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Akram F, Aqeel A, Shoaib M, Haq IU, Shah FI. Multifarious revolutionary aspects of microbial keratinases: an efficient green technology for future generation with prospective applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86913-86932. [PMID: 36271998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of century, tons of keratin bio-waste is generated by the poultry industry annually, and they end up causing environmental havoc. Keratins are highly flexible fibrous proteins which exist in α- and β- forms and provide mechanical strength and stability to structural appendages. The finding of broad-spectrum protease, keratinase, from thermophilic bacteria and fungi, has provided an eco-friendly solution to hydrolyze the peptide bonds in highly recalcitrant keratinous substances such as nails, feathers, claws, and horns into valuable amino acids. Microorganisms produce these proteolytic enzymes by techniques of solid-state and submerged fermentation. However, solid-state fermentation is considered as a yielding approach for the production of thermostable keratinases. This review prioritized the molecular and biochemical properties of microbial keratinases, and the role of keratinases in bringing prodigious impact for the sustainable progress of the economy. It also emphasizes on the current development in keratinase production with the focus to improve the biochemical properties related to enzyme's catalytic activity and stability, and production of mutant and cloned microbial strains to improve the yield of keratinases. Recently, multitude molecular approaches have been employed to enhance enzyme's productivity, activity, and thermostability which makes them suitable for pharmaceutical industry and for the production of animal feed, organic fertilizers, biogas, clearing of animal hides, and detergent formulation. Hence, it can be surmised that microbial keratinolytic enzymes are the conceivable candidates for numerous commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Minahil Shoaib
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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2
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Li Q. Perspectives on Converting Keratin-Containing Wastes Into Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918262. [PMID: 35794912 PMCID: PMC9251476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin-containing wastes become pollution to the environment if they are not treated properly. On the other hand, these wastes can be converted into value-added products applicable to many fields. Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers are important for sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients to enhance the growth speed of the plant and production. Keratin-containing wastes, therefore, will be an important resource to produce organic fertilizers. Many microorganisms exhibit capabilities to degrade keratins making them attractive to convert keratin-containing wastes into valuable products. In this review, the progress in microbial degradation of keratins is summarized. In addition, perspectives in converting keratin into bio- and organic fertilizers for agriculture are described. With proper treatment, feather wastes which are rich in keratin can be converted into high-value fertilizers to serve as nutrients for plants, reduce environmental pressure and improve the quality of the soil for sustainable agriculture.
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Masood S, Hussain A, Javid A, Bukahri SM, Ali W, Ali S, Ghaffar I, Imtiaz A, Amin HMA, Salahuddin H, Inayat M, Razzaq S, Kafayat F, Rafiq H, Yasmeen M, Muneeb M, Sattar S. Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e246389. [PMID: 34320050 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Masood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Bukahri
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - W Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Ali
- University of the Punjab, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Ghaffar
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Imtiaz
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H M A Amin
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Dairy Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H Salahuddin
- University of Okara, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - M Inayat
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Razzaq
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F Kafayat
- University of Okara, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - H Rafiq
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Yasmeen
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Muneeb
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Sattar
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
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4
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Optimization of Keratinase Production and Utilization of Bacillus pumilus for Feather Degradation. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil samples were collected from the feather dumped area where Bacillus pumilus was isolated and used for keratinase production and keratinolytic activity. In the optimization study, optimal condition for enzyme production was observed at 144 h, pH 7, temperature 37°C. The organism was utilized for feather degradation study. The maximum degradation of 57% was obtained at 37°C, pH 7 and 6 days incubation. The size of keratinase was determined by SDS- PAGE and was observed as 52 KDa.
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Cavello I, Urbieta MS, Cavalitto S, Donati E. Bacillus cytotoxicus Isolated from a Pristine Natural Geothermal Area Reveals High Keratinolytic Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E796. [PMID: 32466512 PMCID: PMC7355561 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geothermal areas are the niches of a rich microbial diversity that is not only part of the intangible patrimony of a country but also the source of many microbial species with potential biotechnological applications. Particularly, microbial species in geothermal areas in Argentina have been scarcely explored regarding their possible biotechnological uses. The purpose of this work was to explore the proteolytic and keratinolytic enzymatic potential of microorganisms that inhabit in the Domuyo geothermal area in the Neuquén Province. To this end, we did enrichment cultures from two high-temperature natural samples in mineral media only supplemented with whole chicken feathers. After the isolation and the phylogenetic and morphologic characterization of different colonies, we obtained a collection of Bacillus cytotoxicus isolates, a species with no previous report of keratinolytic activity and only reported in rehydrated meals connected with food poisoning outbreaks. Its natural habitat has been unknown up to now. We characterized the proteolytic and keratinolytic capacities of the B. cytotoxicus isolates in different conditions, which proved to be remarkably high compared with those of other similar species. Thus, our work represents the first report of the isolation as well as the keratinolytic capacity characterization of strains of B. cytotixicus obtained from a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) La Plata 1900, Argentina; (I.C.); (S.C.); (E.D.)
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7
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Hassan MA, Abol-Fotouh D, Omer AM, Tamer TM, Abbas E. Comprehensive insights into microbial keratinases and their implication in various biotechnological and industrial sectors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:567-583. [PMID: 32194110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enormous masses of keratinous wastes are annually accumulated in the environment as byproducts of poultry processing and agricultural wastes. Keratin is a recalcitrant fibrous protein, which represents the major constituent of various keratin-rich wastes, which released into the environment in the form of feathers, hair, wool, bristle, and hooves. Chemical treatment methods of these wastes resulted in developing many hazardous gases and toxins to the public health, in addition to the destruction of several amino acids. Accordingly, microbial keratinases have been drawing much interest as an eco-friendly approach to convert keratinous wastes into valuable products. Numerous keratinolytic microorganisms have been identified, which revealed the competence to hydrolyze keratins into peptides and amino acids. Several types of keratinolytic proteases have been produced that possess diverse biochemical characteristics, conferring them the versatility for implementing in multifarious applications such as detergents, leather and textile industries, animal feeding, and production of bio-fertilizers, in addition to medical and pharmaceutical treatments. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinases and keratinase based-products via comprehensive insights into the keratin structure, diversity of keratinolytic microorganisms, and mechanisms of keratin hydrolysis. Furthermore, we discuss the biochemical properties of the produced keratinases and their feasible applications in diverse disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Deyaa Abol-Fotouh
- Electronic Materials Researches Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Omer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Tamer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Abbas
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Nasipuri P, Herschend J, Brejnrod AD, Madsen JS, Espersen R, Svensson B, Burmølle M, Jacquiod S, Sørensen SJ. Community-intrinsic properties enhance keratin degradation from bacterial consortia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228108. [PMID: 32004342 PMCID: PMC6994199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although organic matter may accumulate sometimes (e.g. lignocellulose in peat bog), most natural biodegradation processes are completed until full mineralization. Such transformations are often achieved by the concerted action of communities of interacting microbes, involving different species each performing specific tasks. These interactions can give rise to novel "community-intrinsic" properties, through e.g. activation of so-called "silent genetic pathways" or synergistic interplay between microbial activities and functions. Here we studied the microbial community-based degradation of keratin, a recalcitrant biological material, by four soil isolates, which have previously been shown to display synergistic interactions during biofilm formation; Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Xanthomonas retroflexus, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. We observed enhanced keratin weight loss in cultures with X. retroflexus, both in dual and four-species co-cultures, as compared to expected keratin degradation by X. retroflexus alone. Additional community intrinsic properties included accelerated keratin degradation rates and increased biofilm formation on keratin particles. Comparison of secretome profiles of X. retroflexus mono-cultures to co-cultures revealed that certain proteases (e.g. serine protease S08) were significantly more abundant in mono-cultures, whereas co-cultures had an increased abundance of proteins related to maintaining the redox environment, e.g. glutathione peroxidase. Hence, one of the mechanisms related to the community intrinsic properties, leading to enhanced degradation from co-cultures, might be related to a switch from sulfitolytic to proteolytic functions between mono- and co-cultures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nasipuri
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Herschend
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker D. Brejnrod
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center For Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas S. Madsen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roall Espersen
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Li Q. Progress in Microbial Degradation of Feather Waste. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31866957 PMCID: PMC6906142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Statistical optimization of xylanase and alkaline protease co-production by Bacillus spp using Box-Behnken Design under submerged fermentation using wheat bran as a substrate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Tamreihao K, Mukherjee S, Khunjamayum R, Devi LJ, Asem RS, Ningthoujam DS. Feather degradation by keratinolytic bacteria and biofertilizing potential for sustainable agricultural production. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Tamreihao
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Rakhi Khunjamayum
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Laishram Jaya Devi
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Roshan Singh Asem
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Debananda S. Ningthoujam
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
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12
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Microbial production and industrial applications of keratinases: an overview. Int Microbiol 2018; 21:163-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Kowalczyk P, Mahdi-Oraibi S, Misiewicz A, Gabzdyl N, Miskiewicz A, Szparecki G. Feather-Degrading Bacteria: Their Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Pereira PHF, Macrae A, Reinert F, de Souza RF, Coelho RRR, Pötter G, Klenk HP, Labeda DP. Streptomyces odonnellii sp. nov., a proteolytic streptomycete isolated from soil under cerrado (savanna) vegetation cover. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:5211-5215. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Freitas Pereira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Andrew Macrae
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Reinert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fonseca de Souza
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Pötter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David P. Labeda
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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15
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Proteases from Thermophiles and Their Industrial Importance. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Lange L, Huang Y, Busk PK. Microbial decomposition of keratin in nature-a new hypothesis of industrial relevance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2083-96. [PMID: 26754820 PMCID: PMC4756042 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of keratin-degrading enzymes from fungi and bacteria has primarily focused on finding one protease with efficient keratinase activity. Recently, an investigation was conducted of all keratinases secreted from a fungus known to grow on keratinaceous materials, such as feather, horn, and hooves. The study demonstrated that a minimum of three keratinases is needed to break down keratin, an endo-acting, an exo-acting, and an oligopeptide-acting keratinase. Further, several studies have documented that disruption of sulfur bridges of the keratin structure acts synergistically with the keratinases to loosen the molecular structure, thus giving the enzymes access to their substrate, the protein structure. With such complexity, it is relevant to compare microbial keratin decomposition with the microbial decomposition of well-studied polymers such as cellulose and chitin. Interestingly, it was recently shown that the specialized enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs), shown to be important for breaking the recalcitrance of cellulose and chitin, are also found in keratin-degrading fungi. A holistic view of the complex molecular self-assembling structure of keratin and knowledge about enzymatic and boosting factors needed for keratin breakdown have been used to formulate a hypothesis for mode of action of the LPMOs in keratin decomposition and for a model for degradation of keratin in nature. Testing such hypotheses and models still needs to be done. Even now, the hypothesis can serve as an inspiration for designing industrial processes for keratin decomposition for conversion of unexploited waste streams, chicken feather, and pig bristles into bioaccessible animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Lange
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kamp Busk
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Hepziba Suganthi S, Ramani K. Microbial assisted industrially important multiple enzymes from fish processing waste: purification, characterization and application for the simultaneous hydrolysis of lipid and protein molecules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish processing waste (FPW) was evaluated as the substrate for the concomitant production of industrially important alkaline lipase and protease byStreptomyces thermolineatusfor the hydrolysis of lipid and protein rich FPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hepziba Suganthi
- Biomolecules and Biocatalysis Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- SRM University
- India
| | - K. Ramani
- Biomolecules and Biocatalysis Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- SRM University
- India
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Liang JD, Han YF, Zhang JW, Du W, Liang ZQ, Li ZZ. Optimal culture conditions for keratinase production by a novel thermophilic Myceliophthora thermophila strain GZUIFR-H49-1. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 110:871-80. [PMID: 21241422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of medium compositions and culture conditions on keratinase production by a novel thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (Apinis) Oorschot strain GZUIFR-H49-1. METHODS AND RESULTS The thermophilic strain GZUIFR-H49-1 with keratinolytic ability was characterized and identified as a strain of M. thermophila on the basis of its morphological characters and molecular analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequence. Among the medium compositions tested, the soluble starch (SS), urea, sodium thiosulfate and CaCl2 were the most effective C-source, N-source, S-source and mineral ion, respectively, by employing the single-factor experiment. The urea and pH value were the significant factors (P < 0·05) for the keratinase production in this experiment condition using Plackett–Burman factorial design. The conditions of keratinase production were further optimized by Box–Behnken design. Consequently, there was a 6·4-fold increase (5100 U l−1) in the keratinase activity than the initial value (800 U l−1) by this optimal process. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the optimization design proved a useful and powerful tool for the development of optimal medium compositions and culture conditions. Myceliophthora thermophila strain GZUIFR-H49-1 was a promising fungus strain for keratinase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Liang
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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19
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Saha S, Dhanasekaran D, Shanmugapriya S, Latha S. Nocardiopsissp. SD5: A potent feather degrading rare actinobacterium isolated from feather waste in Tamil Nadu, India. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:608-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Saha
- Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Microbiology; Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Tamil Nadu; India
| | - D. Dhanasekaran
- Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Microbiology; Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Tamil Nadu; India
| | - S. Shanmugapriya
- Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Microbiology; Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Tamil Nadu; India
| | - S. Latha
- Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Microbiology; Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli; Tamil Nadu; India
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Shata HMAH, Farid MAF. Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Keratinase Recovery from Fermented Feather under Solid State Fermentation by Streptomyces sp. NRC 13S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2012.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Saha S, Dhanasekaran D, Shanmugapriya S, Latha S. Nocardiopsis sp. SD5: A potent feather degrading rare actinobacterium isolated from feather waste in Tamil Nadu, India. J Basic Microbiol 2012:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 22914902 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Feather waste, generated in large quantities as a byproduct of commercial poultry processing, is nearly pure keratin protein, and keratin in its native state is not degradable by common proteolytic enzymes. The aim of the study was to find a potent feather degrading actinobacteria from feather waste soil. Out of 91 actinobacterial isolates recorded from feather waste soil in Tiruchirappalli and Nammakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India, isolate SD5 was selected for characterization because it exhibited significant keratinolytic activity. On the basis of the phenotypic, biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene-sequencing studies, the isolate was identified as Nocardiopsis sp. SD5. Protease and keratinase activity of Nocardiopsis sp. SD5 were analyzed. The enzyme was more stable over the neutral pH and the temperature of 40 °C. The optimum temperature and pH for both proteolytic and keratinolytic activity was determined at 50 °C and pH 9, respectively. Enzyme inhibitors, detergents and chelator declined the enzyme activity with increasing concentration. Non denaturing poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis and zymogram elucidated the presence of 30 kda and 60 kda protease enzymes. These findings indicated that thermo alkaliphilic feather degrading strain Nocardiopsis sp. SD5 could be used to control the feather waste pollution and to convert keratin rich feather waste into useful feedstock for poultry industry. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Saha
- Bioprocess Technology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Lateef A, Oloke J, Gueguim-Kana E, Raimi O. Production of fructosyltransferase by a local isolate ofAspergillus nigerin both submerged and solid substrate media. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.41.2012.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Key determinants affecting sheep wool biodegradation directed by a keratinase-producing Bacillus subtilis recombinant strain. Biodegradation 2010; 22:111-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kamath P, Subrahmanyam VM, Rao JV, Raj PV. Optimization of cultural conditions for protease production by a fungal species. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:161-6. [PMID: 20838518 PMCID: PMC2929773 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.65017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out on a paddy soil fungal isolate identified to be a strain of Aspergillus niger from Manipal. The parameters that largely impact enzyme production viz., fermentation time, impeller speed, pH, temperature and nutrient supplements were studied. Optimization of production parameters for production of protease was done by the single-parameter mode. Casein served as substrate and proteolytic activity was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteau method at 660 nm. A maximum yield of 71.3 mg tyrosine/g casein substrate was produced in 96 h on a soluble starch medium at pH 4 in shake flask experiments. Production was carried out on a 3-liter fermenter and 40.7 mg of tyrosine was liberated/g of substrate. The enzyme was extracted with 50% ammonium sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two bands having mw 45.7 kDa and 38.5 kDa, respectively. The enzyme activity was found to be 147.84 U/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kamath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104, India
| | - V. M. Subrahmanyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104, India
| | - J. Venkata Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104, India
| | - P. Vasantha Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104, India
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25
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Prakash P, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K. Production of Keratinase by Free and Immobilized Cells of Bacillus halodurans Strain PPKS-2: Partial Characterization and Its Application in Feather Degradation and Dehairing of the Goat Skin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1909-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Influence of the carbon and nitrogen sources on keratinase production by Myrothecium verrucaria in submerged and solid state cultures. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:705-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Kumar AG, Venkatesan R, Prasad Rao B, Swarnalatha S, Sekaran G. Utilization of tannery solid waste for protease production bySynergistessp. in solid-state fermentation and partial protease characterization. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Lazim H, Mankai H, Slama N, Barkallah I, Limam F. Production and optimization of thermophilic alkaline protease in solid-state fermentation by Streptomyces sp. CN902. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:531-7. [PMID: 19152015 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Lazim
- Unité de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Nationale des Sciences et Technologie Nucléaires, Technopole de Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Tatineni R, Doddapaneni KK, Potumarthi RC, Vellanki RN, Kandathil MT, Kolli N, Mangamoori LN. Purification and characterization of an alkaline keratinase from Streptomyces sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:1596-602. [PMID: 17804219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A protease producing bacterial culture ('S7') was isolated from slaughterhouse waste samples, Hyderabad, India. It was related to Streptomyces sp. on the basis of biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Purification of the protease present in the culture medium supernatant on sephacryl S-100 indicated that it contains a keratinase with 67% recovery, 2.5-fold purification and an estimated molecular mass of approximately 44,000 Da. Keratinase showed an optimal activity at 45 degrees C and pH 11. Keratinase activity increased substantially in presence of Ca(2+) and was inhibited in presence of PMSF and EDTA identifying it as a serine metalloprotease. Stability in the presence of detergents, surfactants and solvents make this keratinase extremely useful for biotechnological process involving keratin hydrolysis or in the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Tatineni
- Center for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Hyderabad, India
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30
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Shahnoor H M, . AKA, . SAS, . GM, . MMH. Production and Partial Characterization of Feather-degrading Keratinolytic Serine Protease from Bacillus licheniformis MZK-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2007.599.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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De Azeredo LAI, De Lima MB, Coelho RRR, Freire DMG. A Low-Cost Fermentation Medium for Thermophilic Protease Production by Streptomyces sp. 594 Using Feather Meal and Corn Steep Liquor. Curr Microbiol 2006; 53:335-9. [PMID: 16972130 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease production by Streptomyces sp. 594 was obtained after submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using feather meal (FM) and corn steep liquor (CSL) as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. Enzyme productions were 13.4 U ml(-1) in SF and 21.5 U g(-1) in SSF; these values were approximately 86% and 39% higher, respectively, than those obtained previously when yeast extract was used in place of CSL. The proteases, which belong to the serine and metalloproteinase classes, were active at high temperatures (55 degrees C to 90 degrees C) and over a wide range of pH values (5.0 to 10.0). Thus, these thermophilic proteases have shown interesting properties for industrial purposes. As far as we are concerned, this is the first contribution toward the microbial production of thermophilic proteases by a streptomycete using a low-cost medium composed of industrial poultry (FM) and corn processing by-products (CSL).
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Affiliation(s)
- L A I De Azeredo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Bloco I, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratory 51, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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32
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Wang XJ, Bai JG, Liang YX. Optimization of multienzyme production by two mixed strains in solid-state fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:533-40. [PMID: 16802152 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
F(3) and F(4) strains of Aspergillus niger were screened from five strains of fungi to produce multienzyme preparations (containing cellulase, hemicellulase, glucoamylase, pectinase, and acidic proteinase) as dietary supplementation. Enzyme activities indicated that 1:4 (F(3) to F(4)) was the optimum mixture proportion, and 0.3% (W/W) was the preferable pitching rate. In bran mash containing 54.5% (W/W) water, F(3) and F(4) could produce the supplementation better when cultured 30 to 36 h at 30 degrees C. Monofactorial and orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize media. Results of the variance and range analysis showed that the optimum medium contained 80 g of bran, 20 g of cottonseed powder, 1 g of (NH(4))(2)SO(4), and 0.1 g of KH(2)PO(4). When F(3) and F(4 )strains were cultured in the optimum medium containing 54.5% (W/W) water, the activity of cellulase, hemicellulase, glucoamylase, pectinase, and acidic proteinase reached 996; 15,863; 13,378; 7,621; and 5,583 U/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, People's Republic of China.
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