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Barrios MH, Nicholson S, Bull RA, Martinello M, Rawlinson W, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Lloyd AR, Konecny P, Mordant F, Catton M, Subbarao K, Caly L, Druce J, Netter HJ. Comparative Longitudinal Serological Study of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Profiles in People with COVID-19. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1985. [PMID: 37630545 PMCID: PMC10458948 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnostic assays are essential tools for determining an individual's protection against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, tracking the spread of the virus in the community, and evaluating population immunity. To assess the diversity and quality of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, we have compared the antibody profiles of people with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 using a dot blot assay. The test targeted the four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely the nucleocapsid (N), spike (S) protein domains S1 and S2, and receptor-binding domain (RBD). Serum samples were collected from 63 participants at various time points for up to 300 days after disease onset. The dot blot assay revealed patient-specific differences in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles. Out of the 63 participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and clinical COVID-19, 35/63 participants exhibited diverse and robust responses against the tested antigens, while 14/63 participants displayed either limited responses to a subset of antigens or no detectable antibody response to any of the antigens. Anti-N-specific antibody levels decreased within 300 days after disease onset, whereas anti-S-specific antibodies persisted. The dynamics of the antibody response did not change during the test period, indicating stable antibody profiles. Among the participants, 28/63 patients with restricted anti-S antibody profiles or undetectable anti-S antibody levels in the dot blot assay also exhibited weak neutralization activity, as measured by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and a microneutralization test. These results indicate that in some cases, natural infections do not lead to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the study revealed significant serological variability among patients, regardless of the severity of their COVID-19 illness. These differences need to be carefully considered when evaluating the protective antibody status of individuals who have experienced primary SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou H. Barrios
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Marianne Martinello
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
| | - William Rawlinson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Serology and Virology Division, Department of Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
| | - Michael Mina
- Northern Beaches Hospital, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey J. Post
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Bernard Hudson
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | | | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Pamela Konecny
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Francesca Mordant
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Hans J. Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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2
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Adhikari A, Abayasingam A, Rodrigo C, Agapiou D, Pandzic E, Brasher NA, Fernando BSM, Keoshkerian E, Li H, Kim HN, Lord M, Popovic G, Rawlinson W, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Dwyer D, Sasson SC, Grubor-Bauk B, Lloyd AR, Martinello M, Bull RA, Tedla N. Longitudinal Characterization of Phagocytic and Neutralization Functions of Anti-Spike Antibodies in Plasma of Patients after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. J I 2022; 209:1499-1512. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Malvasi A, Tinelli A, Dellino M, Trojano G, Vinciguerra M, Mina M. Curcumin and Teupolioside attenuate signs and symptoms severity associated to hirsutism in PCOS women: a preliminary pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:6187-6191. [PMID: 36111918 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202209_29635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hirsutism affects 5-15% of women of reproductive age, with approximately 80% of these women having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The etiopathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear, the clinical characteristics of PCOS include hyperandrogenism, generally manifested as hirsutism and acne, and both these clinical symptoms are treated with oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), topical medications or antiandrogens. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and Plant sterols, such as a phenylpropanoid glycosides of Ajuga reptans, known as Teupolioside, have attracted considerable attention due to their pharmacological properties. Taking into consideration wide-ranging pharmacological and biological properties and the safety of herbal extracts, we proposed a combination of curcumin and teupolioside to evaluate the anti-androgenic properties in women with PCOS and clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six hyperandrogenic PCOS women with a hirsutism score (HS) > 20, according to Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system, were involved in the study. These women were treated with a galenical preparation mixture containing curcumin and teupolioside and clinical features were assessed after 12 weeks. RESULTS The nutraceutical combination containing curcumin/teopolioside ameliorated clinical manifestations associated to hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS after a 12-weeks treatment. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that a curcumin/teopolioside nutraceutical combination is beneficial for improving various clinical manifestations associated to abnormal hormonal parameters in PCOS women, as well as signs and symptoms associated to hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malvasi
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Phystech BioMed School, Faculty of Biological & Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
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4
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Rodon J, Arkenau HT, Funchain P, Hervieu A, Gao L, Liu M, Halim A, Mina M, Takahashi O, Benhadji K, Delaloge S. 467P Dose escalation of TAS-117 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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5
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Wolf J, Ventouras LA, Menu P, Wójtowicz A, Zou M, Diallo S, Chassot Agostinho A, Tiedt R, Mina M. 101P The landscape of MET alterations in European cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Abayasingam A, Balachandran H, Agapiou D, Hammoud M, Rodrigo C, Keoshkerian E, Li H, Brasher NA, Christ D, Rouet R, Burnet D, Grubor-Bauk B, Rawlinson W, Turville S, Aggarwal A, Stella AO, Fichter C, Brilot F, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Dwyer D, Sasson SC, Tea F, Pilli D, Kelleher A, Tedla N, Lloyd AR, Martinello M, Bull RA. Long-term persistence of RBD + memory B cells encoding neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100228. [PMID: 33748788 PMCID: PMC7955929 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable concerns relating to the duration of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) exist, with evidence of antibody titers declining rapidly after infection and reports of reinfection. Here, we monitor the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) for up to 6 months after infection. While antibody titers are maintained, ∼13% of the cohort’s neutralizing responses return to background. However, encouragingly, in a selected subset of 13 participants, 12 have detectable RBD-specific memory B cells and these generally are increasing out to 6 months. Furthermore, we are able to generate monoclonal antibodies with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity from these memory B cells. Overall, our study suggests that the loss of neutralizing antibodies in plasma may be countered by the maintenance of neutralizing capacity in the memory B cell repertoire. Decay of antibody binding to RBD and spike antigen after 6 months 11 of 81 (13.6%) participants revert to background neutralizing levels Despite declining antibody titers, robust memory B cell populations are observed Memory B cells retain potent neutralizing capacity
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunasingam Abayasingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Agapiou
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Chaturaka Rodrigo
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hui Li
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Brasher
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Burnet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide 5011, SA, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Serology and Virology Division, Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabienne Brilot
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neurosciences Centre, Kids Research at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Mina
- Northern Beaches Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J. Post
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Tea
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neurosciences Centre, Kids Research at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deepti Pilli
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neurosciences Centre, Kids Research at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicodemus Tedla
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Marianne Martinello
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Mt Druitt Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding author
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Prairie E, Côté F, Tsakpinoglou M, Mina M, Quiniou C, Leimert K, Olson D, Chemtob S. The determinant role of IL-6 in the establishment of inflammation leading to spontaneous preterm birth. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 59:118-130. [PMID: 33551331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) and its consequences are a major public health concern as preterm delivery is the main cause of mortality and morbidity at birth. There are many causes of PTB, but inflammation is undeniably associated with the process of premature childbirth and fetal injury. At present, treatments clinically available mostly involve attempt to arrest contractions (tocolytics) but do not directly address upstream maternal inflammation on development of the fetus. One of the possible solutions may lie in the modulation of inflammatory mediators. Of the many pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the induction of PTB, IL-6 stands out for its pleiotropic effects and its involvement in both acute and chronic inflammation. Here, we provide a detailed review of the effects of IL-6 on the timing of childbirth, its occurrence during PTB and its indissociable roles with associated fetal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Prairie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - France Côté
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marika Tsakpinoglou
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michael Mina
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Kelycia Leimert
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - David Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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8
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Lennon NJ, Mina M, Rehm HL, Hung DT, Smole S, Woolley AE, Lander E, Gabriel S. LB-11. Comparison of Viral Loads in Individuals With or Without Symptoms At Time of COVID-19 Testing Among 32,480 Residents and Staff of Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities in Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7777564 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa515.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of COVID-19 from people without symptoms confounds public health containment strategies. Comprehensive cross-sectional screening enables assessment of viral load independent of symptoms, informing transmission risks. We quantified SARS-CoV-2 burden by RT-qPCR from comprehensive screening of nursing homes and assisted living facilities in Massachusetts to inform our ability to detect SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with or without symptoms. Methods From 4/9/20 to 6/9/20, we tested nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from 32,480 unique individuals comprising staff and residents of the majority of nursing homes and assisted living facilities in Massachusetts. Symptomatology at the time of sampling and demographic information were provided by each facility. NP swabs were collected, RNA extracted, and SARS-CoV-2 testing performed by RT-qPCR. We compared cycle thresholds (Ct) with a standard curve to quantify viral loads. Results The nursing home and assisted living facilities resident cohort (N = 16,966) was 65% female with mean age 82. The staff cohort (N = 15,514) was 76% female with mean age 45. In all, 2654 residents (15.5%) and 624 staff (4.1%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, including 12.7% of residents and 3.7% of staff without symptoms, compared to 53.1% of residents and 18.2% of staff with symptoms. The Ct distributions for viral probes were very similar between populations with and without symptoms (Fig 1), with a statistically but not meaningfully different mean (ΔCt 0.71 cycles, p = 0.006) and a similar range (12–38 cycles). This similarity persisted across all sub-categories examined (age, race, ethnicity, sex, resident/staff). Figure 1 ![]()
Conclusion In a large cohort of individuals screened for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR, we found strikingly similar viral load distributions in patients with or without symptoms at the time of testing. The size of the study population, including both staff and residents spanning a wide range of ages, provides a comprehensive cross-sectional point prevalence measurement of viral burden. Because the distributions of viral loads are very similar regardless of symptoms, existing testing modalities validated for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in symptomatic patients should perform similarly well in individuals without symptoms at the time of testing. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mina
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sandra Smole
- Massachusetts State Public Health Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Abstract
Odontoblast differentiation is a complex and multistep process regulated by signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Both positive and negative effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on dentinogenesis have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms of these conflicting results are still unclear. To gain a better insight into the role of Wnt/β-catenin in dentinogenesis, we used dental pulp cells from a panel of transgenic mice, in which fluorescent protein expression identifies cells at different stages of odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation. Our results showed that exposure of pulp cells to WNT3a at various times and durations did not induce premature differentiation of odontoblasts. These treatments supported the survival of undifferentiated cells in dental pulp and promoted the formation of 2.3GFP+ preodontoblasts and their rapid transition into differentiated odontoblasts expressing DMP1-Cherry and DSPP-Cerulean transgenes. WNT3a also promoted osteogenesis in dental pulp cultures. These findings provide critical information for the development of improved treatments for vital pulp therapy and dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S H Root
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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10
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Mina M, Underwood A, Eltahla A, Wu BR, Walker MR, Bull RA, Lloyd AR. Anti-envelope antibody responses in highly exposed seronegative individuals may be associated with protection from HCV infection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1012-1021. [PMID: 32497370 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In rare cases, individuals with a history of long-term injecting drug use remain seronegative and aviraemic, despite prolonged and likely repeated exposure to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) through high-risk behaviour. We describe anti-HCV Envelope (E) antibody responses in a prospective cohort of carefully defined highly exposed but uninfected subjects (HESN) and comparison subjects who were also high risk and uninfected, but rapidly became HCV infected (Incident). Longitudinally collected samples from HESN cases (n = 22) were compared to Incident controls (n = 22). IgG, IgM and IgA from sera were tested by ELISA to genotype 1a and 3a E glycoproteins, and recombinant genotype 1a E2 antigen. IgG subclass isotyping was performed for those positive for IgG. Virus-neutralizing activity was assessed on HCV pseudoparticles, and HCV E-specific B cells analysed using flow cytometry. A significant minority of HESN cases (n = 10; 45%) had anti-E, predominantly in the IgG2 subclass, which was not found in the pre-infection time point of the Incident cases (n = 1; 5%). A subset of the HESN subjects also had neutralizing activity and HCV-specific B cells detected significantly more than Incident cases pre-infection. In conclusion, the HESN phenotype is associated with IgG2 anti-E antibodies, neutralization activity and HCV E-specific memory B cells. These findings suggest that HESN subjects may be resistant to HCV infection through humoral immune-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mina
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Underwood
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Auda Eltahla
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bing-Ru Wu
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie R Walker
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Menkir TF, Chin T, Hay J, Surface ED, De Salazar PM, Buckee CO, Watts A, Khan K, Sherbo R, Yan AWC, Mina M, Lipsitch M, Niehus R. Estimating internationally imported cases during the early COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv 2020:2020.03.23.20038331. [PMID: 32511613 PMCID: PMC7276040 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.23.20038331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, when cases were predominantly reported in the city of Wuhan, China, local outbreaks in Europe, North America, and Asia were largely predicted from imported cases on flights from Wuhan, potentially missing imports from other key source cities. Here, we account for importations from Wuhan and from other cities in China, combining COVID-19 prevalence estimates in 18 Chinese cities with estimates of flight passenger volume to predict for each day between early December 2019 to late February 2020 the number of cases exported from China. We predict that the main source of global case importation in early January was Wuhan, but due to the Wuhan lockdown and the rapid spread of the virus, the main source of case importation from mid February became Chinese cities outside of Wuhan. For destinations in Africa in particular, non-Wuhan cities were an important source of case imports (1 case from those cities for each case from Wuhan, range of model scenarios: 0.1-9.8). Our model predicts that 18.4 (8.5 - 100) COVID-19 cases were imported to 26 destination countries in Africa, with most of them (90%) predicted to have arrived between 7th January (±10 days) and 5th February (±3 days), and all of them predicted prior to the first case detections. We finally observed marked heterogeneities in expected imported cases across those locations. Our estimates shed light on shifting sources and local risks of case importation which can help focus surveillance efforts and guide public health policy during the final stages of the pandemic. We further provide a time window for the seeding of local epidemics in African locations, a key parameter for estimating expected outbreak size and burden on local health care systems and societies, that has yet to be defined in these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist F. Menkir
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor Chin
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Hay
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik D. Surface
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pablo M. De Salazar
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline O. Buckee
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ada W. C. Yan
- Section of Immunology of Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mina
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rene Niehus
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Clapham H, Hay J, Routledge I, Takahashi S, Choisy M, Cummings D, Grenfell B, Metcalf CJE, Mina M, Barraquer IR, Salje H, Tam CC. Seroepidemiologic Study Designs for Determining SARS-COV-2 Transmission and Immunity. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1978-1986. [PMID: 32544053 PMCID: PMC7454079 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.201840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic studies are crucial for clarifying dynamics of the coronavirus disease pandemic. Past work on serologic studies (e.g., during influenza pandemics) has made relevant contributions, but specific conditions of the current situation require adaptation. Although detection of antibodies to measure exposure, immunity, or both seems straightforward conceptually, numerous challenges exist in terms of sample collection, what the presence of antibodies actually means, and appropriate analysis and interpretation to account for test accuracy and sampling biases. Successful deployment of serologic studies depends on type and performance of serologic tests, population studied, use of adequate study designs, and appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. We highlight key questions that serologic studies can help answer at different times, review strengths and limitations of different assay types and study designs, and discuss methods for rapid sharing and analysis of serologic data to determine global transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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13
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Abstract
The International Association for Dental Research (IADR) Distinguished Scientist Awards are prestigious recognitions of outstanding scientific accomplishments in various areas of dental, oral, and craniofacial research, which correspond to several of the IADR Scientific Groups and Networks. These 17 awards were established over a period of 60 y. The objective of this report is to highlight women recipients of IADR Distinguished Scientist Awards. Additionally, we report the distribution of awards to women scientists over time and compare the number of women nominees, awardees, and gender distribution of the membership. Information about the awards was obtained from the IADR member database and press releases. Information collected included name of the award, year received, and the awardee's name, institution, and position held at the time of the award. For the last 14 y, the time span for which reliable information was available, the gender distribution of the membership of the IADR was also retrieved. Overall, only 13% of the awardees have been women; even in the last 20 y, <20% have been women. In the last 14 y, the number of women awardees paralleled the number of nominees for each award. However, the proportion of women nominees was significantly lower than the female membership each year (P < 0.001). With the exception of 1 y, the percentage of women awardees trailed the women membership of the IADR. In the past 4 y, women represented 12% to 18% of the awardees, whereas they composed 41% to 46% of the IADR's membership. Given the benefits of prestigious recognitions on recruitment and retention of faculty and on attracting new research trainees into a discipline, it is important that policies be implemented to increase the proportion of women nominees for awards to appropriately recognize the efforts of remarkable women scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S S Herren
- IADR Global Headquarters Office, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - M Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - E Bellile
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Vijaykumar A, Mina M. Comparison of osteogenic and dentinogenic potentials of mice incisor and molar pulps in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 111:104647. [PMID: 31958658 PMCID: PMC7050286 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we compared the in vitro osteogenic and dentinogenic potential of pulp cells from incisors and molars. DESIGN Primary pulp cultures were established from DSPP-Cerulean/DMP1-Cherry and BSP-GFPtpz reporter mouse lines and processed for various assays. RESULTS Our results showed marked differences in dentinogenic and osteogenic potentials of primary cultures from unerupted molars and incisors isolated from 5 to 7 days old pups. While primary cultures from both incisors and molars differentiated into odontoblasts and osteoblasts, cultures from molars differentiated into more DSPP-Cerulean + cells (∼5.5 %) compared to incisor cultures (∼0.7 %) at Day 14 and appear to be more committed to the odontogenic lineage. On the other hand, cultures from incisors show more differentiation into BSP-GFPtpz + cells (∼25 %) compared to molar cultures (∼16 %) and were more committed to the osteogenic lineage. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test and statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. CONCLUSION Since in the dental pulp, MSCs are the primary source of progenitors capable of giving rise to osteoblasts and odontoblasts, our results provide evidence for differences in the commitment of MSCs in molars and incisors to the odontogenic and osteogenic lineages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - M Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States.
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15
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Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a member of the SIBLING family with essential roles in skeletogenesis. In the developing teeth, although the expression and function of BSP in the formation of acellular cementum and periodontal attachment are well documented, there are uncertainties regarding the expression and function of BSP by odontoblasts and dentin. Reporter mice are valuable animal models for biological research, providing a gene expression readout that can contribute to cellular characterization within the context of a developmental process. In the present study, we examined the expression of a BSP-GFPtpz reporter mouse line during odontoblast differentiation, reparative dentinogenesis, and bone. In the developing teeth, BSP-GFPtpz was expressed at high levels in cementoblasts but not in odontoblasts or dentin. In bones, the transgene was highly expressed in osteoblasts at an early stage of differentiation. Interestingly, despite its lack of expression in odontoblasts and dental pulp during tooth development, the BSP-GFPtpz transgene was detected during in vitro mineralization of primary pulp cultures and during reparative dentinogenesis following pulp exposures. Importantly, under these experimental contexts, the expression of BSP-GFPtpz was still exclusive to DSPP-Cerulean, an odontoblast-specific reporter gene. This suggests that the combinatorial use of BSP-GFPtpz and DSPP-Cerulean can be a valuable experimental tool to distinguish osteogenic from dentinogenic cells, thereby providing an avenue to investigate mechanisms that distinctly regulate the lineage progression of progenitors into odontoblasts versus osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - P. Dyrkacz
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I. Vidovic-Zdrilic
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - P. Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M. Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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16
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Bruand M, Barras D, Mina M, Lanitis E, Chong C, Dorier J, Walton J, Bassani-Sternberg M, Kandalaft L, McNeish I, Swisher E, Delorenzi M, Ren B, Ciriello G, Irving M, Rusakiewicz S, Foukas P, Martinon F, Dangaj D, Coukos G. Immunogenicity of BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancers is driven through DNA sensing and is augmented by PARP inhibition. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz268.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Vidovic-Zdrilic I, Vijaykumar A, Mina M. Activation of αSMA expressing perivascular cells during reactionary dentinogenesis. Int Endod J 2019; 52:68-76. [PMID: 29985533 PMCID: PMC6283699 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the contribution of perivascular cells expressing αSMA to reactionary dentinogenesis. METHODOLOGY An inducible, Cre-loxP in vivo fate-mapping approach was used to examine the contribution of the descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene to reactionary dentinogenesis in mice molars. Reactionary dentinogenesis was induced by experimental mild injury to dentine without pulp exposure. The Student's t test was used to determine statistical significance at *P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The lineage tracing experiments revealed that mild injury to dentine first led to activation of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells in the entire pulp chamber. The percentage of areas occupied by αSMA-tdTomato+ in injured (7.5 ± 0.7%) teeth were significantly higher than in teeth without injury (2 ± 0.5%). After their activation, αSMA-tdTomato+ cells migrated towards the site of injury, gave rise to pulp cells and a few odontoblasts that became integrated into the existing odontoblast layer expressing Col2.3-GFP and Dspp. CONCLUSION Mild insult to dentine activated perivascular αSMA-tdTomato+ cells giving rise to pulp cells as well as a few odontoblasts that were integrated into the pre-existing odontoblast layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vidovic-Zdrilic
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Vijaykumar
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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18
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Vidovic-Zdrilic I, Vining KH, Vijaykumar A, Kalajzic I, Mooney DJ, Mina M. FGF2 Enhances Odontoblast Differentiation by αSMA + Progenitors In Vivo. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1170-1177. [PMID: 29649366 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518769827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the effects of early and limited exposure of perivascular cells expressing α (αSMA) to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in vivo. We performed in vivo fate mapping by inducible Cre-loxP and experimental pulp injury in molars to induce reparative dentinogenesis. Our results demonstrate that early delivery of exogenous FGF2 to exposed pulp led to proliferative expansion of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells and their accelerated differentiation into odontoblasts. In vivo lineage-tracing experiments showed that the calcified bridge/reparative dentin in FGF2-treated pulps were lined with an increased number of Dspp+ odontoblasts and devoid of BSP+ osteoblasts. The increased number of odontoblasts derived from αSMA-tdTomato+ cells and the formation of reparative dentin devoid of osteoblasts provide in vivo evidence for the stimulatory effects of FGF signaling on odontoblast differentiation from early progenitors in dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vidovic-Zdrilic
- 1 Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - K H Vining
- 2 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Vijaykumar
- 1 Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I Kalajzic
- 3 Departments of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - D J Mooney
- 2 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Mina
- 1 Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Herzog CR, Berzins DW, DenBesten P, Gregory RL, Hargreaves KM, Messer RLW, Mina M, Mooney MP, Paine ML, Phillips C, Presland RB, Quivey RG, Scannapieco FA, Sheridan JF, Svoboda KKH, Trackman PC, Walker MP, Walker SG, Wang CY, Hu JCC. Oral Sciences PhD Program Enrollment, Graduates, and Placement: 1994 to 2016. J Dent Res 2018; 97:483-491. [PMID: 29328868 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517749506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, dental schools in the United States have endured a significant faculty shortage. Studies have determined that the top 2 sources of dental faculty are advanced education programs and private practice. Those who have completed both DDS and PhD training are considered prime candidates for dental faculty positions. However, there is no national database to track those trainees and no evidence to indicate that they entered academia upon graduation. The objective of this study was to assess outcomes of dental school-affiliated oral sciences PhD program enrollment, graduates, and placement between 1994 and 2016. Using the American Dental Association annual survey of advanced dental education programs not accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation and data obtained from 22 oral sciences PhD programs, we assessed student demographics, enrollment, graduation, and placement. Based on the data provided by program directors, the average new enrollment was 33, and graduation was 26 per year. A total of 605 graduated; 39 did not complete; and 168 were still in training. Among those 605 graduates, 211 were faculty in U.S. academic institutions, and 77 were faculty in foreign institutions. Given that vacant budgeted full-time faculty positions averaged 257 per year during this period, graduates from those oral sciences PhD programs who entered academia in the United States would have filled 9 (3.6%) vacant faculty positions per year. Therefore, PhD programs have consistently generated only a small pipeline of dental school faculty. Better mentoring to retain talent in academia is necessary. Stronger support and creative funding plans are essential to sustain the PhD program. Furthermore, the oral sciences PhD program database should be established and maintained by dental professional organizations to allow assessments of training models, trends of enrollment, graduation, and placement outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Herzog
- 1 DDS Class of 2020, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D W Berzins
- 2 Graduate Program Director for Dental Biomaterials and Professor of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - P DenBesten
- 3 Professor, Department of Orofacial Sciences, and Director, Center for Children's Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R L Gregory
- 4 Associate Dean for Graduate Education, and Director, PhD Dental Science Program, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K M Hargreaves
- 5 Professor and Chair, Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R L W Messer
- 6 Program Director of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M Mina
- 7 Professor and Chair, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M P Mooney
- 8 Professor and Chair, Department of Oral Biology, and Director, Oral Biology Graduate Program, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M L Paine
- 9 Professor of Dentistry, Director of the Graduate Program in Craniofacial Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Phillips
- 10 Associate Dean, Advanced Dental Education and Graduate Studies, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R B Presland
- 11 Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R G Quivey
- 12 Director, Center for Oral Biology, and Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - F A Scannapieco
- 13 Professor and Chair, Department of Oral Biology, and Associate Dean for Faculty and Professional Development, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J F Sheridan
- 14 Professor of Biosciences, OSU College of Dentistry, and Associate Director, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K K H Svoboda
- 15 Regents Professor, Oral Biology Graduate Program Director, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - P C Trackman
- 16 Professor, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Director of Graduate Programs, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P Walker
- 17 Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Programs, and Director, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Programs, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S G Walker
- 18 Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Y Wang
- 19 Professor and Associate Dean for Graduate Studies, Chair of the Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J C C Hu
- 20 Professor, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, and Director of Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Mina M. 2 Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines May Alter Within- and Between-Host Dynamics of Non-Vaccine Targeted Bacterial Pathogens. Am J Clin Pathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx149.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Mina M, Raynaud F, Tavernari D, Battistello E, Sungalee S, Saghafinia S, Laessle T, Sanchez-Vega F, Schultz N, Oricchio E, Ciriello G. Interrogating functional dependencies between genomic alterations can facilitate precision medicine approaches in cancer. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx508.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Saghafinia S, Mina M, Hanahan D, Ciriello G. Systematic identification of epigenetic alterations across human cancers therapeutic targets in cancer. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx511.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Vidovic Zdrilic I, de Azevedo Queiroz IO, Matthews BG, Gomes-Filho JE, Mina M, Kalajzic I. Mineral trioxide aggregate improves healing response of periodontal tissue to injury in mice. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:1058-1067. [PMID: 28691752 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a biomaterial used in endodontic procedures as it exerts beneficial effects on regenerative processes. In this study, we evaluate the effect of MTA on healing of periodontal ligament (PDL) and surrounding tissue, following injury, in a transgenic mouse model and on the differentiation of murine mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used an inducible Cre-loxP in vivo fate mapping approach to examine the effects of MTA on the contributions of descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene (SMA9+ ) to the PDL and alveolar bone after experimental injury to the root furcation on the maxillary first molars. Col2.3GFP was used as a marker to identify mature osteoblasts, cementoblasts and PDL fibroblasts. The effects of MTA were examined 2, 17 and 30 days after injury and compared histologically with sealing using an adhesive system. The effects of two dilutions of medium conditioned with MTA on proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from bone marrow (BMSC) and periodontal ligament (PDLC) in vitro were examined using the PrestoBlue viability assay, alkaline phosphatase and Von Kossa staining. The expression of markers of differentiation was assessed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Histological analyses showed better repair in teeth restored with MTA, as shown by greater expansion of SMA9+ progenitor cells and Col2.3GFP+ osteoblasts compared with control teeth. We also observed a positive effect on differentiation of SMA9+ progenitors into osteoblasts and cementoblasts in the apical region distant from the site of injury. The in vitro data showed that MTA-conditioned medium reduced cell viability and osteogenic differentiation in both PDLC and BMSC, indicated by reduced von Kossa staining and lower expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein. In addition, cultures grown in the presence of MTA had marked decreases in SMA9+ and Col2.3GFP+ areas as compared with osteogenic medium, confirming reduced osteogenesis. CONCLUSION MTA promotes regeneration of injured PDL and alveolar bone, reflected as contribution of progenitors (SMA9+ cells) into osteoblasts (Col2.3GFP+ cells). In vitro, MTA-conditioned medium fails to promote osteogenic differentiation of both PDLC and BMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vidovic Zdrilic
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - B G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - J E Gomes-Filho
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Aracatuba, Brazil
| | - M Mina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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25
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Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play essential and important roles in primary and reparative dentinogenesis, with conflicting results regarding their effects on odontoblast differentiation. Our recent studies showed that the effects of FGF2 on cells in odontoblast lineage were stage-specific and depended on the stage of cell maturity. Continuous exposure of pulp cells to FGF2 inhibited odontoblast differentiation, whereas early and limited exposure of pulp cells to FGF2 resulted in marked increases in odontoblast differentiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the inhibitory effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation. To do so, we examined the effects of the addition of FGF2 during the differentiation/mineralization phase of the in vitro growth of pulp cultures derived from a series of green fluorescent protein reporter transgenic mice that display stage-specific activation of transgenes during odontoblast differentiation. Our results showed that this treatment first stimulated the differentiation of remaining progenitors in pulp cultures into functional odontoblasts but prevented their differentiation into mature odontoblasts. In addition, this treatment inhibited expression of markers of osteogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation were mediated through activation of FGFR/MEK/Erk1/2 signaling and downregulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, with negative and positive roles in the expression of Dmp1 and Dspp, respectively, during the advanced stage of odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sagomonyants
- 1 Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I Kalajzic
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - P Maye
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- 3 Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Vidovic I, Banerjee A, Fatahi R, Matthews BG, Dyment NA, Kalajzic I, Mina M. αSMA-Expressing Perivascular Cells Represent Dental Pulp Progenitors In Vivo. J Dent Res 2016; 96:323-330. [PMID: 27834664 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516678208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of perivascular cells to odontoblasts during the development, growth, and repair of dentin using mouse molars as a model. We used an inducible, Cre-loxP in vivo fate-mapping approach to examine the contributions of the descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene to the odontoblast lineage. In vivo lineage-tracing experiments in molars showed the contribution of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells to a small number of newly formed odontoblasts during primary dentinogenesis. Using an experimental pulp exposure model in molars to induce reparative dentinogenesis, we demonstrate the contribution of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells to cells secreting reparative dentin. Our results demonstrate that αSMA-tdTomato+ cells differentiated into Col2.3-GFP+ cells composed of both Dspp+ odontoblasts and Bsp+ osteoblasts. Our findings identify a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells capable of giving rise to a second generation of odontoblasts during reparative dentinogenesis. This population also makes a small contribution to odontoblasts during primary dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vidovic
- 1 Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Banerjee
- 1 Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - R Fatahi
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - B G Matthews
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - N A Dyment
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I Kalajzic
- 2 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- 1 Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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27
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Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play essential and important roles in primary and reparative dentinogenesis. Although there appears to be a general agreement on the effects of FGF signaling on the proliferation of pulp cells, there are conflicting results regarding its effects on odontoblast differentiation. We recently examined the effects of continuous exposure of dental pulp cells to FGF2 and showed that the effects of FGF2 on differentiation of progenitor cells into odontoblasts were stage specific and dependent on the stage of cell maturity. The purpose of this study was to gain further insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the stimulatory effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation. To do so, we examined the effects of early and limited exposure of pulp cells from a series of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgenic mice that display stage-specific activation of transgenes during odontoblast differentiation to FGF2. Our results showed that early and limited exposure of pulp cells to FGF2 did not have significant effects on the extent of mineralization but induced significant increases in the expression of Dmp1 and Dspp and the number of DMP1-GFP(+) and DSPP-Cerulean(+) odontoblasts. Our results also showed that the stimulatory effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation were mediated through FGFR/MEK/Erk1/2 signaling, increases in Bmp2, and activation of the BMP/BMPR signaling pathway. These observations show that early and limited exposure of pulp cells to FGF2 alone promotes odontoblast differentiation and provides critical insight for applications of FGF2 in dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sagomonyants
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - I Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - P Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Verma N, Mina M, Liu M, Nystoriak M, Srodulski S, Peng XL, Brelsfoard J, Bachstetter A, Pascual C, Xie X, Saatman K, Van Eldik L, Navedo M, Despa S, Despa F. Abstract W P252: Amylin Vasculopathy, a Novel Mechanism of Cerebrovascular Injury and Neurologic Deficits in Diabetes. Stroke 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.wp252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human amylin is an amyloidogenic hormone that forms toxic oligomers that kill the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas of patients with type-2 diabetes. We recently showed that the pancreatic amylin pathology is also linked with cerebrovascular dementia and diabetic heart disease by increased circulating levels of toxic oligomerized amylin. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the cerebrovascular accumulation of oligomerized amylin injures the brain, leading to neurologic deficits independently of hyperglycemia.
A diabetic rat model overexpressing amyloidogenic human amylin in the pancreas (the HIP rat) and appropriate controls were used to investigate mechanistically cerebrovascular effects of amylin accumulation. As controls, we employed wild-type (WT) littermates and age- and glucose-matched diabetic rats expressing only non-amyloidogenic WT amylin, which does not accumulate in pancreas or other organs. Compared to controls, HIP rats showed reduced exploratory drive, vestibulomotor performance and recognition memory. Cortical arteries isolated from HIP rats displayed a ~40% higher myogenic tone (P<0.05), which correlates with an increased mean arterial blood pressure by ~20% (P<0.05). We also found elevated lipid peroxidation (by 18±3%; P<0.05) and activated Ca
2+
-mediated hypertrophy signaling in cortical smooth muscle cells from HIP rats compared to control rats. Serial staining with the ED1 antibody and amylin antibody indicates possible activated microglia/macrophages which are clustering in blood vessel areas positive for amylin infiltration. Multiple inflammatory markers are expressed in HIP rat brains compared to control rats, confirming that amylin deposition induces an inflammatory response.
Overall, our data suggest that cerebrovascular amylin deposition is associated with neurologic deficits via mechanisms of vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miao Liu
- Pharmacology, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinmin Xie
- Pharmacology, Afasci Rsch Laboratory, Redwood, CA
| | | | | | | | - Sanda Despa
- Pharmacology, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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29
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Sugden PB, Cameron B, Mina M, Lloyd AR. Protection against hepatitis C infection via NK cells in highly-exposed uninfected injecting drug users. J Hepatol 2014; 61:738-45. [PMID: 24845613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HCV seroprevalence surveys in longstanding injecting drug users (IDUs) reveal a small minority who remain seronegative, with some exhibiting HCV-specific cellular immunity. This study aimed to characterise this immunity, assess associations with risk behaviours and protection against infection. METHODS A nested case-control series from a prospective cohort of seronegative IDUs was selected with incident cases (IN; n = 28) matched by demographics and risk behaviour to exposed uninfected (EU) subjects (n = 28). Samples were assayed for natural killer (NK) cell phenotypes and function, HCV-specific IFNγ in ELISpot, and HCV-specific CD4 T effector responses. IL28B and HLA-C/KIR2DL3 genotypes were tested. RESULTS Numbers of activated (CD69(+)) NK cells in the mature CD56(dim)CD16(+) subset, and cytotoxic (NKp30(+)) cells in the CD56(bright)CD16(+) subset were higher in the EU subjects (p = 0.040, p = 0.038 respectively). EU subjects had higher frequencies of interferon gamma (IFNγ) producing NK cells, and lower frequencies of CD107a expression (p = 0.003, p = 0.015 respectively). By contrast, the frequency, magnitude, and breadth of HCV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses did not differ, nor did IL28B, HLA-C, or KIR2DL3 allele frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Sustained NK cell activation contributes to protection against HCV infection. HCV-specific cellular immunity is prevalent in EU subjects but does not appear to be protective.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Drug Users/psychology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatitis C/etiology
- Hepatitis C/genetics
- Hepatitis C/immunology
- Hepatitis C/prevention & control
- Humans
- Interferons
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3/immunology
- Receptors, KIR2DL3/genetics
- Receptors, KIR2DL3/immunology
- Risk-Taking
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/genetics
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Sugden
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Cameron
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michael Mina
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Rosch JW, Iverson AR, Humann J, Mann B, Gao G, Vogel P, Mina M, Murrah KA, Perez AC, Edward Swords W, Tuomanen EI, McCullers JA. A live-attenuated pneumococcal vaccine elicits CD4+ T-cell dependent class switching and provides serotype independent protection against acute otitis media. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:141-54. [PMID: 24408968 PMCID: PMC3936495 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide despite widespread vaccination. A major limitation of the currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines is the lack of efficacy against mucosal disease manifestations such as AOM, acute bacterial sinusitis and pneumonia. We sought to generate a novel class of live vaccines that (1) retain all major antigenic virulence proteins yet are fully attenuated and (2) protect against otitis media. A live vaccine candidate based on deletion of the signal recognition pathway component ftsY induced potent, serotype-independent protection against otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Protection was maintained in animals coinfected with influenza virus, but was lost if mice were depleted of CD4(+) T cells at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine induced a strong serum IgG2a and IgG2b response that correlated with CD4(+) T-cell mediated class switching. Deletion of genes required for microbial adaptation to the host environment is a novel live attenuated vaccine strategy yielding the first experimental vaccine effective against pneumococcal otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy R Iverson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Humann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Geli Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Mina
- Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle A Murrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Antonia C Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
The periodontal ligament contains progenitor cells; however, their identity and differentiation potential in vivo remain poorly characterized. Previous results have suggested that periodontal tissue progenitors reside in perivascular areas. Therefore, we utilized a lineage-tracing approach to identify and track periodontal progenitor cells from the perivascular region in vivo. We used an alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) promoter-driven and tamoxifen-inducible Cre system (αSMACreERT2) that, in combination with a reporter mouse line (Ai9), permanently labels a cell population, termed 'SMA9'. To trace the differentiation of SMA9-labeled cells into osteoblasts/cementoblasts, we utilized a Col2.3GFP transgene, while expression of Scleraxis-GFP was used to follow differentiation into periodontal ligament fibroblasts during normal tissue formation and remodeling following injury. In uninjured three-week-old SMA9 mice, tamoxifen labeled a small population of cells in the periodontal ligament that expanded over time, particularly in the apical region of the root. By 17 days and 7 weeks after labeling, some SMA9-labeled cells expressed markers indicating differentiation into mature lineages, including cementocytes. Following injury, SMA9 cells expanded, and differentiated into cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. SMA9-labeled cells represent a source of progenitors that can give rise to mature osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and fibroblasts within the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roguljic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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32
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Abstract
Despite significant reductions in morbidity and mortality secondary to availability of effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection still accounts for 1.5 million deaths annually. The majority of deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa where rates of opportunistic co-infections are disproportionately high. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of five common infections that cause significant morbidity in HIV-infected patients globally. These include co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Plasmodium falciparum. Specifically, we review the natural history of each co-infection in the setting of HIV, the specific immune defects induced by HIV, the effects of cART on the immune response to the co-infection, the pathogenesis of immune restoration disease (IRD) associated with each infection, and advances in the areas of prevention of each co-infection via vaccination. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and gaps in knowledge for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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33
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Mina M. Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses in the nasopharynx: Interactions and immunologic responses. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Frozoni M, Balic A, Sagomonyants K, Zaia AA, Line SRP, Mina M. A feasibility study for the analysis of reparative dentinogenesis in pOBCol3.6GFPtpz transgenic mice. Int Endod J 2012; 45:907-14. [PMID: 22551423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the feasibility of using the pOBCol3.6GFPtpz [3.6-green fluorescent protein (GFP)] transgenic mice as an in vivo model for studying the biological sequence of events during pulp healing and reparative dentinogenesis. METHODOLOGY Pulp exposures were created in the first maxillary molar of 12-16-week-old 3.6-GFP transgenic mice with CD1 and C57/Bl6 genetic background. Direct pulp capping on exposed teeth was performed using mineral trioxide aggregate followed by restoration with a light-cured adhesive system (AS) and composite resin. In control teeth, the AS was placed in direct contact with the pulp. Animals were euthanized at various time points after pulp exposure and capping. The maxillary arch was isolated, fixed and processed for histological and epifluorescence analysis to examine reparative dentinogenesis. RESULTS Analysis of teeth immediately after pulp exposure revealed absence of odontoblasts expressing 3.6-GFP at the injury site. Evidence of reparative dentinogenesis was apparent at 4 weeks in 3.6-GFP mice in CD1 background and at 8 weeks in 3.6-GFP mice with C57/Bl6 background. The reparative dentine with both groups contained newly formed atubular-mineralized tissue resembling a dentine bridge and/or osteodentine that was lined by cells expressing 3.6-GFP as well as 3.6-GFP expressing cells embedded within the atubular matrix. CONCLUSION This study was conducted in a few animals and did not allow statistical analysis. The results revealed that the 3.6-GFP transgenic animals provide a unique model for direct analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulp repair and tertiary dentinogenesis in vivo. The study also shows the effects of the capping material and the genetic background of the mice in the sequence and timing of reparative dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frozoni
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Abstract
The continuous growth of rodent incisors requires the presence of stem cells capable of generating ameloblasts and odontoblasts. While epithelial stem cells giving rise to ameloblasts have been well-characterized, cells giving rise to the odontoblasts in incisors have not been fully characterized. The goal of this study was to gain insight into the potential population in dental pulps of unerupted and erupted incisors that give rise to odontoblasts. We show that pulps from unerupted incisors contain a significant mesenchymal-stem-cell (MSC)-like population (cells expressing CD90+/CD45-, CD117+/CD45-, Sca-1+/CD45-) and few CD45+ cells. Our in vitro studies showed that these cells displayed extensive osteo-dentinogenic potential, but were unable to differentiate into chondrocytes and adipocytes. Dental pulps from erupted incisors displayed increased percentages of CD45+ and decreased percentages of cells expressing markers of an MSC-like population. Despite these differences, pulps from erupted incisors also displayed extensive osteo-dentinogenic potential and inability to differentiate into chondrocytes and adipocytes. These results provide evidence that continuous generation of odontoblasts and dentin on the labial and lingual sides of unerupted and erupted incisors is supported by a progenitor population and not multipotent MSCs in the dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balic
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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36
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Lakhman R, O’Brien K, Kasi R, Weiss R, Kuhn L, Mina M, Goldberg A. Varying PLA functionality and texture to influence osteoprogenitors. Dent Mater 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Noto D, Niglio T, Cefalù AB, Martino E, Fayer F, Mina M, Valenti V, Notarbartolo A, Averna M, Martino F. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in a student cohort from Southern Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:620-625. [PMID: 19261454 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors present in childhood predict future CV events. Few data regarding the metabolic syndrome (MS) prevalence are available in adolescents from Mediterranean areas where obesity is becoming a social emergency. This study presents data of MS prevalence in a student cohort from southern Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS 1629 students between 7 and 14 years of age underwent anthropometric measurements and a blood sample was obtained to assess biochemical parameters. MS risk factors were calculated based on age and gender adjusted percentiles of parameter distributions. MS prevalence rate was 0.022 using paediatric, age-adjusted criteria; the rate increased to 0.029 using a 90th percentile criteria for fasting blood glucose instead of >100mg/dL. Using the criteria issued by the International Diabetes Federation the MS prevalence rate dropped to 0.005. The exploratory factor analysis identified four factors: age/fat related, lipids, blood pressure and blood glucose. Family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with triglyceride [OR=1.55 (1.0-2.3)] and BMI [OR=1.71 (1.2-2.4)] but not to blood glucose by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS In a student cohort from Southern Italy, obesity is associated with the features of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Noto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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38
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Savage T, Bennett T, Huang YF, Kelly PL, Durant NE, Adams DJ, Mina M, Harrison JR. Mandibular phenotype of p20C/EBPbeta transgenic mice: Reduced alveolar bone mass and site-specific dentin dysplasia. Bone 2006; 39:552-64. [PMID: 16682266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) comprise a family of basic-leucine zipper transcription factors that regulate cellular differentiation and function. To determine the role of C/EBP transcription factors in osteoblasts and odontoblasts, we generated a transgenic (TG) mouse model with Co1a1 (pOBCol3.6) promoter-targeted expression of a FLAG-tagged dominant negative C/EBP isoform, p20C/EBPbeta (previously LIP). Two of the four transgenic lines presented with abnormalities in the developing incisors, including breakage, overgrowth, and malocclusion. Histological examination revealed that the amount of alveolar bone was reduced in TG compared to wild-type (WT) mice. By microcomputed tomography (microCT), the bone volume fraction of the mandible was reduced at the level of the first and third molars, demonstrating a severe mandibular osteopenia. The lingual dentin morphology of TG incisors differed dramatically from WT. Labial dentin (enamel side) showed normal thickness and tubular dentin structure, whereas the lingual dentin was thinner (25-30% of WT at the alveolar crest) with an amorphous globular structure characteristic of dentin dysplasia. FLAG immunostaining was seen in both lingual and labial odontoblasts, indicating that the site-specific defect was not due to a lack of labial transgene expression. Northern blot analysis demonstrated reduced osteocalcin expression in TG mandibles, while bone sialoprotein was increased, consistent with prior results in calvariae and long bones. Dental sialophosphoprotein, a marker of the odontoblast lineage whose absence causes dentin dysplasia, was modestly reduced in TG mice by Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis. By fluorescence microscopy, pOBCol2.3-GFP, a marker of the odontoblast lineage, was expressed in both labial and lingual odontoblasts, although GFP-marked lingual odontoblasts were more flattened than WT cells. Moreover, GFP-positive processes in the lingual dentin tubules were truncated and less organized than those in WT dentin. MicroCT analysis showed reduced tissue density in the lingual dentin. These data suggest that C/EBP transcription factors may be involved in the regulation of odontoblast polarization and dentin matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Savage
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Pediatric Dentistry and Advanced Education in General Dentistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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39
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years there has been increasing progress in identifying stem cells from adult tissues and their potential application for tooth replacement/regeneration. Our previous in vivo studies show that pOBCol3.6GFP and pOBCol2.3GFP transgenic animals provide a unique model to gain insight into progenitor/stem cells in the dental pulp capable of giving rise to odontoblasts. OBJECTIVES To characterize the behavior of dental pulp cells derived from pOBCol3.6GFP animals in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary cultures were established from the coronal portions of the pulps isolated first molars from 5-day-old pOBCol3.6GFP heterozygous mice and grown for 21 days. In these cultures proliferation, clonogenic capacity, activation of 3.6-GFP and mineralization were examined. RESULTS Our observations show that dental pulp cells derived from 3.6-GFP contain a population of proliferative, clonogenic cells with the ability to mineralize. We also show the stage specific activation/upregulation of 3.6-GFP in primary cultures derived from dental pulp. In these cultures, expression of Col1a1-3.6-GFP occurs prior to the appearance of mineralized nodules and is unregulated in mineralized nodules. CONCLUSIONS Col1a1-GFP transgenes appear to fulfill many of the requirements of a marker gene for cell lineage studies in intact tooth and primary cultures derived from dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balic
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA
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40
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Bilic-Curcic I, Kronenberg M, Jiang X, Bellizzi J, Mina M, Marijanovic I, Gardiner EM, Rowe DW. Visualizing levels of osteoblast differentiation by a two-color promoter-GFP strategy: Type I collagen-GFPcyan and osteocalcin-GFPtpz. Genesis 2005; 43:87-98. [PMID: 16149065 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A 3.9 kb DNA fragment of human osteocalcin promoter and 3.6 kb DNA fragment of the rat collagen type1a1 promoter linked with visually distinguishable GFP isomers, topaz and cyan, were used for multiplex analysis of osteoblast lineage progression. Three patterns of dual transgene expression can be appreciated in primary bone cell cultures derived from the transgenic mice and by histology of their corresponding bones. Our data support the interpretation that strong pOBCol3.6GFPcyan alone is found in newly formed osteoblasts, while strong pOBCol3.6GFPcyan and hOC-GFPtpz are present in osteoblasts actively making a new matrix. Osteoblasts expressing strong hOC-GFPtpz and weak pOBCol3.6GFPcyan are also present and may or may not be producing mineralized matrix. This multiplex approach reveals the heterogeneity within the mature osteoblast population that cannot be appreciated by current histological methods. It should be useful to identify and isolate populations of cells within an osteoblast lineage as they progress through stages of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bilic-Curcic
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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41
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Kalajzic I, Braut A, Guo D, Jiang X, Kronenberg MS, Mina M, Harris MA, Harris SE, Rowe DW. Dentin matrix protein 1 expression during osteoblastic differentiation, generation of an osteocyte GFP-transgene. Bone 2004; 35:74-82. [PMID: 15207743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that promoter-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes can be used to identify and isolate populations of cells at the preosteoblastic stage (pOBCol3.6GFP) and at the mature osteoblastic stage (pOBCol2.3GFP) in living primary bone cell cultures. This strategy forms the basis for appreciating the cellular heterogeneity of lineage and relating gene function to cell differentiation. A weakness of this approach was the lack of a selective marker for late osteoblasts and mature osteocytes in the mineralized matrix. In this study, we have examined the expression of DMP-1 mRNA in murine marrow stromal and calvarial osteoblast cultures, and in bone, and calvaria in vivo. Furthermore, we have generated transgenic mice utilizing a mouse DMP1 cis-regulatory system to drive GFP as a marker for living osteocytes. Transgene expression was directed to mineralized tissues and showed a high correlation with the expression of the endogenous gene. Osteocyte-restricted expression of GFP was observed in histological sections of femur and calvaria and in primary cell cultures. Generation of this transgenic model will facilitate studies of gene expression and biological functions in these terminally differentiated bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kalajzic
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that terminal differentiation of odontoblasts is accompanied by dramatic increases in type I collagen synthesis. Recently transgenic mice in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is under the control of the rat 3.6 (pOBCol3.6GFPtpz) and 2.3 (pOBCol2.3GFPemd) Col1a1 promoter fragments were generated. Our analysis of these GFP-expressing transgenic mice shows that the 2.3-kb promoter fragment directs strong expression of GFP only to bones and teeth, whereas the 3.6-kb fragment of promoter directs strong expression of GFP in bone and tooth, as well as in other type I collagen producing tissues. Our observations of incisors in these transgenic mice show high levels of GFP expression in functional odontoblasts and in differentiated osteoblasts. These observations show that expression of GFP reporter genes closely follow the patterns of expression of alpha 1(I) collagen in various tissues including odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braut
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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43
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Kalajzic Z, Liu P, Kalajzic I, Du Z, Braut A, Mina M, Canalis E, Rowe DW. Directing the expression of a green fluorescent protein transgene in differentiated osteoblasts: comparison between rat type I collagen and rat osteocalcin promoters. Bone 2002; 31:654-60. [PMID: 12531558 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The osteocalcin (OC) and a 2.3 kb fragment of the collagen promoter (Col2.3) have been used to restrict transgenic expression of a variety of proteins to bone. Transgenic mice carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene driven by each promoter were generated. Strong GFP expression was detected in OC-GFP mice in a few osteoblastic cells lining the endosteal bone surface and in scattered osteocytes within the bone matrix in long bones from 1-day-old to 6-month-old transgenic animals. Similar findings were noted in the forming tooth in which only individual odontoblasts expressed GFP without detectable expression from the dental pulp. This limited pattern of OC-GFP-positive cells contrasts with the uniform expression in the Col2.3GFP mice in which large proportion of osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and osteocytes strongly expressed the transgene. To assess transgene expression during in vitro differentiation, marrow stromal cell and neonatal calvarial osteoblast cultures were analyzed. The activity of both transgenes was restricted to mineralized nodules but the number of positive cells was lower in the OC-GFP-derived cultures. The different temporal and spatial pattern of each transgene in vivo and in vitro reveals potential advantages and disadvantages of these two transgene models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalajzic
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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44
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Abstract
The development of the vertebrate face is a dynamic process that starts with the formation of facial processes/prominences. Facial processes are small buds made up of mesenchymal masses enclosed by an epithelial layer that surround the primitive mouth. The 2 maxillary processes, the 2 lateral nasal processes, and the frontonasal processes form the upper jaw. The lower jaw is formed by the 2 mandibular processes. Although the question of the embryonic origin of facial structures has received considerable attention, the mechanisms that control differential growth of the facial processes and patterning of skeletal tissues within these structures have been difficult to study and still are not well-understood. This has been partially due to the lack of readily identifiable morphologically discrete regions in the developing face that regulate patterning of the face. Nonetheless, in recent years there has been significant progress in the understanding of the signaling network controlling the patterning and development of the face (for review, see Richman et al., 1991; Francis-West et al., 1998). This review focuses on current understanding of the processes and signaling molecules that are involved in the formation of the mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that the mandibular primordia are specified as at least two independent functional regions: two large lateral (proximal) regions where morphogenesis is dependent on FGF-8 signaling, and a small medial region where morphogenesis is independent of FGF-8 and dependent on other signals. The patterns of expression of multiple signaling molecules and regulatory genes in the epithelium and mesenchyme of the medial region suggest that the regulatory hierarchies controlling morphogenesis of the medial region of the developing mandible are complex and involve multiple pathways. Recent genetic studies indicate that the 'ET-1-dHAND-Msx1 pathway' constitutes one of the genetic pathways involved in outgrowth and morphogenesis of the medial region. Functional studies in chick mandible suggest that FGFs (other then FGF-8) and BMPs are also part of signaling pathways that regulate morphogenesis of the medial region. These studies suggest that in the medial region of the developing mandible, FGF-mediated signaling is involved in growth-promoting interaction, whereas BMP-mediated signaling is involved in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn. 06030, USA.
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46
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Abstract
BMP-7 is a member of the BMP family of signaling molecules that are thought to play key roles in mediating inductive events during embryogenesis. In the present study the possible roles of BMP-7 in mediating inductive events during the initiation phase of odontogenesis and mandibular morphogenesis were investigated. To do so, we have examined the effects of agarose beads soaked in recombinant BMP-7 on E11 mouse molar-forming mesenchyme and stage 23 chick mandibular mesenchyme, and analyzed the patterns of expression of Bmp-7 in developing mouse and chick first branchial arches. Beads releasing BMP-7 induced a translucent zone, cellular proliferation, and expression of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4 in molar-forming mesenchyme after 24 hr. The effects of BMP-7 on molar-forming mesenchyme are similar to the effects of BMP-4 and are consistent with their overlapping patterns of expression in the thickened epithelium of the early developing tooth buds, which is suggestive of cooperative and/or redundant roles of BMPs in mediating the inductive interactions during the early stages of odontogenesis. Our studies in the developing chick mandible showed that Bmp-7 is expressed in the mandibular epithelium. In the absence of mandibular epithelium, BMP-7 beads maintained cell proliferation and Msx expression in the medial mandibular mesenchyme and were able to induce cell proliferation, cell death, and Msx expression in the lateral chick mandibular mesenchyme. The effects of BMP-7 on the expression of Msx genes in lateral chick mandibular mesenchyme, although different from the effects of lateral mandibular epithelium, are similar to the effects of epithelium from the medial region where multiple Bmps are expressed. We also showed that laterally placed BMP-7 beads induced ectopic expression of Msx genes and changes in the development of posterior skeletal elements in the maxillary and mandibular arches. However, despite its proliferative effects on mandibular mesenchyme, BMP-7 did not support the directional outgrowth of the mandible. These observations suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the medial region of the mandibular arch regulating directional outgrowth of the mandibular mesenchyme are mediated by cooperative interactions between BMPs and other growth factors. Our observations also indicated that EGF, another growth factor implicated in mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the initiation phase of odontogenesis and morphogenesis of the developing mandible, induces an extensive translucent zone and cellular proliferation in the E11 mouse molar-forming mesenchyme and stage 23 chick mandibular mesenchyme. However, in contrast to BMPs, EGF did not induce Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4, but modulated the effects of BMPs on the expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 in these mesenchymes. Our combined data suggest that BMP-7 is a component of the signaling network mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the initiation phase of odontogenesis and morphogenesis of the mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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47
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Abstract
Previous observations have shown that, during the initiation phase of odontogenesis, signals from mouse odontogenic epithelium can elicit teeth in non-odontogenic but neural crest-derived mesenchyme isolated from ectopic sites including chick mandibular mesenchyme. In the present study the formation of ectopic tooth buds and dental mesenchyme in chick mandibular mesenchyme was examined using heterospecific recombinations between E11 mouse odontogenic epithelium and stage 23 chick lateral mandibular mesenchyme. Both morphological criteria and chick-specific probes for Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4 mRNAs were used as markers for early dental mesenchyme. Our results demonstrated that interactions of mouse odontogenic epithelium with chick mandibular mesenchyme induce early changes in the chick mandibular mesenchyme including the appearance of a translucent zone, cell proliferation, and induction of expression of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4, which have been shown to be associated with the formation of dental mesenchyme. In addition, tooth bud-like structures that resemble E13 tooth buds in vivo both morphologically and in their patterns of gene expression formed after 6 days in the heterospecific recombinations. The tooth bud-like structures consist of invaginated mouse mandibular epithelium and condensed chick mandibular mesenchyme expressing high levels of Msx-1 and Bmp-4, but undetectable levels of Msx-2. Unlike the induction of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4 in the underlying mesenchyme, which is specific for signals derived from odontogenic epithelium, the induction of a translucent zone and cellular proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme may be related to the growth-promoting potential of embryonic epithelia and not be specific to signals derived from the odontogenic epithelium. Similar to mouse odontogenic epithelium, agarose beads soaked in recombinant BMP-4 induced a translucent zone, cellular proliferation, and expression of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4 in chick mandibular mesenchyme after 24 hours. These observations together showed that avian mandibular mesenchyme has odontogenic potential that is expressed upon interactions with inductive signals from mouse odontogenic epithelium. Similar to odontogenesis in vivo, formation of dental mesenchyme in chick mandibular mesenchyme is mediated by the activation of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wang
- Department of BioStructure and Function, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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Wang Y, Hand AR, Wang YH, Mina M, Gillies C, Peng T, Cone RE, O'Rourke J. Functional and morphologic evidence of the presence of tissue-plasminogen activator in vascular nerves: implications for a neurologic control of vessel wall fibrinolysis and rigidity. J Neurosci Res 1998; 53:443-53. [PMID: 9710264 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19980815)53:4<443::aid-jnr6>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is expressed by hypothalamic and peripheral sympathetic neurons. The sympathetic axons that permeate artery walls have not been investigated as possible sources of intramural t-PA. The plasmin produced by such a system would locally activate both fibrinolysis and matrix metalloproteinases that regulate arterial collagen turnover. To assess this neural t-PA production, we investigated the capacity of rat cervical sympathetic ganglion neurons to synthesize and release t-PA, and the expression of the enzyme in carotid artery and the iris-choroid microvascular tissues that receive the ganglion axon distribution. Functional studies confirmed that (i) the ganglion neuron cell bodies synthesize t-PA mRNA, (ii) cultured ganglion carotid artery and iris-choroid microvascular explants predominantly release t-PA rather than urokinase, (iii) microvascular tissues release approximately 20 times more t-PA per milligram than carotid explants (which accords with the higher innervation density of small vessels), and (iv) removal of the endothelium did not cause major reductions in the t-PA release from carotid and microvascular explants. Immunolocalization studies then confirmed a strong expression of the enzyme within the ganglion axons, the carotid adventitia that receives these axons, and the predominantly sympathetic axon terminals in the iris-choroid microvasculature. These data indicate the existence of a previously undescribed system for the delivery of neural t-PA to vessel walls. The intramural production of plasmin induced by this system represents a novel principle for the regulation of arterial matrix flexibility, especially in the media of densely innervated small arteries and resistance arterioles involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, hypertension, and vascular aging. Thus, the data suggest an important new interface between neuroscience and vascular biology that merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3105, USA
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49
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Abstract
Previous heterospecific tissue recombinations indicate that mandibular epithelium exerts the first known inductive signal for odontogenesis in mouse embryos. BMP-4 and EGF are two growth factors implicated as signaling molecules mediating the initial inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the effects of these growth factors and mouse mandibular epithelium on expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 genes in molar-forming mesenchyme. Agarose beads soaked in growth factors or pieces of mouse mandibular epithelium (E11) were placed in contact with E11 molar-forming mesenchyme and cultured for 24 h. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that, in contrast to mouse mandibular epithelium and BMP-4-releasing beads, EGF-releasing beads did not induce the expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 in E11 molar-forming mesenchyme. These observations suggest that whereas BMP-4 may be involved in activation of Msx-1 and Msx-2 in the underlying mesenchyme, EGF may regulate events involved in the formation of dental lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wang
- Department of BioStructure and Function, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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50
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Abstract
Homeobox-containing genes are thought to be regulators of pattern formation during vertebrate development. We have previously characterized regions in the developing chick mandible expressing either Msx-1 or Msx-2 in terms of their chondrogenic potential, rates of cell proliferation, and their correlation with regions of cell death. These experiments suggest that Msx-1 may be involved in outgrowth of the mandibular arch, and Msx-2 may be involved in delineating the non-chondrogenic region of the medial part of the mandibular arch. To further examine the possibility that expression of Msx-2 may be involved in preventing chondrogenesis in the medial region, mandibular arch explants from stage 23 chick embryos were cultured for 4 days in media in the absence of serum but in the presence of 20-30 microM Msx-2 sense or antisense oligonucleotides (18 mers). In explants grown in either control media or with the sense oligonucleotide two rods of cartilage separated by a cartilage free area located in the medial region of the mandible were formed. In explants treated with Msx-2 antisense oligonucleotide cartilage formation was observed in the medial region of the mandible resulting in the fusion of the two bilateral rods at the midline. These results suggest a negative relationship between Msx-2 expression and chondrogenesis in the medial region of the developing mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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