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Pascher K, Hainz-Renetzeder C, Jagersberger M, Kneissl K, Gollmann G, Schneeweiss GM. Contamination of imported kernels by unapproved genome-edited varieties poses a major challenge for monitoring and traceability during transport and handling on a global scale: inferences from a study on feral oilseed rape in Austria. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1176290. [PMID: 37153078 PMCID: PMC10156978 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1176290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel techniques such as CRISPR/Cas are increasingly being applied for the development of modern crops. However, the regulatory framework for production, labelling and handling of genome-edited organisms varies worldwide. Currently, the European Commission is raising the question whether genome-edited organisms should still be regulated as genetically modified organisms in the future or whether a deregulation should be implemented. In our paper, based on the outcome of a 2-year case study on oilseed rape in Austria, we show that seed spillage during import and subsequent transport and handling activities is a key factor for the unintended dispersal of seeds into the environment, the subsequent emergence of feral oilseed rape populations and their establishment and long-term persistence in natural habitats. These facts must likewise be considered in case of genome-edited oilseed rape contaminants that might be accidentally introduced with conventional kernels. We provide evidence that in Austria a high diversity of oilseed rape genotypes, including some with alleles not known from cultivated oilseed rape in Austria, exists at sites with high seed spillage and low weed management, rendering these sites of primary concern with respect to possible escape of genome-edited oilseed rape varieties into the environment. Since appropriate detection methods for single genome-edited oilseed rape events have only recently started to be successfully developed and the adverse effects of these artificial punctate DNA exchanges remain largely unknown, tracing the transmission and spread of these genetic modifications places high requirements on their monitoring, identification, and traceability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Pascher
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Pascher,
| | - Christa Hainz-Renetzeder
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (ILEN), Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Jagersberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kneissl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Gollmann
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mullins E, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Ardizzone M, De Sanctis G, Federici S, Fernandez Dumont A, Gennaro A, Gomez Ruiz JA, Goumperis T, Lanzoni A, Lenzi P, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Raffaello T, Streissl F. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape MON 94100 for food and feed uses, under regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2020-169). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07411. [PMID: 35898295 PMCID: PMC9305391 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape MON 94100 was developed to confer tolerance to dicamba herbicide. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics tested between oilseed rape MON 94100 and its conventional counterpart needs further assessment, except for the levels of carbohydrates, calcium and ADF in seeds, which do not raise nutritional and safety concerns. The GMO Panel does not identify safety concerns regarding the toxicity and allergenicity of the dicamba mono‐oxygenase (DMO) protein as expressed in oilseed rape MON 94100. The GMO Panel finds no evidence that the genetic modification impacts the overall safety of oilseed rape MON 94100. In the context of this application, the consumption of food and feed from oilseed rape MON 94100 does not represent a nutritional concern in humans and animals. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape MON 94100 is as safe as the conventional counterpart and non‐GM oilseed rape reference varieties tested, and no post‐market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape MON 94100 seeds into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post‐market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape MON 94100. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape MON 94100 is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the tested non‐GM oilseed rape reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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A Review of the Unintentional Release of Feral Genetically Modified Rapeseed into the Environment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121264. [PMID: 34943179 PMCID: PMC8698283 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary With the advent of genetic engineering technology, the development and cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased. They were mainly developed for high yielding, herbicide resistance, and tolerance against different biotic and abiotic stresses. Rapeseed, also known as canola, was developed mainly for herbicide resistance and to increase the production of canola oil. Since it forms weedy, feral populations and has a proven ability to hybridize with its close relatives, it is important to manage the GM crops’ cultivation and spread, especially the rapeseed. Several studies have reported that the spread of GM rapeseed in non-GM fields and road verges is possible due to transport and agronomic practices, and it may become a weed. Hence, in this review, we summarized the cases of unintentional spread of feral GM rapeseed in the fields and road verges. In addition, we made recommendations for the effective management of feral GM and non-GM rapeseed in agricultural fields and along roads. Abstract Globally, the cultivation area of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing dramatically. Despite their well-known benefits, they may also pose many risks to agriculture and the environment. Among the various GM crops, GM rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated, mainly for oil production. At the same time, B. napus possesses a number of characteristics, including the ability to form feral populations and act as small-seeded weeds, and has a high potential for hybridization with other species. In this review, we provide an overview of the commercialization, approval status, and cultivation of GM rapeseed, as well as the status of the feral rapeseed populations. In addition, we highlight the case studies on the unintentional environmental release of GM rapeseed during transportation in several countries. Previous studies suggest that the main reason for the unintentional release is seed spillage during transport/importing of rapeseed in both GM rapeseed-cultivating and -non-cultivating countries. Despite the fact that incidents of unintentional release have been recorded often, there have been no reports of serious detrimental consequences. However, since rapeseed has a high potential for hybridization, the possibilities of gene flow within the genus, especially with B. rapa, are relatively significant, and considering their weedy properties, effective management methods are needed. Hence, we recommend that specific programs be used for the effective monitoring of environmental releases of GM rapeseed as well as management to avoid environmental and agricultural perturbations.
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Ardizzone M, Devos Y, Federici S, Dumont AF, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K, Lanzoni A. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape 73496 for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2012-109). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06610. [PMID: 34178155 PMCID: PMC8209597 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape 73496 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substance glyphosate through the expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase protein GAT4621. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses identify no issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences between oilseed rape 73496 and its conventional counterpart in the agronomic/phenotypic endpoints tested needs further assessment. Differences identified in seed composition of oilseed rape 73496 as compared to its conventional counterpart raise no safety and nutritional concerns in the context of the scope of this application. No safety concerns are identified regarding toxicity and allergenicity of the GAT4621 protein as expressed in oilseed rape 73496. No evidence is found that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of oilseed rape 73496. Based on the outcome of the comparative and nutritional assessments, the consumption of oilseed rape 73496 does not represent any nutritional concern, in the context of the scope of this application. The implementation of a post-market monitoring plan is recommended to confirm the predicted consumption data and to verify that the conditions of use are those considered during the pre-market risk assessment. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape 73496 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape 73496 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape 73496. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape 73496, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the non-genetically modified oilseed rape reference varieties tested with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, De Sanctis G, Devos Y, Fernandez‐Dumont A, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Lanzoni A, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape MS11 for food and feed uses, import and processing, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-BE-2016-138). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06112. [PMID: 37649511 PMCID: PMC10464701 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape MS11 has been developed to confer male sterility and tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium-containing herbicides. Based on the information provided in the application and in line with the scope of application EFSA-GMO-BE-2016-138, the genetically modified organism (GMO) Panel concludes that the molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic characteristics tested between oilseed rape MS11 and its conventional counterpart needs further assessment. No conclusions can be drawn for the compositional analysis due to the lack of an appropriate compositional data set. No toxicological or allergenicity concerns are identified for the Barnase, Barstar and PAT/bar proteins expressed in oilseed rape MS11. Owing to the incompleteness of the compositional analysis, the toxicological, allergenicity and nutritional assessment of oilseed rape MS11 cannot be completed. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape MS11 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape MS11 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the scope of the application. Since oilseed rape MS11 is designed to be used only for the production of hybrid seed, it is not expected to be commercialised as a stand-alone product for food/feed uses. Thus, seeds harvested from oilseed rape MS11 are not expected to enter the food/feed chain, except accidentally. In this context, the GMO Panel notes that, oilseed rape MS11 would not pose risk to humans and animals, while the scale of environmental exposure will be substantially reduced compared to a stand-alone product.
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Chen R, Shimono A, Aono M, Nakajima N, Ohsawa R, Yoshioka Y. Genetic diversity and population structure of feral rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in Japan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227990. [PMID: 31945118 PMCID: PMC6964882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most economically important oilseed crops worldwide. In Japan, it has been cultivated for more than a century and has formed many feral populations. The aim of this study was to elucidate the genetic diversity of feral rapeseeds by genotyping 537 individuals (among which 130 were determined to be genetically modified) sampled from various regions in Japan. Analysis of 30 microsatellite markers amplified 334 alleles and indicated moderate genetic diversity and high inbreeding (expected heterozygosity, 0.50; observed heterozygosity, 0.16; inbreeding coefficient within individuals, 0.68) within the feral populations. The Mantel test showed only an insignificant weak positive correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance. Analysis of molecular variance showed a greater genetic diversity among individuals than between populations. These results are in accordance with population structure assessed by using principal coordinate analysis and the program STRUCTURE, which showed that the 537 individuals could be assigned to 8 genetic clusters with very large genetic differences among individuals within the same geographic population, and that among feral individuals, many are closely related to rapeseed accessions in the NARO Genebank but some have unknown origins. These unique feral rapeseeds are likely to be affected by strong selection pressure. The results for genetically modified individuals also suggest that they have two different sources and have a considerable degree of diversity, which might be explained by hybridization with nearby individuals and separation of hybrid cultivars. The information obtained in this study could help improve the management of feral rapeseed plants in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Chen
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayako Shimono
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Aono
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Nakajima
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Mueller S. Are Market GM Plants an Unrecognized Platform for Bioterrorism and Biocrime? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31192204 PMCID: PMC6549539 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses a previously unrecognized avenue for bioterrorism and biocrime. It is suggested that new gene editing technologies may have the potential to create plants that are genetically modified in harmful ways, either in terms of their effect on the plant itself or in terms of harming those who would consume foods produced by that plant. While several risk scenarios involving GMOs-such as antibiotic resistant pathogens, synthetic biology, or mixing of non-GMO seeds with GMO seeds-have previously have been recognized, the new vulnerability is rooted in a different paradigm-that of clandestinely manipulating GMOs to create damage. The ability to actively inflict diseases on plants would pose serious health hazards to both humans and animals, have detrimental consequences to the economy, and directly threaten the food supply. As this is the first study of this kind, the full scope and impact of suck attacks-especially those involving the intended misuse of technologies such as gene-drives-merits further investigation. Herein, the plausibility of some of the new risks will be analyzed by, (1) Highlighting ownership and origination issues (esp. of event-specific GM-plants) as unrecognized risk factors; (2) Investigating the unique role of GMOs, why-and how-certified GMOs could become a new venue for such attacks; (3) Analyzing possible dual-use potentials of modern technologies and research oriented toward the advancement of GMOs, plant breeding and crop improvement. The identification and analysis of harmful genetic manipulations to utilize (covertly modified) plants (GMOs and non-GMOs) as an attack vector show that these concerns need to be taken seriously, raising the prospect not only of direct harm, but of the more likely effects in generating public concern, reputational harm of agricultural biotechnology companies, law-suits, and increased import bans of certain plants or their derived products.
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Lemke A, Kowarik I, Lippe M. How traffic facilitates population expansion of invasive species along roads: The case of common ragweed in Germany. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lemke
- Department of EcologyEcosystem Science/Plant EcologyTechnische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Ingo Kowarik
- Department of EcologyEcosystem Science/Plant EcologyTechnische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Moritz Lippe
- Department of EcologyEcosystem Science/Plant EcologyTechnische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
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Pascher K, Hainz-Renetzeder C, Gollmann G, Schneeweiss GM. Spillage of Viable Seeds of Oilseed Rape along Transportation Routes: Ecological Risk Assessment and Perspectives on Management Efforts. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Naegeli H, Birch AN, Casacuberta J, De Schrijver A, Gralak MA, Guerche P, Jones H, Manachini B, Messéan A, Nielsen EE, Nogué F, Robaglia C, Rostoks N, Sweet J, Tebbe C, Visioli F, Wal JM, Devos Y, Lanzoni A, Olaru I. Scientific Opinion on application EFSA-GMO-NL-2013-119 for authorisation of genetically modified glufosinate-ammonium- and glyphosate-tolerant oilseed rape MON 88302 × MS8 × RF3 and subcombinations independently of their origin, for food and feed uses, import and processing submitted in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 by Monsanto Company and Bayer CropScience. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04767. [PMID: 32625467 PMCID: PMC7010135 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion, the GMO Panel assessed the three‐event stack oilseed rape (OSR) MON 88302 × MS8 × RF3 and its three subcombinations, independently of their origin. The GMO Panel has previously assessed the single events combined to produce this three‐event stack OSR and did not identify safety concerns; no new information that would modify the original conclusions was identified. The combination of the single OSR events and of the newly expressed proteins in the three‐event stack OSR does not give rise to food and feed safety and nutrition issues – based on the molecular, agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics. In the case of accidental release of viable OSR MON 88302 × MS8 × RF3 seeds into the environment, the three‐event stack OSR would not raise environmental safety concerns. The GMO Panel therefore concluded that the three‐event stack OSR is as safe and as nutritious as its conventional counterpart and the tested non‐GM reference varieties in the context of the scope of this application. Since no new safety concerns were identified for the previously assessed two‐event stack OSR MS8 × RF3, the GMO Panel considered that its previous conclusions on this subcombination remain valid. For the two subcombinations MON 88302 × MS8 and MON 88302 × RF3 for which no experimental data were provided, the GMO Panel assessed the likelihood of interactions among the single events, and concluded that their different combinations would not raise safety concerns. These two subcombinations are therefore expected to be as safe as the single events, the previously assessed OSR MS8 × RF3, and OSR MON 88302 × MS8 × RF3. Since the post‐market environmental monitoring plan for the three‐event stack OSR does not include any provisions for two subcombinations not previously assessed, the GMO Panel recommended the applicant to revise the plan accordingly.
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11
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Pandolfo CE, Presotto A, Carbonell FT, Ureta S, Poverene M, Cantamutto M. Transgenic glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as an invasive weed in Argentina: detection, characterization, and control alternatives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24081-24091. [PMID: 27638808 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape populations in Argentina was detected and characterized. The resistant plants were found as weeds in RR soybeans and other fields. The immunological and molecular analysis showed that the accessions presented the GT73 transgenic event. The origin of this event was uncertain, as the cultivation of transgenic oilseed rape cultivars is prohibited in Argentina. This finding might suggest that glyphosate resistance could come from unauthorized transgenic oilseed rape crops cultivated in the country or as seed contaminants in imported oilseed rape cultivars or other seed imports. Experimentation showed that there are alternative herbicides for controlling resistant Brassica napus populations in various situations and crops. AHAS-inhibiting herbicides (imazethapyr, chlorimuron and diclosulam), glufosinate, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr and saflufenacil proved to be very effective in controlling these plants. Herbicides evaluated in this research were employed by farmers in one of the fields invaded with this biotype and monitoring of this field showed no evidence of its presence in the following years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Pandolfo
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Presotto
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Francisco Torres Carbonell
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Ureta
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mónica Poverene
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Miguel Cantamutto
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 3 Km 794, 8142, Hilario Ascasubi, Villarino, Argentina
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12
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Franzaring J, Wedlich K, Fangmeier A, Eckert S, Zipperle J, Krah-Jentgens I, Hünig C, Züghart W. Exploratory study on the presence of GM oilseed rape near German oil mills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23300-23307. [PMID: 27730503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed losses from imported oilseed rape (OSR) and the genetically modified (GM) admixtures therein may potentially lead to the establishment of transgenic plants and their hybridization with wild crucifers. The post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) must therefore also address problems related to seed spillages of GM OSR. Since detailed information on imported commodity flows, GM contents, means of transport, downstream users and efficient containment of GM OSR was lacking, we performed a field study in the vicinity of large oil mills and seed processing industries at the harbours along the river Rhine. One hundred thirty-six composite samples taken from one to 20 plants per site were collected near roads, railways and waterways. Individuals or large groups of feral OSR plants were detected in all of the nine study areas, but only one plant out of 1918 tested was confirmed to be transgenic (GT73). The results suggest that a spread of herbicide tolerant GM OSR has not occurred to date. In order to confirm the absence of GM feral OSR and potentially adverse effects of GM plants in the future, we recommend monitoring feral OSR on a routine basis. We present an approach for the sampling and testing of feral OSR that is based on floristic mapping and rapid tests for the determination of herbicide tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Franzaring
- Institute for Landscape and Plant Ecology, Universität Hohenheim, August von Hartmann Straße 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - K Wedlich
- Institute for Landscape and Plant Ecology, Universität Hohenheim, August von Hartmann Straße 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Fangmeier
- Institute for Landscape and Plant Ecology, Universität Hohenheim, August von Hartmann Straße 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Eckert
- LUBW, Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg, Griesbachstraße 1, 76185, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Zipperle
- LUBW, Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg, Griesbachstraße 1, 76185, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I Krah-Jentgens
- Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur-und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Schwannstraße 3, 40476, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Hünig
- BfN, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, FG II 1.3 Monitoring, Konstantinstraße 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Züghart
- BfN, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, FG II 1.3 Monitoring, Konstantinstraße 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Bailleul D, Ollier S, Lecomte J. Genetic Diversity of Oilseed Rape Fields and Feral Populations in the Context of Coexistence with GM Crops. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158403. [PMID: 27359342 PMCID: PMC4928878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing concern about transgenes escaping from fields, few studies have analysed the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem over several years. Accurate information about the dynamics and relationship of the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem is essential for risk assessment and policies concerning the containment of genetically modified crops and their coexistence with crops grown by conventional practices. Here, we analysed the genetic diversity of oilseed rape plants from fields and feral populations over 4 years in an agricultural landscape of 41 km2. We used exact compatibility and maximum likelihood assignment methods to assign these plants to cultivars. Even pure lines and hybrid cultivar seed lots contained several genotypes. The cultivar diversity in fields reflected the conventional view of agroecosystems quite well: that is, there was a succession of cultivars, some grown for longer than others because of their good performance, some used for one year and then abandoned, and others gradually adopted. Three types of field emerged: fields sown with a single cultivar, fields sown with two cultivars, and unassigned fields (too many cultivars or unassigned plants to reliably assign the field). Field plant diversity was higher than expected, indicating the persistence of cultivars that were grown for only one year. The cultivar composition of feral populations was similar to that of field plants, with an increasing number of cultivars each year. By using genetic tools, we found a link between the cultivars of field plants in a particular year and the cultivars of feral population plants in the following year. Feral populations on road verges were more diverse than those on path verges. All of these findings are discussed in terms of their consequences in the context of coexistence with genetically modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bailleul
- IFREMER, UMR MARBEC, Station de Sète, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, Sète, France
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (DB); (JL)
| | - Sébastien Ollier
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jane Lecomte
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (DB); (JL)
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Scientific Opinion on an application by Bayer CropScience and Monsanto (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2009‐75) for placing on the market of genetically modified glufosinate‐ammonium‐ and glyphosate‐tolerant oilseed rape MS8 × RF3 × GT73 and subcombinations, which have not been authorised previously (i.e. MS8 × GT73 and RF3 × GT73) independently of their origin, for food and feed uses, import and processing, with the exception of isolated seed protein for food, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Long-Term Monitoring of Field Trial Sites with Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Fifteen Years Persistence to Date but No Spatial Dispersion. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7010003. [PMID: 26784233 PMCID: PMC4728383 DOI: 10.3390/genes7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape is known to persist in arable fields because of its ability to develop secondary seed dormancy in certain agronomic and environmental conditions. If conditions change, rapeseeds are able to germinate up to 10 years later to build volunteers in ensuing crops. Extrapolations of experimental data acted on the assumption of persistence periods for more than 20 years after last harvest of rapeseed. Genetically-modified oilseed rape-cultivated widely in Northern America since 1996-is assumed not to differ from its conventional form in this property. Here, experimental data are reported from official monitoring activities that verify these assumptions. At two former field trial sites in Saxony-Anhalt genetically-modified herbicide-resistant oilseed rape volunteers are found up to fifteen years after harvest. Nevertheless, spatial dispersion or establishment of GM plants outside of the field sites was not observed within this period.
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Nishizawa T, Nakajima N, Tamaoki M, Aono M, Kubo A, Saji H. Fixed-route monitoring and a comparative study of the occurrence of herbicide-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) along a Japanese roadside. GM CROPS & FOOD 2016; 7:20-37. [PMID: 26838503 PMCID: PMC5033165 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2016.1138196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we conducted a roadside survey to reveal the occurrence of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape along a Japanese roadside (Route 51). In this study, we performed successive and thorough fixed-route monitoring in 5 sections along another road (Route 23). Oilseed rape plants were detected on both sides of the road in each section between autumn 2009 and winter 2013, which included 3 flowering seasons. In four sections, more plants were found on the side of the road leading from the Yokkaichi port than on the opposite side. In the fifth section, the presence of clogged drains on the roadside, where juvenile plants concentrated, caused the opposite distribution: oilseed rape predominantly occurred along the inbound lanes (leading to the Yokkaichi port) in 2010 and 2012. Unlike in our previous survey, glyphosate- or glufosinate-resistant oilseed rape plants were abundant (>75% of analyzed plants over 3 years). Moreover, a few individuals bearing both herbicide resistance traits were also detected in some sections. The spillage of imported seeds may explain the occurrence of oilseed rape on the roadside. The abundance of herbicide-resistant oilseed rape plants may reflect the extent of contamination with GM oilseed rape seed within imports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nishizawa
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Nakajima
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masanori Tamaoki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Aono
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kubo
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saji
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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Occurrence of Transgenic Feral Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L.) in Alfalfa Seed Production Areas in the United States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143296. [PMID: 26699337 PMCID: PMC4689365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential environmental risks of transgene exposure are not clear for alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), a perennial crop that is cross-pollinated by insects. We gathered data on feral alfalfa in major alfalfa seed-production areas in the western United States to (1) evaluate evidence that feral transgenic plants spread transgenes and (2) determine environmental and agricultural production factors influencing the location of feral alfalfa, especially transgenic plants. Road verges in Fresno, California; Canyon, Idaho; and Walla Walla, Washington were surveyed in 2011 and 2012 for feral plants, and samples were tested for the CP4 EPSPS protein that conveys resistance to glyphosate. Of 4580 sites surveyed, feral plants were observed at 404 sites. Twenty-seven percent of these sites had transgenic plants. The frequency of sites having transgenic feral plants varied among our study areas. Transgenic plants were found in 32.7%, 21.4.7% and 8.3% of feral plant sites in Fresno, Canyon and Walla Walla, respectively. Spatial analysis suggested that feral populations started independently and tended to cluster in seed and hay production areas, places where seed tended to drop. Significant but low spatial auto correlation suggested that in some instances, plants colonized nearby locations. Neighboring feral plants were frequently within pollinator foraging range; however, further research is needed to confirm transgene flow. Locations of feral plant clusters were not well predicted by environmental and production variables. However, the likelihood of seed spillage during production and transport had predictive value in explaining the occurrence of transgenic feral populations. Our study confirms that genetically engineered alfalfa has dispersed into the environment, and suggests that minimizing seed spillage and eradicating feral alfalfa along road sides would be effective strategies to minimize transgene dispersal.
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Katsuta K, Matsuo K, Yoshimura Y, Ohsawa R. Long-term monitoring of feral genetically modified herbicide-tolerant Brassica napus populations around unloading Japanese ports. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:265-75. [PMID: 26175624 PMCID: PMC4482177 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) Brassica napus plants originating from seed spill have recently been found along roadsides leading from Japanese ports that unload oilseed rape. Such introductions have potential biodiversity effects (as defined by the Cartagena Protocol): these include replacement of native elements in the biota through competitive suppression or hybridization. We conducted surveys in the period 2006-2011 to assess such threats. We examined shifts in the population distribution and occurrence of GMHT plants in 1,029 volunteer introduced assemblages of B. napus, 1,169 of B. juncea, and 184 of B. rapa around 12 ports. GMHT B. napus was found around 10 of 12 ports, but its proportion in the populations varied greatly by year and location. Over the survey period, the distributions of a pure non-GMHT population around Tobata and a pure GMHT population around Hakata increased significantly. However, there was no common trend of population expansion or contraction around the 12 ports. Furthermore, we found no herbicide tolerant B. juncea and B. rapa plants derived from crosses with GMHT B. napus. Therefore, GMHT B. napus is not invading native vegetation surrounding its populations and not likely to cross with congeners in Japanese environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Katsuta
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan,
Kasumigaseki, Tokyo 100-8950,
Japan
| | - Kazuhito Matsuo
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yoshimura
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
Japan
| | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572,
Japan
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Cheung KW, Razeq FM, Sauder CA, James T, Martin SL. Bidirectional but asymmetrical sexual hybridization between Brassica carinata and Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:469-480. [PMID: 25698113 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With transgenic crop development it is important to evaluate the potential for transgenes to escape into populations of wild, weedy relatives. Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata, BBCC) is easily transformed and is being investigated for uses from biodiesel fuels to biopharmaceuticals. However, little work has been done evaluating its ability to cross with relatives such as wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensis, SrSr), an abundant, cosmopolitan weedy relative. Here we conducted bidirectional crosses with Ethiopian mustard as a maternal parent in 997 crosses and paternal parent in 1,109 crosses. Hybrids were confirmed using flow cytometry and species-specific ITS molecular markers and indicate a high hybridization rate of 6.43 % between Ethiopian mustard (♀) and wild mustard (♂) and a lower, but not insignificant, hybridization rate of 0.01 % in the reverse direction. The majority of the hybrids were homoploid (BCSr) with less than 1 % of pollen production of their parents and low seed production (0.26 seeds/pollination) in crosses and backcrosses indicating a potential for advanced generation hybrids. The accession used had a significant effect on hybrid seed production with different accessions of Ethopian mustard varying in their production of hybrid offspring from 2.69 to 16.34 % and one accession of wild mustard siring almost twice as many hybrid offspring per flower as the other. One pentaploid (BBCCSr) and one hexaploid (BBCCSrSr) hybrid were produced and had higher pollen viability, though no and low seed production, respectively. As wild mustard is self-incompatible and the outcrossing rate of Ethiopian mustard has been estimated as 30 % potential for hybrid production in the wild appears to be high, though the hybridization rate found here represents a worst case scenario as it does not incorporate pre-pollination barriers. Hybridization in the wild needs to be directly evaluated as does the propensity of Ethiopian mustard to volunteer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Cheung
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
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Hooftman DAP, Bullock JM, Morley K, Lamb C, Hodgson DJ, Bell P, Thomas J, Hails RS. Seed bank dynamics govern persistence of Brassica hybrids in crop and natural habitats. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:147-157. [PMID: 25452253 PMCID: PMC4284111 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene flow from crops to their wild relatives has the potential to alter population growth rates and demography of hybrid populations, especially when a new crop has been genetically modified (GM). This study introduces a comprehensive approach to assess this potential for altered population fitness, and uses a combination of demographic data in two habitat types and mathematical (matrix) models that include crop rotations and outcrossing between parental species. METHODS Full life-cycle demographic rates, including seed bank survival, of non-GM Brassica rapa × B. napus F1 hybrids and their parent species were estimated from experiments in both agricultural and semi-natural habitats. Altered fitness potential was modelled using periodic matrices including crop rotations and outcrossing between parent species. KEY RESULTS The demographic vital rates (i.e. for major stage transitions) of the hybrid population were intermediate between or lower than both parental species. The population growth rate (λ) of hybrids indicated decreases in both habitat types, and in a semi-natural habitat hybrids became extinct at two sites. Elasticity analyses indicated that seed bank survival was the greatest contributor to λ. In agricultural habitats, hybrid populations were projected to decline, but with persistence times up to 20 years. The seed bank survival rate was the main driver determining persistence. It was found that λ of the hybrids was largely determined by parental seed bank survival and subsequent replenishment of the hybrid population through outcrossing of B. rapa with B. napus. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid persistence was found to be highly dependent on the seed bank, suggesting that targeting hybrid seed survival could be an important management option in controlling hybrid persistence. For local risk mitigation, an increased focus on the wild parent is suggested. Management actions, such as control of B. rapa, could indirectly reduce hybrid populations by blocking hybrid replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny A P Hooftman
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - James M Bullock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Kathryn Morley
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Caroline Lamb
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Philippa Bell
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Jane Thomas
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Rosemary S Hails
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
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Luijten SH, Schidlo NS, Meirmans PG, de Jong TJ. Hybridisation and introgression between Brassica napus and B. rapa in the Netherlands. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:262-267. [PMID: 24889091 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We used flow cytometry, chromosome counting and AFLP markers to investigate gene flow from the crop plant oilseed rape, Brassica napus (AACC) to wild B. rapa (AA) in the Netherlands. From 89 B. napus source populations investigated, all near cropping fields or at transhipment sites, only 19 contained a B. rapa population within a 2.5-km radius. During our survey we found only three populations with F1 hybrids (AAC), as recognized by their nine extra chromosomes and by flow cytometry. These hybrids were all collected in mixed populations where the two species grew in close proximity. Populations with F1 hybrids were not close to crops, but instead were located on road verges with highly disturbed soils, in which both species were probably recruited from the soil seed bank. Many plants in the F2, BC1 or higher backcrosses are expected to carry one to eight C chromosomes. However, these plants were not observed among the hybrids. We further investigated introgression with molecular markers (AFLP) and compared sympatric B. rapa populations (near populations of B. napus) with control populations of B. rapa (no B. napus within at least 7 km). We found no difference between sympatric and control populations in the number of C markers in B. rapa, nor did we find that these sympatric populations closely resembled B. napus. Our data show that hybrids occur but also suggest no recent introgression of alleles from the crop plant B. napus into wild B. rapa in the Dutch populations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Luijten
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Science4Nature, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Statement on a conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re‐evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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23
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐BE‐2011‐101) for the placing on the market of herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Tsuda M, Ohsawa R, Tabei Y. Possibilities of direct introgression from Brassica napus to B. juncea and indirect introgression from B. napus to related Brassicaceae through B. juncea. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 64:74-82. [PMID: 24987292 PMCID: PMC4031112 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of genetically modified canola (Brassica napus) on biodiversity has been examined since its initial stage of commercialization. Various research groups have extensively investigated crossability and introgression among species of Brassicaceae. B. rapa and B. juncea are ranked first and second as the recipients of cross-pollination and introgression from B. napus, respectively. Crossability between B. napus and B. rapa has been examined, specifically in terms of introgression from B. napus to B. rapa, which is mainly considered a weed in America and European countries. On the other hand, knowledge on introgression from B. napus to B. juncea is insufficient, although B. juncea is recognized as the main Brassicaceae weed species in Asia. It is therefore essential to gather information regarding the direct introgression of B. napus into B. juncea and indirect introgression of B. napus into other species of Brassicaceae through B. juncea to evaluate the influence of genetically modified canola on biodiversity. We review information on crossability and introgression between B. juncea and other related Brassicaseae in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tsuda
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS),
2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572,
Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabei
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS),
2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
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Hecht M, Oehen B, Schulze J, Brodmann P, Bagutti C. Detection of feral GT73 transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) along railway lines on entry routes to oilseed factories in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1455-65. [PMID: 23917737 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a reference status prior to cultivation of genetically modified oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus L.) in Switzerland, the occurrence of feral OSR was monitored along transportation routes and at processing sites. The focus was set on the detection of (transgenic) OSR along railway lines from the Swiss borders with Italy and France to the respective oilseed processing factories in Southern and Northern Switzerland (Ticino and region of Basel). A monitoring concept was developed to identify sites of largest risk of escape of genetically modified plants into the environment in Switzerland. Transport spillage of OSR seeds from railway goods cars particularly at risk hot spots such as switch yards and (un)loading points but also incidental and continuous spillage were considered. All OSR plants, including their hybridization partners which were collected at the respective monitoring sites were analyzed for the presence of transgenes by real-time PCR. On sampling lengths each of 4.2 and 5.7 km, respectively, 461 and 1,574 plants were sampled in Ticino and the region of Basel. OSR plants were found most frequently along the routes to the oilseed facilities, and in larger amounts on risk hot spots compared to sites of random sampling. At three locations in both monitored regions, transgenic B. napus line GT73 carrying the glyphosate resistance transgenes gox and CP4 epsps were detected (Ticino, 22 plants; in the region of Basel, 159).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Hecht
- State Laboratory Basel-City, Biosafety Laboratory, Kannenfeldstrasse 2, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the prolongation of prohibition of the placing on the market of genetically modified oilseed rape events Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for import, processing and feed uses in Austria. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the prolongation of prohibition of the placing on the market of genetically modified oilseed rape event GT73 for import, processing and feed uses in Austria. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-BE-2010-81) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients pro. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the prolongation of prohibition of the placing on the market of genetically modified oilseed rape event GT73 for import, processing and feed uses in Austria. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the prolongation of prohibition of the placing on the market of genetically modified oilseed rape events Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for import, processing and feed uses in Austria. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Bailleul D, Ollier S, Huet S, Gardarin A, Lecomte J. Seed spillage from grain trailers on road verges during oilseed rape harvest: an experimental survey. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32752. [PMID: 22427873 PMCID: PMC3302880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Anthropogenic vectors enhance the natural dispersal capacity of plant seeds significantly in terms of quantity and distance. Human-mediated seed dispersal (i.e. anthropochory) greatly increases the dispersal of crop species across agroecosystems. In the case of oilseed rape (OSR), spillage of seeds from grain trailers during harvest has never been quantified. METHODS Our experimental approach involved establishing 85 seed trap-sites on the road verges of an agricultural area around the grain silo of Selommes (Loir-et-Cher, France). We recorded OSR spillage during harvest and applied a linear model to the data. RESULTS The amount of seed spilled was related positively to the area of the OSR fields served by the road, whereas the amount of seed spilled decreased with other variables, such as distance from the trap-site to the verge of the road and to the nearest field. The distance to the grain silo, through local and regional effects, affected seed loss. Local effects from fields adjacent to the road resulted in a cumulative spillage on one-lane roads. On two-lane roads, spillage was nearly constant whatever the distance to the silo due to a mixture of these local effects and of grain trailers that joined the road from more distant fields. From the data, we predicted the number of seeds lost from grain trailers on one road verge in the study area. We predicted a total spillage of 2.05 × 10(6) seeds (± 4.76 × 10(5)) along the road length, which represented a mean of 404 ± 94 seeds per m(2). CONCLUSION Containment of OSR seeds will always be challenging. However, seed spillage could be reduced if grain trailers were covered and filled with less seed. Reducing distances travelled between fields and silos could also limit seed loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bailleul
- Unité Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Ollier
- Unité Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Huet
- Département Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Antoine Gardarin
- Unité Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Jane Lecomte
- Unité Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Devos Y, Hails RS, Messéan A, Perry JN, Squire GR. Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified? Transgenic Res 2011; 21:1-21. [PMID: 21526422 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable. While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Devos
- European Food Safety Authority, GMO Unit, Largo Natale Palli 5/A, 43121, Parma, Italy.
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Squire GR, Breckling B, Dietz Pfeilstetter A, Jorgensen RB, Lecomte J, Pivard S, Reuter H, Young MW. Status of feral oilseed rape in Europe: its minor role as a GM impurity and its potential as a reservoir of transgene persistence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:111-115. [PMID: 20680699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Feral oilseed rape has become widespread in Europe on waysides and waste ground. Its potential as a source of GM impurity in oilseed rape harvests is quantified, for the first time, by a consistent analysis applied over a wide range of study areas in Europe. METHODS The maximum contribution of feral oilseed rape to impurities in harvested crops was estimated by combining data on feral abundance and crop yield from five established, demographic studies in agricultural habitats in Denmark, Germany (2), France and the UK, constituting over 1,500 ha of land and 16 site-years of observations. Persistence of feral populations over time was compared by visual and molecular methods. RESULTS Ferals had become established in all regions, forming populations 0.2 to 15 km⁻². The seed they produced was always <0.0001% of the seed on crops of oilseed rape in each region. The contribution of ferals to impurity in crops through accidental harvest of seed and through cross-pollination would be an even smaller percentage. Feral oilseed rape nevertheless showed a widespread capacity to persist in all regions and retain traits from varieties no longer grown. CONCLUSIONS Feral oilseed rape is not a relevant source of macroscopic impurity at its present density in the landscape but provides opportunity for genetic recombination, stacking of transgenes and the evolution of genotypes that under strong selection pressure could increase and re-occupy fields to constitute an economic weed burden and impurity in future crops.
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Chifflet R, Klein EK, Lavigne C, Le Féon V, Ricroch AE, Lecomte J, Vaissière BE. Spatial scale of insect-mediated pollen dispersal in oilseed rape in an open agricultural landscape. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu YB, Wei W, Ma KP, Darmency H. Backcrosses to Brassica napus of hybrids between B. juncea and B. napus as a source of herbicide-resistant volunteer-like feral populations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 179:459-465. [PMID: 21802604 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Introgression between genetically modified (GM) crops and wild relatives is considered to potentially modify the genetic background of the wild species. The emergence of volunteer-like feral populations through backcross of hybrids to the crop is also a concern. The progeny of spontaneous hybrids between mutant herbicide-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild B. juncea was obtained. Parents, F(2) and BC(1) to B. napus were planted together in the field so as to study their performance. The chromosome number of BC(1) followed a Normal distribution. Mendelian ratio of the herbicide-resistance gene was found. The F(2) produced less seeds than B. napus, and BC(1) had intermediate production. Herbicide-resistant BC(1) were not different of their susceptible counterparts for plant weight, seed weight and seed number, but most of them exhibited B. napus morphology and larger flowers than the susceptible BC(1). They displayed an important genetic variability allowing further adaptation and propagation of the herbicide-resistance gene. Pollen flow to susceptible plants within the mixed stand was observed. As a consequence, the resistant BC(1) produced with B. napus pollen could frequently occur and easily establish as a false feral crop population within fields and along roadsides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Liu
- INRA, UMR 1210, Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 17 rue Sully, Dijon BP 86510, 21065, France; National Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, PR China
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Knispel AL, McLachlan SM. Landscape-scale distribution and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in Manitoba, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:13-25. [PMID: 19588180 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus L.) was approved for commercial cultivation in Canada in 1995 and currently represents over 95% of the OSR grown in western Canada. After a decade of widespread cultivation, GMHT volunteers represent an increasing management problem in cultivated fields and are ubiquitous in adjacent ruderal habitats, where they contribute to the spread of transgenes. However, few studies have considered escaped GMHT OSR populations in North America, and even fewer have been conducted at large spatial scales (i.e. landscape scales). In particular, the contribution of landscape structure and large-scale anthropogenic dispersal processes to the persistence and spread of escaped GMHT OSR remains poorly understood. We conducted a multi-year survey of the landscape-scale distribution of escaped OSR plants adjacent to roads and cultivated fields. Our objective was to examine the long-term dynamics of escaped OSR at large spatial scales and to assess the relative importance of landscape and localised factors to the persistence and spread of these plants outside of cultivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2005 to 2007, we surveyed escaped OSR plants along roadsides and field edges at 12 locations in three agricultural landscapes in southern Manitoba where GMHT OSR is widely grown. Data were analysed to examine temporal changes at large spatial scales and to determine factors affecting the distribution of escaped OSR plants in roadside and field edge habitats within agricultural landscapes. Additionally, we assessed the potential for seed dispersal between escaped populations by comparing the relative spatial distribution of roadside and field edge OSR. RESULTS Densities of escaped OSR fluctuated over space and time in both roadside and field edge habitats, though the proportion of GMHT plants was high (93-100%). Escaped OSR was positively affected by agricultural landscape (indicative of cropping intensity) and by the presence of an adjacent field planted to OSR. Within roadside habitats, escaped OSR was also strongly associated with large-scale variables, including road surface (indicative of traffic intensity) and distance to the nearest grain elevator. Conversely, within field edges, OSR density was affected by localised crop management practices such as mowing, soil disturbance and herbicide application. Despite the proximity of roadsides and field edges, there was little evidence of spatial aggregation among escaped OSR populations in these two habitats, especially at very fine spatial scales (i.e. <100 m), suggesting that natural propagule exchange is infrequent. DISCUSSION Escaped OSR populations were persistent at large spatial and temporal scales, and low density in a given landscape or year was not indicative of overall extinction. As a result of ongoing cultivation and transport of OSR crops, escaped GMHT traits will likely remain predominant in agricultural landscapes. While escaped OSR in field edge habitats generally results from local seeding and management activities occurring at the field-scale, distribution patterns within roadside habitats are determined in large part by seed transport occurring at the landscape scale and at even larger regional scales. Our findings suggest that these large-scale anthropogenic dispersal processes are sufficient to enable persistence despite limited natural seed dispersal. This widespread dispersal is likely to undermine field-scale management practices aimed at eliminating escaped and in-field GMHT OSR populations. CONCLUSIONS Agricultural transport and landscape-scale cropping patterns are important determinants of the distribution of escaped GM crops. At the regional level, these factors ensure ongoing establishment and spread of escaped GMHT OSR despite limited local seed dispersal. Escaped populations thus play an important role in the spread of transgenes and have substantial implications for the coexistence of GM and non-GM production systems. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Given the large-scale factors driving the spread of escaped transgenes, localised co-existence measures may be impracticable where they are not commensurate with regional dispersal mechanisms. To be effective, strategies aimed at reducing contamination from GM crops should be multi-scale in approach and be developed and implemented at both farm and landscape levels of organisation. Multiple stakeholders should thus be consulted, including both GM and non-GM farmers, as well as seed developers, processors, transporters and suppliers. Decisions to adopt GM crops require thoughtful and inclusive consideration of the risks and responsibilities inherent in this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Knispel
- Environmental Conservation Lab, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Using linked markers to estimate the genetic age of a volunteer population: a theoretical and empirical approach. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 105:358-69. [PMID: 19997120 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Volunteers deriving from unharvested seeds of a crop can lead to persistent feral populations and participate in genetic exchanges across the agro-ecosystem, both between crop varieties and between crops and their wild relatives. A first step to understand the importance of volunteers is to characterize their capacity to reproduce autonomously for several generations. For that purpose, we constructed and evaluated a maximum-likelihood method to estimate the genetic age of a population deriving from one of the most common field crop type: an F1-hybrid variety. The method estimates the number of reproduction cycles that occurred since the cultivation of that variety. It makes use of genotypic data at a number of linked microsatellite loci pairs, thus exploiting the recombination of parental haplotypes, which is expected to occur as the population is reproducing. Estimates with moderate bias and variance were found for a broad range of parameter values in simulations, and the method revealed robust to some deviations from the assumptions of the underlying model. We propose a specific procedure to test the hypothesis of persistence, that is has a given volunteer population experienced more than one cycle of reproduction since the F1-hybrid state? The method was applied to both an experimental and a natural sunflower volunteer population and revealed promising, considering these ideal case studies. Possible further developments toward more complex natural systems are discussed.
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David O, Garnier A, Larédo C, Lecomte J. Estimation of plant demographic parameters from stage-structured censuses. Biometrics 2009; 66:875-82. [PMID: 19930187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents some statistical methods for estimating the parameters of a population dynamics model for annual plants. The model takes account of reproduction, immigration, seed survival in a seed bank, and plant growth. The data consist of the number of plants in several developmental stages that were measured in a number of populations for a few consecutive years; they are incomplete since seeds could not be counted. It is assumed that there are no measurement errors or that measurement errors are binomial and not frequent. Some statistical methods are developed within the framework of estimating equations or Bayesian inference. These methods are applied to oilseed rape data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier David
- UR 341 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées, INRA, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by Austria on oilseed rape MS8, RF3 and MS8×RF3 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by Austria on oilseed rape GT73 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Wilkinson M, Tepfer M. Fitness and beyond: preparing for the arrival of GM crops with ecologically important novel characters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:1-14. [PMID: 19419648 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2009003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The seemingly inexorable expansion of global human population size, significant increases in the use of biofuel crops and the growing pressures of multifunctional land-use have intensified the need to improve crop productivity. The widespread cultivation of high-yielding genetically modified (GM) crops could help to address these problems, although in doing so, steps must also be taken to ensure that any gene flow from these crops to wild or weedy recipients does not cause significant ecological harm. It is partly for this reason that new GM cultivars are invariably subjected to strict regulatory evaluation in order to assess the risks that each may pose to the environment. Regulatory bodies vary in their approach to decision-making, although all require access to large quantities of detailed information. Such an exhaustive case-by-case approach has been made tractable by the comparative simplicity of the portfolio of GM crops currently on the market, with four crops and two classes of traits accounting for almost all of the area under cultivation of GM crops. This simplified situation will change shortly, and will seriously complicate and potentially slow the evaluation process. Nowhere will the increased diversity of GM crops cause more difficulty to regulators than in those cases where there is a need to assess whether the transgene(s) will enhance fitness in a non-transgenic relative and thereafter cause ecological harm. Current practice to test this risk hypothesis focuses on attempting to detect increased fitness in the recipient. In this paper we explore the merits and shortcomings of this strategy, and investigate the scope for developing new approaches to streamline decision-making processes for transgenes that could cause unwanted ecological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Wales University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
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Colbach N. How to model and simulate the effects of cropping systems on population dynamics and gene flow at the landscape level: example of oilseed rape volunteers and their role for co-existence of GM and non-GM crops. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2009; 16:348-360. [PMID: 19067013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-008-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE Agricultural landscapes comprise cultivated fields and semi-natural areas. Biological components of these compartments such as weeds, insect pests and pathogenic fungi can disperse sometimes over very large distances, colonise new habitats via insect flight, spores, pollen or seeds and are responsible for losses in crop yield (e.g. weeds, pathogens) and biodiversity (e.g. invasive weeds). The spatiotemporal dynamics of these biological components interact with crop locations, successions and management as well as the location and management of semi-natural areas such as roadverges. The objective of this investigation was to establish a modelling and simulation methodology for describing, analysing and predicting spatiotemporal dynamics and genetics of biological components of agricultural landscapes. The ultimate aim of the models was to evaluate and propose innovative cropping systems adapted to particular agricultural concerns. The method was applied to oilseed rape (OSR) volunteers playing a key role for the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM oilseed rape crops, where the adventitious presence of GM seeds in non-GM harvests (AGMP) could result in financial losses for farmers and cooperatives. MATERIAL AND METHODS A multi-year, spatially explicit model was built, using field patterns, climate, cropping systems and OSR varieties as input variables, focusing on processes and cultivation techniques crucial for plant densities and pollen flow. The sensitivity of the model to input variables was analysed to identify the major cropping factors. These should be modified first when searching for solutions limiting gene flow. The sensitivity to model processes and species life-traits were analysed to facilitate the future adaptation of the model to other species. The model was evaluated by comparing its simulations to independent field observations to determine its domain of validity and prediction error. RESULTS The cropping system study determined contrasted farm types, simulated the current situation and tested a large range of modifications compatible with each farm to identify solutions for reducing the AGMP. The landscape study simulated gene flow in a large number of actual and virtual field patterns, four combinations of regional OSR and GM proportions and three contrasted cropping systems. The analysis of the AGMP rate at the landscape level determined a maximum acceptable GM OSR area for the different cropping systems, depending on the regional OSR volunteer infestation. The analysis at the field level determined minimum distances between GM and non-GM crops, again for different cropping systems and volunteer infestations. DISCUSSION The main challenge in building spatially explicit models of the effects of cropping systems and landscape patterns on species dynamics and gene flow is to determine the spatial extent, the time scale, the major processes and the degree of mechanistic description to include in the model, depending on the species characteristics and the model objective. CONCLUSIONS These models can be used to study the effects of cropping systems and landscape patterns over a large range of situations. The interactions between the two aspects make it impossible to extrapolate conclusions from individual studies to other cases. The advantage of the present method was to produce conclusions for several contrasted farm types and to establish recommendations valid for a large range of situations by testing numerous landscapes with contrasted cropping systems. Depending on the level of investigation (region or field), these recommendations concern different decision-makers, either farmers and technical advisors or cooperatives and public decision-makers. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The present simulation study showed that gene flow between coexisting GM and non-GM varieties is inevitable. The management of OSR volunteers is crucial for containing gene flow, and the cropping system study identified solutions for reducing these volunteers and ferals in and outside fields. Only if these are controlled can additional measures such as isolation distances between GM and non-GM crops or limiting the proportion of the region grown with GM OSR be efficient. In addition, particular OSR varieties contribute to limit gene flow. The technical, organisational and financial feasibility of the proposed measures remains to be evaluated by a multi-disciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Colbach
- INRA, UMR 1210 Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, BP 86510, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France.
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Buckley YM. The role of research for integrated management of invasive species, invaded landscapes and communities. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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