cases along with controls. Results Forty nine suspicious cases were resolved by using both markers where as 1 case was resolved by further support with CD68. The original diagnosis was changed in 15 of 50 (30%) suspicious cases from benign to malignant, one case from benign to high grade PIN and in one case from malignant to benign. Change of diagnosis was seen in 17 of 50 (34%) suspicious cases with a significant p value of 0.002. The overall diagnosis was changed in 17 of 1034 cases (1.64%) of prostatic disease (p < 0.001). Conclusions A combination of HMWCK and AMACR is of great value in combating the morphologically suspicious cases and significantly increasing the diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer. Although, in this study the sensitivity and specificity of HMWCK and AMACR were high, yet it should be used with caution, keeping in mind all their pitfalls and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kumaresan
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Joshi A, Varma M, Wozniak S, Jasani B. Potential unreliability of normal tissue as positive control in diagnostic immunohistochemistry of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Histopathology 2010; 57:760-2. [PMID: 21125708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Joshi
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Jaraj SJ, Augsten M, Häggarth L, Wester K, Pontén F, Ostman A, Egevad L. GAD1 is a biomarker for benign and malignant prostatic tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 45:39-45. [PMID: 21091088 DOI: 10.3109/00365599.2010.521189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue-specific markers are useful for identification of tumour type in advanced cancers of unknown origin. This study investigated the expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) in prostate and control tissue compared with the established prostate-specific markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). MATERIAL AND METHODS A tissue microarray was constructed of 36 prostate adenocarcinomas, eight benign prostate samples and benign and malignant control tissues from urinary bladder, lung and rectum. Immunohistochemistry for GAD1, PSA and PSMA was performed. The products of staining intensity and extent were analysed. The GAD1 antibody was validated by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on malignant and benign samples from each tissue type. RESULTS GAD1 and PSA immunostains were significantly stronger in malignant and benign prostatic tissue than in controls. PSMA was stronger in prostate cancer than in urothelial and rectal cancer but had a lower specificity than GAD1 and PSA. GAD1 expression decreased with increasing Gleason score. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of mRNA for GAD1, PSA and PSMA in prostate samples. CONCLUSION GAD1 is expressed in benign and malignant prostatic tissue and may serve as a highly prostate-specific tissue biomarker.
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Kuroda N, Katto K, Tamura M, Shiotsu T, Nakamura S, Ohtsuki Y, Hes O, Michal M, Inoue K, Ohara M, Mizuno K, Lee GH. Immunohistochemical application of D2-40 as basal cell marker in evaluating atypical small acinar proliferation of initial routine prostatic needle biopsy materials. Med Mol Morphol 2010; 43:165-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-008-0435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Berretta R, Moscato P. Cancer biomarker discovery: the entropic hallmark. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12262. [PMID: 20805891 PMCID: PMC2923618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a commonly accepted belief that cancer cells modify their transcriptional state during the progression of the disease. We propose that the progression of cancer cells towards malignant phenotypes can be efficiently tracked using high-throughput technologies that follow the gradual changes observed in the gene expression profiles by employing Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. Methods based on Information Theory can then quantify the divergence of cancer cells' transcriptional profiles from those of normally appearing cells of the originating tissues. The relevance of the proposed methods can be evaluated using microarray datasets available in the public domain but the method is in principle applicable to other high-throughput methods. Methodology/Principal Findings Using melanoma and prostate cancer datasets we illustrate how it is possible to employ Shannon Entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence to trace the transcriptional changes progression of the disease. We establish how the variations of these two measures correlate with established biomarkers of cancer progression. The Information Theory measures allow us to identify novel biomarkers for both progressive and relatively more sudden transcriptional changes leading to malignant phenotypes. At the same time, the methodology was able to validate a large number of genes and processes that seem to be implicated in the progression of melanoma and prostate cancer. Conclusions/Significance We thus present a quantitative guiding rule, a new unifying hallmark of cancer: the cancer cell's transcriptome changes lead to measurable observed transitions of Normalized Shannon Entropy values (as measured by high-througput technologies). At the same time, tumor cells increment their divergence from the normal tissue profile increasing their disorder via creation of states that we might not directly measure. This unifying hallmark allows, via the the Jensen-Shannon divergence, to identify the arrow of time of the processes from the gene expression profiles, and helps to map the phenotypical and molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subtypes. The deep mathematical basis of the approach allows us to suggest that this principle is, hopefully, of general applicability for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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