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Linnehan BK, Lesman SP, Boucher JF, Grover GS, Brodie EC, Meegan JM, McClain AM, Ross KP, Jensen ED. POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFPODOXIME IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS ( TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:611-619. [PMID: 39255202 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cefpodoxime proxetil is commonly used to treat cetacean patients with suspected or confirmed bacterial infections; however, pharmacokinetic data are needed to guide proper dosing in these species. Cefpodoxime proxetil is a time-dependent, semisynthetic, third-generation cephalosporin, appropriate for once-daily dosing and U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in dogs with a broad spectrum of activity including gram-positive and gram-negative species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). A sparse-sampling design was used, with serum from dolphins receiving cefpodoxime proxetil at 10 mg/kg orally every 24 h to treat suspected or confirmed bacterial infections. Serum samples (n = 57) from 24 dolphins were analyzed at 12 time points from 0 to 96 h postdose. Serum samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. One- and two-compartment linear models with first order absorption were tested. Covariates including weight, age, and sex were considered for inclusion in the model, and between-subject variability was incorporated. A two-compartment model performed best, where following an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, serum concentration reached a mean maximum concentration of 23.0 µg/ml, mean time to maximum concentration of 5.0 h, and mean half-life of 11.4 h. With daily dosing, accumulation was approximately 18% and steady state was reached by the second dose. Serum protein binding was 82.8% as determined by equilibrium dialysis, similar to plasma protein binding reported in dogs. Based on the population pharmacokinetic model, once-daily oral dosing was systemically absorbed and quickly reached maximum concentrations. The half-life in dolphins appears to be longer than other species studied to date. Given the paucity of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic studies in dolphins, and limited once-daily oral antibiotic options for this species, these data are helpful for clinicians to make informed antimicrobial choices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P Lesman
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Joseph F Boucher
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - G Scott Grover
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Erin C Brodie
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | | | - Abby M McClain
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Kyle P Ross
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Eric D Jensen
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Kerek Á, Szabó Á, Jerzsele Á. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Clinical Cases of Waterfowl in Hungary between 2022 and 2023. Vet Sci 2024; 11:194. [PMID: 38787166 PMCID: PMC11125817 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The waterfowl industry represents a narrow, yet economically significant, sector within the poultry industry. Although less prominent, the waterfowl sector is nonetheless of equal importance to any other livestock sector in terms of antimicrobial resistance and animal health issues. This study assesses the antimicrobial resistance profile of Pasteurella multocida bacterial strains isolated from clinical cases in Hungary's duck and goose populations, determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 27 samples collected from 15 different locations. The results indicate that the isolated strains were susceptible to most antibiotics, except for notable resistance to enrofloxacin. These findings support that Pasteurella multocida largely retained its susceptibility. However, the observed resistance to enrofloxacin suggests overuse of fluoroquinolones, which indicates the potential need for stricter regulation of their use in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Li S, Yu N, Tang Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu H, Li X, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability study of two cefquinome sulfate intramammary infusions in cow milk. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1384076. [PMID: 38528872 PMCID: PMC10962211 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1384076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two intramammary infusions of cefquinome sulfate were investigated for pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Twelve lactating cows for each group were administered an effective dose of 75 mg/gland for cefquinome, with milk samples collected at various time intervals. The concentrations of cefquinome in milk at different times were determined by the UPLC-MS/MS method. Analyses of noncompartmental pharmacokinetics were conducted on the concentration of cefquinome in milk. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of group A and group B following intramammary administration were as follows: AUClast 300558.57 ± 25052.78 ng/mL and 266551.3 ± 50654.85 ng/mL, Cmax 51786.35 ± 11948.4 ng/mL and 59763.7 ± 8403.2 ng/mL, T1/2 5.69 ± 0.62 h and 5.25 ± 1.62 h, MRT 7.43 ± 0.79 h and 4.8 ± 0.78 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic experiments showed that the relative bioavailability of group B was 88.69% that of group A. From our findings, group B (3 g: 75 mg) shows a quicker drug elimination process than group A (8 g: 75 mg), which suggests that the withdrawal period for the new formulation may be shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Yu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxin Tang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunshuang Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Products on Feed-origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lee SM, Tuan J. Surgical repositioning with omentalisation of an exposed subcutaneous ureteral bypass shunting port in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2024; 10:20551169241257884. [PMID: 38912121 PMCID: PMC11193928 DOI: 10.1177/20551169241257884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-year-old, spayed, female domestic shorthair cat presented with an open wound approximately 1 cm in size with exposure of the left subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) shunting port that was placed approximately 11 months before presentation. Primary closures were attempted twice before local wound management with omentalisation and repositioning of the port. The exposed port was lavaged topically with a polyhexanide and propylbetaine wound irrigation solution before omentalisation and repositioning, resulting in successful retention of the implant. Five months after revision and omentalisation, there was complete coverage and healing of the wound. Relevance and novel information Adequate topical treatment, repositioning and omentalisation could be a successful treatment option for the uncommon complication of SUB shunting port extrusion secondary to resistant local infection originating from the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Min Lee
- Surgery Department, Veterinary Emergency and Specialty (VES) Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jayson Tuan
- Surgery Department, Veterinary Emergency and Specialty (VES) Hospital, Singapore
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Ithisariyanont B, Poapolathep S, Poapolathep A, Udomkusonsri P. Elution profiles of metronidazole from calcium sulfate beads. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e74. [PMID: 37904636 PMCID: PMC10694377 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic beads are used to treat local bacterial infections by delivering high drug concentrations to infected tissue. OBJECTIVES This study examined the elution characteristics of metronidazole from metronidazole-calcium sulfate (MCa) and metronidazole-calcium-potassium sulfate (MCaK) beads over 20 days and the antibacterial efficacy of the beads after storage. METHODS The MCa and MCaK beads were prepared by mixing 250 mg of metronidazole and 10 g of calcium sulfate hemihydrate with water and a 3% potassium sulfate solution, respectively. The beads were placed in phosphate-buffered saline for the elution study. The metronidazole eluents were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The microstructures were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by a microbioassay. RESULTS For the 20-day study, the total amount of metronidazole released was greater in the MCa beads than in the MCaK beads by 6.61 ± 0.48 mg (89.11% ± 3.04%) and 4.65 ± 0.36 mg (73.11% ± 4.38%), respectively. The amounts of eluted drugs from the MCa and MCaK beads were higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration at 0.5 µg/mL against anaerobic bacteria at both 20 days and 14 days. SEM showed that calcium crystals on the outer surface had dissolved after elution, and thinner calcium crystals were prominent in the MCaK beads. The MCa and MCaK beads exhibited antibacterial activity after setting, followed by storage at room temperature or 4°C for 21 days. CONCLUSIONS The MCa beads could release more drug than the MCaK beads, but all eluted metronidazole amounts were effective in controlling bacterial infections. Both metronidazole beads could be stored at ambient temperature or in a refrigerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burasarin Ithisariyanont
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Ma KL, Yang F, Zhang M, Chen JC, Duan MH, Li ZE, Dai Y, Liu Y, Jin YG, Yang F. Population Pharmacokinetics of Difloxacin in Crucian Carp ( Carassius auratus) after a Single Oral Administration. Vet Sci 2023; 10:416. [PMID: 37505822 PMCID: PMC10383650 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) orally provided a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW). To achieve this, fish were sampled at various intervals using a sparse sampling strategy, and plasma samples were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Subsequently, naïve average data were analyzed using a non-compartmental method, and a population model was developed based on the nonlinear mixed effects approach. The covariate of BW and the relationship between covariances were sequentially incorporated into the population model. However, it was found that only covariance and not BW affected the population parameters. Therefore, the covariance model was taken as the final population model, which revealed that the typical values of the absorption rate constant (tvKa), apparent volume of distribution per bioavailability (tvV), and clearance rate per bioavailability (tvCl) were 1.18 1/h, 14.18 L/kg, and 0.20 L/h/kg, respectively. Based on the calculated free AUC/MIC values, the current oral dose of difloxacin (20 mg/kg BW) cannot generate adequate plasma concentrations to inhibit pathogens with MIC values above 0.83 μg/mL. Further study should be carried out to collect the pathogens from crucian carp and determine the MIC data of difloxacin against them. Pharmacodynamic experiments must also be further carried out to determine the optimal therapeutic dose for the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ming-Hui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ze-En Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yan Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yang-Guang Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Xu N, Sun W, Zhang H, Liu Y, Dong J, Zhou S, Yang Y, Yang Q, Ai X. Plasma and tissue kinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after a single oral administration at different temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 266:109554. [PMID: 36709862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of enrofloxacin (EF) and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CF), in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after a single oral dose of EF at 20 mg/kg at 20, 25, and 30 °C. Samples were collected at pre-designed time points and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescent detector. Results showed that most concentrations of EF and CF in plasma and tissues at the same time point at different temperatures were statistically significant. With the increase in temperature, the terminal half-life (T1/2λz) of EF and CF was first reduced from 20 to 25 °C but elevated from 25 to 30 °C in plasma, muscle + skin, gill, liver, and kidney, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUClast) of EF were all decreased in plasma, muscle + skin, and gill except for that of EF in the liver and kidney. However, the AUClast and the apparent metabolic rate of CF were exhibited first elevated and then decreased trend. The apparent volume of distribution (Vz_F) of EF was first reduced from 20 to 25 °C but increased at 30 °C. The apparent total body clearance (CL_F) of EF was increased from 0.15 to 0.32 L/h·kg with the temperature elevation. These indicated that increased temperature markedly affected the PKs of EF and CF in yellow catfish. Through in-depth analysis, the EF dosage of 20 mg/kg is appropriate to use in yellow catfish at 20 and 25 °C but 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Weiyu Sun
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China.
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Rathbone P, Arango-Sabogal JC, De Mestre AM, Scott CJ. Antimicrobial resistance of endometrial bacterial isolates collected from UK Thoroughbred mares between 2014 and 2020. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2591. [PMID: 36809533 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important in equine reproduction, as antimicrobials have historically been widely used in the management of breeding mares. However, evidence of the characteristics of AMR in uterine isolates is limited in the UK. The objective of this retrospective study was therefore to describe temporal changes in AMR patterns of bacteria isolated from the endometrium of Thoroughbred broodmares in south-east England between 2014 and 2020. METHOD Endometrial swabs were processed for microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). For frequently isolated bacteria, changes in AMR patterns over time were assessed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS From 18,996 endometrial swabs, 30.5% were positive for microbial culture. AST was performed on 2091 isolates, representing 1924 swabs collected from 1370 mares located at 132 premises. Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus (BHS, 52.5%) and Escherichia coli (25.8%) were most frequently isolated. In BHS, resistance to enrofloxacin (p = 0.02), nitrofurazone (p < 0.001) and oxytetracycline (p < 0.01) increased significantly between 2014 and 2020, while resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001) decreased. In E. coli, resistance to nitrofurazone increased (p = 0.04) and resistance to gentamycin (p = 0.02) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001) decreased. LIMITATIONS Variations in the specimen collection protocols might have affected the frequency of isolates detected. CONCLUSION Between 2014 and 2020, AMR changed in this bacterial population. However, there was no significant increase in resistance to penicillin (99.6% BHS susceptible), gentamycin (81.7% E. coli susceptible) or ceftiofur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Rathbone
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Juan C Arango-Sabogal
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda M De Mestre
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Astudillo-Riera F, Astudillo-Vallejo K, Gómez-Asanza ML, Pacha-Aguilar LA, Vallecillo-Maza AJ, Rivera-Pirela SE. Caracterización fenotípica y molecular de colifagos de granjas de pollos de engorde con Colibacilosis y plantas beneficiadoras de aves en Azuay, Ecuador. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
La Escherichia coli patógena extraintestinal, denominada E. coli patógena aviar, posee atributos de virulencia específicos que causan infecciones invasivas en aves de corral, responsables de la Colibacilosis aviar. Los veterinarios tienen opciones restringidas de agentes antimicrobianos para su tratamiento, debido a problemas de resistencia bacteriana de la E. coli, que incide indirectamente en la salud humana. Como alternativa se plantea el uso de bacteriófagos con poder bacteriolítico específico contra bacterias enteropatógenas. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de caracterizar bacteriófagos líticos específicos para E. coli (colifagos) como una alternativa de biocontrol contra la colibacilosis aviar, determinando su especificidad frente a E. coli enteropatógenas aisladas de la zona, su capacidad lítica, fenotipo y genotipo. Para ello se recolectaron muestras ambientales de plantas beneficiadoras avícolas y de aguas residuales en granjas de producción con problemas de colibacilosis. Se procedió al aislamiento de bacteriófagos con actividad lítica aparente frente a E. coli TOP10F´ y sobre los aislados de E. coli patógenas previamente caracterizadas de la zona. Un total de 36 aislados de colifagos líticos fueron enfrentados a 10 cepas patógenas de E. coli. De éstos, 22 fagos afectaron entre el 10–50 % de las cepas evaluadas, 5 fagos infectaron entre el 60 y 70 % y solo 9 fagos no mostraron capacidad lítica frente a las cepas patógenas de E. coli. Los fagos con capacidad lítica más alta fueron seleccionados y caracterizados genotípicamente mediante la técnica de fragmentos de restricción de longitud polimórfica (RFLP), posterior a su tratamiento con enzimas de restricción: BamHI, EcoRI, EcoRV y Hind III. Como resultado se obtuvieron 4 colifagos con diferentes patrones de banda. Se concluye que, en muestras ambientales de granjas avícolas diagnosticadas de colibacilosis, se pueden aislar una gran variedad de colifagos con potencial lítico para el biocontrol de E. coli patógena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Astudillo-Riera
- Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Cuenca, Ecuador - Universidad de Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Kevin Astudillo-Vallejo
- Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Maria Laura Gómez-Asanza
- Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Luis Armando Pacha-Aguilar
- Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Antonio Javier Vallecillo-Maza
- Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Cuenca, Ecuador - Universidad de Cuenca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular. Cuenca, Ecuador
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Ambros L, Kreil V, Rubio-Langre S, San Andrés Larrea MI. Pharmacokinetics, PK/PD Analysis and Placental Transfer of Erythromycin Administered to Pregnant Goats. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rairat T, Kumphaphat S, Chuchird N, Srisapoome P, Phansawat P, Keetanon A, Liu YK, Chou CC. Pharmacokinetics, optimal dosages and withdrawal time of florfenicol in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) after oral administration via medicated feed. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:75-84. [PMID: 36179060 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important fish in Asian and Australian markets, but few pharmacokinetic (PK) data of antimicrobial drugs in this species is available. The present study investigated the PK behaviour of florfenicol (FF) through medicated feed in Asian seabass cultured at 25°C. The serum and muscle/skin concentrations of FF and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) were determined by the HPLC-FLD method and analysed by one-compartmental model. The optimal dosages were determined by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) approach and the linear regression analysis was used to determine the withdrawal time (WDT). The PK study following a single oral administration of 15 mg/kg FF via medicated feed revealed that the absorption half-life (t1/2Ka ), elimination half-life (t1/2K ), peak concentration (Cmax ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd/F) and clearance (CL/F) were 1.47 h, 8.07 h, 8.61 μg/ml, 146.41 h·μg/ml, 1.19 L/kg and 0.102 L/kg/h, respectively. The muscle/skin concentration-time profile was similar to that of the serum, suggesting well distribution but only a small fraction of FF was metabolized to FFA. The optimal dosage for a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 μg/ml was calculated as 13.38 mg/kg/day. The appropriate WDT after multiple oral medications with 15 mg/kg FF once daily for 7 days was determined as 8 days. Information obtained from the current study can potentially be applied for the treatment of bacterial diseases in farming Asian seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Kumphaphat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niti Chuchird
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Putsucha Phansawat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arunothai Keetanon
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yi-Kai Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Durna Corum D, Corum O, Tekeli IO, Turk E, Kirgiz FC, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in swan geese (Anser cygnoides) following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:570-577. [PMID: 35841586 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in swan geese (Anser cygnoides) after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at 10 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight clinically healthy swan geese were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15 days washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of danofloxacin were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), total clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state were 6.03 h, 0.34 L/h/kg, and 2.71 L/h/kg, respectively. After IM, SC, and PO administration, t1/2ʎz was longer than that after IV administration. The Cmax of danofloxacin following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 3.65, 2.76, and 1.98 μg/mL at 0.63, 1, and 2 h, respectively. The bioavailability following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 87.99, 72.77, and 57.68%, respectively. This information may help in the use of danofloxacin in geese, yet the determination of optimal dosage regimen and pharmacodynamic studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Fatma Ceren Kirgiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
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13
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Song ZW, Yang F, Dai Y, Zhang CS, Shao HT, Wang H, Ma KL, Li ZE, Yang F. Population Pharmacokinetics of Danofloxacin in Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) After One Single Oral Dose. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868966. [PMID: 35464352 PMCID: PMC9019490 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the population pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in healthy Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio Haematopterus) after single oral administration at 10 mg/kg body weight (BW). A sparse sampling was applied in this study and plasma samples were randomly collected from the tail veins of six carp at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after administration. A maximum of four plasma samples was collected from each carp. Then the concentrations of danofloxacin in plasma samples were determined through an HPLC method. Danofloxacin could be quantified in plasma up to 144 h after administration. The corresponding population pharmacokinetic modeling was developed according to the non-linear mixed effect method, including covariate and covariance models to explain some variations from unknown sources and improve the prediction ability. On the premise of sparse sampling, the typical values of the population (fixed effect) and inter-individual variation (random effect) were described by the current population pharmacokinetic model. The estimated typical values and coefficient of variation between individuals (CV%) of absorption rate constant (tvKa), apparent distribution volume (tvV) and clearance (tvCL) were 2.48 h−1 and 0.203%, 47.8 L/kg and 8.40%, 0.694 L/h/kg and 4.35%, respectively. The current danofloxacin oral dosing (10 mg/kg BW) can provide suitable plasma concentrations to inhibit those pathogens with MIC values below 0.016 μg/ml based on the calculated PK/PD indices of AUC/MIC or Cmax/MIC. Further studies are still needed to determine the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial efficacy of danofloxacin against pathogens isolated from Yellow River carp and finally draw a reasonable dosing regimen.
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14
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McDougall S, Clausen LM, Hussein HM, Compton CWR. Therapy of Subclinical Mastitis during Lactation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020209. [PMID: 35203812 PMCID: PMC8868077 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that increasing the duration and/or frequency of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical mastitis would result in a higher bacteriological cure rate. Glands with a positive California mastitis test (CMT) from cows with an elevated somatic cell count (>500,000 cells/mL) that had an intramammary infection were randomly assigned at cow level to no treatment (Control; n = 80 glands), intramammary infusion of 200 mg cloxacillin sodium on three occasions at 48 h intervals (3 × 48 h; n = 273 glands), five occasions at 24 h intervals (5 × 24 h; n = 279 glands), or on five occasions at 48 h intervals (5 × 48 h; n = 72 glands). Glands were resampled at 21 (±3) and 28 (±3) days after initiation of treatment. The gland-level cure rate for any pathogen was 5/80 (6.2%), 139/173 (49.8%), 172/297 (61.6%) and 58/72 (80.6%) for Control, 3 × 48 h, 5 × 24 h and 5 × 48 h, respectively. The cure rate for major pathogens (defined as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus spp.) was 4/52 (7.7%), 84/197 (42.6%), 96/183 (52.5%) and 36/48 (75%) for Control, 3 × 48 h, 5 × 24 h and 5 × 48 h, respectively. We conclude that treatment was superior to no treatment, and bacteriological cure rate was higher with the 5 × 24 h protocol than for the 3 × 48 h protocol and was higher with the 5 × 48 h than the 5 × 24 h protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa Veterinary Services, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; (L.M.C.); (H.M.H.)
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-021-800-341
| | - Laura M. Clausen
- Cognosco, Anexa Veterinary Services, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; (L.M.C.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Hassan M. Hussein
- Cognosco, Anexa Veterinary Services, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; (L.M.C.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Chris W. R. Compton
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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15
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Fadel C, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Single and multiple oral amoxicillin treatment in geese: a pharmacokinetic evaluation. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:493-498. [PMID: 35118922 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2036699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although amoxicillin has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity and is extensive used in poultry, its use has never been investigated in geese. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after a single and multiple oral doses in geese. A total of 20 geese were enrolled in this study and randomly pooled in two groups (n=10). In group I, animals were treated with a single oral 20 mg/kg dose of amoxicillin, while group II were administered multiple doses (20 mg/kg/day for 4 days). Concentrations of amoxicillin in plasma were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method and drug plasma concentrations were modeled for each subject using a non-compartmental approach. Amoxicillin showed rapid absorption after a single dose treatment, with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 h. Cmax, Tmax and AUC values differed statistically between groups I and II (after the first dose administered). A large variability was observed in the pharmacokinetic profiles and drug accumulation may occur after the multiple administration. No accumulation in plasma was predicted from an in-silico simulation performed using the same multiple dosage schedule. The in-silico simulation does not seem to accurately predict in-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, PhD School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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16
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KURAMAE T, ISHIKAWA S, KONO A, HOBO S. Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of a healthy calf intramuscularly administered a single dose of orbifloxacin. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:400-405. [PMID: 35095059 PMCID: PMC8983296 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in plasma, and its migration and retention in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF). Four healthy calves received a single dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Post-administration OBFX dynamics were in accordance with a non-compartment model,
including the absorption phase. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of plasma OBFX was 2.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/ml
at 24 hr following administration. The Cmax of ELF OBFX was 9.3 ± 0.4 μg/ml at 3.0 ± 2.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 24 hr following
administration. The Cmax of alveolar cells OBFX was 9.3 ± 2.9 μg/ml at 4.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.1 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The
half-life of OBFX in plasma, ELF, and alveolar cells were 6.9 ± 2.2, 7.0 ± 0.6, and 7.8 ± 1.6 hr, respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24
hr with OBFX were significantly higher in ELF and alveolar cells than in plasma (P<0.05). These results suggest that OBFX is distributed and retained at high
concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells at 24 hr following administration. Hence, a single intramuscular dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) may be an effective therapeutic agent against
pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo ISHIKAWA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Aki KONO
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Seiji HOBO
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
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17
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Elbadawy M, Soliman A, Abugomaa A, Alkhedaide A, Soliman MM, Aboubakr M. Disposition of Cefquinome in Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) Following Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111804. [PMID: 34834219 PMCID: PMC8622898 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in turkeys of cefquinome (CFQ), a broad-spectrum 4th-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, were explored after a single injection of 2 mg/kg body weight by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. In a crossover design and 3-weeks washout interval, seven turkeys were assigned for this objective. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various time intervals following each administration. The concentration of CFQ in plasma was measured using HPLC with a UV detector set at 266 nm. For pharmacokinetic analysis, non-compartmental methods have been applied. Following IV administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz), distribution volume at steady state (Vdss), and total body clearance (Cltot) of CFQ were 1.55 h, 0.54 L/kg, and 0.32 L/h/kg, respectively. Following the IM administration, CFQ was speedily absorbed with an absorption half-life (t1/2ab) of 0.25 h, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.71 μg/mL, attained (Tmax) at 0.56 h. The bioavailability (F) and in vitro plasma protein binding of CFQ were 95.56% and 11.5%, respectively. Results indicated that CFQ was speedily absorbed with a considerable bioavailability after IM administration. In conclusion, CFQ has a favorable disposition in turkeys that can guide to estimate optimum dosage regimes and eventually lead to its usage to eradicate turkey's susceptible bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Qalioubiya, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (A.A.); Tel.: +81-90-2076-8122 (M.E.); +81-90-1238-1298 (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahliya, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (A.A.); Tel.: +81-90-2076-8122 (M.E.); +81-90-1238-1298 (A.A.)
| | - Adel Alkhedaide
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Qalioubiya, Egypt;
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18
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Effects of Growth Medium and Inoculum Size on Pharmacodynamics Activity of Marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Caprine Clinical Mastitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111290. [PMID: 34827228 PMCID: PMC8614650 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen that causes clinical mastitis in goats and produces infections difficult to cure. Different antimicrobials as fluoroquinolones have been used against S. aureus. However, the studies developed to evaluate the bacterial drug interaction only have used the MIC as a single reference point with artificial growth media. The aims of this study were to describe the effect of marbofloxacin on S. aureus isolated from mastitis goats' milk by different approaches as the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) in cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB), serum and milk of goats at two inoculum sizes of 105 and 108 CFU/mL, the determination and analysis of the time kill curves (TKC) by non-linear mixed effect models in each growth medium and inoculum size, as well as the estimation of their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) cutoff values. The results obtained indicate that MIC values were higher and increases 2,4-fold in serum and 3,6-fold in milk at high inoculum, as well as the EC50 values determined by each pharmacodynamics model. Finally, the PK/PD cutoff values defined as fAUC24/MIC ratios to achieve clinical efficacy were highly dependent on inoculum and growth medium, with median values of 60-180, especially at high inoculum in milk, suggesting that further studies are necessary to evaluate and optimize the best therapeutic strategies for treating S. aureus in lactating goats.
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19
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Elazab ST, Elshater NS, Hashem YH, Al-Atfeehy NM, Lee EB, Park SC, Hsu WH. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101238. [PMID: 34684187 PMCID: PMC8538818 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; or
| | - Nahla S. Elshater
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Yousreya H. Hashem
- Mycoplasma Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (N.M.A.-A.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IN 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Bobrek K, Jajor P, Świtała M. Tylosin Dosage Adjustment Based on Allometric Scaling in Male Turkeys. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1057. [PMID: 34572639 PMCID: PMC8467158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkeys' body weight (BW) increases 10-fold within only 2.5 months, leading to a change in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs according to allometric principles. Thus, the same dosage may lead to age-dependent variability in efficacy, in particular, to treatment failure and/or selection for resistance. The study aimed to investigate whether a non-linear dosage based on a published allometric model for tylosin clearance, may optimize the internal exposure in growing turkeys. The single dose PK study was performed on turkeys aged 6, 9.5, 13 and 17 weeks (BW from 1.75 kg to 15.75 kg). Tylosin was administered intravenously (i.v.) or orally (p.o.) according to following protocols: Dose = 31.6 × BW0.58 or Dose = 158 × BW0.58, respectively. Plasma tylosin was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and non-compartmental PK analysis was performed. The area under the curve (AUClast) after i.v. administration was 8.90 ± 1.01; 7.51 ± 1.11; 6.54 ± 1.20 and 8.01 ± 1.75 mg × h/L in 6-; 9.5-; 13- and 17-week-old turkeys, respectively. After p.o. administration AUClast was 4.80 ± 2.92; 4.60 ± 2.45; 3.00 ± 1.49 and 3.24 ± 2.00 mg × h/L in respective age groups indicating high variability. For i.v. administration, the non-linear dosage allowed to minimize the age-dependent variability in AUC. However, due to low oral bioavailability (8-12%) and resulting interindividual variability, the proposed approach may not improve tylosin efficacy in turkeys under farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Marta Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Paweł Jajor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Marcin Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (P.J.); (M.Ś.)
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21
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Gustafsson K, Tatz AJ, Dahan R, Britzi M, Soback S, Ahmad WA, Prince H, Kelmer G. The Concentration of Metronidazole in the Distal Interphalangeal Joint following Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion via the Cephalic Vein in Standing Horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:287-293. [PMID: 33979876 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of metronidazole in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of the thoracic limb after administering metronidazole to standing horses by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). METHODS Eleven healthy horses had a wide rubber tourniquet applied to the proximal aspect of the antebrachium for 0.5 hours and 500 mg of metronidazole diluted in physiologic saline solution to a total volume of 108 mL was administered by cephalic IVRLP. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the DIPJ before perfusion and at 0.25, 0.5, 2, 12 and 24 hours. Blood samples were obtained at the same time points for serum analysis. Concentrations of metronidazole were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Four horses were excluded due to low synovial fluid concentrations and not completing the full tourniquet application time. The C max in the synovial fluid was 327 ± 208 µg/mL, and the t max was 26 ± 7 minutes. Only the concentrations of metronidazole at time points 0.25 and 0.5 hours were significantly different (p < 0.001) from synovial concentration before perfusion. The serum C max was 1.78 ± 0.93 µg/mL, and the t max was 76 ± 52min. CONCLUSION Metronidazole administered by IVRLP reached high concentrations in the synovial fluid at 0.5 hours. However, the concentrations rapidly decreased below the minimum inhibitory concentration of potential target pathogens. Effectiveness of metronidazole administered by IVRLP as a sole therapy against anaerobic infections of synovial structures of the distal limb cannot be determined by a pharmacokinetic study. However, the present study serves as the basis for future carefully planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Gustafsson
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amos J Tatz
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roee Dahan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Britzi
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Stefan Soback
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Prince
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Kelmer
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:111-126. [PMID: 33964616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A potent third-generation antimicrobial fluoroquinolone drug, levofloxacin was introduced into human clinical practice in 1993. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. Since its introduction to clinical practice, many studies have been published on levofloxacin in animal species, including pharmacokinetic studies, tissue drug depletion, efficacy, and animal microbial isolate susceptibility to levofloxacin. This literature overview highlights the most clinically relevant and scientifically important levofloxacin studies linked to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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23
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Djebala S, Croubels S, Cherlet M, Martinelle L, Thiry D, Moula N, Sartelet A, Bossaert P. Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8050067. [PMID: 33919071 PMCID: PMC8143178 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of penicillin injection during caesarean section, we aimed to identify the optimal timing of its preoperative administration. A study was conducted in 12 adult, non-pregnant Belgian Blue cows. To evaluate the plasma penicillin concentrations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at −5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 480 min relative to the intramuscular (IM) injection of 21,000 IU/kg of body weight of penicillin G. Results showed that plasma concentrations at 15 min after IM injection (668.3 ± 73.7 ng/mL) largely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin-sensitive bacteria (MIC < 125 ng/mL). With increasing time, plasma concentrations continued to rise, attaining an increasing proportion of moderately sensitive bacteria (250 ng/mL > MIC < 2000 ng/mL). The maximal concentration was reached between 1 and 4 h (average: 1.495.1 ± 181.7 ng/mL) after IM injection in the majority of cows, and decreased non-significantly to 1002.1 ± 93.2 ng/mL at 8 h. In conclusion, plasma penicillin concentrations at 15 min after an IM injection inhibit penicillin-sensitive bacteria. However, in order to obtain the maximal protective effect of the antibiotherapy, surgery should be started at 1 to 2 h after IM penicillin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Djebala
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-493-333-591
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 3, Chemin de la Ferme 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Nassim Moula
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- GIGA—Animal Facilities—ULiège—B 34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Sartelet
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Philippe Bossaert
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
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Fernández-Varón E, García-Romero E, Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Cárceles CM, García-Galán A, Cárceles-García C, Fernández R, Muñoz C, de la Fe C. PK/PD Analysis of Marbofloxacin by Monte Carlo Simulation against Mycoplasmaagalactiae in Plasma and Milk of Lactating Goats after IV, SC and SC-Long Acting Formulations Administration. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041104. [PMID: 33921496 PMCID: PMC8069869 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In some countries like Spain and France, contagious agalactia (CA) is a highly relevant issue. CA is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants and it is associated with a relevant economic impact on dairy. The poor efficacy of vaccines and their inability to prevent disease transmission is conducive to the use of antibiotics to control CA. However, only a few groups of antimicrobial agents are effective against these species, and selecting an adequate antimicrobial agent following the categorization of antibiotics made by the different international organisms (European Medicine Agency, World Health Organization) in veterinary medicine becomes a difficult task. The PK/PD approach is a useful tool to guide veterinarians on the appropriate targets through a rational selection of the best dose regimen of antimicrobial agents. In this study, marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics was studied after three routes of administration with two long-acting formulations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of Mycoplasma agalactia isolated from goats affected by CA in Spain were calculated. The results show that systemic exposure achieved in lactating goats following these formulations provides rate of drug release that could be adequate to maintain effective plasma concentrations against M. agalactiae. The PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation showed that a dosage regimen from 8.47 to 11.57 mg/kg every 24 h could effectively treat goats affected by CA. Abstract Contagious agalactia is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants that have become an important issue in many countries. However, PK/PD studies of antibiotics to treat this problem in lactating goats affected by Mycoplasma (M.) agalactiae, the main CA-causing mycoplasma are almost non-existent. The aims of this study were to evaluate the plasma and milk disposition of marbofloxacin in lactating goats after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) and subcutaneous poloxamer P407 formulations with and without carboxy-methylcellulose (SC-P407-CMC and SC-P407) administration. Marbofloxacin concentrations were analysed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of M. agalactiae field isolates from mastitic goat’s milk were used to calculate surrogate markers of efficacy. Terminal half-lives of marbofloxacin after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration were 7.12, 6.57, 13.92 and 12.19 h in plasma, and the half-lives of elimination of marbofloxacin in milk were 7.22, 7.16, 9.30 and 7.74 h after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration, respectively. Marbofloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was extensive, with Area Under the Curve (AUCmilk/AUCplasma) ratios ranged 1.04–1.23, and maximum concentrations (Cmax-milk/Cmax-plasma) ratios ranged 0.72–1.20. The PK/PD surrogate markers of efficacy fAUC24/MIC and the Monte Carlo simulation show that marbofloxacin ratio (fAUC24/MIC > 125) using a 90% of target attainment rate (TAR) need a dose regimen between 8.4 mg/kg (SC) and 11.57 mg/kg (P407CMC) and should be adequate to treat contagious agalactia in lactating goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Romero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Juan M. Serrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos M. Cárceles
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Ana García-Galán
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Carlos Cárceles-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Rocío Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Cristina Muñoz
- Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
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Xu N, Li M, Ai X, Lin Z. Determination of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Doxycycline against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030329. [PMID: 33800996 PMCID: PMC8004065 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline (DC) in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and to calculate related pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of DC against Edwardsiella ictaluri. The minimum inhibitory concentration of DC against E. ictaluri was determined to be 500 µg/L. As the increase of oral dose from 10 to 40 mg/kg, the area under the concentration vs. time curve from 0 to 96 h (AUC0-96) values were considerably increased in gill, kidney, muscle and skin, and plasma, except in liver. Cmax values exhibited a similar dose-dependent increase trend in plasma and tissues except in liver, but other PK parameters had no apparent dose-dependence. The PK/PD parameter of the ratio of AUC0-96 to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC0-96h/MIC) was markedly increased in plasma and tissues dose-dependently except in liver, but %T > MIC values were increased only moderately at some dose groups. After receiving the same dose with disparate time intervals from 96 to 12 h, the AUC0-96h/MIC was distinctly increased in plasma and tissues, but the %T > MIC had a decreasing trend. When administering 20 mg/kg with a time interval of 96 h, the AUC0-96h/MIC values were consistently >173.03 h and the %T > MIC values were above 99.47% in plasma and all tissues. These results suggest that administration of DC at 20 mg/kg every 96 h is a preferable regimen in yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China;
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China;
- Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan 430223, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
- Correspondence: (X.A.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: (X.A.); (Z.L.)
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26
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Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Motykiewicz-Pers K, Bobrek K, Świtała M. Allometric Optimization of Enrofloxacin Dosage in Growing Male Turkeys: Empirical Evidence for Improved Internal Exposure. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120925. [PMID: 33353249 PMCID: PMC7766516 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid weight gain in turkeys causes a major change in the pharmacokinetics of drugs, leading to age-dependent variability in the internal exposure and, possibly, treatment failure and/or selection for antimicrobial resistance in young individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a non-linear dosing protocol that accounts for the previously established allometric relation between enrofloxacin clearance and body weight (BW) may optimize the internal exposure to enrofloxacin in growing male turkeys. Enrofloxacin was administered four times, between the age of 5 and 16.5 weeks, when the turkeys’ BW increased from 1.47 to 14.92 kg. Enrofloxacin was given intravenously (i.v.) or orally at the dose calculated as follows: Dose = 30 × BW0.59. After i.v. administration, the internal exposure to the drug—quantified as the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)—was showing little age-related variation. The coefficient of variation (CV) for AUC in all individuals (15.7%) was only slightly higher than within the age groups (5.4–13.7%). After oral drug administration, CV for AUC in all individuals (22.1%) was similar as within the age groups (8.7–32.2%). These results show that intra-species allometric scaling may be efficiently implemented in the non-linear approach to enrofloxacin dosage in turkeys in order to obtain a precise internal exposure for the optimal antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (K.M.-P.); (M.Ś.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5403
| | - Marta Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (K.M.-P.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Karolina Motykiewicz-Pers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (K.M.-P.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marcin Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.T.); (K.M.-P.); (M.Ś.)
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27
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Xu N, Fu Y, Cheng B, Liu Y, Yang Q, Dong J, Yang Y, Zhou S, Song Y, Ai X. The Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) Following Intravenous and Oral Administrations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:577234. [PMID: 33251263 PMCID: PMC7674781 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.577234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of doxycycline (DC) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following a single intravenous injection at 5 mg/kg and a single oral administration at 50 mg/kg at 24°C. The calculation of PK parameters was based on the software 3P97. The plasma samples were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Following oral administration, the multiple-peak phenomenon presented in concentration vs. time curve of DC at 2 h (107.01 mg/L), 8 h (55.07 mg/L), and 72 h (15.10 mg/L), respectively. The compartmental model cannot simulate the oral concentration vs. time profile beside a non-compartmental model. The calculated parameters of the elimination rate constant (λz), the elimination half-life (t1/2λz ), and the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC0-144) were 0.037 1/h, 18.91 h, and 2255.45 μg.h/mL, respectively. After intravenous administration, the concentration vs. time profile of DC was best described by a two-compartmental open model without absorption. The parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the distribution half-life (t1/2α), the elimination rate constant (β), the elimination half-life (t1/2β), the apparent distribution volume at steady state (Vss), the total clearance (Cl) and the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC0-∞) were 2.79 1/h, 0.25 h, 0.042 1/h, 16.51 h, 300.00 mL/kg, 14.00 mL/h/kg, and 364.99 μg.h/mL, respectively. For the calculation of BA values at the same condition, the data obtained from intravenous injection were also iterated based on a non-compartmental model, and the corresponding parameters of λz, t1/2λz , Vz, Cl, and AUC0-144 were 0.019 1/h, 36.26 h, 480.00 mL/kg, 9.10 mL/h/kg, and 514.45 μg.h/mL, respectively. However, there was a considerable difference in the same parameter when calculated by compartmental and non-compartmental approaches. Finally, the medium BA value of DC was evaluated to be 43.84%. This study provides future studies with a framework for determining the BA of DC in the development of a new formulation and provides information on the appropriate use of DC in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Food Engineering College, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,Aquatic Products Quality and Standards Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Song
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,Aquatic Products Quality and Standards Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hu Bei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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28
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Toutain PL, Pelligand L, Lees P, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Turnidge JD. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:172-200. [PMID: 33089523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi-mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst animal species. Two PK/PD indices are routinely used in veterinary medicine, the ratio of the area under the curve of the free drug plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fAUC/MIC) and the time that free plasma concentration exceeds the MIC over the dosing interval (fT > MIC). The basic concepts of PK/PD modelling of AMDs were established some 20 years ago. Earlier studies have been reviewed previously and are not reconsidered in this review. This review describes and provides a critical appraisal of more recent, advanced PK/PD approaches, with particular reference to their application in veterinary medicine. Also discussed are some hypotheses and new areas for future developments.First, a brief overview of PK/PD principles is presented as the basis for then reviewing more advanced mechanistic considerations on the precise nature of selected indices. Then, several new approaches to selecting PK/PD indices and establishing their numerical values are reviewed, including (a) the modelling of time-kill curves and (b) the use of population PK investigations. PK/PD indices can be used for dose determination, and they are required to establish clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A particular consideration is given to the precise nature of MIC, because it is pivotal in establishing PK/PD indices, explaining that it is not a "pharmacodynamic parameter" in the usual sense of this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aude A Ferran
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in non-lactating goats and evaluation of drug effects on resistance in coliform rectal flora. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:283-288. [PMID: 33039880 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of levofloxacin in non-lactating goats. Using a randomized cross-over study design, each group of animals (n = 7) received 2 mg/kg of levofloxacin intravenously (IV) and subcutaneously (SC). Plasma concentrations of levofloxacin were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). Rectal swabs were collected prior and after the treatment to identify the main bacterial population and to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Mean values of terminal half-life for IV and SC groups were 4.56 and 5.14 h, respectively. After SC administration, the peak plasma concentration was achieved at 2 h, with a Cmax of 3681 ng/mL. Mean bioavailability was 92.12%. Bacteria isolation showed the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that quickly becomes resistant to levofloxacin potentially rendering the drug ineffective. Results seem to suggest that levofloxacin is able to reach considerable plasma concentrations after both IV and SC administration, but it must be considered that both routes of administration can lead to a reversible selection of resistance in gastro-intestinal bacteria.
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Woodward AP, Morin D, Whittem T. Population physiologically based modeling of pirlimycin milk concentrations in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10639-10650. [PMID: 32921458 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Predictions of drug residues in milk are critical in food protection and are a major consideration in the economics of treatment of mastitis in dairy cows. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NLME) has been advocated as a suitable pharmaco-statistical method for the study of drug residues in milk. Recent developments in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of intramammary drugs allow the combination of a mechanistic description of milk pharmacokinetics with NLME methods. The PBPK model was applied to NLME analysis of a data set consisting of milk drug concentrations from 78 healthy cows and 117 with clinical mastitis. Pirlimycin milk pharmacokinetics were adequately described by the model across the range of observed concentrations. Mastitis was characterized by increased variance in milk production volume. Udder residual volume was larger in cows with 1, or 2 or greater diseased mammary glands than in the healthy cows. Low-producing cows had a greater risk of prolonged milk residues. With the exclusion of the low-production cows, the model predicted that healthy cows required a milk discard time 12 h longer than that indicated by the label, and the diseased cows 36 h longer than indicated by the label. More pirlimycin was systemically absorbed in the gram-positive infected compared with the gram-negative infected or healthy cows, suggesting a greater risk of violative meat residues in gram-positive infected cows. Using NLME and PBPK models, we identified factors associated with changes in pirlimycin milk residues that may affect food safety. This model extends the verification of a simple physiologically based framework for the study of intramammary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia, 3030.
| | - D Morin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - T Whittem
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3030
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Kuramae T, Otomaru K, Hirata M, Ishikawa S, Noguchi M, Ikedo T, Horinouchi C, Hayashi J, Tsumagari K, Hobo S. Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of healthy calves subcutaneously administered a single dose of enrofloxacin. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1197-1203. [PMID: 32565494 PMCID: PMC7468075 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ERFX) and its
metabolite ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in plasma, as well as their migration to, and retention
in, the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar fluid
(BALF). Four healthy calves were subcutaneously administered a single dose of ERFX (5
mg/kg). ERFX and CPFX dynamics post-administration were analyzed via a non-compartment
model, including the absorption phase. The Cmax of plasma ERFX was 1.6 ± 0.4
µg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post-administration and
gradually decreased to 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/ml at 24 hr
following administration. The mean residence time between 0 and 24 hr (MRT0–24)
in plasma was 6.9 ± 1.0 hr. ERFX concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells peaked at 3.0 ±
2.0 hr and 4.0 ± 2.3 hr following administration, respectively, and gradually decreased to
0.9 ± 0.8 µg/ml and 0.8 ± 0.5
µg/ml thereafter. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of ERFX
was 6.5 ± 0.7 hr, while that in ELF and alveolar cells was 6.5 ± 3.6 and 7.4 ± 4.3 hr,
respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24 hr for
ERFX were significantly higher in alveolar cells than in plasma
(P<0.05). These results suggest that ERFX is distributed at high
concentrations in ELF and is retained at high concentrations in alveolar cells after 24 hr
in the BALF region; hence, ERFX may be an effective therapeutic agent against
pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kuramae
- Kuramae Animal Clinic, 3209-2 Koba, Yusui-cho, Kagoshima 899-6201, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirata
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Michiko Noguchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Ikedo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Chie Horinouchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Miyazaki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 280 Takasu, Miyazaki 880-0852 Japan
| | - Keita Tsumagari
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Soo Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2253 Tsukino, Oosumi-cho, Soo-shi, Kagoshima 899-8212, Japan
| | - Seiji Hobo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Gutierrez L, Tapia G, Ocampo L, Monroy-Barreto M, Sumano H. Oral Plus Topical Administration of Enrofloxacin-Hydrochloride-Dihydrate for the Treatment of Unresponsive Canine Pyoderma. A Clinical Trial. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E943. [PMID: 32485942 PMCID: PMC7341524 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outpatient clinical trial on unresponsive deep-bacterial canine pyoderma (UDCP), without a control group, is presented. The chosen treatment was implemented with a new crystal-solvate of enrofloxacin (enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O or enro-C), in a dual scheme, i.e., 10 mg/kg/day PO, plus its topical administration, prepared as 0.5% in an alginate gel, thrice per day. Fifty-five cases that were unsuccessfully treated previously with another antibacterial drug, were selected and then classified as severe or very severe, according to a clinical score tailored for this trial. Aerobic bacteriological cultures of skin lesions and antibacterial sensitivity tests, were performed. Hematological status, liver, and kidney functions were determined before and after treatment. A complete success was obtained in 32 severe and 23 very severe, cases. The main bacterial isolates were: Staphylococcus intermedius (19/99), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (16/99), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15/99), Staphylococcus pyogenes (14/99), Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus sp., and others including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6/99). The average duration of treatment was 8.03 days ± 2.1 SD and 12.0 ± 2.4 days, for dogs with severe or very severe UDCP, respectively. The adverse effects caused by enro-C were inconsequential and the hematological tests showed no deviations from normality. The use of enro-C administered dually to treat UDCP, is considered safe and highly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.G.); (L.O.)
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Luis Ocampo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.G.); (L.O.)
| | - Minerva Monroy-Barreto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Hector Sumano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.G.); (L.O.)
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Richter A, Feßler AT, Böttner A, Köper LM, Wallmann J, Schwarz S. Reasons for antimicrobial treatment failures and predictive value of in-vitro susceptibility testing in veterinary practice: An overview. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108694. [PMID: 32456814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the most suitable antimicrobial agent for the treatment of an animal suffering from a bacterial infection is a complex issue. The results of bacteriological diagnostics and the in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) provide guidance of potentially suitable antimicrobials. However, harmonized AST methods, veterinary-specific interpretive criteria and quality control ranges, which are essential to conduct AST in-vitro and to evaluate the corresponding results lege artis, are not available for all antimicrobial compounds, bacterial pathogens, animal species and sites of infection of veterinary relevance. Moreover, the clinical benefit of an antimicrobial agent (defined as its in vivo efficacy) is not exclusively dependent on the in-vitro susceptibility of the target pathogen. Apart from the right choice of an antibacterial drug with suitable pharmacokinetic properties and an appropriate pharmaceutical formulation, the success of treatment depends substantially on its adequate use. Even if this is ensured and in-vitro susceptibility confirmed, an insufficient improvement of clinical signs might be caused by biofilm-forming bacteria, persisters, or specific physicochemical conditions at the site of infection, such as pH value, oxygen partial pressure and perfusion rate. This review summarizes relevant aspects that have an impact on the predictive value of in-vitro AST and points out factors, potentially leading to an ineffective outcome of antibacterial treatment in veterinary practice. Knowing the reasons of inadequate beneficial effects can help to understand possible discrepancies between in-vitro susceptibility and in vivo efficacy and aid in undertaking strategies for an avoidance of treatment failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Wallmann
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Coskun D, Corum O, Yazar E. Effect of supportive therapy on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous marbofloxacin in endotoxemic sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:288-296. [PMID: 32133667 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of supportive therapy (ST) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemic sheep. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of marbofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The study was performed using a three-period cross PK design following a 15-day washout period. In the first period, marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg) was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, marbofloxacin was co-administered with ST (lactated ringer + 5% dextrose + 0.45% sodium chloride, IV, 20 ml/kg, dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg, SC) and ST + LPS (E. coli O55:B5, 10 µg/kg), respectively. Plasma marbofloxacin concentration was measured using HPLC-UV. Following IV administration of marbofloxacin alone, the t 1 / 2 λ z , AUC0-∞ , ClT , and Vdss were 2.87 hr, 34.73 hr × µg/ml, 0.29 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.87 L/kg, respectively. While no change was found in the MBX + ST group in terms of the PK parameters of marbofloxacin, it was determined that the ClT of marbofloxacin decreased, AUC0-∞ increased, and t 1 / 2 λ z and MRT prolonged in the MBX + ST + LPS group. MIC values of marbofloxacin were 0.031 to >16 µg/ml for E. coli, 0.016 to >16 µg/ml for M. haemolytica, 0.016-1 µg/ml for P. multocida, 0.016-0.25 µg/ml for K. pneumoniae, 0.031-0.063 µg/ml for Salmonella spp., and 0.031-1 µg/ml for S. aureus. The study results show the necessity to make a dose adjustment of marbofloxacin following concomitant administration of ST in endotoxemic sheep. Also, the PK and pharmacodynamic effect of marbofloxacin needs to be determined in naturally infected septicemic sheep following concomitant administration of single and ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Enver Yazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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35
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Antibacterial activity of cyadox against Clostridium perfringens in broilers and a dosage regimen design based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103981. [PMID: 31962185 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is an intestinal disease caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) that results in high economic losses to the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of cyadox against C. perfringens and to formulate its dosage regimen based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling in broilers. The PK parameters of cyadox in ileum of healthy and infected broilers following oral administration at 30 mg/kg body weight (BW) were investigated and PD study the MIC, MBC, MPC, and PAE were determined. The time-killing curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cyadox against C. perfringens. The results revealed that the MIC of cyadox against C. perfringens was 1-16 μg/mL. After oral administration of cyadox, the peak concentration (Cmax), maximum concentration time (Tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in ileum content of broilers were 143.55-161.48 μg/mL, 1.08-1.25 h, and 359.51-405.69 μg h/mL respectively. After Integrating the in vivo PK and ex vivo PD data the AUC24h/MIC values needed for bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial eradication were 27.71 h, 78.93 h, and 165.14 h, respectively. By model validation, the cure rate was 85.71%. In conclusion, a dosage regimen of 14.02 mg/kg repeated after every 12 h for 3-5days was expected to be therapeutically effective in broilers against C. perfringens with MIC ≤2 μg/mL.
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36
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Biasutti SA, Cox E, Jeffcott LB, Dart AJ. A review of regional limb perfusion for distal limb infections in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Biasutti
- Research and Clinical Training Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden University of Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - E. Cox
- Research and Clinical Training Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden University of Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - L. B. Jeffcott
- Research and Clinical Training Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden University of Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A. J. Dart
- Research and Clinical Training Unit University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden University of Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Yoon J, Kang SW, Shim WS, Lee JK, Jang DK, Gu N, Kim SK, Lee KT, Chung EK. Quantification of metronidazole in human bile fluid and plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1138:121959. [PMID: 31911204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a highly selective, sensitive, and validated method for quantifying metronidazole in human plasma and bile fluid. Metronidazole and metronidazole-d4 (internal standard) were extracted from 100 μL of plasma and bile fluid by liquid-liquid extraction. Liquid chromatography with a Hydrosphere C18 column (50 × 2.0 mm) was performed using 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) as the mobile phase. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was operated with an electrospray ionization interface in multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion modes. The calibration curves were linear for bile and plasma samples over the range of 50-20,000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999). The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for plasma ranged from 2.50% to 7.85% and 3.11% to 16.9%, respectively; for bile, the intra-and inter-run precision (CVs) ranged from 2.76% to 13.2% and 3.16% to 11.5%, respectively. The mean extraction recovery for metronidazole ranged from 76.5% to 82.1% in plasma and from 78.8% to 87.8% in bile, respectively. Our proposed analytical method was successfully applied to determine metronidazole concentrations in bile as well as in plasma at multiple time points in a patient with acute cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, South Korea
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, South Korea
| | - Wang-Seob Shim
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea
| | - Namyi Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dongguk University Clinical Trial Center, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, South Korea
| | - Sae Kyul Kim
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea.
| | - Eun Kyoung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, South Korea.
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Poźniak B, Tikhomirov M, Motykiewicz-Pers K, Bobrek K, Świtała M. The influence of age and body weight gain on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in turkeys-Allometric approach to dose optimization. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:67-78. [PMID: 31845357 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a concentration-dependent antimicrobial used in bacterial infections in poultry. During a few months of a turkey's life, pharmacokinetics of drugs undergoes substantial changes which may compromise their efficacy due to variability in internal exposure (measured by area under the concentration-time curve, AUC). The aim of this study was to describe the effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of enrofloxacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg to turkeys. It was found that during a 2.5-month-long period of growth from 1.4 to 14.6 kg, the AUC after i.v. administration increased almost threefold due to a significant decrease in the body clearance (from a mean of 0.76-0.28 L hr-1 kg-1 ). Over the same period, the mean elimination half-life was prolonged from 2.65 to 7.03 hr. Oral administration resulted in a similar trend in pharmacokinetic parameters. For both routes, formation of the major metabolite, ciprofloxacin, was marginal. Protein binding was not age-dependent and never exceeded 50%. Body clearance, volume of distribution and elimination half-life were subjected to an allometric analysis and a novel, nonlinear dosage protocol has been proposed to improve the internal exposure to the drug in different age groups of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Tikhomirov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Motykiewicz-Pers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Świtała
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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39
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Gutierrez L, Mendoza J, Rangel AB, Tapia G, Bernad MJ, Sumano H. Outpatient Clinical Trial in Dogs With Leptospirosis Treated With Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate (ENRO-C). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:360. [PMID: 31681813 PMCID: PMC6803455 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in dogs and Monte-Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. prompted a clinical study to treat the clinically apparent phase of this disease. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by real-time PCR from blood, micro-agglutination titers (MAT), clinical signs and blood parameters of the liver and kidney. In order to determine the clinical ability of the participants to diagnose leptospirosis on the first exam and establish an early treatment to avoid excessive organ damage, patients were clinically classified as: high-risk or medium-risk. Forty-five dogs were included in this trial (from 2017 to early 2019). The treatment consisted of IM injections of a 5% aqueous enro-C suspension (10 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and subsequently enro-C was administered orally for another 7 days in gelatin capsules. Thirty-four high-risk and 11 medium-risk dogs were treated, including 6 puppies (4 high-risk with ages between 6 to 10 months and 2 medium-risk dogs with an average age of 6 and 7 months). Other ages ranged from 1 to 5 years. Fifteen cases had a history of having received prior treatment with other antibiotics, including all puppies. The clinical diagnostic error was 13.5% (7/52 cases), and only one of the misdiagnosed dogs had been classified as a high-risk patient. Three to 5 days after finishing treatment with enro-C, 82.2% of the dogs were negative to real-time PCR from urine samples and 100% negativity was observed on day 30 after treatment, when antibody titrations dropped to 1:100-1:200. Based on the absence of clinical signs, real-time PCR, and MAT titers, all treated dogs were considered as successful treatments. Within 6-24 months of clinical follow-up, no relapses were recorded. Adverse effects were inconsequential. This study represents the first report of a successful treatment of canine leptospirosis using a fluoroquinolone, and due to its efficacy, it is suggested that enro-C be considered as a viable option for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Bertha Rangel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Josefa Bernad
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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40
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from ovine respiratory clinical cases in Spain and Portugal. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Rairat T, Hsieh CY, Thongpiam W, Chou CC. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for the determination of optimal dosing regimen of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different water temperatures and antimicrobial susceptibility levels. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1181-1190. [PMID: 31157416 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimized dosing regimen is key to the effective use of antibacterials and to minimizing drug-related side effects. The current study established a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for the determination of optimal antibacterial dosing regimen in fish taken into consideration the temperature-dependent PK and the pathogen-dependent antimicrobial susceptibility, using florfenicol (FF) in Nile tilapia as an example. The calculated optimal dosages significantly varied by temperature and target MIC levels, ranging from 2.23 (MIC 1 µg/ml at 24°C) to 34.88 mg kg-1 day-1 (MIC 4 µg/ml at 32°C). The appropriateness of the calculated dosages was successfully verified by the in vivo studies. After 5 days of oral administration of the calculated optimal dosage at 24°C, the predicted plasma drug values were in line with the mean observed Cmin(ss) while at 28 and 32°C underestimation of the Cmin(ss) in a dose-dependent manner was observed and likely due to the occurrence of non-linear PK at high dosages. The averaged serum protein binding of FF was 19.1%. Our results demonstrated the appropriateness and clinical applicability of the developed PK-PD approach for the determination of optimal dosing regimens at given temperatures and MICs. Saturation metabolism and PK non-linearity of FF in tilapia warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wipavee Thongpiam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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42
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Chokejaroenrat C, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairote T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:19-25. [PMID: 31271466 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To the best of the authors' knowledge, pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, following single intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after both the administrations. The half-life was long (43-44 hr) and similar after both administrations. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 82.65% and the binding percentage of ENR to plasma protein ranged from 9% to 18% with an average of 10.6%. Percentage of CIP (plasma concentrations) was 15.9% and 19.9% after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point and PK-PD indexes, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria (MIC > 1 μg/mL) in freshwater crocodiles, C. siamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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43
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Altan F, Sayin Ipek DN, Corum O, Yesilmen Alp S, Ipek P, Uney K. The effects of Mannheimia haemolytica and albendazole on marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics in lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2603-2610. [PMID: 31230255 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to define the effects of M. haemolytica and a single oral dose of albendazole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in lambs. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin was applied to describe a 3 mg/kg intramuscular dose in lambs. The 6 healthy and 12 naturally infected with M. haemolytica lambs (Akkaraman, males weighing 10-15 kg and aged 2-3 months) were used in this study. In the marbofloxacin group, 6 healthy lambs received marbofloxacin. In the albendazole group after 2 weeks washout period, the same animals received marbofloxacin on 1 h after albendazole. In the diseased marbofloxacin group, 6 lambs naturally infected with M. haemolytica received marbofloxacin. In the diseased albendazole group, 6 lambs naturally infected with M. haemolytica received marbofloxacin on 1 h after albendazole. The marbofloxacin and albendazole were administered each as a single dose of 3 mg/kg intramuscular and 7.5 mg/kg oral, respectively, in the respective groups. Plasma concentration of marbofloxacin was measured with HPLC-UV and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by non-compartmental model. Albendazole did not change the pharmacokinetic profiles of marbofloxacin in healthy and diseased lambs. However, M. haemolytica affected the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in diseased lambs, AUC0-24/MIC90 ratio was not found to be higher than 125, but Cmax/MIC90 ratios was found to be higher than 10 for an MIC value of 0.25 μg/mL in all groups. The marbofloxacin dose described in this study may not be effective for the treatment of infections due to M. haemolytica in lambs, with MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Neval Sayin Ipek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Simten Yesilmen Alp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Polat Ipek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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44
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Corum O, Altan F, Yildiz R, Ider M, Ok M, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and danofloxacin in premature calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:624-631. [PMID: 31190327 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin (ENR) and danofloxacin (DNX) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations in premature calves. The study was performed on twenty-four calves that were determined to be premature by anamnesis and general clinical examination. Premature calves were randomly divided into four groups (six premature calves/group) according to a parallel pharmacokinetic (PK) design as follows: ENR-IV (10 mg/kg, IV), ENR-IM (10 mg/kg, IM), DNX-IV (8 mg/kg, IV), and DNX-IM (8 mg/kg, IM). Plasma samples were collected for the determination of tested drugs by high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detector and analyzed by noncompartmental methods. Mean PK parameters of ENR and DNX following IV administration were as follows: elimination half-life (t1/2λz ) 11.16 and 17.47 hr, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-48 ) 139.75 and 38.90 hr*µg/ml, and volume of distribution at steady-state 1.06 and 4.45 L/kg, respectively. Total body clearance of ENR and DNX was 0.07 and 0.18 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively. The PK parameters of ENR and DNX following IM injection were t1/2λz 21.10 and 28.41 hr, AUC0-48 164.34 and 48.32 hr*µg/ml, respectively. The bioavailability (F) of ENR and DNX was determined to be 118% and 124%, respectively. The mean AUC0-48CPR /AUC0-48ENR ratio was 0.20 and 0.16 after IV and IM administration, respectively, in premature calves. The results showed that ENR (10 mg/kg) and DNX (8 mg/kg) following IV and IM administration produced sufficient plasma concentration for AUC0-24 /minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum concentration (Cmax )/MIC ratios for susceptible bacteria, with the MIC90 of 0.5 and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively. These findings may be helpful in planning the dosage regimen for ENR and DNX, but there is a need for further study in naturally infected premature calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Merve Ider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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45
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Yang F, Yang F, Wang G, Xi W, Zhang C, Wang H. Pharmacokinetics of the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and oral administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:511-517. [PMID: 31162674 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic acid (CLV) were studied in healthy cats following single intravenous and oral dosage of 10 mg/kg of AMX and 2.5 mg/kg of CLV. The drug concentrations in plasma were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method validated for canine plasma and further subjected to noncompartmental analysis. After intravenous injection, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in the volume of distribution of these two compounds. In addition, AMX and CLV were both rapidly eliminated from plasma with a clearance of 0.453 and 0.921 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively; however, a quicker elimination was observed for CLV (p < 0.01). After oral administration, both drugs were characterized by rapid absorption with an absorption half-life of 1.10 and 0.70 hr for AMX and CLV, respectively. Significant differences were observed between their absorption rates (p < 0.05). However, the oral bioavailabilities of AMX and CLV (75.57% and 98.15%, respectively) were not statistically different (p > 0.05). A total intravenous or oral dose at 12.5 mg/kg of AMX and CLV (4:1) is predicted to be effective for treating those bacterial species isolated from cats with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤0.25 μg/ml for 12 hr, based on a time above the MIC (T > MIC) of 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Environmental and Animal Products Safety Laboratory of Key Discipline in University of Henan Province, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guoyong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenyuan Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoshuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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46
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Altan F, Corum O, Durna Corum D, Altan S, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin following intramuscular administration at different doses in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Azevedo FCR, Vaz ICD, Barbosa FAR, Magalhães SMS. Toxicological effects of ciprofloxacin and chlorhexidine on growth and chlorophyll a synthesis of freshwater cyanobacteria. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000217661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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48
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Corum O, Durna Corum D, Atik O, Eser Faki H, Altan F, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar
) following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:207-213. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Kastamonu; Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Kastamonu; Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Orkun Atik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Afyon Kocatepe; Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Dicle; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Dicle; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya Turkey
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49
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Sumano H, Ocampo L, Tapia G, Mendoza CDJ, Gutierrez L. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H 2O (Enro-C) in dogs and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:600-607. [PMID: 29649858 PMCID: PMC6167333 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios of reference enrofloxacin (Enro-R) and enrofloxacin as HCl-2H2O (Enro-C), as well as Monte Carlo simulations based on composite MIC50 and MIC90 (MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration) vs. Leptospira spp., were carried out in dogs after their intramuscular (IM) or oral administration (10 mg/kg). Plasma determination of enrofloxacin was achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentration values after oral administration were 1.47 ± 0.19 µg/mL and 5.3 ± 0.84 µg/mL for Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively, and 1.6 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 7.6 ± 0.93 µg/mL, respectively, after IM administration. Areas under the plasma vs. time concentration curve in 24 h (AUC0–24) were 8.02 µg/mL/h and 36.2 µg/mL/h for Enro-Roral and Enro-Coral, respectively, and 8.55 ± 0.85 µg/mL/h and 56.4 ± 6.21 µg/mL/h after IM administration of Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively. The PK/PD ratios and Monte Carlo simulations obtained with Enro-C, not Enro-R, indicated that its IM administration to dogs will result in therapeutic concentrations appropriate for treating leptospirosis. This is the first time enrofloxacin has been recommended to treat this disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sumano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Ocampo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Departments of Genetics and Biostatistics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Corazon de Jesus Mendoza
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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50
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Ledesma C, Rosario C, Gracia-Mora J, Tapia G, Gutiérrez L, Sumano H. Antibacterial activity of amoxicillin in vitro and its oral bioavailability in broiler chickens under the influence of 3 water sanitizers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2391-2399. [PMID: 29897502 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of 3 water sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite, iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone, and citrate) utilized in poultry production on antibacterial activity and bioavailability of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) were studied. Sanitizers were mixed with AMX in prepared water, the resulting substances were regarded as amoxicillin-sanitizer products (ASP). First, the in vitro antibacterial activity of each ASP was compared to that of AMX. Then, pharmacokinetics (PK) of ASP and AMX diluted in prepared water, were carried out in broiler-chickens. Amoxicillin or ASP (20 mg/kg) from different concentrations of sanitizers was directly placed into the chicken's crop and blood samples were taken. Basic PK parameters were obtained. Serum activity/concentrations of AMX were assessed by agar diffusion and corroborated with high performance liquid chromatography. Results show that ASP of AMX/sodium hypochlorite decrease both, the antimicrobial activity of in vitro AMX and its relative bioavailability (Fr) assessed with the maximum serum concentration (Cmax), the area under the concentration-time curve, and the mean residence time (MRT) (3.80 μg/mL, 2.70 μg/mL·h, and 0.59 h, respectively), compared to the AMX administered alone (12.54 μg/mL, 44.02 μg/mL·h, and MRT 2.78 h). ASP from amoxicillin/ionophore, reduced the Cmax (10.62 μg/mL), Fr (94.67%), and MRT (2.07 h), at the highest tested concentrations. In contrast, the 2 highest concentrations of the citrate sanitizer increased the Cmax (15.07 and 15.47 μg/mL), Fr (119 and 132%), and MRT (3.32 and 4.06 h) and their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Interactions between the tested water sanitizers and AMX modify the Cmax, Fr, MRT of the latter, altering the PK/pharmacodymanic ratios for a time-dependent antibiotic. Results also reveal that the use of amoxicillin trihydrate administered through the drinking water does not meet the required PK/pharmacodymanic ratios. Thus, it is here postulated that this antibiotic should be administered at least twice a day and that its interaction with water sanitizers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ledesma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - C Rosario
- Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Gracia-Mora
- Department Nuclear and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - G Tapia
- Department of Genetic and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - L Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - H Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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