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Zhang Q, Geng M, Li K, Gao H, Jiao X, Ai K, Wei X, Yang J. TGF-β1 suppresses the T-cell response in teleost fish by initiating Smad3- and Foxp3-mediated transcriptional networks. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102843. [PMID: 36581209 PMCID: PMC9860442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can suppress the activation, proliferation, and function of many T-cell subsets, protecting organisms from inflammatory and autoimmune disease caused by an overexuberant immune response. However, whether and how TGF-β1 regulates T-cell immunity in early vertebrates remain unknown. Here, using a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) model, we investigated suppression of the T-cell response by TGF-β1 in teleost species. Tilapia encodes an evolutionarily conserved TGF-β1, the expression of which in lymphocytes is significantly induced during the immune response following Edwardsiella piscicida infection. Once activated, tilapia T cells increase TGF-β1 production, which in turn suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression and inhibits T-cell activation. Notably, we found administration of TGF-β1 cripples the proliferation of tilapia T cells, reduces the potential capacity of Th1/2 differentiation, and impairs the cytotoxic function, rendering the fish more vulnerable to bacterial infection. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 initiates the TGF-βR/Smad signaling pathway and triggers the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. Smad3 subsequently interacts with several transcriptional partners to repress transcription of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ but promote transcription of immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 and transcription factor Foxp3. Furthermore, TGF-β1/Smad signaling further utilizes Foxp3 to achieve the cascade regulation of these T-cell genes. Taken together, our findings reveal a detailed mechanism by which TGF-β1 suppresses the T cell-based immunity in Nile tilapia and support the notion that TGF-β1 had already been employed to inhibit the T-cell response early in vertebrate evolution, thus providing novel insights into the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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2
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Wang R, Nakajima-Adachi H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Gu W, Hiraide E, Morinaga M, Nakagawa R, Nakamura S, Takano T, Li X, Saeki M, Kaminuma O, Hiroi T, Uchida K, Motoshima H, Tanokura M, Miyakawa T, Hachimura S. Regulation of Th2 responses by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris YRC3780 alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in the mouse model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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3
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Kuang P, Deng H, Cui H, Chen L, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Wang X, Zhao L. Sodium fluoride (NaF) causes toxic effects on splenic development in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4703-4717. [PMID: 28002795 PMCID: PMC5354865 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, very limited studies focus on the toxic effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on splenic development of human and animals in vivo. This study was firstly designed to evaluate the toxic effects of NaF on the splenic development of mice in vivo by observing histopathological lesions, changes of splenic growth index (GI), T and B cells, immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents, cytokine protein expression levels, and cell cycle and cyclins/cdks protein expression levels using the methods of pathology, flow cytometry (FCM), western blot (WB), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 240 ICR mice were equally allocated into four groups with intragastric administration of distilled water in the control group and 12, 24, 48 mg/kg NaF solution in the experimental groups for 42 days. The results showed that NaF in 12 mg/kg and over caused the toxic effects on splenic development, which was characterized by reducing growth index and lymphocytes in the white and red pulp histopathologically, increasing cell percentages of the G0/G1 phase and decreasing cell percentages of the S phase, and reducing T cells and B cells as well as IgA, IgG, and IgM contents when compared with those in the control group. Concurrently, cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and cyclin (E/D and CDK2/4) protein expression levels were markedly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) protein expression levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in the three NaF-treated groups. Toxic effects finally impaired the splenic cellular immunity and humoral immunity due to the reduction of T and B cell population and activity. Cell cycle arrest is the molecular basis of NaF-caused toxic effects on the splenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Lian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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4
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Marks E, Naudin C, Nolan G, Goggins BJ, Burns G, Mateer SW, Latimore JK, Minahan K, Plank M, Foster PS, Callister R, Veysey M, Walker MM, Talley NJ, Radford-Smith G, Keely S. Regulation of IL-12p40 by HIF controls Th1/Th17 responses to prevent mucosal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1224-1236. [PMID: 28120851 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory lesions are inherently hypoxic, due to increased metabolic demands created by cellular infiltration and proliferation, and reduced oxygen supply due to vascular damage. Hypoxia stabilizes the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF) leading to a coordinated induction of endogenously protective pathways. We identified IL12B as a HIF-regulated gene and aimed to define how the HIF-IL-12p40 axis influenced intestinal inflammation. Intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were characterized in wild-type and IL-12p40-/- murine colitis treated with vehicle or HIF-stabilizing prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDi). IL12B promoter analysis was performed to examine hypoxia-responsive elements. Immunoblot analysis of murine and human LPL supernatants was performed to characterize the HIF/IL-12p40 signaling axis. We observed selective induction of IL-12p40 following PHDi-treatment, concurrent with suppression of Th1 and Th17 responses in murine colitis models. In the absence of IL-12p40, PHDi-treatment was ineffective. Analysis of the IL12B promoter identified canonical HIF-binding sites. HIF stabilization in LPLs resulted in production of IL-12p40 homodimer which was protective against colitis. The selective induction of IL-12p40 by HIF-1α leads to a suppression of mucosal Th1 and Th17 responses. This HIF-IL12p40 axis may represent an endogenously protective mechanism to limit the progression of chronic inflammation, shifting from pro-inflammatory IL-12p70 to an antagonistic IL-12p40 homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marks
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Naudin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Nolan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B J Goggins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Burns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S W Mateer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J K Latimore
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Minahan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Plank
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P S Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Veysey
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M M Walker
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N J Talley
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Radford-Smith
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Hepatocarcinoma cell-derived hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) induces regulatory T cells. Cytokine 2015; 72:31-5. [PMID: 25569374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is suggested that regulatory immune cells play a critical role in cancer cell growth by facilitating cancer cells to escape from the immune surveillance. The generation of the immune regulatory cells in cancer has not been fully understood yet. This study aims to investigate the role of the hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) in the generation of regulatory T cells (Treg). METHODS CCL-9.1 cells (A mouse hepatoma cell line), were cultured. The expression of HDGF in CCL-9.1 cells was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. The generation of Foxp3(+) T cells was assessed by cell culture and flow cytometry. The immune suppressor function of the Foxp3(+) T cells on CD8(+) T cell activities was assessed by the carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-dilution assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to PolyIC markedly increased the expression of HDGF in CCL-9.1 cells. Coculture of CCL-9.1 cells and CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells in the presence of PolyIC generated the Forkhead box protein (Foxp)3(+) T cells. The exposure to HDGF increased the expression of Foxp3 and decreased the expression of GATA3 in CD4(+) T cells. After activation, the Foxp3(+) T cells suppressed the CD8(+) T cell proliferation and the release of the cytotoxic cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Liver cancer cell-derived HDGF can induce Foxp3(+) T cells; the latter has the immune suppressor functions on CD8(+) T cell activities.
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6
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Francesconi VA, Klein AP, Santos APBG, Ramasawmy R, Francesconi F. Lobomycosis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:851-60. [PMID: 25328400 PMCID: PMC4199563 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s46251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lobomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis of chronic evolution caused by the Lacazia loboi fungus. Its distribution is almost exclusive in the Americas, and it has a particularly high prevalence in the Amazon basin. Cases of lobomycosis have been reported only in dolphins and humans. Its prevalence is higher among men who are active in the forest, such as rubber tappers, bushmen, miners, and Indian men. It is recognized that the traumatic implantation of the fungus on the skin is the route by which humans acquire this infection. The lesions affect mainly exposed areas such as the auricles and upper and lower limbs and are typically presented as keloid-like lesions. Currently, surgical removal is the therapeutic procedure of choice in initial cases. Despite the existing data and studies to date, the active immune mechanisms in this infection and its involvement in the control or development of lacaziosis have not been fully clarified. In recent years, little progress has been made in the appraisal of the epidemiologic aspects of the disease. So far, we have neither a population-based study nor any evaluation directed to the forest workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Tropical Medicine Foundation Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fábio Francesconi
- Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Foundation Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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7
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Yao Y, Yang W, Yang YQ, Ma HD, Lu FT, Li L, Tao YY, Tsuneyama K, Zhang W, Friedman S, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Distinct from its canonical effects, deletion of IL-12p40 induces cholangitis and fibrosis in interleukin-2Rα(-/-) mice. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:99-108. [PMID: 24651036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IL-12 family modulates T cell mediated autoimmune diseases and GWAS in PBC have suggested a critical role of IL-12 and its subunits in modulating portal inflammation. We have taken advantage of an aggressive model of portal inflammation and colitis in IL-2Rα(-/-) mice to study the specific role of IL-12 and, in particular, the immunobiology of p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice. Colonies of IL-2Rα(+/-), IL-2Rα(-/-) and p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice were studied for the natural history of immunopathology in liver and colon using histology and immunohistochemistry. Further, to focus on mechanisms, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph node flow cytometry was employed to identify specific phenotypes; cytokine analysis on inflammatory cell populations was compared between groups. Finally, Real-Time PCR was used to focus on the genes involved in hepatic fibrosis. Surprisingly, p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice manifest more severe portal inflammation and bile duct damage, including signs of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis, but a significant reduction in colitis. Indeed, p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice reveal a profound hepatic CD8(+) T cell infiltrate, whose major component are effector memory cells as well as enhanced hepatic Th1 but reduced Th17 responses. These observations were confirmed by Real-Time PCR analysis of fibrosis-related genes in the liver. Distinct from its canonical effects, IL-12p40 plays a critical role in autoimmune cholangitis, including hepatic fibrosis. These data take on striking significance for any proposed human trials that modulate the IL-12p40 pathway in human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fang-Ting Lu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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8
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Abstract
The cytokine TGF-β plays an integral role in regulating immune responses. TGF-β has pleiotropic effects on adaptive immunity, especially in the regulation of effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cell responses. Many immune and nonimmune cells can produce TGF-β, but it is always produced as an inactive complex that must be activated to exert functional effects. Thus, activation of latent TGF-β provides a crucial layer of regulation that controls TGF-β function. In this review, we highlight some of the important functional roles for TGF-β in immunity, focusing on its context-specific roles in either dampening or promoting T cell responses. We also describe how activation of TGF-β controls its function in the immune system, with a focus on the key roles for members of the integrin family in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Travis
- Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research
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9
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Perez SA, Anastasopoulou EA, Tzonis P, Gouttefangeas C, Kalbacher H, Papamichail M, Baxevanis CN. AE37 peptide vaccination in prostate cancer: a 4-year immunological assessment updates on a phase I trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1599-608. [PMID: 23934022 PMCID: PMC11029046 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In our recent phase I trial, we demonstrated that the AE37 vaccine is safe and induces HER-2/neu-specific immunity in a heterogeneous population of HER-2/neu (+) prostate cancer patients. Herein, we tested whether one AE37 boost can induce long-lasting immunological memory in these patients. Twenty-three patients from the phase I study received one AE37 boost 6-month post-primary vaccinations. Local/systemic toxicities were evaluated following the booster injection. Immunological responses were monitored 1-month (long-term booster; LTB) and 3-year (long-term immunity; LTI) post-booster by delayed-type hypersensitivity, IFN-γ ELISPOT and proliferation assays. Regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies, plasma transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) activity levels were also determined at the same time points. The AE37 booster was safe and well tolerated. Immunological monitoring revealed vaccine-specific long-term immunity in most of the evaluated patients during both LTB and LTI, although individual levels of immunity during LTI were decreased compared with those measured 3 years earlier during LTB. This was paralleled with increased Tregs, TGF-β levels and IDO activity. One AE37 booster generated long-term immunological memory in HER-2/neu (+) prostate cancer patients, which was detectable 3 years later, albeit with a tendency to decline. Boosted patients had favorable clinical outcome in terms of overall and/or metastasis-free survival compared with historical groups with similar clinical characteristics at diagnosis. We suggest that more boosters and/or concomitant disarming of suppressor circuits may be necessary to sustain immunological memory, and therefore, further studies to optimize the AE37 booster schedule are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Building No. 2, 3rd Floor, 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522, Athens, Greece,
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10
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Hemdan NYA, Wichmann G. Comment on "Identification of a new pathway for Th1 cell development induced by cooperative stimulation with IL-4 and TGF-β". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1099-100. [PMID: 22815378 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1290040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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The transcription factor Sox4 is a downstream target of signaling by the cytokine TGF-β and suppresses T(H)2 differentiation. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:778-86. [PMID: 22751141 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sox4 is a transcription factor that regulates various developmental processes. Here we show that Sox4 was induced by TGF-β and negatively regulated the transcription factor GATA-3, the master regulator of function of T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cells, by two distinct mechanisms. First, Sox4 bound directly to GATA-3, preventing its binding to GATA-3 consensus DNA sequences. Second, Sox4 bound to the promoter region of the gene encoding interleukin 5 (IL-5), a T(H)2 cytokine, and prevented binding of GATA-3 to this promoter. T(H)2 cell-driven airway inflammation was modulated by alterations in Sox4 expression. Thus, Sox4 acted as a downstream target of TGF-β to inhibit GATA-3 function, T(H)2 differentiation and T(H)2 cell-mediated inflammation.
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12
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Tofukuji S, Kuwahara M, Suzuki J, Ohara O, Nakayama T, Yamashita M. Identification of a new pathway for Th1 cell development induced by cooperative stimulation with IL-4 and TGF-β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4846-57. [PMID: 22504655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 plays an important role in the induction of Th2 and Th9 cells, as well as in the inhibition of Th1 cell generation. We show that a combination of IL-4 and TGF-β augments the development of Th1 cells that express CD103 (CD103(+) Th1 cells) if IFN-γ is present. The T-box-containing transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) is preferentially expressed in CD103(+) Th1 cells and is involved in IFN-γ production. The induction of T-bet during early T cell activation is essential for the formation of the active chromatin at both the Eomes and IFN-γ gene loci. TGF-β is required for the induction of Eomes and CD103, as well as the inhibition of Th2 cytokine expression. In addition, IL-4 induces Eomes transcription through activation of the Stat6-signaling pathway. IFN-γ-producing CD103(+) Th1 cells are detected in the intraepithelial lymphocytes of normal mice, and their numbers significantly decrease in Tbet- and Stat6-deficient mice. To our knowledge, these results represent the first molecular mechanism of IL-4/TGF-β-dependent augmentation of Th1 cell generation and raise the possibility that IL-4 and TGF-β simultaneously enhance the Th1 cell-mediated immune responses under certain cytokine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Tofukuji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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13
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Paniz-Mondolfi A, Talhari C, Sander Hoffmann L, Connor DL, Talhari S, Bermudez-Villapol L, Hernandez-Perez M, Van Bressem MF. Lobomycosis: an emerging disease in humans and delphinidae. Mycoses 2012; 55:298-309. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Fusco A, Vigliano I, Palamaro L, Cirillo E, Aloj G, Piscopo G, Giardino G, Pignata C. Altered signaling through IL-12 receptor in children with very high serum IgE levels. Cell Immunol 2010; 265:74-9. [PMID: 20696422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An alteration of Th1/Th2 homeostasis may lead to diseases in humans. In this study, we investigated whether an impaired IL-12R signaling occurred in children with elevated serum IgE levels divided on the basis of the IgE levels (group A: >2000kU/l; group B: <2000kU/l). We evaluated the integrity of the IL-12R signaling through the analysis of phosphorylation/activation of STAT4, and mRNA expression and membrane assembly of the receptor chains. At a functional level, a proliferative defect of lymphocytes from group A patients was observed. In these patients, an abnormal IL-12R signaling was documented, and this finding was associated with abnormal expression of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain. Our data indicate that in patients with very high IgE levels the generation of Th1 response is impaired, and that this abnormality associates with abnormal IL-12R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fusco
- Department of Pediatrics, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
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15
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Narayanan S, Silva R, Peruzzi G, Alvarez Y, Simhadri VR, Debell K, Coligan JE, Borrego F. Human Th1 cells that express CD300a are polyfunctional and after stimulation up-regulate the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10636. [PMID: 20498708 PMCID: PMC2869357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human naïve CD4 T cells express low levels of the immunomodulatory receptor CD300a, whereas effector/memory CD4 cells can be either CD300a+ or CD300a−. This suggested that CD300a expression could define a specific subset within the effector/memory CD4 T cell subpopulations. In fact, ex vivo analysis of the IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells showed that they are enriched in the CD300a+ subset. Moreover, stimulated CD4 T cells producing TNF-α and IL-2 besides IFN-γ (polyfunctional) are predominantly CD300a+. In addition to producing markedly higher levels of Th1-associated cytokines, the stimulated CD300a+ CD4 T cells are distinguished by a striking up-regulation of the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes), whereas T-bet is up-regulated in both CD300a+ and CD300a− activated CD4 T cells to similar levels. The pleiotropic cytokine TGF-β1 has a determinant role in dictating the development of this Th1 subset, as its presence inhibits the expression of CD300a and down-regulates the expression of Eomes and IFN-γ. We conclude that CD300a+ human Th1 cells tend to be polyfunctional and after stimulation up-regulate Eomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Narayanan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Silva
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yelina Alvarez
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Venkateswara R. Simhadri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Immunology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Debell
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Immunology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Immunology, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Su Y, Huang X, Raskovalova T, Zacharia L, Lokshin A, Jackson E, Gorelik E. Cooperation of adenosine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in amplification of cAMP-PKA signaling and immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1611-23. [PMID: 18327580 PMCID: PMC11030951 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesize that adenosine and PGE2 could have a complementary immunosuppressive effect that is mediated via common cAMP-PKA signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, the effect of adenosine and PGE2 on the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. RESULTS PGE2 and adenosine inhibited LAK cells cytotoxic activity and production of INF-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. In combination they showed substantially higher inhibition than each modality used alone. Using agonists and antagonists specific for PGE2 and adenosine receptors we found that cooperation of PGE2 and adenosine in their inhibitory effects are mediated via EP2 and A2A receptors, respectively. LAK cells have 35-fold higher expression of EP2 than A2A. Combined PGE2 and adenosine treatment resulted in augmentation of cAMP production, PKA activity, CREB phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY294002 enhanced the suppressive effects of adenosine and PGE2. In contrast, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA type I blocked their immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and adenosine are mediated via common pathway with activation of cAMP-PKA and inhibition of Akt. CONCLUSION In comparison to other immunosuppressive molecules (TGF-beta and IL-10), adenosine and PGE2 are unique in their ability to inhibit the executive function of highly cytotoxic cells. High intratumor levels of adenosine and PGE2 could protect tumor from immune-mediated destruction by inactivation of the tumor infiltrating functionally active immune cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxytocics/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Tatiana Raskovalova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Lefteris Zacharia
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Anna Lokshin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Edwin Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Elieser Gorelik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Abstract
Lacaziose ou doença de Jorge Lobo é micose crônica, granulomatosa, causada por implantação traumática do fungo Lacazia loboi - patógeno não cultivável até o presente - nos tecidos cutâneo e subcutâneo, manifestando-se clinicamente por lesões nodulares queloidianas predominantes, envolvendo sobretudo pavilhões auriculares, face, membros superiores e inferiores, e não comprometendo as mucosas. A maioria dos casos humanos está registrada em países da América do Sul. Entretanto, a enfermidade apresenta aspectos epidemiológicos destacados, como o aparecimento em tribo Caiabi, no Brasil Central e em mamíferos não humanos, golfinhos de duas espécies (Tursiops truncatus e Sotalia guianensis) capturados na costa da Flórida (EUA), na foz do rio Suriname, na costa de Santa Catarina (Brasil), no golfo de Gasconha (baía de Biscaia-Europa), com manifestações cutâneas e achados histopatológicos muito similares às encontradas no homem. O artigo objetiva abordar características do fungo e sua taxonomia, e aspectos históricos, ecoepidemiológicos, clínicos, imuno-histoquímicos, histopatológicos, ultra-estruturais e terapêuticos.
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Anthoni M, Wang G, Deng C, Wolff HJ, Lauerma AI, Alenius HT. Smad3 Signal Transducer Regulates Skin Inflammation and Specific IgE Response in Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1923-9. [PMID: 17429443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by itchy, dry, and inflamed skin. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is an important fibrogenic and immunomodulatory factor that regulates cellular processes in the injured and inflamed skin. This study examines the role of the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway using Smad3-deficient mice in a murine model of AD. Dermatitis was induced in mice by epicutaneous application of ovalbumin (OVA) applied in a patch to tape-stripped skin. OVA-specific IgE and IgG2a antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Skin biopsies from sensitized skin areas were used for RNA isolation, histology, and immunohistochemical examination. The thickness of dermis was significantly reduced in OVA-sensitized skin of Smad3-/- mice. The defect in the dermal thickness was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1beta in the OVA-sensitized skin. In contrast, the number of mast cells was significantly increased in OVA-sensitized skin of Smad3-/- mice, which also exhibited elevated levels of OVA-specific IgE. These results demonstrate that the Smad3-pathway regulates allergen-induced skin inflammation and systemic IgE antibody production in a murine model AD. The Smad3 signaling pathway might be a potential target in the therapy of allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Anthoni
- Unit of Excellence in Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Wang H, You J. Current status and advance on T helper cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1532-1536. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i13.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper cells play an important role in the immune modulation of human bodies. According to the different cytokines secreted by them, T helper cells can be divided into two subgroups, named Th1 and Th2, and they participate in the modulation of cell-mediated and humoral immune response respectively. Th1 and Th2 can affect immune patterns in bodies by co-adjustment. Coming from the common precursor cells (Th0), Th1 and Th2 can commutate under the influence of different cytokines and antigens. In normal physiological condition, the immune function of Th1/Th2 is in dynamic balance. Once the balance is broken, organisms will be in morbid state.
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20
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Namangala B, Sugimoto C, Inoue N. Effects of exogenous transforming growth factor beta on Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1878-85. [PMID: 17261602 PMCID: PMC1865695 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01452-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic implications of trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa and the limitations of its current control regimes have stimulated research into alternative control methods. Considering the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and its potential to enhance immunity against protozoan parasites, we examined the effects of intraperitoneally delivered TGF-beta1 in C57BL/6 mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense, the hemoprotozoan parasite causing nagana in cattle. A triple dose of 10 ng TGF-beta1 significantly reduced the first parasitemic peak and delayed mortality of infected mice. Furthermore, exogenous TGF-beta1 significantly decreased the development of trypanosome-induced anemia and splenomegaly. The apparent TGF-beta1-induced antitrypanosome protection, occurring mainly during the early stage of infection, correlated with an enhanced parasite antigen-specific Th1 cell response characterized by a skewed type I cytokine response and a concomitant stronger antitrypanosome immunoglobulin G2a antibody response. Infected TGF-beta1-pretreated mice exhibited a significant reduction in the trypanosome-induced hyperexpansion of B cells. Furthermore, evidence is provided herein that exogenous TGF-beta1 activates macrophages that may contribute to parasite control. Collectively, these data indicate that exogenous TGF-beta1 is immunostimulative, inducing partial protection against T. congolense infection, possibly through mechanisms involving innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface Namangala
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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21
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Buckwalter MS, Coleman BS, Buttini M, Barbour R, Schenk D, Games D, Seubert P, Wyss-Coray T. Increased T cell recruitment to the CNS after amyloid beta 1-42 immunization in Alzheimer's mice overproducing transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11437-41. [PMID: 17079673 PMCID: PMC1892201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2436-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting the amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide is a novel therapy under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A clinical trial using Abeta(1-42) (AN1792) as the immunogen was halted as a result of development of meningoencephalitis in a small number of patients. The cytokine TGF-beta1 is a key modulator of immune responses that is increased in the brain in AD. We show here that local overexpression of TGF-beta1 in the brain increases both meningeal and parenchymal T lymphocyte number. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 overexpression in a mouse model for AD [amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice] leads to development of additional T cell infiltrates when mice were immunized at a young but not old age with AN1792. Notably, only mice overproducing both Abeta (APP mice) and TGF-beta1 experienced a rise in T lymphocyte number after immunization. One-third of infiltrating T cells were CD4 positive. We did not observe significant differences in B lymphocyte numbers in any of the genotypes or treatment groups. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta1 overproduction in the brain can promote T cell infiltration, in particular after Abeta(1-42) immunization. Likewise, levels of TGF-beta1 or other immune factors in brains of AD patients may influence the response to Abeta(1-42) immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion S. Buckwalter
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Bronwen S. Coleman
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Robin Barbour
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Dale Schenk
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Dora Games
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Peter Seubert
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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22
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an essential role in regulating the homeostasis of cells in the lymphoid lineage. TGF-beta signaling is not required for normal thymopoiesis, but is essential for regulating the expansion, activation, and effector function of the mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs and target tissues. Recent studies in both mice and humans have elucidated an important and complex role for TGF-beta in regulatory T-cell biology. Disruption of TGF-beta signaling in T cells impairs the maintenance of regulatory T cells, results in the expansion of activated effector T cells, and is associated with the production of cytokines that have major effects on cells in their environment. While autoimmunity and inflammation are the principal phenotypes associated with the abrogation of TGF-beta signaling in T cells in mice, emerging evidence now also directly links Smad-dependent TGF-beta signaling in T cells to the suppression of epithelial neoplasia. The TGF-beta receptor-activated Smad3 plays a critical role in mediating many of the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta signaling in T cells, and has now been established as an important suppressor of leukemogenesis. These studies are increasing our awareness of the many complex mechanisms through which TGF-beta signaling controls the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Letterio
- The Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, The Center for Cancer Research, The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
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23
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N/A, 何 生, 张 淑, 李 淑, 陈 永. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1460-1462. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i12.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mike Kemeny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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