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Jay C, Ratcliff J, Turtle L, Goulder P, Klenerman P. Exposed seronegative: Cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of seroconversion. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1092910. [PMID: 36776841 PMCID: PMC9909393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors determining whether infection will occur following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 remain elusive. Certain SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals mount a specific T-cell response but fail to seroconvert, representing a population that may provide further clarity on the nature of infection susceptibility and correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2. Exposed seronegative individuals have been reported in patients exposed to the blood-borne pathogens Human Immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C virus and the sexually transmitted viruses Hepatitis B virus and Herpes Simplex virus. By comparing the quality of seronegative T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 with seronegative cellular immunity to these highly divergent viruses, common patterns emerge that offer insights on the role of cellular immunity against infection. For both SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis C, T-cell responses in exposed seronegatives are consistently higher than in unexposed individuals, but lower than in infected, seropositive patients. Durability of T-cell responses to Hepatitis C is dependent upon repeated exposure to antigen - single exposures do not generate long-lived memory T-cells. Finally, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces varying degrees of immune activation, suggesting that exposed seronegative individuals represent points on a spectrum rather than a discrete group. Together, these findings paint a complex landscape of the nature of infection but provide clues as to what may be protective early on in SARS-CoV-2 disease course. Further research on this phenomenon, particularly through cohort studies, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Sugrue JA, Posseme C, Tan Z, Pou C, Charbit B, Bondet V, Bourke NM, Brodin P, Duffy D, O'Farrelly C. Enhanced TLR3 responsiveness in hepatitis C virus resistant women from the Irish anti-D cohort. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100804. [PMID: 36334594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Natural resistance to infection is an overlooked outcome after hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure. Between 1977 and 1979, 1,200 Rhesus D-negative Irish women were exposed to HCV-contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin. Here, we investigate why some individuals appear to resist infection despite exposure (exposed seronegative [ESN]). We screen HCV-resistant and -susceptible donors for anti-HCV adaptive immune responses using ELISpots and VirScan to profile antibodies against all know human viruses. We perform standardized ex vivo whole blood stimulation (TruCulture) assays with antiviral ligands and assess antiviral responses using NanoString transcriptomics and Luminex proteomics. We describe an enhanced TLR3-type I interferon response in ESNs compared with seropositive women. We also identify increased inflammatory cytokine production in response to polyIC in ESNs compared with seropositive women. These enhanced responses may have contributed to innate immune protection against HCV infection in our cohort.
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3
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Sugrue JA, Bourke NM, O'Farrelly C. Type I Interferon and the Spectrum of Susceptibility to Viral Infection and Autoimmune Disease: A Shared Genomic Signature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757249. [PMID: 34917078 PMCID: PMC8669998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) and their cognate receptor, the IFNAR1/2 heterodimer, are critical components of the innate immune system in humans. They have been widely explored in the context of viral infection and autoimmune disease where they play key roles in protection against infection or shaping disease pathogenesis. A false dichotomy has emerged in the study of IFN-I where interferons are thought of as either beneficial or pathogenic. This 'good or bad' viewpoint excludes more nuanced interpretations of IFN-I biology - for example, it is known that IFN-I is associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, yet is also protective in the context of infectious diseases and contributes to resistance to viral infection. Studies have suggested that a shared transcriptomic signature underpins both potential resistance to viral infection and susceptibility to autoimmune disease. This seems to be particularly evident in females, who exhibit increased viral resistance and increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease. The molecular mechanisms behind such a signature and the role of sex in its determination have yet to be precisely defined. From a genomic perspective, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFN-I pathway have been associated with both infectious and autoimmune disease. While overlap between infection and autoimmunity has been described in the incidence of these SNPs, it has been overlooked in work and discussion to date. Here, we discuss the possible contributions of IFN-Is to the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases. We comment on genetic associations between common SNPs in IFN-I or their signalling molecules that point towards roles in protection against viral infection and susceptibility to autoimmunity and propose that a shared transcriptomic and genomic immunological signature may underlie resistance to viral infection and susceptibility to autoimmunity in humans. We believe that defining shared transcriptomic and genomic immunological signatures underlying resistance to viral infection and autoimmunity in humans will reveal new therapeutic targets and improved vaccine strategies, particularly in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Sugrue
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Mina M, Underwood A, Eltahla A, Wu BR, Walker MR, Bull RA, Lloyd AR. Anti-envelope antibody responses in highly exposed seronegative individuals may be associated with protection from HCV infection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1012-1021. [PMID: 32497370 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In rare cases, individuals with a history of long-term injecting drug use remain seronegative and aviraemic, despite prolonged and likely repeated exposure to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) through high-risk behaviour. We describe anti-HCV Envelope (E) antibody responses in a prospective cohort of carefully defined highly exposed but uninfected subjects (HESN) and comparison subjects who were also high risk and uninfected, but rapidly became HCV infected (Incident). Longitudinally collected samples from HESN cases (n = 22) were compared to Incident controls (n = 22). IgG, IgM and IgA from sera were tested by ELISA to genotype 1a and 3a E glycoproteins, and recombinant genotype 1a E2 antigen. IgG subclass isotyping was performed for those positive for IgG. Virus-neutralizing activity was assessed on HCV pseudoparticles, and HCV E-specific B cells analysed using flow cytometry. A significant minority of HESN cases (n = 10; 45%) had anti-E, predominantly in the IgG2 subclass, which was not found in the pre-infection time point of the Incident cases (n = 1; 5%). A subset of the HESN subjects also had neutralizing activity and HCV-specific B cells detected significantly more than Incident cases pre-infection. In conclusion, the HESN phenotype is associated with IgG2 anti-E antibodies, neutralization activity and HCV E-specific memory B cells. These findings suggest that HESN subjects may be resistant to HCV infection through humoral immune-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mina
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Underwood
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Auda Eltahla
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bing-Ru Wu
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie R Walker
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Ow MM, Hegazy D, Warshow UM, Cramp ME. Enhanced natural killer cell activity is found in exposed uninfected recipients of hepatitis C-contaminated blood. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25:245-253. [PMID: 29063663 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A minority of injecting drug users, termed exposed uninfected, are resistant to hepatitis C (HCV) infection despite repeated low-dose exposures. We identify for the first time a cohort of blood recipients who remained uninfected despite large-dose exposure to HCV-contaminated blood and characterize immune factors that may confer protection. Of 1340 blood recipients from the English Look Back database who were transfused HCV-contaminated blood, we identified 8 who remained uninfected. In these 8 exposed uninfecteds, we characterized their natural killer (NK) cell populations and HCV-specific T-cell responses. Findings were compared with 10 spontaneous resolvers of HCV infection, 10 patients with chronic HCV infection and 10 healthy controls. Exposed uninfecteds had significantly greater numbers of NK cells with the activating receptor NKp30+ on CD56bright and CD56dim subsets compared with other groups (P < .05). Following interleukin-2 activation, NK cells of exposed uninfecteds had enhanced cytotoxicity that positively correlated with NKp30 expression (P = .02). Differences in NKp80 and KIR2DL3 expression were also observed. HCV-specific T-cell responses were observed in some exposed uninfecteds but of low amplitude. Exposure without infection following transfusion of HCV-contaminated blood is a very rare phenomenon and suggests a high level of resistance to infection. Enhanced NK cell activation and killing, with weak HCV-specific T-cell responses, were observed many years after exposure in uninfected recipients and may contribute to protection from HCV acquisition, although additional protective factors are being sought in this important cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ow
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Hepatology Research Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - D Hegazy
- Hepatology Research Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - U M Warshow
- Hepatology Research Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - M E Cramp
- Hepatology Research Group, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.,Southwest Liver Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
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6
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Shawa IT, Felmlee DJ, Hegazy D, Sheridan DA, Cramp ME. Exploration of potential mechanisms of hepatitis C virus resistance in exposed uninfected intravenous drug users. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:1082-1088. [PMID: 28475247 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A rare outcome following exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a lack of observable infection as clinically measured by HCV RNA- or HCV-recognizing antibodies. The population who exhibit this trait is termed exposed uninfected (EU). Increasing evidence has refined characterization of these individuals, distinct from those who become infected but spontaneously clear HCV. Study of the EU population is highly pertinent for the discovery of antiviral mechanisms of resistance that can reveal antiviral therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of similarities and differences of the EU population relative to spontaneous resolvers and the majority whom develop chronic HCV infection, and focusses on possible mechanisms of resistance including innate and adaptive immunity, genetics and lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Shawa
- Hepatology Research Group, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, , Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - D J Felmlee
- Hepatology Research Group, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, , Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - D Hegazy
- Hepatology Research Group, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, , Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - D A Sheridan
- Hepatology Research Group, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, , Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | - M E Cramp
- Hepatology Research Group, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, , Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
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7
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Swann RE, Mandalou P, Robinson MW, Ow MM, Foung SKH, McLauchlan J, Patel AH, Cramp ME. Anti-envelope antibody responses in individuals at high risk of hepatitis C virus who resist infection. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:873-880. [PMID: 27405885 PMCID: PMC5244678 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injection drug users uninfected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) despite likely repeated exposure through high-risk behaviour are well documented. Factors preventing infection in these individuals are incompletely understood. Here, we looked for anti-HCV-envelope antibody responses in a cohort of repeatedly exposed but uninfected subjects. Forty-two hepatitis C diagnostic antibody- and RNA-negative injection drug users at high risk of exposure were studied and findings compared to healthy controls and cases with chronic HCV infection. Purified IgGs from sera were tested by ELISA for binding to genotype 1a and 3a envelope glycoproteins E1E2 with further testing for IgG and IgM reactivity against soluble E2. Virus-neutralizing activity was assessed using an HCV pseudoparticle system. Uninfected subjects demonstrated significantly greater IgG and IgM reactivities to envelope glycoproteins than healthy controls with IgG from 6 individuals additionally showing significant neutralization. This study is the first to describe humoral immunological responses targeting the HCV envelope, important for viral neutralization, in exposed uninfected individuals. A subset of these cases also had evidence of viral neutralization via anti-envelope antibodies. In addition to confirming viral exposure, the presence of specific anti-envelope antibodies may be a factor that helps these individuals resist HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Swann
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - P. Mandalou
- Hepatology Research GroupPlymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and DentistryPlymouthUK,South West Liver UnitDerriford HospitalPlymouthUK
| | - M. W. Robinson
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK,School of Biochemistry and ImmunologyTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - M. M. Ow
- Hepatology Research GroupPlymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and DentistryPlymouthUK,South West Liver UnitDerriford HospitalPlymouthUK
| | - S. K. H. Foung
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - J. McLauchlan
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - A. H. Patel
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - M. E. Cramp
- Hepatology Research GroupPlymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and DentistryPlymouthUK,South West Liver UnitDerriford HospitalPlymouthUK
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8
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Piepenbrink MS, Samuel M, Zheng B, Carter B, Fucile C, Bunce C, Kiebala M, Khan AA, Thakar J, Maggirwar SB, Morse D, Rosenberg AF, Haughey NJ, Valenti W, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Humoral Dysregulation Associated with Increased Systemic Inflammation among Injection Heroin Users. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158641. [PMID: 27379802 PMCID: PMC4933366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Injection drug use is a growing major public health concern. Injection drug users (IDUs) have a higher incidence of co-morbidities including HIV, Hepatitis, and other infections. An effective humoral response is critical for optimal homeostasis and protection from infection; however, the impact of injection heroin use on humoral immunity is poorly understood. We hypothesized that IDUs have altered B cell and antibody profiles. Methods and Findings A comprehensive systems biology-based cross-sectional assessment of 130 peripheral blood B cell flow cytometry- and plasma- based features was performed on HIV-/Hepatitis C-, active heroin IDUs who participated in a syringe exchange program (n = 19) and healthy control subjects (n = 19). The IDU group had substantial polydrug use, with 89% reporting cocaine injection within the preceding month. IDUs exhibited a significant, 2-fold increase in total B cells compared to healthy subjects, which was associated with increased activated B cell subsets. Although plasma total IgG titers were similar between groups, IDUs had significantly higher IgG3 and IgG4, suggestive of chronic B cell activation. Total IgM was also increased in IDUs, as well as HIV Envelope-specific IgM, suggestive of increased HIV exposure. IDUs exhibited numerous features suggestive of systemic inflammation, including significantly increased plasma sCD40L, TNF-α, TGF-α, IL-8, and ceramide metabolites. Machine learning multivariate analysis distilled a set of 10 features that classified samples based on group with absolute accuracy. Conclusions These results demonstrate broad alterations in the steady-state humoral profile of IDUs that are associated with increased systemic inflammation. Such dysregulation may impact the ability of IDUs to generate optimal responses to vaccination and infection, or lead to increased risk for inflammation-related co-morbidities, and should be considered when developing immune-based interventions for this growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Memorie Samuel
- School of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bo Zheng
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Brittany Carter
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Kiebala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Atif A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Diane Morse
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - William Valenti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Trillium Health, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Leng SX, Dandorf S, Li H, Carlson J, Hui J, Mehta SH, Piggott D, Islam S, Manwani B, Kirk GD. Associations of Circulating Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptors 1 and 2 with Interleukin-6 Levels in an Aging Cohort of Injection Drug Users with or at High Risk for HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1257-64. [PMID: 26414536 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation marked by elevated interleukin (IL)-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptor (sTNFR)-1, and sTNFR-2 levels may play a detrimental role in aging and HIV infection. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships of circulating IL-6 with sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2 levels in an aging cohort of injection drug users (IDUs) with or at high risk for HIV infection. The AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) study is a community-recruited, prospective observational study of former and current IDUs in Baltimore, Maryland. Serum IL-6, sTNFR-1, and sTNFR-2 levels were measured using standard ELISA. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed, adjusting for age, sex, HIV status, injection drug use, comorbidities, as well as HIV viral load, CD4 T cell counts, and antiretroviral therapy where appropriate. The analysis included 1,178 participants (316 HIV positive and 862 HIV negative). In the adjusted model, sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2 were individually associated with IL-6 (regression coefficient: 0.877 and 0.556, respectively, for all participants; 0.607 and 0.407 for HIV positives; and 0.999 and 0.628 for HIV negatives, all p < 0.0001). In the model combining sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2, the associations for sTNFR-1 remained significant (0.693 for all participants, p < 0.0001; 0.417 for HIV positives, p < 0.05; and 0.840 for HIV negatives), while those for sTNFR-2 were no longer significant. sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2 were positively associated with IL-6 in ALIVE participants. These findings provide initial insight into the in vivo relationship between TNF-α activation and IL-6 and a basis for further investigations into potential mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation in aging and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X. Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stewart Dandorf
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Carlson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Hui
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shruti H. Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Damani Piggott
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bhavish Manwani
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory D. Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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10
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Houldsworth A, Metzner M, Hodgkinson A, Shaw S, Kaminski E, Demaine AG, Cramp ME. Haplotype analysis finds linkage disequilibrium in the IL-12 gene in patients with HCV. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1207-17. [PMID: 25908236 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HCV is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. IL-12 plays an essential role in the balance of T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation versus a T helper 2 (Th2) driven response from its naïve precursor. Linkage disequilibrium measures the degree to which alleles at two loci are associated and the non-random associations between alleles at two loci. Haplotypes of the three IL-12B loci studied were determined in the patient cases and the normal healthy control subjects. The frequency of the 12 possible IL-12B haplotypes on the 3 loci was determined in subjects heterozygous at only one of the loci within the studied haplotype. Haplotype frequencies were compared between the patient groups and controls (n = 49) to determine if any preferential combination of markers occurred using chi-squared and applying the Bonferroni correction. 45 HCV RNA negative patients; 88 HCV RNA positive patients; and 15 uninfected cases at high risk of HCV infection (EU) were studied. The haplotype "C" SNP of the 3'UTR with the "E" 4 bp deletion of the intron 4 region was in linkage disequilibrium (χ(2) = 45.15, P < 0.001, 95% CL). The haplotype analysis of the insertion allele of the promoter with the deletion allele of the intron 4("E") IL-12B polymorphism showed linkage disequilibrium (χ(2) = 5.64, P = 0.02). Linkage disequilibrium of polymorphisms is reported in the IL-12 gene in patients with HCV infection and contributes to the understanding of patient genotype and expected production of IL-12, responding to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annwyne Houldsworth
- Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Research Groups, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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11
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Gondeau C, Briolotti P, Razafy F, Duret C, Rubbo PA, Helle F, Rème T, Ripault MP, Ducos J, Fabre JM, Ramos J, Pécheur EI, Larrey D, Maurel P, Daujat-Chavanieu M. In vitro infection of primary human hepatocytes by HCV-positive sera: insights on a highly relevant model. Gut 2014; 63:1490-500. [PMID: 24153249 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) support the complete infection cycle of natural HCV from patients' sera. The molecular details underlying sera infectivity towards these cells remain largely unknown. Therefore, we sought to gain a deeper comprehension of these features in the most physiologically relevant culture system. DESIGN Using kinetic experiments, we defined the optimal conditions to infect PHH and explored the link between cell organisation and permissivity. Based on their infectivity, about 120 sera were classified in three groups. Concentration of 52 analytes was measured in 79 selected sera using multiplexed immunobead-based analyte profiling. RESULTS PHH permissivity towards HCV infection negatively correlated with cell polarisation and formation of functional bile canaliculi. PHH supported HCV replication for at least 2 weeks with de novo virus production. Depending on their reactivity, sera could be classified in three groups of high, intermediate or low infectivity toward PHH. Infectivity could not be predicted based on the donors' clinical characteristics, viral load or genotype. Interestingly, highly infectious sera displayed a specific cytokine profile with low levels of most of the 52 tested analytes. Among them, 24 cytokines/growth factors could impact hepatocyte biology and infection efficiency. CONCLUSIONS We identified critical factors leading to efficient PHH infection by HCV sera in vitro. Overall, we showed that this cellular model provides a useful tool for studying the mechanism of HCV infection in its natural host cell, selecting highly infectious isolates, and determining the potency of drugs towards various HCV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gondeau
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Briolotti
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Francia Razafy
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Duret
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Rubbo
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France INSERM U1058, Montpellier, France
| | - François Helle
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Thierry Rème
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Ripault
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology A, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Ducos
- INSERM U1058, Montpellier, France Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Fabre
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Jeanne Ramos
- Pathological anatomy department, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Eve-Isabelle Pécheur
- UMR INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Department of Hepato-gastroenterology A, Hospital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Maurel
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France CHU Saint Eloi, Institute of Research in Biotherapy, Montpellier, France
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12
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Riva A, Laird M, Casrouge A, Ambrozaitis A, Williams R, Naoumov NV, Albert ML, Chokshi S. Truncated CXCL10 is associated with failure to achieve spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 2014; 60:487-96. [PMID: 24668726 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is strongly influenced by the nature of the host's antiviral immunity. Counterintuitively, elevated serum concentrations of C-X-C chemokine 10 (CXCL10), a potent chemoattractant for antiviral T-cells and NK-cells, are associated with poor treatment outcomes in patients with chronic HCV. It has been reported that an N-terminal truncated form of CXCL10, generated by the protease dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4), can act as chemokine antagonist. We sought to investigate CXCL10 antagonism in the clinical outcome and evolution of acute HCV infection. We collected serial blood samples from 16 patients, at the clinical onset of acute HCV infection and at 12 standardized follow-up timepoints over the first year. Intact and truncated CXCL10 and DPP4 activity were quantified in all longitudinal samples. In addition, NK-cell frequency/phenotype, and HCV-specific T-cell responses were assessed. Subjects developing chronicity (n = 11) had higher concentrations of CXCL10 (P < 0.001), which was predominantly in a truncated form (P = 0.036) compared to patients who spontaneously resolved infection (n = 5). Truncated CXCL10 correlated with HCV-RNA (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and DPP4 activity (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). Subjects who resolved infection had a higher frequency of HCV-specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-producing T-cells (P = 0.017) and predominance of cytotoxic NK-cells (P = 0.005) compared to patients who became chronic. Patients who became persistently infected had higher proportions of cytokine-producing NK-cells, which were correlated with concentrations of truncated CXCL10 (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of chemokine antagonism during acute HCV infection. We suggest that the DPP4-CXCL10 axis inhibits antiviral innate and adaptive host immunity and favors establishment of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
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13
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Huckans M, Fuller BE, Olavarria H, Sasaki AW, Chang M, Flora KD, Kolessar M, Kriz D, Anderson JR, Vandenbark AA, Loftis JM. Multi-analyte profile analysis of plasma immune proteins: altered expression of peripheral immune factors is associated with neuropsychiatric symptom severity in adults with and without chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Brain Behav 2014; 4:123-42. [PMID: 24683507 PMCID: PMC3967530 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated differences in the expression of 47 inflammatory factors and to evaluate the potential role of peripheral immune activation in HCV-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms-depression, anxiety, fatigue, and pain. An additional objective was to evaluate the role of immune factor dysregulation in the expression of specific neuropsychiatric symptoms to identify biomarkers that may be relevant to the treatment of these neuropsychiatric symptoms in adults with or without HCV. MethodsBlood samples and neuropsychiatric symptom severity scales were collected from HCV-infected adults (HCV+, n = 39) and demographically similar noninfected controls (HCV-, n = 40). Multi-analyte profile analysis was used to evaluate plasma biomarkers. ResultsCompared with HCV- controls, HCV+ adults reported significantly (P < 0.050) greater depression, anxiety, fatigue, and pain, and they were more likely to present with an increased inflammatory profile as indicated by significantly higher plasma levels of 40% (19/47) of the factors assessed (21%, after correcting for multiple comparisons). Within the HCV+ group, but not within the HCV- group, an increased inflammatory profile (indicated by the number of immune factors > the LDC) significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and pain. Within the total sample, neuropsychiatric symptom severity was significantly predicted by protein signatures consisting of 4-10 plasma immune factors; protein signatures significantly accounted for 19-40% of the variance in depression, anxiety, fatigue, and pain. ConclusionsOverall, the results demonstrate that altered expression of a network of plasma immune factors contributes to neuropsychiatric symptom severity. These findings offer new biomarkers to potentially facilitate pharmacotherapeutic development and to increase our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in adults with or without HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Huckans
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Bret E Fuller
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Hannah Olavarria
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Anna W Sasaki
- Gastroenterology Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Gastroenterology Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Kenneth D Flora
- Portland Gastroenterology Division, Oregon Clinic9280 SE Sunnybrook Blvd., Clackamas, Oregon, 97015, USA
| | - Michael Kolessar
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University190 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, Oregon, 97123, USA
| | - Daniel Kriz
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University190 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, Oregon, 97123, USA
| | - Jeanne R Anderson
- School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University190 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, Oregon, 97123, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
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14
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Hodowanec AC, Brady KE, Gao W, Kincaid SL, Plants J, Bahk M, Landay AL, Huhn GD. Characterization of CD4⁺ T-cell immune activation and interleukin 10 levels among HIV, hepatitis C virus, and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:232-40. [PMID: 24131865 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829c6de0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients have accelerated liver disease compared with HCV monoinfection. In HIV-positive patients with viral suppression, data comparing inflammatory cytokines and immune activation between HIV/HCV coinfection with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) to HIV/HCV-seropositive patients with cleared HCV are limited. METHODS Fifty-nine age- and sex-matched patients were stratified: (1) HIV monoinfection (n = 15); (2) HCV monoinfection with CHC (n = 15); (3) HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (n = 14); and (4) HIV/HCV seropositive with cleared HCV (n = 15). All HIV-positive patients had undetectable HIV viremia, and median CD4 was 420 cells per microliter. Liver fibrosis was assessed in each subject using transient elastography. Cells were collected for CD4 and CD8 immune activation (CD38/HLA-DR) markers via flow cytometry and plasma for luminex-multiplex cytokine assays. RESULTS CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺ expression on CD4⁺ T cells was significantly increased in HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (7%) versus HCV monoinfection (4%) (P = 0.012). CD4⁺ total HLA-DR⁺ expression was significantly increased in HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (43%) versus HIV monoinfection (31%) (P = 0.010) and HIV/HCV seropositive with cleared HCV (38%) (P = 0.046). Total CD4⁺CD38⁺ and CD4⁺CD38⁺HLA-DR⁻ expression was significantly higher in HIV monoinfection (23% and 18%) than HCV moninfection (13%, P = 0.002% and 9%, P = 0.001, respectively). Interleukin 10 levels were significantly lower in HIV monoinfection versus HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (P = 0.0002). In multivariate analysis, severe fibrosis was associated with lower expression of CD4⁺CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺ and CD4⁺ total CD38⁺ than mild-moderate fibrosis (P = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CD4 immune activation with HLA-DR⁺ expression in HIV/HCV coinfection with well-controlled HIV may arise from chronic HCV viremia. Conversely, CD4⁺CD38⁺ expression may be driven by underlying HIV infection. CD4 immune activation was unexpectedly found to be associated with decreased liver fibrosis.
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15
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Flynn JK, Sacks-Davis R, Higgs P, Aitken C, Moneer S, Suppiah V, Tracy L, Ffrench R, Bowden S, Drummer H, George J, Bharadwaj M, Hellard M. Detection of HCV-Specific IFN-γ Responses in HCV Antibody and HCV RNA Negative Injecting Drug Users. Hepat Mon 2014; 14:e14678. [PMID: 24497881 PMCID: PMC3909641 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detectable HCV-specific cellular immune responses in HCV antibody and RNA negative people who inject drugs (PWID) raise the question of whether some are resistant to HCV infection. Immune responses from people who have been exposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and remain anti-HCV negative are of interest for HCV vaccine development; however, limited research addresses this area. OBJECTIVES In a cohort of HCV antibody and RNA negative PWID, we assessed whether the presence of HCV-specific IFN-γ responses or genetic associations provide any evidence of protection from HCV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and ninety-eight participants were examined longitudinally for clinical, behavioral, social, environmental and genetic characteristics (IFNL3 genotype [formally IL-28B] and HLA type). Sixty-one of the 198 participants were HCV antibody and RNA negative, with 53 able to be examined longitudinally for HCV-specific IFN-γ ELISpot T cell responses. RESULTS Ten of the 53 HCV antibody and RNA negative participants had detectable HCV-specific IFN-γ responses at baseline (18%). The magnitude of IFN-γ responses averaged 131 +/- 96 SFC/106 PBMC and the breadth was mean 1 +/- 1 pool positive. The specificity of responses were mainly directed to E2, NS4b and NS5b. Participants with (10) and without (43) HCV-specific IFN-γ responses did not differ in behavioral, clinical or genetic characteristics (P > 0.05). There was a larger proportion sharing needles (with 70%, without 49%, P = 0.320) and a higher incidence of HCV (with 35.1 per 100 py, 95% CI 14.6, 84.4, without 16.0 per 100 py, 95% CI 7.2, 35.6, P = 0.212) in those with IFN-γ responses, although not statistically significant. Half the participants with baseline IFN-γ responses became HCV RNA positive (5/10), with one of these participants spontaneously clearing HCV. The spontaneous clearer had high magnitude and broad Th1 responses, favorable IFNL3 genotype and favorable HLA types. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the detection of HCV-specific IFN-γ responses in HCV antibody and RNA negative individuals, with a tendency for HCV-specific IFN-γ responses to be associated with HCV exposure. The potential role of HCV-specific IFN-γ responses in those who remained HCV RNA negative is of value for the development of novel HCV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Flynn
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Corresponding Author: Jacqueline K Flynn, Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, 3001 Victoria, G.P.O. Box: 2284, Melbourne, Australia. Tel: +61-392822109, Fax: +61-392822100, E-mail:
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Higgs
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Moneer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vijay Suppiah
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lilly Tracy
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary Ffrench
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Bowden
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heidi Drummer
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mandvi Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ashraf S, Nitschke K, Warshow UM, Brooks CR, Kim AY, Lauer GM, Hydes TJ, Cramp ME, Alexander G, Little AM, Thimme R, Neumann-Haefelin C, Khakoo SI. Synergism of tapasin and human leukocyte antigens in resolving hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 58:881-9. [PMID: 23532923 PMCID: PMC3759612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8+ T-cell responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) are important in generating a successful immune response and spontaneously clearing infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I presents viral peptides to CD8+ T cells to permit detection of infected cells, and tapasin is an important component of the peptide loading complex for HLA class I. We sought to determine if tapasin polymorphisms affected the outcome of HCV infection. Patients with resolved or chronic HCV infection were genotyped for the known G/C coding polymorphism in exon 4 of the tapasin gene. In a European, but not a US, Caucasian population, the tapasin G allele was significantly associated with the outcome of HCV infection, being found in 82.5% of resolvers versus 71.3% of persistently infected individuals (P = 0.02, odds ratio [OR] = 1.90 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-3.23). This was more marked at the HLA-B locus at which heterozygosity of both tapasin and HLA-B was protective (P < 0.03). Individuals with an HLA-B allele with an aspartate at residue 114 and the tapasin G allele were more likely to spontaneously resolve HCV infection (P < 0.00003, OR = 3.2 95% CI = 1.6-6.6). Additionally, individuals with chronic HCV and the combination of an HLA-B allele with an aspartate at residue 114 and the tapasin G allele also had stronger CD8+ T-cell responses (P = 0.02, OR = 2.58, 95% CI-1.05-6.5). CONCLUSION Tapasin alleles contribute to the outcome of HCV infection by synergizing with polymorphisms at HLA-B in a population-specific manner. This polymorphism may be relevant for peptide vaccination strategies against HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ashraf
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Usama M Warshow
- Hepatology Research Group, Peninsula Medical School and Hepatology Department, South West Liver Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Collin R Brooks
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Arthur Y Kim
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Theresa J Hydes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew E Cramp
- Hepatology Research Group, Peninsula Medical School and Hepatology Department, South West Liver Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Ann-Margaret Little
- Laboratory of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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Shaheen NMH, Soliman AR, El-Khashab SO, Hanna MOF. HLA DRB1 Alleles and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Ren Fail 2013; 35:386-90. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.761038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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