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Nobrega DB, Miltenburg C, Séguin G, Kelton DF. Prevalence and spatial distribution of infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00519-8. [PMID: 38428494 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Here we investigated the prevalence and spatial distribution of selected pathogens associated with infectious diseases of dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. The cross-sectional study surveyed bulk tank milk for antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and Salmonella Dublin, and for the presence of mastitis pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis). Between October 2021 and June 2022, bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were obtained from every commercial dairy farm in Ontario (n = 3,286). Samples underwent ELISA testing for presence of BLV, MAP and S. Dublin antibodies, and quantitative PCR testing for the detection of specific antigens of pathogens associated with mastitis. Bayesian models were used to estimate prevalence, and spatial analysis was carried out to identify regional clusters of high pathogen prevalence. Prevalence varied for different pathogens. BLV was widespread across dairy farms in Ontario, with an estimated prevalence of 88.3%. Prevalence of MAP, Staph. aureus and S. Dublin in Ontario dairy herds were 39.8%, 31.5% and 5.1%, respectively. The vast majority of dairy herds in Ontario were free of intramammary infections caused by Strep. agalactiae and M. bovis. Clusters of increased test positivity rates were detected for S. Dublin, MAP, and Staph. aureus, indicating potential geographic risk factors for pathogen transmission. For S. Dublin, an area of increased test positivity rates was detected in southwestern Ontario, close to the Canada-US border where most of the dairy herds in Ontario are located. Conversely, a localized cluster of positive test outcomes involving 14 subdivisions located in the southeastern region of Ontario was detected for Staph. aureus. Findings from our survey highlight the importance of the testing of aggregated samples and spatial analysis as part of disease surveillance programs and for implementing risk-based trading approaches among dairy producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - C Miltenburg
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Elora, ON, Canada
| | - G Séguin
- Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wiśniewski P, Gajewska J, Zadernowska A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38251234 PMCID: PMC10819113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.G.); (A.Z.); (W.C.-W.)
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Ljevaković-Musladin I, Kozačinski L, Krilanović M, Vodnica Martucci M, Lakić M, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT. Enterotoxigenic and Antimicrobic Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Fresh Cheese in Croatia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38138137 PMCID: PMC10745915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain Staphylococcus aureus strains harbour staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and hence can produce enterotoxin during their growth in food. Therefore, food can be a source of staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide. Epidemiological data show that S. aureus is often present in raw milk cheeses, and consequently, cheeses are often the source of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from fresh cheese, including antibiotic susceptibility; the presence of classical sea-see enterotoxin genes through molecular methods; and the isolate's ability to produce SEA-SEE enterotoxins in vitro through reversed passive latex agglutination. A total of 180 coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 18 out of 30 cheese samples, and 175 were confirmed as S. aureus through latex agglutination and API STAPH tests. All isolates possessed phenotypic characteristics typical for S. aureus, with certain variations in the egg yolk reaction (18.3% of the isolates showed a weak reaction and 28% no reaction at all) and haemolysis pattern (36.6% of the isolates produced double-haemolysis and 4.6% were non-haemolytic). Antibiotic resistance was observed in 1.1% of the isolates and to mupirocin only. Real-time PCR detected the sec gene in 34 (19.4%) isolates, but most isolates (80.6%) were not enterotoxigenic. For all 34 (19.4%) strains that carried the sec gene, the RPLA method detected the production of the SEC enterotoxin in vitro. For those enterotoxigenic strains, the possibility of enterotoxin production in fresh cheese could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ljevaković-Musladin
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Lidija Kozačinski
- Department of Hygiene, Technology and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Krilanović
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Marina Vodnica Martucci
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Mato Lakić
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
| | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
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Deepak SJ, Kannan P, Savariraj WR, Ghatak S, Ayyasamy E, Senthil Kumar TMA, Ravindran NB, Sundaram S, Kang Q, Cull CA, Amachawadi RG. Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Raw Milk Samples in Chennai, India. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:570-578. [PMID: 37722022 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is an important source of food, and it is also a nutrient-rich medium, which can harbor multiple microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus is an important foodborne pathogen in food-producing animals, and there have been many reports on its infection and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which has significant global public health concerns. This study was designed to isolate, characterize, and analyze the AMR pattern of S. aureus from milk samples collected in Chennai, India. A total of 259 raw milk samples from 3 groups: dairy farms, local vendors, and retail outlets were analyzed, and it was found that 34% (89/259) were positive for S. aureus. Positive isolates were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and isolates recovered from different sources, study areas, and locations showed high genetic diversity with no similarity. The presence of AMR has been further assessed by phenotypic methods as per CLSI-M100 performance standards, and all the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam, mupirocin, and tylosin. Additionally, all of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. There were 28 isolates categorized as multidrug-resistant, which showed resistance to more than 2-3 classes of antimicrobials. This is the first report of inducible clindamycin resistance and mupirocin sensitivity pattern from S. aureus isolates recovered from milk. This study established the occurrence varied with genetic diversity in the isolates prevalent in the study area and divergence pattern of AMR S. aureus. The AMR in these isolates and with methicillin-resistant S. aureus could pose a serious threat to food safety and economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Porteen Kannan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wilfred Ruban Savariraj
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Elango Ayyasamy
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Narendra Babu Ravindran
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sureshkannan Sundaram
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Charley A Cull
- Veterinary & Biomedical Research Center, Inc., Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Gizaw F, Kekeba T, Teshome F, Kebede M, Abreham T, Berhe HH, Ayana D, Edao BM, Waktole H, Tufa TB, Abunna F, Beyi AF, Abdi RD. Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Thrive in Dairy and Beef Production, Processing, and Supply Lines in Five Geographical Areas in Ethiopia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:663. [PMID: 38133214 PMCID: PMC10747641 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock, farms, abattoirs, and food supply systems can become the source of foodborne pathogens, including S. aureus, in the absence of monitoring, general hygienic practices, and control. Studies are scarce on reservoirs (hiding places) and routes of entry of S. aureus into the food supply chain in Ethiopia. To fill these gaps, we evaluated the role of cows (milk), meat, equipment, and food handlers on the abundance and AMR of S. aureus in five geographical areas in central Oromia, Ethiopia. We isolated S. aureus from 10 different ecologies per area in 5 areas and tested their sensitivity to 14 antimicrobials of 9 different classes. We ranked the 5 areas and 10 ecologies by computing their multiple AMR index (MARI) at a cut-off value of 0.2 to determine 'high-risk' ecologies for AMR. We recorded as MDR if an isolate had resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. We used a circos diagram to analyze if isolates with identical AMR patterns were shared between different ecologies. S. aureus is prevalent in central Oromia (16.1-18.3%), higher in dairy farms than in abattoirs, and varied among 10 ecologies (p < 0.001) but not among 5 areas (p > 0.05). Of the 92 isolates, 94.6% were penicillin-resistant. Their AMR prevalence was above 40% for 9 of 14 antimicrobials. All isolates (100%) had AMR in at least one antimicrobial class (range = 1-9; median = 5), indicating MDR was prevalent. The prevalence of MDR S. aureus varied (p < 0.05) among areas and 10 ecologies; the highest was in slaughter lines. All isolates had a MARI of >0.2, indicating drug overuse, and S. aureus's AMR burden is high in central Oromia. Dairy farms had higher MARI values (0.44) than abattoirs (0.39). Of 10 ecologies, the highest and lowest MARI values were in the beef supply chain, i.e., slaughter line (0.67) and butcher's hand (0.25). Of the 68 different AMR patterns by 92 isolates against 14 antimicrobials, 53 patterns (77.9%) were unique to individual isolates, indicating they were phenotypically dissimilar. MDR S. aureus was widespread in central Oromia in dairy and meat supply chains, contaminating milk, meat, equipment, and workers in farm and abattoir settings. In the absence of strict regulations and interventions, MDR S. aureus can be disseminated from these epicenters to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Gizaw
- School of Veterinary Science, Arsi University, Assella P.O. Box 193, Ethiopia;
| | - Tolera Kekeba
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fikadu Teshome
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Matewos Kebede
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Tekeste Abreham
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Halefom Hishe Berhe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Dinka Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Reta Duguma Abdi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA
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Liu X, Zuo J, Teng J, Yang L, Guo J, Liu L, Li P. Antibiofilm potential of luteolin against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy goats and farm environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122274. [PMID: 37524237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prominent pathogen responsible for mastitis in dairy goats, and capable of contaminating farm environments. Luteolin is a naturally derived flavonoid found in many plant types. To our best of knowledge, this study involved the initial investigation into the prevalence of S. aureus and screened the multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus from raw milk samples and farm environments. Furthermore, we explored the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of luteolin against MDR S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated via crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bacterial morphology and biofilm microstructure were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the antibiofilm mechanisms were further explored based on extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, extracellular DNA (eDNA) content, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In total, 28 and 43 S. aureus isolates were isolated from raw milk and environmental samples, respectively. Raw milk samples had the highest prevalence of S. aureus (58.33%), followed by sewage sludge (35.42%), soil (27.78%), excrement (19.44%), bulk tank (12.50%), milking parlor (11.11%), and feed (7.50%). Among the isolated strains, 40 isolates (56.34%) expressed the MDR phenotype. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of luteolin against MDR S. aureus were 8-32 μg/mL and 16-64 μg/mL, respectively. Compared to that in the untreated control isolate, the number of dead cells increased, while the auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity decreased. Moreover, the cell membrane dissolved with the increase in luteolin concentration. Luteolin down-regulated the transcription of seven biofilm related genes: icaA, icaD, icab, hld, hla, agrA and RNAIII. These results indicated that S. aureus coexisted in raw milk and goat farm environments, and also suggested the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent against MDR S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingru Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Banaszkiewicz S, Tabiś A, Wałecki B, Łyżwińska K, Bystroń J, Bania J. spa Types and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wild Boar. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2184-2191. [PMID: 37156959 PMCID: PMC10497643 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the structure of S. aureus population and the enterotoxin gene content in wild boar. In 1025 nasal swabs from wild boars, 121 S. aureus isolates were identified. Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were identified in 18 isolates (14.9%). The seb gene was found in 2 S. aureus isolates, sec in 2 isolates, the see and seh genes were found in 4 and 11 isolates, respectively. The production of SEs was evaluated in bacteria grown in microbial broth. Concentration of SEB reached 2.70 µg/ml after 24 h and 4.46 µg/ml at 48 h. SEC was produced at 952.6 ng/ml after 24 h and 7.2 µg/ml at 48 h. SEE reached 124.1 ng/ml after 24 h and 191.6 ng/ml at 48 h of culture. SEH production reached 4.36 µg/ml at 24 h and 5.42 µg/ml at 48 h of culture. Thirty-nine spa types were identified among S. aureus isolates. The most prevalent spa types were t091 and t1181, followed by t4735 and t742, t3380 and t127. Twelve new spa types, i.e., t20572‒t20583 were identified. The wild boar S. aureus population was shown to contain previously identified animal/human-associated spa types and spa types not identified in humans or animals. We also indicate that wildlife animals can be a significant reservoir of see-positive S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tabiś
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wałecki
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Łyżwińska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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Ramadan HA, El-Baz AM, Goda RM, El-Sokkary MMA, El-Morsi RM. Molecular characterization of enterotoxin genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Egypt. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:86. [PMID: 37641155 PMCID: PMC10463939 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a known disease-causing bacteria with many associated health hazards. Staphylococcal food poisoning can result from staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). METHODS In this study, 50 S. aureus isolates were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) clinical samples of patients with food poisoning in clinical laboratories at Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. For determination their antibiogram, these isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against 12 antimicrobial agents using the agar disk diffusion test. After DNA extraction from the isolates, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect mecA and SEs genes. RESULTS As a result, all isolates were ampicillin and cefoxitin-resistant, while 86% (43 of 50) of the tested isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). In contrast, the highest sensitivity was confirmed against vancomycin, linezolid and quinolones, namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Although 100% of the isolates were mecA positive, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes set-A, set-B, set-C, set-G, set-M, and set-O genes were detected in 56%, 20%, 8%, 32%, 16%, and 24%, of the tested isolates, respectively. Finally, isolates encompassing SEs genes were used to validate a microarray chip, indicating its potential for a better methodological approach for detecting and identifying SEs in human samples. CONCLUSION The genotypic findings of this study may help explain the enterotoxigenic patterns in S. aureus among Egyptian patients with food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Baz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Reham M Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A El-Sokkary
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M El-Morsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
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Langova D, Slana I, Okunkova J, Moravkova M, Florianova M, Markova J. First Evidence of the Presence of the Causative Agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in Dairy Products Produced from the Milk of Small Ruminants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121425. [PMID: 36558758 PMCID: PMC9786561 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the detection and quantification of selected bacteria and on the presence of enterotoxin genes in milk and dairy products from sheep and goat farms in the Czech Republic using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and multiplex PCR (PCR). The presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP), Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus enterotoxin genes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was determined in 18 milk samples, 28 fresh cheeses, 20 ripened cheeses and 14 yoghurts. The serological status of the herds in relation to CP and MAP was taken into account. The most frequently detected bacterium was S. aureus (48.8%), and subsequent PCR revealed 11 MRSA positive samples. The S. aureus enterotoxin genes seg, sei and sec were detected in two goat cheeses. Cheese samples showed a statistically higher risk of SA and MRSA occurrence. CP (8.8%) and MAP (13.8%) were detected by qPCR on two different seropositive farms. Cultivation of qPCR positive CP samples on agar plates supplemented with potassium tellurite showed the presence of viable bacterium. The results obtained confirmed the necessity of monitoring the infectious status of dairy animals and rapid diagnosis of bacterial pathogens in milk and dairy products.
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Badawy B, Elafify M, Farag AMM, Moustafa SM, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Moawad AA, Algammal AM, Ramadan H, Eltholth M. Ecological Distribution of Virulent Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Livestock, Environment, and Dairy Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111651. [PMID: 36421295 PMCID: PMC9686664 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of mastitis, leading to severe economic losses in the dairy industry. It is also zoonotic, with potential risks to public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of S. aureus-resistant strains isolated from cattle, buffalo, their environment, milk and dairy products; and to investigate the extent of animal, ecological, and food contamination by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or enterotoxigenic S. aureus. Samples (n = 350) were collected from four animal (two cattle and two buffalo) farms, i.e., their environment. Thirty Karish cheese samples were collected from 10 markets in Mansoura, Egypt. S. aureus was detected in 17.9%, 17.6%, and 16.7% of samples collected from cattle, buffalo and Karish cheese, respectively. About 19% of isolated S. aureus strains carried the mecA gene. The distribution of the mecA gene was high in isolates from Karish cheese (60%), followed by samples collected from buffalo (16.2%) and cattle (16%). More than 34% of isolated S. aureus strains were enterotoxigenic, and the presence of enterotoxin genes was higher in isolates from Karish cheese (80%) than those from cattle (48%) and buffalo (18.9%). The most predominant enterotoxin gene among isolated S. aureus strains was the sea gene (26.9%), followed by sec (4.5%) and sed (3%) genes. Isolated strains were resistant to clindamycin (100%), kanamycin (97%), nalidixic acid (86.6%), cefotaxime (73.1%) sulphamethazole—trimethoprim (65.6%). Meanwhile, 95.5%, 94%, 86.6% and 77.7% of S. aureus strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem and both cefoxitin and gentamycin, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of enterotoxigenic- and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains in animals, their environment, and dairy products represents a public health concern, particularly in small-scale dairy farms in Egypt. To reduce the risk of infection of livestock and humans with resistant strains, strict regulations and guidelines for antimicrobial use in such a system are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Badawy
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Elafify
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Moustafa
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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11
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Sakaridis I, Psomas E, Karatzia MA, Samouris G. Hygiene and Safety of Hard Cheese Made from Raw Cows' Milk. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100569. [PMID: 36288182 PMCID: PMC9609050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Raw cheeses have gained the preference of some consumers because of their intense and stronger taste compared with that of pasteurised cheeses. The pasteurization of raw milk causes the inactivation of the pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms of milk and of enzymes such as proteases and lipases which play a significant role in enhancing the unique flavour of raw cheeses. This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of cheese made from unpasteurized cows’ milk, to examine the safety of the cheese and to observe the changes that occurred in its microbial community during ripening and storage. The microbiological quality of raw milk was found generally good and was improved throughout the experiments. For the cheese samples, a small increase in the prevalence of indicator microorganisms in curd and cheese samples was observed for the first few days, followed by a relatively stable condition as manufacturing proceeded and throughout the ripening of the final product. The outcome of our study was that the use of good-quality raw milk under sanitary conditions, the application of good manufacturing practices and a maturation period in a controlled environment were found to be the necessary prerequisites for the production of safe raw cheese products. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological status of cheese made from unpasteurized cows’ milk, to examine the safety of the cheese and to observe the changes that occurred in its microbial community during ripening and storage. Furthermore, the pH, the moisture and salt concentration were also monitored throughout processing, ripening and storage. Seven cheesemaking trials took place along with the microbiological and physicochemical analysis of the milk, curd and cheese produced. The milk used for the cheesemaking, two curd samples before the heating and two after the heating, two cheese samples at days 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 were subjected to microbiological analysis for total mesophilic bacterial count (for milk only), Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Listeria, and Clostridium. The microbiological quality of raw milk was found to be good. It was initially slightly above the EU limit but improvements associated with farm biosecurity and milking equipment hygiene led to a significantly improved milk quality. A small increase in the prevalence of indicator microorganisms in curd and cheese samples was observed for the first few days, followed by a relatively stable condition as manufacturing proceeded and throughout the ripening of the final product. In two cheesemaking trials, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. were detected, the first originating from the milk and the second from the environment. The use of good-quality raw milk under sanitary conditions, the application of good manufacturing practices and a maturation period in a controlled environment were found to be the necessary prerequisites for the production of safe raw cheese products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sakaridis
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Evdoxios Psomas
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria-Anastasia Karatzia
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Samouris
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Jiang YH, Ying JP, Xin WG, Yang LY, Li XZ, Zhang QL. Antibacterial activity and action target of phenyllactic acid against Staphylococcus aureus and its application in skim milk and cheese. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9463-9475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Deddefo A, Mamo G, Leta S, Amenu K. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and milk products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-022-00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk and milk products, and the enterotoxins cause food poisoning. Milk and milk products are important reservoirs of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus. The aims of this systematic review were to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to summarize their molecular characteristics, assess the potential sources of S. aureus contamination in bulk milk and analyse the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates.
Methods
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched publicly available scientific online databases and search engines: PubMed, Research for Life, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the identified studies were manually checked for relevant literature. A random effects model using the DerSimonian method was used to compute pooled prevalence estimates, and the data were transformed using variance stabilizing Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation.
Results
A total of 38 studies were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus was highest in raw cow milk (30.7%), followed by camel milk (19.3%), goat milk (13.6%) and pasteurized milk (3.8%). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus in locally produced soft cheese (ayib) and traditional fermented milk (ergo) was 18.6% and 14.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in milk and milk products was 0.73%. In this study, 58.9% of S. aureus isolates recovered from milk and milk products harbored at least one type of enterotoxin gene. Raw milk of the three species (cow, goat and camel) showed the highest S. aureus pooled prevalence rate at processing plants (50.3%), followed by milk collection centers (MCCs) (47.1%), selling points (34.5%), farm bulk milk (25.8%), milking buckets (24.8%) and udder milk (20.3%). Water for washing milking utensils (39.3%) was more contaminated than swab samples from farm workers’ nares (31.5%), milkers’ hands (25.9%), MCCs containers (23.8%), bulk tanks (20.4%), udders (15.6%), milking buckets (14.2%) and towels (10%). S. aureus isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (92%), followed by ampicillin (82%) and amoxicillin (62.6%). The pooled multidrug resistance (MDR) was high (62.1%).
Conclusion
This systematic review revealed a high and increasing level of S. aureus contamination of raw milk from udder to MCCs or processing plants. Enterotoxin genes and MRSA were reported in milk, milk products and samples from farm workers. S. aureus showed resistance to different antimicrobial agents, with β-lactams showing the highest pooled antimicrobial resistance and the level of MDR was high. The results of this study indicated that the consumption of raw milk and milk products may predispose consumers to staphylococcal food poisoning. Application of good hygiene and handling practices across the dairy value chain starting from farm, udder health, milk cooling, heat treatment of milk before drinking and rational use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine can reduce the potential health risks from S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk and milk products.
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14
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Oliveira R, Pinho E, Almeida G, Azevedo NF, Almeida C. Prevalence and Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Raw Milk From Northern Portugal. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846653. [PMID: 35391724 PMCID: PMC8981150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins are a serious public health concern associated with hospital and community-acquired illnesses. Dairy animals frequently shed S. aureus into the milk supply which can lead to food poisoning in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of S. aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw milk from the main dairy region of mainland Portugal. S. aureus was found in 53.0% (95% CI: 40.6-65.4%) of 100 raw cow's milk samples collected from bulk cooling tanks. The highest contamination level was 3.4 log10 CFU.mL-1, and in some samples more than one S. aureus strain was identified. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA-SEE) were detected in one sample. Spa typing revealed 62 distinct S. aureus isolates, being t529 (17.7%, 95% CI: 8.2-27.3%) and t1403 (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0-25.3%) the predominant types, commonly associated with livestock infection or carriage. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 35.5% of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with resistance to penicillin being the highest (32.3%, 95% CI: 20.6-43.9%) followed by tetracycline (24.2%, 95% CI: 13.5-34.9%), ciprofloxacin (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0-25.3%) and chloramphenicol (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0-25.3%). Moreover, five isolates (8.1%, 95% CI: 1.3-14.8%) were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, cefoxitin resistant). Regarding virulence/resistance genes, 46,8% (95% CI: 34.4-59.2%) isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin-encoding gene, and the seg gene was the most frequently detected (41.9%, 95% CI: 29.7-54.2%) followed by the sei (40.3%, 95% CI: 28.1-52.5%), sec (6.5%, 95% CI: 0.3-12.6%), seh (4.8%, 95% CI: 0.0-10.2%), and sea (1.6%, 95% CI: 0.0-4.7%) genes. Five (8.1%, 95% CI: 1.3-14.8%) non-enterotoxigenic isolates carried the mecA gene (corresponding to isolates phenotypically classified as MRSA), and 4.8% (95% CI: 0.0-10.2%) enterotoxigenic strains also had the tsst-1 gene. Our study confirm that raw milk can be a zoonotic source of S. aureus, including enterotoxigenic and MRSA strains. Furthermore, the majority of enterotoxigenic isolates were found to contain genes encoding SEs (SEG, SEH and SEI) not routinely screened. This shows the need for a broader SE screening in food safety control, as well as the relevance of risk mitigation measures to control S. aureus transmission along the food chain in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Oliveira
- I.P - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vairão, Portugal.,Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Pinho
- I.P - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vairão, Portugal.,Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Almeida
- I.P - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vairão, Portugal.,Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- I.P - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vairão, Portugal.,Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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15
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Roshan M, Parmanand, Arora D, Behera M, Vats A, Gautam D, Deb R, Parkunan T, De S. Virulence and enterotoxin gene profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 80:101724. [PMID: 34826723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a major infectious disease affecting dairy animals resulting in enormous economic losses, prolonged antibiotic treatment, reduced milk yield and death of livestock. Emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among bovine mastitis is matter of concern for animal health and dairy industry. The present study was conducted to detect the distribution of virulence and enterotoxin genes among MRSA isolates from bovine mastitis. Out of 500 milk samples, 126 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus and from these only 56 were S. aureus. S.aureus were resistant to cefoxitin (75%), ceftazidime (75%), amoxicillin (71.4%), cefodaxime (67.8%), cefepime (66.1%), oxacillin (64.3%), norfloxacin (60.7%) and gentamicin (58.9%). Only 42 isolates were identified as MRSA strains among staphylococci isolates. MRSA were harbouring virulence genes; mecA (100%), coa (100%) and nuc (100%). The other virulence factors such as hlg (80.9%, 34/42), pvl (47.6%, 20/42) and spa (92.8%, 39/42) were also reported. Molecular characterisation of enterotoxin genes revealed that out of 42 tested isolates 11 were found negative (26%) for any enterotoxin gene whereas 7 (16.6%), 6 (14.3%), 18 (42.8%), 1 (2.3%), 26 (61.9%),27(64.2%),3 (7.1%) were found positive for sea, seb, sec, sed, seg, sei, and seq enterotoxin respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Roshan
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Parmanand
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Devan Arora
- Referral Veterinary Diagnostic and Extension Centre (Uchani Campus), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Behera
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Devika Gautam
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Thulasiraman Parkunan
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
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Shen J, Wang H, Zhu C, Zhang M, Shang F, Xue T. Effect of biofilm on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in high temperature and drying environment. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110672. [PMID: 34600674 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial contamination in dairy products is a momentous factor affecting food safety. Studies have shown that Staphylococcus aureus, which is an important causative agent of a range of infectious and foodborne diseases, may remain in raw milk after a series of complex processing processes. Although most S. aureus possess biofilm formation capacity, there are few studies concerning the role of biofilm formation of this bacterium in stress tolerance and longtime survival in the dairy products. In this study, we selected 5 S. aureus (RMSA1, RMSA2, RMSA3, RMSA4 and RMSA5) isolates from raw milk and investigated their virulence and biofilm characteristics. Results from biofilm assays showed that all 6 S. aureus strains (5 dairy isolates and 1 human-derived model strain NCTC8325) could form complete biofilms in vitro. The reverse transcription-PCR experiments confirmed that multiple genes related to virulence factors and biofilm formation were expressed in the 6 strains. Furthermore, we simulated the high temperature (at 60 °C for 30 min) and drying pressure (at 37 °C for 24 h) during dairy processing to detect the survival rate of strains culturedunderbiofilm or planktonic condition. The data showed that under high temperature and dry conditions, the survival rates of strains cultured under biofilm conditions were much higher than that of strains cultured under planktonic conditions. In addition, the adversity resistance associated with biofilm formation was more obvious in the milk-isolated strains compared with strain NCTC8325. This study provides evidence regarding the mechanisms of stress resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk and contribute to prevention of dairy product contamination caused by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Maofeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Effect of Temperature on the Expression of Classical Enterotoxin Genes among Staphylococci Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080975. [PMID: 34451439 PMCID: PMC8398761 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), caused by the contamination of staphylococcal enterotoxins, is a common foodborne disease worldwide. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see, among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) associated with bovine mastitis; (2) to determine the effect of temperature on the expression of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in staphylococci in milk. The detection of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was performed using S. aureus (n = 51) and CNS (n = 47). The expression of classical enterotoxin genes, including sea, seb, sec, and see, was determined during the growth of staphylococci in milk subjected to ultra-high-temperature processing at two different temperatures: 8 °C and room temperature. Classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were expressed more frequently in S. aureus (35.30%) than in CNS (12.77%). The sec gene was most frequently detected in S. aureus (29.41%) and CNS (6.38%). Moreover, the expression of sea and sec was significantly higher at room temperature than at 8 °C after 16 h of incubation (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of maintaining the storage temperature of milk below 8 °C to reduce the risk of SFP.
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Patel K, Godden SM, Royster EE, Crooker BA, Johnson TJ, Smith EA, Sreevatsan S. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk samples of U.S. dairy herds. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:367. [PMID: 34016049 PMCID: PMC8135151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of dairy cows by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially those which are multi-drug resistant and toxin producing, is a concern for animal health and well-being as well as public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, gene content and virulence determinants of S. aureus in bulk tank milk samples (BTM) from U.S. dairy herds. Results BTM samples were collected, once in winter and once in summer, from 189 U.S. dairy herds. Of 365 BTM samples cultured, the sample and herd prevalence of S. aureus in BTM was 46.6% (170 of 365 samples) and 62.4% (118 of 189 herds), respectively. Among a subset of 138 S. aureus isolates that were stored for further analysis, 124 were genome sequenced after being confirmed as S. aureus using phenotypic tests. The most commonly identified antimicrobial resistance-associated gene was norA (99.2%) and mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance (MRSA) was identified in one isolate (0.8%). The most frequently detected putative virulence genes were aur (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgA, hlgC, hlb (99.2%), lukE (95.9%) and lukD (94.3%). In the 53 staphylococcal enterotoxin positive isolates, sen (37.9%), sem (35.5%), sei (35.5%) and seg (33.1%) were the most frequently detected enterotoxin genes. Among the 14 sequence types (ST) and 18 spa types identified, the most common was ST2187 (20.9%) and t529 (28.2%), respectively. The most predominant clone was CC97 (47.6%) followed by CC unknown (36.3%). The single MRSA isolate belonged to ST72-CC8, spa type t126 and was negative for the tst gene but harbored all the other virulence genes investigated. Conclusion Our findings indicated a high prevalence of S. aureus in BTM of U.S. dairy herds, with isolates showing little evidence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis. However, isolates often carried genes for the various enterotoxins. This study identified predominant genetic clones. Despite lower prevalence, the presence of MRSA and multi-drug resistant strains in BTM poses a significant risk to animal and public health if their number were to increase in dairy environment. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the use of antibiotics in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Patel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Erin E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Křížová L, Klimešová M, Hanuš O, Němečková I, Roubal P, Tšponová J, Skřivánek M, Nejeschlebová L, Jedelská R. Effect of Increasing Zearalenone Levels on the Technologically Problematic Microorganisms and Food Risky Pathogens (in Vitro). ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Campos GZ, Lacorte GA, Jurkiewicz C, Hoffmann C, Landgraf M, Gombossy de Melo Franco BD, Pinto UM. Microbiological characteristics of canastra cheese during manufacturing and ripening. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Onjong HA, Ntuli V, Mwaniki M, Njage PMK. Exposure assessment to staphylococcus enterotoxins in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplied through semi-regulated and unregulated value chains. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Thermal and non-thermal treatment effects on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms formed at different temperatures and maturation periods. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109432. [PMID: 33233114 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and maturation period on the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms to thermal and non-thermal treatments. First, biofilm development was compared at three different temperatures (15, 25, and 37°C) for 5 days. The cell population at 15 and 25°C remained relatively consistent approximately at 6.3 log CFU/cm2, whereas 37°C resulted in the highest cell population on day 1 (7.6 log CFU/cm2) followed by a continual decline. Then, biofilm resistance to steam and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatments was evaluated. Obtained results highlighted that biofilms had different resistance to both treatments depending on development conditions. Specifically, steam treatment of 10 s eliminated 4.1 log CFU/cm2 of the biofilm formed at 25°C for 5 days. The same treatment inactivated over 5 log population of biofilms developed in other temperature and maturation period conditions. Treatment with NaOCl reduced approximately 1 log CFU/cm2 of biofilm cells developed at 25°C for 5 days. However, inactivation was found to be over 2 log CFU/cm2 under other development conditions. An extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) quantification using 96-well plates and stainless steel coupons was conducted. In the 96-well plate experiment, it was found that the highest amount of polysaccharide was secreted at 25°C (p < 0.05), while total biomass and protein contents were greatest at 37°C (p < 0.05). No significant difference in EPS content was observed for stainless steel, but the results displayed a similar trend to the 96-well plate. In particular, biofilms developed at 25°C tended to secret the highest amount of polysaccharide, which aligned with the current literature. This finding indicated that polysaccharide was the main contribution to the enhanced resistance of S. aureus biofilms. Overall, it was shown that biofilms formed at 25°C for 5 days exhibited the greatest resistance to thermal and nonthermal treatments due to the elevated exopolysaccharide secretion. This study demonstrates that temperature and maturation period significantly affect the resistance of S. aureus biofilms to thermal and non-thermal treatments.
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Mechesso AF, Moon DC, Ryoo GS, Song HJ, Chung HY, Kim SU, Choi JH, Kim SJ, Kang HY, Na SH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Resistance profiling and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108901. [PMID: 33075694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common zoonotic pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses worldwide. The main objectives of the current study were therefore to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of S. aureus isolated from goats in Korea and to investigate the molecular characteristics of identified methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In the study, 481 S. aureus isolates (431 from the nasal cavity and 50 from carcass) were recovered from 1146 carcasses and nasal swabs between July 2018 and January 2019. Approximately 82% and 72.6% of nasal and carcass isolates, respectively, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with the highest rate of resistance to penicillin, followed by resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Relatively small proportions of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. However, all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to linezolid, rifampin, and vancomycin. Six MRSA isolates were obtained, three each from the nasal cavity and carcass. MRSA isolates were of two sequence types (ST) (ST72 and ST398), three spa types (t664, t324, and t571), and two SCCmec types (IV and V). The ST72 MRSA isolates had identical PFGE profiles. In addition, ST72 MRSA-SCCmec IV isolates carried at least six staphylococcal leukotoxin- and enterotoxin-encoding genes (lukED, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seq). The remaining ST398 isolate carried only the lukED gene and was additionally resistant to eight non-β-lactam antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA from goats in Korea. There is a possibility of transmission of MRSA from goat to human or contamination of food products. Therefore, regular microbiological investigation in goats, farms, and slaughterhouses is critical to determine the existence of virulent and multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus and to implement preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang-Seon Ryoo
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Young Chung
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Uk Kim
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hyeon Na
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Romanò A, Gazzola A, Bianchini V, Cortimiglia C, Maisano AM, Cremonesi P, Graber HU, Vezzoli F, Luini M. Staphylococcus aureus From Goats Are Genetically Heterogeneous and Distinct to Bovine Ones. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:628. [PMID: 33033723 PMCID: PMC7509144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens responsible for intramammary infections in small ruminants, causing severe economic losses in dairy farms. In addition, S. aureus can contaminate milk and dairy products and produce staphylococcal enterotoxins, being responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning. Currently, data on the population structure and the virulence gene patterns of S. aureus strains isolated from goat milk is limited. Therefore, this study aimed at defining Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR) genotypes, clonal complexes (CC), spa types, and virulence gene profiles of S. aureus isolated from goat milk samples from Lombardy region of Italy. A total of 295 S. aureus isolates from 65 goat bulk tank milk samples were genotyped by RS-PCR. spa typing and virulence gene patterns of a subgroup of 88 isolates were determined, and MLST was performed on a further subgroup of 39 isolates, representing all the spa types identified during the analysis. This study revealed 7 major genotypic clusters (CLR, CLAA, CLZ, CLAW, CLBW, CLS, and CLI), of which S. aureus CLR (19.8%) was the most common. A total of 26 different spa types were detected, the most prevalent types were t1773 (24%), t5428 (22.7%), and t2678 (12.5%). Overall, 44.3% of all isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. The most prevalent was the combination of sec-sel genes (35.2%). Based on their MLST, isolates were assigned to 14 different CC, with majority grouped as CC133 (24%), CC130 (19.6%), and CC522 (19.6%). The caprine S. aureus population was depicted with a minimum spanning tree and an evolutionary analysis based on spa typing and MLST, respectively. Then, the variability of such strains was compared to that of bovine strains isolated in the same space-time span. Our results confirmed that S. aureus isolates from goats have wide genetic variability and differ from the bovine strains, supporting the idea that S. aureus from small ruminants may constitute a distinct population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy.,Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hans U Graber
- Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fausto Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy.,Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
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25
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Pexara A, Solomakos N, Govaris A. Occurrence, antibiotic resistance and enteroxigenicity of Staphylococcus spp. in tonsils of slaughtered pigs in Greece. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:394-399. [PMID: 32557652 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to examine the occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. in the tonsils of slaughtered pigs in a regional slaughterhouse in Greece, the antibiotic resistance of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates, and the enteroxigenicity of the S. aureus isolates. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated in 70 (48·61%) out of the total 144 tonsil samples. The predominant species was S. aureus in coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), while the predominant species were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Staphylococcus spp. isolates presented high antibiotic resistance frequencies to tetracycline (97·1%) or clindamycin (80·0%) and low antibiotic resistance frequencies to fusidic acid (14·3%). No methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were identified, and all Staphylococcus spp. isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Among the 26 S. aureus isolates, 21 (80·76%) possessed staphylococcal enterotoxin genes with seven different enterotoxin gene profiles. The predominant enterotoxin profile was seg, sei and sej with seven S. aureus isolates. The occurrence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus spp. in pig tonsils indicate public health risk to pork consumers and handlers in developing antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pexara
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - N Solomakos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Govaris
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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26
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Shi C, Yu Z, Ho H, Wang J, Wu W, Xing M, Wang Y, Rahman SME, Han R. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Genetic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk in the Dairy Farms over Two Seasons in China. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:99-110. [PMID: 32498596 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk in the dairy farms over two seasons (spring and autumn) and across four regions that included 11 provinces in China. In total, 750 raw milk samples from the 405 dairy farms were collected. Fifteen antimicrobial agents were tested for antimicrobial resistance via disk diffusion tests, and PCR tests were performed to identify drug resistance genes of S. aureus isolates. Out of 750 samples, 276 (36.8%) were positive for S. aureus, with 150 (41.1%) being positive in spring and 126 (32.7%) being positive in autumn. The occurrence rate of S. aureus in northeastern China (45%) was higher than that in western China (33%) and southern China (31.9%), respectively, and the rate significantly (p < 0.05) differed from those of western China and southern China. Of 276 isolates, 261 (94.6%) strains were resistant to more than 1 antimicrobial drug, and 193 (69.9%) strains were multidrug resistant. The blaZ (46.3%), dfrG (35.5%), and tetM (27.2%) genes were detected at a high frequency in the S. aureus strains. Our data revealed a variation (p < 0.05) in the resistance patterns in the different regions and across the two seasons. The occurrence and drug resistance rates of S. aureus isolated from raw milk obtained from dairy farms may still cause severe problems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Zhongna Yu
- Haidu College.Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Mengru Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Test Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - S M E Rahman
- Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
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27
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Aljasir SF, D'Amico DJ. The effect of protective cultures on Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103541. [PMID: 32539968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning and is a common contaminant in milk. Despite efforts to control S. aureus, recalls and outbreaks continue to occur, highlighting the need for additional interventions. This study determined the potential for protective cultures (PC) that are commercially available to producers to control S. aureus growth in raw milk and attenuate virulence by impeding staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production in raw milk and laboratory medium. Cultures of Hafnia alvei and Lactococcus lactis effectively inhibited S. aureus growth in raw milk to counts ~5 log CFU/mL lower than control when cocultured following a cheesemaking time and temperature profile; two cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited growth to ~1.5 log CFU/mL less than control. Cocultures of S. aureus with Lc. lactis, H. alvei and Lb. plantarum in raw milk reduced SE levels by 24.9%, 62.4%, and 76%, respectively. Lc. lactis also decreased SE production in raw milk in the absence of PC-mediated growth inhibition. Significant reductions in SE production in the absence of pathogen growth inhibition were also achieved in laboratory medium. Together, these results demonstrate the potential for PCs to inhibit S. aureus growth and impede SE production in the absence of growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman F Aljasir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Dennis J D'Amico
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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28
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Microbial safety of cheese in Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 321:108521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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KEYVAN E, YURDAKUL O, DEMIRTAS A, YALCIN H, BILGEN N. Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bulk Tank Milk. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.35818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Yaghoubzadeh Z, Kaboosi H, Peyravii Ghadikolaii F, Safari R, Fattahi E. The Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) Effect of Protein Hydrolysates from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skin on Enterotoxin A Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Dambrosio A, Ioanna F, Storelli MM, Castiglia D, Giannico F, Colonna MA, De Rosa M, Quaglia NC. Microbiological quality and safety of cheeses belonging to “Traditional Agri‐Food Products” (T.A.P.) produced in Southern Italy. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dambrosio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinic and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari Aldo Moro Bari Italy
| | | | - Maria M. Storelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticalUniversity of Bari Aldo Moro Bari Italy
| | | | - Francesco Giannico
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Bari Aldo Moro, University campus "Ernesto Quagliariello" Bari Italy
| | - Maria A. Colonna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Bari Aldo Moro, University campus "Ernesto Quagliariello" Bari Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta C. Quaglia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Veterinary Clinic and Animal ProductionUniversity of Bari Aldo Moro Bari Italy
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32
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Antibiotic-resistance, enterotoxin gene profiles and farm-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cow, sheep and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Valík Ľ, Ačai P, Medveďová A. Application of competitive models in predicting the simultaneous growth of Staphylococcus aureus and lactic acid bacteria in milk. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Chaalal W, Chaalal N, Bourafa N, Kihal M, Diene SM, Rolain JM. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food Products in Western Algeria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:353-360. [PMID: 29638169 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus isolates from foodstuffs collected from western Algeria. A total of 153 S. aureus isolates from various raw and processed foods were obtained and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and toxin gene detection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified by detection of the mecA gene and characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. We found that 30.9% (153/495) of food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Thirty-three (21.5%) S. aureus isolates were identified as MRSA, and 16.9% (26/153) carried the mecA gene. Three SCCmec types were identified of which type IV was the most common (69.2%) followed by type V (15.3%) and type II (7.6%). Two MRSA isolates were not typable with SCCmec typing. None of the examined isolates harbored mecC. Furthermore, 14.3% (22/153) of the isolates were toxigenic S. aureus. The cytotoxin gene pvl was detected in 11.1% of the S. aureus isolates. This gene was more commonly detected (76.4%) in MRSA isolates than in methicillin-suceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. The tsst-1 gene coding for toxic shock syndrome toxin was isolated rarely (3.2%) and only in MSSA isolates. According to disk diffusion test results, 70 isolates were resistant to only one antimicrobial drug, and 51 (33.3%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Other 32 isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Our study highlights, for the first time, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates carrying pvl or tsst-1 found in food products in Algeria. The risk of MRSA transmission through the food chain cannot be disregarded, particularly in uncooked foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Chaalal
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran , Oran, Algérie.,2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Chaalal
- 3 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia , Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Nadjette Bourafa
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France .,4 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar , Annaba, Algérie
| | - Mebrouk Kihal
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran , Oran, Algérie
| | - Seydina M Diene
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
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35
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Rahmdel S, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Torriani S, Gatto V, Pashangeh S. Safety hazards in bacteriocinogenic Staphylococcus strains isolated from goat and sheep milk. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:100-108. [PMID: 29355699 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 28 bacteriocinogenic Staphylococcus strains isolated from goat and sheep milk were subjected to the PCR detection of enterotoxin genes (sea-see), enterotoxin-like toxin Q gene (selq), toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst1), and antibiotic resistance genes. They were also evaluated for phenotypic resistance against 10 antibiotics and hemolytic activity. The tyramine and histamine production was investigated using the agar plate assay and capillary zone electrophoretic analysis (CZE). Twenty-five isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. The gene sec was the most frequent (89%). The gene tst1 was found in 84% of sec-positive isolates. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes was in the order of blaZ/tetK (100%), mecA/ermB (86%), ermC (50%), and tetM (18%). The genes ermA, aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia, vanA, and vanB were absent in all the isolates. Nineteen isolates were phenotypically susceptible to all the antibiotics. The only isolate with phenotypic resistance to penicillin G and oxacillin was S. epidermidis 4S93 which had a different SmaI-PFGE profile from those of the other S. epidermidis strains. All the S. haemolyticus and S. pseudintermedius isolates were not susceptible to trimethoprim. Twenty-five isolates showed complete or partial hemolytic activity. None of the isolates was able to decarboxylate tyrosine, while CZE analysis revealed histamine formation activity in S. haemolyticus 4S12. The occurrence of safety risks in the isolates reinforces the need for regular monitoring of food-producing animals to mitigate the risks of multidrug resistant and zoonotic pathogens. Moreover, none of the isolates fulfilled the safety criteria to be used as starter cultures or biopreservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Rahmdel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Gatto
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Safoora Pashangeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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36
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Dittmann KK, Chaul LT, Lee SHI, Corassin CH, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Pereira De Martinis EC, Alves VF, Gram L, Oxaran V. Staphylococcus aureus in Some Brazilian Dairy Industries: Changes of Contamination and Diversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2049. [PMID: 29123505 PMCID: PMC5662873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major food-poisoning pathogen, is a common contaminant in dairy industries worldwide, including in Brazil. We determined the occurrence of S. aureus in five dairies in Brazil over 8 months. Of 421 samples, 31 (7.4%) were positive for S. aureus and prevalence varied from 0 to 63.3% between dairies. Sixty-six isolates from the 31 samples were typed by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing to determine if these isolates were persistent or continuously reintroduced. Seven known sequence types (STs), ST1, ST5, ST30, ST97, ST126, ST188 and ST398, and four new ST were identified, ST3531, ST3540, ST3562 and ST3534. Clonal complex (CC) 1 (including the four new ST), known as an epidemic clone, was the dominant CC. However, there were no indications of persistence of particular ST. The resistance toward 11 antibiotic compounds was assessed. Twelve profiles were generated with 75.8% of strains being sensitive to all antibiotic classes and no Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were found. The enterotoxin-encoding genes involved in food-poisoning, e.g., sea, sed, see, and seg were targeted by PCR. The two toxin-encoding genes, sed and see, were not detected. Only three strains (4.5%) harbored seg and two of these also harbored sea. Despite the isolates being Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), the presence of CC1 clones in the processing environment, including some harboring enterotoxin encoding genes, is of concern and hygiene must have high priority to reduce contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Dittmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luíza T. Chaul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sarah H. I. Lee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Corassin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginie Oxaran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Nouri A, Ahari H, Shahbazzadeh D. Designing a direct ELISA kit for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in raw milk samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1732-1737. [PMID: 29030180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Under favorable growth conditions, Staphylococcus aureus infects and causes illnesses in humans and animals. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are considered the most important factor for food poisoning, with these toxins usually found in milk and its byproducts. This study investigated the presence of a classical enterotoxin of S. aureus (enterotoxin A) in raw cow milk samples obtained from Region 3 of Tehran. Sixty cow milk samples were collected from traditional dairy sales centers in the study site. Electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, sandwich ELISA, and direct ELISA were evaluated as methods for detecting toxins in the milk. A direct ELISA kit was designed, with the best factors, the most suitable densities, and the most optimal temperatures and temporal incubation conditions incorporated into the design. Among the evaluated methods, direct ELISA exhibited the highest accuracy in toxin detection. The designed kit achieved a correctness coefficient of 0.98 and detected enterotoxin A in 23% of the samples. It also exhibited a relative sensitivity and other features that are comparable to those of other bacterial detection techniques. Finally, the kit achieved good matching and repetition results, and no cross-reactions occurred between enterotoxins during the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Nouri
- Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur sq., Pasteur st., Tehran, Iran
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38
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Câmara SPA, Dapkevicius A, Rosa HJD, Silva CCG, Malcata FX, Enes Dapkevicius MLN. Physicochemical, biochemical, microbiological and safety aspects of Pico cheese: Assessment throughout maturation and on the final product. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P A Câmara
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology/Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d'Ávila 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Airidas Dapkevicius
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology/Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d'Ávila 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Henrique J D Rosa
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology/Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d'Ávila 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Célia C G Silva
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology/Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d'Ávila 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Maria L N Enes Dapkevicius
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology/Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d'Ávila 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
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39
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Mehli L, Hoel S, Thomassen GMB, Jakobsen AN, Karlsen H. The prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in milk, whey, and cheese from artisan farm dairies. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Pajić M, Boboš S, Velebit B, Rašić Z, Katić V, Radinović M, Nikolić A, Simonović D, Babić M. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxin-Producing Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Serbian Dairy Cows. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known worldwide as a frequent cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. Due to the production of heath resistant enterotoxins, this pathogen is also a major cause of food poisoning among humans, with symptoms of often severe vomiting and diarrhea. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of enterotoxinproducing strains of S. aureus originating from samples of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis in the Republic of Serbia. Furthermore, we analyzed the type of staphylococcal enterotoxin they produce and phylogenetic relatedness among the S. aureus isolates recovered from milk in this study. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E was determined by commercial immunoenzyme assay VIDAS® SET2, and presence of corresponding genes encoding enterotoxin synthesis in positive isolates confi rmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Enterotoxin production was determined in 5 out of 75 (6.67%) isolates of S. aureus and all of them produced staphylococcal enterotoxins C. After analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the synthesis of staphylococcal protein A, S. aureus isolates were assigned into 2 phylogenetic groups, including 7 clusters. All S. aureus isolates with the presence of sec gene formed one cluster even dough they originated from milk samples from different farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pajić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stanko Boboš
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Rašić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine “Jagodina”, Jagodina, Serbia
| | - Vera Katić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Radinović
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Simonović
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine “Jagodina”, Jagodina, Serbia
| | - Milijana Babić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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41
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Ben Said M, Abbassi MS, Bianchini V, Sghaier S, Cremonesi P, Romanò A, Gualdi V, Hassen A, Luini MV. Genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk in Tunisia. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:473-481. [PMID: 27657910 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major agent of bovine mastitis in dairy herds, causing economic losses in dairy industry worldwide. In addition, milk and milk-products contaminated by Staph. aureus can cause harmful human diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize Staph. aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in Tunisia. Bulk tank milk (n = 32) and individual cow milk (n = 130) samples were collected during the period of 2013-2014. Forty-three Staph. aureus isolates were recovered and typed by spa typing, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (RS-PCR) and multiplex PCRs for 22 virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance was also investigated with a disc diffusion test. A selected subsample of 22 strains was additionally genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. Seventeen spa types were recovered, and t2421 (n = 10), t521 (n = 6) and t2112 (n = 5) were the most common. Fourteen different RS-PCR genotypes grouped into 11 clusters were detected in our study, with predominance of the RVI genotype (n = 24). Eight sequence types were identified and Clonal Complex 97, corresponding to RS-PCR cluster R, was the most common (n = 10), followed by CC1 (n = 4), CC15 (n = 3) and other four accounting for one or two strains. Different combinations of virulence genes were reported, and enterotoxin genes were present in few strains (seh, n = 4; sea, n = 2; sea and seh, n = 2; sec and sel, n = 2). The majority of strains were resistant only to penicillin; only one strain was found to be multiresistant and no methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus was demonstrated. Our study reported the isolation of CC97 from bovine milk in Tunisia for the first time and confirmed the relevance of this lineage in intramammary infection in cows. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper describes the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank and individual cow milk in Tunisia. All strains were genotyped by spa typing and RS-PCR, a method based on the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, and multiplex PCRs for 22 virulence genes. A selected subsample of strains was also genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. All strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance. Our study evidences a predominance of strains belonging to Clonal Complex 97. Methicillin-resistant strains were not detected, and overall low level of antimicrobial resistance was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ben Said
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie.,Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - M S Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - S Sghaier
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie.,Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Gualdi
- Piattaforma Genomica, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Hassen
- Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - M V Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
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42
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A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Simultaneous Screening of Nine Foodborne Pathogens Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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CORTIMIGLIA C, LUINI M, BIANCHINI V, MARZAGALLI L, VEZZOLI F, AVISANI D, BERTOLETTI M, IANZANO A, FRANCO A, BATTISTI A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus clonal complexes in bulk tank milk from dairy cattle herds in Lombardy Region (Northern Italy). Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3046-3051. [PMID: 27457497 PMCID: PMC9150417 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most important causative agent of subclinical mastitis in cattle resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has a clear zoonotic relevance, especially in the case of occupational exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in bulk tank milk (BTM) from dairy cattle herds in the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) and to identify the main MRSA circulating genotypes. MRSA strains were characterized by susceptibility testing, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing. A total 844 BTM samples were analysed and S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 47·2% and 3·8% of dairy herds, respectively. MLST showed that the majority (28/32) of isolates belonged to the typical livestock-associated lineages: ST398, ST97 and ST1. Interestingly, in this study we report for the first time the new ST3211, a single locus variant of ST(CC)22, with the newly described 462 aroE allele. Our study indicates high diffusion of S. aureus mastitis and low, but not negligible, prevalence of MRSA in the considered area, suggesting the need for planning specific control programmes for bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, especially when MRSA is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. CORTIMIGLIA
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - M. LUINI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - V. BIANCHINI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - L. MARZAGALLI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - F. VEZZOLI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - D. AVISANI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Lombardia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M. BERTOLETTI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Lombardia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A. IANZANO
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - A. FRANCO
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - A. BATTISTI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
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44
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Xu YG, Sun B, Zhao HY, Liu ZM, Jiang YP, Wang L, Qiao XY, Li YJ, Tang LJ. Development and evaluation of a dual priming oligonucleotide system-based multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of six foodborne pathogens. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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45
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Tarekgne EK, Skjerdal T, Skeie S, Rudi K, Porcellato D, Félix B, Narvhus JA. Enterotoxin Gene Profile and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Bulk Milk and Milk Products of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1387-95. [PMID: 27497126 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is an important foodborne disease worldwide, and milk and milk products are commonly associated with SFP outbreaks. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes in Staphylococcus aureus from raw cow's milk and milk products and to assess their genetic background with the spa typing method. Of the 549 samples (297 bulk milk and 162 milk product samples) collected from Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 160 (29.1%) were positive for S. aureus, of which 82 (51%) were found to harbor se genes by a modified multiplex PCR. Nine se genes were identified: sea (n = 12), seb (n = 3), sec (n = 3), sed(n = 4), seg (n = 49), seh (n = 2), sei (n = 40), sej (n = 1), and tsst-1 (n = 24). The classical type of genes accounted for 27%. Of the 82 enterotoxigenic isolates, 41.5 and 12.4% harbored two or more se genes, respectively. The highest gene association was observed between sei and seg, whereas sea and seb were always found together with the new types of se genes. Altogether, 18 genotypes of toxin genes were identified, and 33% of the samples contained > 5 log CFU ml(-1) S. aureus. spa typing identified 22 spa types and three novel spa sequences, which showed the high genetic diversity of the isolates. No apparent relationship was observed between spa type and se genes. Of the 25 spa types, 13 (52%) were from raw milk, 3 (12%) from milk products, and 9 (36%) from both types of sample. Types t314 (20.7%,n = 17), t458 (18.3%, n = 15), and t6218 (9.8%, n= 8) were the most common spa types identified and were widely distributed in three of the eight studied localities. This is the first study from the Tigray region to report the high distribution of enterotoxigenic S. aureus with a diversified genetic background from dairy food. The study may provide valuable data for microbial food safety risk assessment, molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetic studies of S. aureus in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquebaher K Tarekgne
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1118, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Taran Skjerdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Ullevålsveien, 68, Pb 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siv Skeie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Benjamin Félix
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | - Judith A Narvhus
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Rola JG, Czubkowska A, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Osek J. Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus on Farms with Small Scale Production of Raw Milk Cheeses in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E62. [PMID: 26950152 PMCID: PMC4810207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the results of a 3-year study on the prevalence, enterotoxinogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials of S. aureus isolated on dairy farms with small scale production of raw cow milk cheeses. The samples of raw milk, semi-finished products and the final products as well as swabs were collected between 2011 and 2013 from nine dairy farms in Poland. A total of 244 samples were examined, of which 122 (50.0%) were contaminated with S. aureus including 18 of 26 (69.2%) mature cheese samples with log10 CFU g(-1) between <1- and 7.41. In swabs collected from the staff and production environment the highest contamination rate with coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) was detected on hands of cheese makers (4.34 log10 CFU/swab). None of the cheese samples contaminated with CPS contained staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). However, 55 of 122 (45.1%) S. aureus isolates possessed SEs genes, mainly (26 of 55; 47.3%) a combination of the sed, sej and ser genes. Furthermore, the sep (15 of 55; 27.3%) as well as seg and sei (9 of 55; 16.4%) genes were also identified. The remaining S. aureus isolates possessed the sea gene (one isolate), the combination of sec, seg and sei (three isolates) as well as the sed, sej, sep and ser markers together (one CPS). Resistance to penicillin (62 of 122 isolates; 50.8%) was the most common among the tested isolates. Some CPS were also resistant to chloramphenicol (7; 5.7%) and tetracycline (5; 4.1%). The obtained results indicated that the analyzed cheeses were safe for consumers. To improve the microbiological quality of traditional cheese products more attention should be paid to animal welfare and hygiene practices during the process of cheese manufacturing in some dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta G Rola
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Czubkowska
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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47
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Crotta M, Rizzi R, Varisco G, Daminelli P, Cunico EC, Luini M, Graber HU, Paterlini F, Guitian J. Multiple-Strain Approach and Probabilistic Modeling of Consumer Habits in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: A Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Raw Milk. J Food Prot 2016; 79:432-41. [PMID: 26939653 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models are extensively applied to inform management of a broad range of food safety risks. Inevitably, QMRA modeling involves an element of simplification of the biological process of interest. Two features that are frequently simplified or disregarded are the pathogenicity of multiple strains of a single pathogen and consumer behavior at the household level. In this study, we developed a QMRA model with a multiple-strain approach and a consumer phase module (CPM) based on uncertainty distributions fitted from field data. We modeled exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A in raw milk in Lombardy; a specific enterotoxin production module was thus included. The model is adaptable and could be used to assess the risk related to other pathogens in raw milk as well as other staphylococcal enterotoxins. The multiplestrain approach, implemented as a multinomial process, allowed the inclusion of variability and uncertainty with regard to pathogenicity at the bacterial level. Data from 301 questionnaires submitted to raw milk consumers were used to obtain uncertainty distributions for the CPM. The distributions were modeled to be easily updatable with further data or evidence. The sources of uncertainty due to the multiple-strain approach and the CPM were identified, and their impact on the output was assessed by comparing specific scenarios to the baseline. When the distributions reflecting the uncertainty in consumer behavior were fixed to the 95th percentile, the risk of exposure increased up to 160 times. This reflects the importance of taking into consideration the diversity of consumers' habits at the household level and the impact that the lack of knowledge about variables in the CPM can have on the final QMRA estimates. The multiple-strain approach lends itself to use in other food matrices besides raw milk and allows the model to better capture the complexity of the real world and to be capable of geographical specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotta
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Department DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Varisco
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani Cunico
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Bianchi 79, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Paterlini
- Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute, Via Rovelli 53, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, Hatfield, UK
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48
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Al-Ashmawy MA, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Elhadidy M, Tamura T. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:156-62. [PMID: 26836943 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the prevalence, molecular characterization, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk and dairy products in Mansoura City, Egypt. MRSA was detected in 53% (106/200) among all milk and dairy products with prevalence rates of 75%, 65%, 40%, 50%, and 35% in raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream, and yogurt samples, respectively. The mean S. aureus counts were 3.49, 3.71, 2.93, 3.40, and 3.23 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g among tested raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream and yogurt, respectively, with an overall count of 3.41 log10 CFU/g. Interestingly, all recovered S. aureus isolates were genetically verified as MRSA strains by molecular detection of the mecA gene. Furthermore, genes encoding α-hemolysin (hla) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec) were detected in all isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of recovered MRSA isolates against 13 tested antimicrobials revealed that the least effective drugs were penicillin G, cloxacillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin with bacterial resistance percentages of 87.9%, 75.9%, 65.2%, and 55.6%, respectively. These findings suggested that milk and dairy products represent a potential infection risk threat of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic S. aureus in Egypt due to neglected hygienic practices during production, retail, or storage stages. These findings highlighted the crucial importance of applying more restrictive hygienic measures in dairy production in Egypt for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdou Al-Ashmawy
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- 2 Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- 3 Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Sapporo, Japan
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49
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Xing X, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Wang X, Ge W, Wu C. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat milk powder processing plants. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Guo T, Xin Y, Zhang C, Ouyang X, Kong J. The potential of the endolysin Lysdb from Lactobacillus delbrueckii phage for combating Staphylococcus aureus during cheese manufacture from raw milk. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3545-54. [PMID: 26621799 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phage endolysins have received increased attention in recent times as potential antibacterial agents and the biopreservatives in food production processes. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens in bacterial food poisoning outbreaks. In this study, the endolysin Lysdb, one of the two-component cell lysis cassette of Lactobacillus delbrueckii phage phiLdb, was shown to possess a muramidase domain and catalytic sites with homology to Chalaropsis-type lysozymes. Peptidoglycan hydrolytic bond specificity determination revealed that Lysdb was able to cleave the 6-O-acetylated peptidoglycans present in the cell walls of S. aureus. Turbidity reduction assays demonstrated that Lysdb could effectively lyse the S. aureus live cells under acidic and mesothermal conditions. To further evaluate the ability of Lysdb as a potential antibacterial agent against S. aureus in cheese manufacture, Lactobacillus casei BL23 was engineered to constitutively deliver active Lysdb to challenge S. aureus in lab-scale cheese making from raw milk. Compared with the raw milk, the viable counts of S. aureus were reduced by 10(5)-fold in the cheese inoculated with the engineered L. casei strain during the fermentation process, and the pathogenic bacterial numbers remained at a low level (10(4) CFU/g) after 6 weeks of ripening at 10 °C. Taken together, all results indicated that the Lysdb has the function as an effective tool for combating S. aureus during cheese manufacture from raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - YongPing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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