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Zheng S, Lee V, Meza-Padilla I, Nissimov JI. Antiviral discovery in toxic cyanobacteria: Low hanging fruit in the age of pandemics. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:574-580. [PMID: 38174634 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The power of novel vaccination technologies and their rapid development were elucidated clearly during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, it also became clear that there is an urgent need to discover and manufacture new antivirals that target emerging viral threats. Toxic species of cyanobacteria produce a range of bioactive compounds that makes them good candidates for drug discovery. Nevertheless, few studies demonstrate the antiviral potential of cyanobacteria. This is partly due to the lack of specific and simple protocols designed for the rapid detection of antiviral activity in cyanobacteria and partly because specialized facilities for work with pathogenic viruses are few and far between. We therefore developed an easy method for the screening of cyanobacterial cultures for antiviral activity and used our private culture collection of non-pathogenic virus isolates to show that antiviral activity is a prominent feature in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. In this proof-of-concept study, we show that M. aeruginosa extracts from three different cyanobacterial strains delay infection of diatom-infecting single-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA viruses by up to 2 days. Our work shows the ease with which cyanobacteria from culture collections can be screened for antiviral activity and highlights the potential of cyanobacteria as an excellent source for the discovery of novel antiviral compounds, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isaac Meza-Padilla
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jozef I Nissimov
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Gupta A, Yadav K, Yadav A, Ahmad R, Srivastava A, Kumar D, Khan MA, Dwivedi UN. Mannose-specific plant and microbial lectins as antiviral agents: A review. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:1-33. [PMID: 38244136 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunological carbohydrate-binding proteins classified on the basis of their structure, origin, and sugar specificity. The binding specificity of such proteins with the surface glycan moiety determines their activity and clinical applications. Thus, lectins hold great potential as diagnostic and drug discovery agents and as novel biopharmaceutical products. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding plant and microbial lectins as therapeutic agents against various viral diseases. Among them, mannose-specific lectins have being proven as promising antiviral agents against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola, Hepatitis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The binding of mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) from plants and microbes to high-mannose containing N-glycans (which may be simple or complex) of glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses has been found to be highly specific and mainly responsible for their antiviral activity. MBLs target various steps in the viral life cycle, including viral attachment, entry and replication. The present review discusses the brief classification and structure of lectins along with antiviral activity of various mannose-specific lectins from plants and microbial sources and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anurag Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, District-Banaskantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Amir Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - U N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Guo Y, Zhao X, Yao Z, Qian Z, Wang Y, Xian Q. The effects of exogenous amino acids on production of microcystin variants in Microcystis aeruginosa. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106525. [PMID: 37087861 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved free amino acids are a significant component of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in natural waterbodies. The effects of four amino acids (glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine, and arginine) on the growth and microcystins (MCs) production of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied in batch culture. The profiles of five MCs variants and the expression levels of target genes involved in MCs biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism were measured. When amino acids were used as the sole nitrogen source instead of nitrate at different levels (0.5, 2.0 and 8.0 mg/L based on N) in BG-11 medium, algal cell growth and intracellular MCs quotas were inhibited slightly by the treatments with glutamic acid and arginine. The treatments with phenylalanine and leucine, on the other hand, had a strong inhibitory effect on algal cell growth and MCs production. Moreover, the concentrations of Chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in cells cultured in glutamic acid, leucine and phenylalanine were lower than those in the control group with nitrate as nitrogen source. The existence of leucine or phenylalanine can lead to a significant increase in the relative abundance of MCs variants structured with the corresponding amino acids. The expression of microcystin-producing gene mcyD was downregulated while the gene pipX associated with nitrogen metabolism was upregulated during the cultivation of M. aeruginosa with amino acids as sole nitrogen source. M. aeruginosa undergoes significant alterations due to exogenous amino acids and exhibits advanced strategies for MCs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zongcheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zongyao Qian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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4
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Singh U, Gandhi HA, Bhattacharya J, Tandon R, Tiwari GL, Tandon R. Cyanometabolites: molecules with immense antiviral potential. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:164. [PMID: 37012452 PMCID: PMC10069739 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanometabolites are active compounds derived from cyanobacteria that include small low molecular weight peptides, oligosaccharides, lectins, phenols, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Some of these compounds may pose a threat to human and environment. However, majority of them are known to have various health benefits with antiviral properties against pathogenic viruses including Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Influenza A virus (IAV) etc. Cyanometabolites classified as lectins include scytovirin (SVN), Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAAH), cyanovirin-N (CV-N), Microcystis viridis lectin (MVL), and microvirin (MVN) also possess a potent antiviral activity against viral diseases with unique properties to recognize different viral epitopes. Studies showed that a small linear peptide, microginin FR1, isolated from a water bloom of Microcystis species, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), making it useful for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our review provides an overview of the antiviral properties of cyanobacteria from the late 90s till now and emphasizes the significance of their metabolites in combating viral diseases, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has received limited attention in previous publications. The enormous medicinal potential of cyanobacteria is also emphasized in this review, which justifies their use as a dietary supplement to fend off pandemics in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Harsh A Gandhi
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jaydeep Bhattacharya
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - G L Tiwari
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Richa Tandon
- Department of Botany, S. S. Khanna Girls Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211003, India.
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De Coninck T, Van Damme EJM. Review: The multiple roles of plant lectins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111096. [PMID: 34763880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the biological roles of plant lectins remained obscure and subject to speculation. With the advent of technological and scientific progress, researchers have compiled a vast amount of information regarding the structure, biological activities and functionality of hundreds of plant lectins. Data mining of genomes and transcriptome sequencing and high-throughput analyses have resulted in new insights. This review aims to provide an overview of what is presently known about plant lectins, highlighting their versatility and the importance of plant lectins for a multitude of biological processes, such as plant development, immunity, stress signaling and regulation of gene expression. Though lectins primarily act as readers of the glycocode, the multiple roles of plant lectins suggest that their functionality goes beyond carbohydrate-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Huo D, Gan N, Geng R, Cao Q, Song L, Yu G, Li R. Cyanobacterial blooms in China: diversity, distribution, and cyanotoxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102106. [PMID: 34815019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, which refer to the massive growth of harmful cyanobacteria, have altered the global freshwater ecosystems during the past decades. China has the largest population in the world, and it is suffering from the harmful effect of water eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms along with rapid development of the economy and society. Research on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in China have been overwhelmingly enhanced and emphasized during the past decades. In the present review, the research on cyanobacterial blooms in China is generally introduced, including the history of cyanobacterial bloom studies, the diversity of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria species (BFCS), and cyanotoxin studies in China. Most studies have focused on Microcystis, its blooms, and microcystins. Newly emerging blooms with the dominance of non-Microcystis BFCS have been gradually expanding to wide regions in China. Understanding the basic features of these non-Microcystis BFCS and their blooms, including their diversity, occurrence, physio-ecology, and harmful metabolites, will provide direction on future studies of cyanobacterial blooms in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ruozhen Geng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400049, PR China
| | - Qi Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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Carbone DA, Pellone P, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C. Evaluation of Microalgae Antiviral Activity and Their Bioactive Compounds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:746. [PMID: 34202941 PMCID: PMC8234452 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last year, science has been focusing on the research of antivirally active compounds overall after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which caused a great amount of deaths and the downfall of the economy in 2020. Photosynthetic organisms such as microalgae are known to be a reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites; this feature, coupled with the possibility of achieving very high biomass levels without excessive energetic expenses, make microalgae worthy of attention in the search for new molecules with antiviral effects. In this work, the antiviral effects of microalgae against some common human or animal viruses were considered, focusing our attention on some possible effects against SARS-CoV-2. We summed up the data from the literature on microalgae antiviral compounds, from the most common ones, such as lectins, polysaccharides and photosynthetic pigments, to the less known ones, such as unidentified proteins. We have discussed the effects of a microalgae-based genetic engineering approach against some viral diseases. We have illustrated the potential antiviral benefits of a diet enriched in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Allegra Carbone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Paola Pellone
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carmine Lubritto
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.L.); (C.C.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Complesso Universitario di Monte S, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.L.); (C.C.)
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Antiviral Cyanometabolites-A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030474. [PMID: 33810129 PMCID: PMC8004682 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Global processes, such as climate change, frequent and distant travelling and population growth, increase the risk of viral infection spread. Unfortunately, the number of effective and accessible medicines for the prevention and treatment of these infections is limited. Therefore, in recent years, efforts have been intensified to develop new antiviral medicines or vaccines. In this review article, the structure and activity of the most promising antiviral cyanobacterial products are presented. The antiviral cyanometabolites are mainly active against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), Ebola or the influenza viruses. The majority of the metabolites are classified as lectins, monomeric or dimeric proteins with unique amino acid sequences. They all show activity at the nanomolar range but differ in carbohydrate specificity and recognize a different epitope on high mannose oligosaccharides. The cyanobacterial lectins include cyanovirin-N (CV-N), scytovirin (SVN), microvirin (MVN), Microcystisviridis lectin (MVL), and Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAA). Cyanobacterial polysaccharides, peptides, and other metabolites also have potential to be used as antiviral drugs. The sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (CA-SP), inhibited infection by enveloped viruses, stimulated the immune system’s response, and showed antitumor activity. Microginins, the linear peptides, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), therefore, their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with injury of the ACE2 expressing organs is considered. In addition, many cyanobacterial extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities, but the active agents have not been identified. This fact provides a good basis for further studies on the therapeutic potential of these microorganisms.
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Jafari Porzani S, Konur O, Nowruzi B. Cyanobacterial natural products as sources for antiviral drug discovery against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7629-7644. [PMID: 33749496 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1899050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), positive-sense RNA viruses, originated from Wuhan City in December 2019 and propagated widely globally. Hence, the disease caused by this virus has been declared as a global pandemic by the WHO. As of 18th February 2021, at least seven different vaccines across three platforms have been rolled out in countries and more than 200 additional vaccine candidates have been in development, of which more than 60 are at the stage of the clinical development. So far, Most of the approved vaccine manufacturers are Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Serum Institute of India, which have been finalized by WHO. Synthetic drug-associated complications have evoked scientific attention for natural product-based drugs. There has been a surge in the antiviral compounds from natural resources along with some therapies. Cyanobacteria are the fruitful reservoir of many metabolites like sulfated polysaccharides and lectins that possess strong antiviral activities and immunity boosting effects. However, the research in this field has been relatively under-developed. The current research highlights important features of cyanobacterial antiviral biomaterials, benefits and drawbacks of cyanobacterial drugs, challenges, future perspectives as well as overview of drugs against COVID-19. In addition, we have described mutated variants and transmission rate of coronaviruses. The current research suggests that cyanobacterial species and their extracts have promising applications as potentially antiviral drug biomaterials against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozcan Konur
- Formerly, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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van der Horst M, Karamchand L, Bauer WS, Nel AJM, Blackburn JM, Wright DW. The cyanobacterial lectin, microvirin-N, enhances the specificity and sensitivity of lipoarabinomannan-based TB diagnostic tests. Analyst 2021; 146:1207-1215. [PMID: 33367346 PMCID: PMC8374243 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten causes of death globally, despite being treatable. The eradication of TB disease requires, amongst others, diagnostic tests with high specificity and sensitivity that will work at the point of care (POC) in low-resource settings. The TB surface glycolipid antigen, mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) currently serves as the only POC molecular diagnostic biomarker suitable for use in low cost immunoassays. Here, we demonstrate the high affinity and exceptional specificity of microvirin-N (MVN), a 14.3 kDa cyanobacterial lectin, toward H37Rv TB ManLAM and utilize it to develop a novel on-bead ELISA. MVN binds to ManLAM with sub-picomolar binding affinity, but does not bind to other variants of LAM expressed by non-pathogenic mycobacteria - a level of binding specificity and affinity that current commercially available anti-LAM antibodies cannot achieve. An on-bead ELISA was subsequently developed using MVN-functionalized magnetic beads which allows for the specific capture of ManLAM from human urine with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.14 ng mL-1 and no cross-reactivity when tested with PILAM, a variant of LAM found on non-pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan van der Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Leshern Karamchand
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - Westley S. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
| | - Andrew J. M. Nel
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesAnzio RoadObservatory7925South Africa
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityStation B 351822NashvilleTN37235USA
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Rao NRH, Granville AM, Henderson RK. Understanding variability in algal solid-liquid separation process outcomes by manipulating extracellular protein-carbohydrate interactions. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116747. [PMID: 33385876 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation or dissolved air flotation (DAF) are processes routinely used for separating microalgae from water; however, during algae separation then can exhibit inconsistent separation, high coagulant demand, and high operating cost. To circumvent these problems, previous studies reported the development of a novel DAF process in which bubbles were modified instead of particles. While this process was shown to be sustainable and inexpensive, the problem of inconsistent algal separation across species remained. Recent research has suggested that this could be due to the varying concentration and character of algal-derived proteins and carbohydrates within the extracellular organic matter (EOM) and their associated interactions. This hypothesis is tested in the current study using the novel modified-bubble DAF process, which has been highly susceptible to EOM protein and carbohydrate concentrations and character. Biomolecular additives (commercially available proteins and carbohydrates, and algal-extracted proteins) of widely differing molecular weight (MW) and charge were dosed in varying proportions into samples containing either Chlorella vulgaris CS-42/7, Microcystis aeruginosa CS-564/01, or Microcystis aeruginosa CS-555/1 after removing the intrinsic EOM. These cell-rich suspensions were then subject to flotation using cationic bubbles modified with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). When additives were dosed independently, separation increased from <5% to up to 62%. The maximum separation was obtained when the dose was double the respective biopolymer concentration measured in the intrinsic EOM for the equivalent species, and, in the case of protein additives, when MW and charge were >50 kDa, and >0.5 meq·g-1, respectively, irrespective of the species tested. When evaluating steric- and charge-based protein-carbohydrate interactions on cell separation by simultaneously dosing high MW and high charge protein- and carbohydrate-additives, enhanced separation of up to 79% was achieved. It is suggested that enhanced cell separation is achieved due to proteins and carbohydrates bridging with cells and forming protein-carbohydrate-cell suprastructures in the presence of a flocculant, e.g. PDADMAC, and this only occurs when the intrinsic EOM comprises proteins and carbohydrates that have high MW (>25 kDa) and charge (>0.2 meq·g-1), and interactions with each other and with the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A M Granville
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Carpine R, Sieber S. Antibacterial and antiviral metabolites from cyanobacteria: Their application and their impact on human health. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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13
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Saad MH, El-Fakharany EM, Salem MS, Sidkey NM. In vitro assessment of dual (antiviral and antitumor) activity of a novel lectin produced by the newly cyanobacterium isolate, Oscillatoria acuminate MHM-632 MK014210.1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3560-3580. [PMID: 33200676 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1848632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel lectin was purified from newly cyanobacterium isolate, Oscillatoria acuminate MHM-632 MK014210.1 using affinity chromatography with a molecular weight of 120 kDa under native-PAGE and 30 kDa on reducing-PAGE, represented tetramer nature of this lectin. Oscillatorial lectin showed stability at 60 °C for 30 min, pH-dependent, with the highest activities over the pH range of 6-8, and required zinc ions to express its full activity. Oscillatorial lectin is a glycan-binding protein with a neutral carbohydrate content of 7.0% as evaluated by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Polyols and α- glycosides polymer of mannose sugar or sugars alcohol were completely inhibited oscillatorial lectin with MIC of 0.195 mM, while β-glycosides sugars did not show any inhibition effect. The oscillatorial lectin has anti-proliferative activity against Huh-7 and MCF-7 cancer cells and inhibited their proliferation with EC50 values of 106.75 µg/ml and 254.14 µg/ml, respectively. Besides the anticancer effect, oscillatorial lectin also has potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 in a dose-dependent manner via virions neutralization and inhibition of viral replication with IC50 values of 90.95 ng/ml and 131.3 ng/ml, respectively. The unique carbohydrate affinity of oscillatorial lectin provides insight into its use as a promising candidate in many biotechnological applications, like fighting viral infection and combating cancer disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabroka H Saad
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.,Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Salem
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
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14
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Siqueira AS, Lima ARJ, Aguiar DCF, Santos AS, Gonçalves EC. Genomic screening and molecular dynamics simulations of cyanovirin-N homologs from cyanobacteria phylum. Proteins 2020; 89:322-329. [PMID: 33067809 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The phylum cyanobacteria are one of the most ancient groups of organisms on the planet and are well recognized due to its wide distribution, ecological role, and biotechnological potential. Cyanobacterial lectins are being extensively explored due to their antiviral activity, mainly because of their capacity of inhibiting HIV strains from infecting human cells by gp120 and gp41 binding. Cianovirin-N from Nostoc ellipsosporum was the first lectin isolated with this property. Since then, various homologs have been discovered and characterized. In this article, we present results of a genomic screening to find cyanovirin-N homologs (CVNH) in all cyanobacteria genomes available in the GenBank, resulting in 155 CVNH proteins with 63 presenting significant identity differences of cyanovirin-N. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics were employed to characterize 18 unexplored models and their functional capacity of binding to Manα(1-2)Man. Results presented here support the hypothesis of multiple ligand recognition for the CVNH family and may help to understand the function of these lectins for the producer cyanobacteria. Additionally, the theoretical results observed here justify carrying out experimental investigations that can expand the therapeutic potential of cyanobacterial lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alex Ranieri Jerônimo Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Alberdan Silva Santos
- Laboratórios de Investigação Sistemática em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Naturais-Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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15
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Lima ADM, Siqueira AS, Möller MLS, Souza RCD, Cruz JN, Lima ARJ, Silva RCD, Aguiar DCF, Junior JLDSGV, Gonçalves EC. In silico improvement of the cyanobacterial lectin microvirin and mannose interaction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1064-1073. [PMID: 32990187 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1821782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lectins that bind to HIV envelope glycoprotein can inhibit virus-cell fusion and be used for rational drug design. This paper presents the results of an in silico approach to improve affinity interaction between the cyanobacterial lectin microvirin and its ligand Manα(1-2)Man. Comparative modeling and molecular dynamics tools were used. Additionally, the alanine scanning webserver was used to study the importance of protein residues in the binding site and to guide mutant production. The model obtained presented two homologous domains designated as domains A and B, each consisting of a single strand with triple and antiparallel β-sheets of (β1-β3 and β6-β8). Disulfide bonds between the cysteines (Cys60-Cys80, Cys63-Cys78 and Cys8-Cys24) were also found. The highly conserved binding site, including residues Asn44, Ile45, Asp46, Gln54, Asn55, Glu58, Thr59, Gln81, Thr82 and Met83. The RMSD values of the di-mannose and the interaction site were very stable during the molecular dynamics. Calculations of the occupation time of the hydrogen bonds were made for the residues that showed interaction in the complex lectin and ligand. The residue that contributed most to the interaction with Manα(1-2)Man was Asn55. After validation, the model generated remained stable during the entire simulation. Despite its structural similarity with the template we used, our mutant (Thr82Arg) showed a higher affinity interaction with Manα(1-2)Man. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis de Melo Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marina Luiza Saraiva Möller
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Jorddy Neves Cruz
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alex Ranieri Jerônimo Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Correia da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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16
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Rao NRH, Granville AM, Wich PR, Henderson RK. Detailed algal extracellular carbohydrate-protein characterisation lends insight into algal solid-liquid separation process outcomes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115833. [PMID: 32339864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of algal solid-liquid separation processes has been impacted by the strong influence of algal extracellular organic matter (EOM), where the composition of proteins and carbohydrates and their associated interactions have been implicated. However, despite this, no studies have analysed the detailed protein and carbohydrate composition in EOM in relation to their impacts on separation. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the variety of carbohydrates and proteins present in the EOM of select algal and cyanobacterial samples and the associated separation performance to better understand the influence of specific biopolymers. The protein and carbohydrate composition of the EOM of three species - Microcystis aeruginosa CS-555/1, Chlorella vulgaris CS-42/7 and Microcystis aeruginosa CS-564/01, previously observed to result in variable treatment performance were investigated. The carbohydrates were analysed via high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) while the proteins were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Ten unique monosaccharides were identified; of these, the greatest proportion of charged uronic acid carbohydrates were present in the EOM of M. aeruginosa CS-564/01. The protein profiling revealed that M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 had a greater proportion and concentration of proteins >75 kDa when compared to M. aeruginosa CS-555/1 or C. vulgaris CS-42/7. It was determined that three serine- and two threonine-based proteins, detected in greater concentrations in M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 than CS-555/1, could covalently interact with carbohydrates (OHenderson et al., 2010a, 2010b-linked glycosylation). These proteins have the ability to form numerous localised networks with carbohydrates and cells in the presence of coagulant molecules, thereby providing a good hypothesis to explain the excellent treatment performance observed for M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 previously. It is proposed that the uronic acids in M. aeruginosa CS-564/01 could interact with proteins via glycosylation, explaining why the coagulant demand for this strain remained low despite the high charged carbohydrate concentration. Overall, it is proposed that process performance could be impacted by: (a) physicochemical characteristics and (b) carbohydrate-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A M Granville
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - P R Wich
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- Algae and Organic Matter Laboratory (AOM Lab), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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17
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Weiss G, Kovalerchick D, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Murik O, De Philippis R, Carmeli S, Sukenik A, Kaplan A. Increased algicidal activity of Aeromonas veronii in response to Microcystis aeruginosa: interspecies crosstalk and secondary metabolites synergism. Environ Microbiol 2020; 21:1140-1150. [PMID: 30761715 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxic Microcystis spp. blooms constitute a serious threat to water quality worldwide. Aeromonas veronii was isolated from Microcystis sp. colonies collected in Lake Kinneret. Spent Aeromonas media inhibits the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa MGK isolated from Lake Kinneret. The inhibition was much stronger when Aeromonas growth medium contained spent media from MGK suggesting that Aeromonas recognized its presence and produced secondary metabolites that inhibit Microcystis growth. Fractionations of the crude extract and analyses of the active fractions identified several secondary metabolites including lumichrome in Aeromonas media. Application of lumichrome at concentrations as low as 4 nM severely inhibited Microcystis growth. Inactivation of aviH in the lumichrome biosynthetic pathway altered the lumichrome level in Aeromonas and the extent of MGK growth inhibition. Conversely, the initial lag in Aeromonas growth was significantly longer when provided with Microcystis spent media but Aeromonas was able to resume normal growth. The longer was pre-exposure to Microcystis spent media the shorter was the lag phase in Aeromonas growth indicating the presence of, and acclimation to, secondary MGK metabolite(s) the nature of which was not revealed. Our study may help to control toxic Microcystis blooms taking advantage of chemical languages used in the interspecies communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Weiss
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Dimitry Kovalerchick
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Plants and Environmental Sciences, Metabomed Ltd, Yavne, 81220, Israel
| | - Judy Lieman-Hurwitz
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Murik
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Roberto De Philippis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Shmuel Carmeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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18
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Toporowska M, Mazur-Marzec H, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. The Effects of Cyanobacterial Bloom Extracts on the Biomass, Chl-a, MC and Other Oligopeptides Contents in a Natural Planktothrix agardhii Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082881. [PMID: 32331227 PMCID: PMC7215471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii are common in shallow, eutrophic freshwaters. P. agardhii may produce hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) and many other bioactive secondary metabolites belonging mostly to non-ribosomal oligopeptides. The aim of this work was to study the effects of two extracts (Pa-A and Pa-B) of P. agardhii-predominated bloom samples with different oligopeptide profiles and high concentration of biogenic compounds on another natural P. agardhii population. We hypothesised that the P. agardhii biomass and content of oligopeptides in P. agardhii is shaped in a different manner by diverse mixtures of metabolites of different P. agardhii-dominated cyanobacterial assemblages. For this purpose, the biomass, chlorophyll a and oligopeptides content in the treated P. agardhii were measured. Seven-day microcosm experiments with four concentrations of the extracts Pa-A and Pa-B were carried out. Generally, aeruginosins (AERs), cyanopeptolins (CPs) and anabaenopeptins (APs) were the most numerous peptides; however, only 16% of them were common for both extracts. The addition of the extracts resulted in similar effects on P. agardhii: an increase in biomass, Chl-a and MC content in the exposed P. agardhii as well as changes in its oligopeptide profile were observed. MCs present in the extracts did not inhibit accumulation of P. agardhii biomass, and did not have any negative effect on MC and Chl-a content. No evidence for bioaccumulation of dissolved peptides in the P. agardhii exposed was found. As the two tested extracts differed considerably in oligopeptide composition, but contained similar high concentrations of nutrients, it seems that biogenic compounds, not oligopeptides themselves, positively influenced the mixed natural P. agardhii population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland;
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19
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An Engineered Microvirin Variant with Identical Structural Domains Potently Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Cellular Entry. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020199. [PMID: 32054060 PMCID: PMC7077325 DOI: 10.3390/v12020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvirin (MVN) is one of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry inhibitor lectins, which consists of two structural domains sharing 35% sequence identity and contrary to many other antiviral lectins, it exists as a monomer. In this study, we engineered an MVN variant, LUMS1, consisting of two domains with 100% sequence identity, thereby reducing the chemical heterogeneity, which is a major factor in eliciting immunogenicity. We determined carbohydrate binding of LUMS1 through NMR chemical shift perturbation and tested its anti-HIV activity in single-round infectivity assay and its anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity in three different assays including HCVcc, HCVpp, and replicon assays. We further investigated the effect of LUMS1 on the activation of T helper (Th) and B cells through flow cytometry. LUMS1 showed binding to α(1-2)mannobiose, the minimum glycan epitope of MVN, potently inhibited HIV-1 and HCV with EC50 of 37.2 and 45.3 nM, respectively, and showed negligible cytotoxicity with CC50 > 10 µM against PBMCs, Huh-7.5 and HepG2 cells, and 4.9 µM against TZM-bl cells. LUMS1 did not activate Th cells, and its stimulatory effect on B cells was markedly less as compared to MVN. Together, with these effects, LUMS1 represents a potential candidate for the development of antiviral therapies.
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20
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Banerji A, Bagley MJ, Shoemaker JA, Tettenhorst DR, Nietch CT, Allen HJ, Santo Domingo JW. Evaluating putative ecological drivers of microcystin spatiotemporal dynamics using metabarcoding and environmental data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 86:84-95. [PMID: 31358280 PMCID: PMC7877229 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin of global concern. Understanding the environmental factors that cause high concentrations of microcystin is crucial to the development of lake management strategies that minimize harmful exposures. While the literature is replete with studies linking cyanobacterial production of microcystin to changes in various nutrients, abiotic stressors, grazers, and competitors, no single biotic or abiotic factor has been shown to be reliably predictive of microcystin concentrations in complex ecosystems. We performed random forest regression analyses with 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data and environmental data to determine which putative ecological drivers best explained spatiotemporal variation in total microcystin and several individual congeners in a eutrophic freshwater reservoir. Model performance was best for predicting concentrations of the congener MC-LR, with ca. 88% of spatiotemporal variance explained. Most of the variance was associated with changes in the relative abundance of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis. Follow-up RF regression analyses revealed that factors that were the most important in predicting MC-LR were also the most important in predicting Microcystis population dynamics. We discuss how these results relate to prevailing ecological hypotheses regarding the function of microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banerji
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - M J Bagley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - J A Shoemaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - D R Tettenhorst
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - C T Nietch
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - H J Allen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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21
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Takaara T, Sasaki S, Fujii M, Ito H, Masago Y, Omura T. Lectin-stimulated cellular iron uptake and toxin generation in the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:25-33. [PMID: 31097253 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lectin family is composed of mono- and oligosaccharide binding proteins that could activate specific cellular activities, such as cell-cell attachment and toxin production. In the present study, the effect of the external addition of lectins to culture media containing the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on its metabolic activities, such as iron uptake and toxin production was investigated. Among the three lectins examined in this study (concanavalin A [Con A], wheat germ agglutinin [WGA] and peanut agglutinin [PNA]), PNA substantially increased the accumulated intracellular and extracellular iron content. The binding of PNA and Con A to M. aeruginosa cells was visualized via fluorescence microscopy using a lectin adjunct with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and resulted in carbohydrate and protein accumulation in the cellular capsule. Given that the highest carbohydrate accumulation was seen in the Con A system (where iron accumulation was relatively lower), carbohydrate quality is likely important factor that influences cellular iron accumulation. Since PNA specifically binds to sugars such as galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, these saccharide species could be important candidates for intracellular and extracellular iron accumulation and transport. Microcystin biosynthesis was stimulated in the presence of PNA and WGA, whereas cellular iron uptake increased only in the presence of PNA. Thus, the iron uptake was not necessarily congruent with the upregulation of microcystin synthesis, which suggested that the positive effect of lectin on iron uptake is probably attributable to the PNA-assisted iron accumulation around the cell surface. Overall, the present study provides insights into the interactions of lectin that influence cellular metabolic activities such as iron uptake, extracellular polymeric substance accumulation, and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takaara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, Japan
| | - Shiori Sasaki
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nation University, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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22
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Xiao M, Li M, Duan P, Qu Z, Wu H. Insights into the relationship between colony formation and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition of the cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:34-41. [PMID: 31097254 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were considered as fundamental substances in colony formation; however, the understanding of EPS composition remains limited. This study analyzed the content and composition of EPS fractions (soluble EPS, loosely bound EPS, and tightly bound EPS) of four Microcystis species from laboratory cultures in both unicellular and colonial morphologies, as well as colonies collected during Microcystis blooms, using fluorescence excitation - emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). This method enables to make insight into protein-like and humic acid-like components but cannot detect polysaccharides. The EPS was successfully categorized into three humic acid-like components (C1 - C3) and a protein-like component (C4). Component C1 was discovered to be involved in colony formation and colony size growth of Microcystis. EPS content varied among Microcystis morphospecies, such as M. aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii and M. ichthyoblabe, and this was significantly affected by the environmental constraints rather than the morphospecies. The proportion of C1 relating to larger colony size was negatively correlated to temperature and concentrations of TN and TP. The tightly bound EPS directly promoted colony formation, but the soluble EPS or loosely bound EPS alone did not induce colony formation in Microcystis. These results advanced the current knowledge on the chemical materials involved in the colony formation of Microcystis and provided new clues in unicellular-multicellular transformation as well as colonial morphology changes in Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Zhi Qu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Haiming Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
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23
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Qu J, Shen L, Zhao M, Li W, Jia C, Zhu H, Zhang Q. Determination of the Role of Microcystis aeruginosa in Toxin Generation Based on Phosphoproteomic Profiles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070304. [PMID: 30041444 PMCID: PMC6070999 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is the most common species responsible for toxic cyanobacterial blooms and is considered a significant contributor to the production of cyanotoxins, particularly the potent liver toxins called microcystins. Numerous studies investigating Microcystis spp. blooms have revealed their deleterious effects in freshwater environments. However, the available knowledge regarding the global phosphoproteomics of M. aeruginosa and their regulatory roles in toxin generation is limited. In this study, we conducted comparative phosphoproteomic profiling of non-toxic and toxin-producing strains of M. aeruginosa. We identified 59 phosphorylation sites in 37 proteins in a non-toxic strain and 26 phosphorylation sites in 18 proteins in a toxin-producing strain. The analysis of protein phosphorylation abundances and functions in redox homeostasis, energy metabolism, light absorption and photosynthesis showed marked differences between the non-toxic and toxin-producing strains of M. aeruginosa, indicating that these processes are strongly related to toxin generation. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction results indicated that BJ0JVG8 can directly interact with the PemK-like toxin protein B0JQN8. Thus, the phosphorylation of B0JQN8 appears to be associated with the regulatory roles of toxins in physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Liping Shen
- State key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Meng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Wentong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Chengxia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Qingjing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing 100068, China.
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24
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Park BS, Li Z, Kang YH, Shin HH, Joo JH, Han MS. Distinct Bloom Dynamics of Toxic and Non-toxic Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) Subpopulations in Hoedong Reservoir (Korea). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:163-173. [PMID: 28721505 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of understanding the bloom mechanisms that influence cyanobacterial toxin production, the dynamics of toxic Microcystis subpopulations are largely unknown. Here, we quantified both toxic and entire (i.e., toxic and non-toxic) Microcystis populations based on the microcystin synthetase E (mcyE) and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Samples were collected from pelagic water and sediments twice per week from October to December 2011, and we investigated the effects of physicochemical factors (pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, etc.) and biological factors (ciliates and zooplankton) on the abundance of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis. During the study period, Microcystis blooms were composed of toxic and non-toxic subpopulations. Resting stage Microcystis in sediment may be closely linked to Microcystis populations in pelagic water and may contribute to the toxic subpopulation composition in surface Microcystis blooms. In pelagic water, the toxic and entire Microcystis population had a significant positive correlation with the pH and water temperature (p < 0.05). However, their responses to changes in environmental factors were thought to be distinct. The ratio of the toxic to non-toxic Microcystis subpopulations was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced by a lower pH and water temperature and an increase in protozoan grazers, reflecting environmental stresses. These results suggest that the toxic and non-toxic subpopulations of Microcystis have distinct tolerance levels against these stressors. The intracellular microcystin (MC) concentration was positively associated with the abundance of the mcyE-positive Microcystis. By comparison, the MC concentration in pelagic water body (extracellular) increased when Microcystis was lysed due to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Soo Park
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Zhun Li
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Kang
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Monitoring and Analysis Division, Wonju Regional Environmental Office, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26461, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Joo
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Myung-Soo Han
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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25
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Effects of microvirin monomers and oligomers on hepatitis C virus. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170015. [PMID: 28507200 PMCID: PMC6434159 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvirin (MVN) is a carbohydrate-binding protein which shows high specificity for high-mannose type N-glycan structures. In the present study, we tried to identify whether MVN could bind to high-mannose containing hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins, which are heavily decorated high-mannose glycans. In addition, recombinantly expressed MVN oligomers in di-, tri- and tetrameric form were evaluated for their viral inhibition. MVN oligomers bound more efficiently to HCV virions, and displayed in comparison with the MVN monomer a higher neutralization potency against HCV infection. The antiviral effect was furthermore affected by the peptide linker sequence connecting the MVN monomers. The results indicate that MVN oligomers such as trimers and tetramers may be used as future neutralization agents against HCV infections.
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26
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Mitchell CA, Ramessar K, O'Keefe BR. Antiviral lectins: Selective inhibitors of viral entry. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:37-54. [PMID: 28322922 PMCID: PMC5414728 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Many natural lectins have been reported to have antiviral activity. As some of these have been put forward as potential development candidates for preventing or treating viral infections, we have set out in this review to survey the literature on antiviral lectins. The review groups lectins by structural class and class of source organism we also detail their carbohydrate specificity and their reported antiviral activities. The review concludes with a brief discussion of several of the pertinent hurdles that heterologous proteins must clear to be useful clinical candidates and cites examples where such studies have been reported for antiviral lectins. Though the clearest path currently being followed is the use of antiviral lectins as anti-HIV microbicides via topical mucosal administration, some investigators have also found systemic efficacy against acute infections following subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter A Mitchell
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA.
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Omidi A, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Still challenging: the ecological function of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin – What we know so far. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1326059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany and
- Joint laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Ceballos-Laita L, Marcuello C, Lostao A, Calvo-Begueria L, Velazquez-Campoy A, Bes MT, Fillat MF, Peleato ML. Microcystin-LR Binds Iron, and Iron Promotes Self-Assembly. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4841-4850. [PMID: 28368104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and its close strain, the nonproducing Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7005, grow similarly in the presence of 17 μM iron. Under severe iron deficient conditions (0.05 μM), the toxigenic strain grows slightly less than in iron-replete conditions, while the nonproducing microcystin strain is not able to grow. Isothermal titration calorimetry performed at cyanobacterial cytosol or meaningful environmental pHs values shows a microcystin-LR dissociaton constant for Fe2+ and Fe3+ of 2.4 μM. Using atomic force microscopy, 40% of microcystin-LR dimers were observed, and the presence of iron promoted its oligomerization up to six units. Microcystin-LR binds also Mo6+, Cu2+, and Mn2+. Polymeric microcystin binding iron may be related with a toxic cell colony advantage, providing enhanced iron bioavailability and perhaps affecting the structure of the gelatinous sheath. Inside cells, with microcystin implicated in the fitness of the photosynthetic machinery under stress conditions, the toxin would be involved in avoiding metal-dependent Fenton reactions when photooxidation causes disassembly of the iron-rich photosystems. Additionally, it could be hypothesized that polymerization-depolymerization dynamics may be an additional signal that could trigger changes (for example, in the binding of microcystin to proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Calvo-Begueria
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
| | - Adrián Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
| | - María Teresa Bes
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
| | - María F Fillat
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
| | - María-Luisa Peleato
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)-Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) , Aragón 50018, Spain
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29
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Singh RS, Walia AK, Khattar JS, Singh DP, Kennedy JF. Cyanobacterial lectins characteristics and their role as antiviral agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:475-496. [PMID: 28437766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins/glycoproteins of non-immune origin that bind reversibly to carbohydrates in non-covalent and highly specific manner. These lectin-glycan interactions could be exploited for establishment of novel therapeutics, targeting the adherence stage of viruses and thus helpful in eliminating wide spread viral infections. Here the review focuses on the haemagglutination activity, carbohydrate specificity and characteristics of cyanobacterial lectins. Cyanobacterial lectins exhibiting high specificity towards mannose or complex glycans have potential role as anti-viral agents. Prospective role of cyanobacterial lectins in targeting various diseases of worldwide concern such as HIV, hepatitis, herpes, influenza and ebola viruses has been discussed extensively. The review also lays emphasis on recent studies involving structural analysis of glycan-lectin interactions which in turn influence their mechanism of action. Altogether, the promising approach of these cyanobacterial lectins provides insight into their use as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Amandeep Kaur Walia
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | | | - Davinder Pal Singh
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science & Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire WR1 8SG, UK
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30
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Zhang Z, Meng L, Ni C, Yao L, Zhang F, Jin Y, Mu X, Zhu S, Lu X, Liu S, Yu C, Wang C, Zheng P, Wu J, Kang L, Zhang HM, Ouyang Q. Engineering Escherichia coli to bind to cyanobacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:347-352. [PMID: 27773604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We engineered Escherichia coli cells to bind to cyanobacteria by heterologously producing and displaying lectins of the target cyanobacteria on their surface. To prove the efficacy of our approach, we tested this design on Microcystis aeruginosa with microvirin (Mvn), the lectin endogenously produced by this cyanobacterium. The coding sequence of Mvn was C-terminally fused to the ice nucleation protein NC (INPNC) gene and expressed in E. coli. Results showed that E. coli cells expressing the INPNC::Mvn fusion protein were able to bind to M. aeruginosa and the average number of E. coli cells bound to each cyanobacterial cell was enhanced 8-fold. Finally, a computational model was developed to simulate the binding reaction and help reconstruct the binding parameters. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the binding of two organisms in liquid culture mediated by the surface display of lectins and it may serve as a novel approach to mediate microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhang
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liuyi Meng
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Congjian Ni
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lanqiu Yao
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuji Jin
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelang Mu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Congyu Yu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenggong Wang
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Kang
- Peking University Team for the International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoqian M Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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31
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He X, Wert EC. Colonial cell disaggregation and intracellular microcystin release following chlorination of naturally occurring Microcystis. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:10-16. [PMID: 27240297 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Colonial cell disaggregation and release of intracellular microcystin were evaluated following chlorine treatment of naturally occurring Microcystis. Microscopic observations of water samples collected from Lake Mead, Nevada, USA, confirmed the presence of colonial Microcystis with cells protected by an outer sheath up to 30 μm thick. During chlorination, two stages of cell decomposition were observed, stage 1: colonial cell disaggregation, and stage 2: unicellular degradation. Following a [Cl2]0:DOC0 ratio of 0.15 (t = 20 min, pH = 8.2-8.5) in unfiltered Lake Havasu samples, total particle count increased from (1.0 ± 0.11) × 10(5) to 4.2 × 10(5) particles/mL and fluorescent particle count increased from (1.2 ± 0.50) × 10(4) to 1.2 × 10(5) particles/mL, illustrating colonial cell disaggregation. Although total and fluorescent particles increased, the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) decreased from 81 μg/L to 72 μg/L, and continued to decrease at higher [Cl2]0:DOC0 ratios. The preliminary second order rate constant for the reaction between Microcystis and chlorine in natural waters was estimated using either Chl-a (k = 15 M(-1) s(-1)) or fluorescence particle count (k = 38 M(-1) s(-1)) as an indicator of cell damage following colonial disaggregation (i.e., at [Cl2]0:DOC0 ratio ≥0.15). Complete release of intracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was observed in both Lake Havasu and Lake Mead samples when applying a [Cl2]0:DOC0 ratio of 0.30 (t = 20 min), which was equivalent to a chlorine exposure of 8 min-mg/L for Lake Havasu samples. With chlorination, DOC increased by 3-18% indicating release of either colony-bound or cell-bound DOC. The results demonstrated the ability of chlorine to disaggregate/inactivate natural Microcystis colonies, and identified oxidation conditions resulting in complete release of intracellular MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang He
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States
| | - Eric C Wert
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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32
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Paerl HW, Otten TG, Joyner AR. Moving towards adaptive management of cyanotoxin-impaired water bodies. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:641-51. [PMID: 27418325 PMCID: PMC4993183 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that have played a key role in shaping the Earth's biosphere due to their pioneering ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Throughout their history, cyanobacteria have experienced major biogeochemical changes accompanying Earth's geochemical evolution over the past 2.5+ billion years, including periods of extreme climatic change, hydrologic, nutrient and radiation stress. Today, they remain remarkably successful, exploiting human nutrient over‐enrichment as nuisance “blooms.” Cyanobacteria produce an array of unique metabolites, the functions and biotic ramifications of which are the subject of diverse ecophysiological studies. These metabolites are relevant from organismal and ecosystem function perspectives because some can be toxic and fatal to diverse biota, including zooplankton and fish consumers of algal biomass, and high‐level consumers of aquatic food sources and drinking water, including humans. Given the long history of environmental extremes and selection pressures that cyanobacteria have experienced, it is likely that that these toxins serve ecophysiological functions aimed at optimizing growth and fitness during periods of environmental stress. Here, we explore the molecular and ecophysiological mechanisms underlying cyanotoxin production, with emphasis on key environmental conditions potentially controlling toxin production. Based on this information, we offer potential management strategies for reducing cyanotoxin potentials in natural waters; for cyanotoxins with no clear drivers yet elucidated, we highlight the data gaps and research questions that are still lacking. We focus on the four major classes of toxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and saxitoxins) that have thus far been identified as relevant from environmental health perspectives, but caution there may be other harmful metabolites waiting to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics, LLC, 87 Scripps Drive, Ste. 301, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Joyner
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
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33
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Harke MJ, Steffen MM, Gobler CJ, Otten TG, Wilhelm SW, Wood SA, Paerl HW. A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:4-20. [PMID: 28073480 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding the toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis, with a specific focus on its geographic distribution, toxins, genomics, phylogeny, and ecology. A global analysis found documentation suggesting geographic expansion of Microcystis, with recorded blooms in at least 108 countries, 79 of which have also reported the hepatatoxin microcystin. The production of microcystins (originally "Fast-Death Factor") by Microcystis and factors that control synthesis of this toxin are reviewed, as well as the putative ecophysiological roles of this metabolite. Molecular biological analyses have provided significant insight into the ecology and physiology of Microcystis, as well as revealed the highly dynamic, and potentially unstable, nature of its genome. A genetic sequence analysis of 27 Microcystis species, including 15 complete/draft genomes are presented. Using the strictest biological definition of what constitutes a bacterial species, these analyses indicate that all Microcystis species warrant placement into the same species complex since the average nucleotide identity values were above 95%, 16S rRNA nucleotide identity scores exceeded 99%, and DNA-DNA hybridization was consistently greater than 70%. The review further provides evidence from around the globe for the key role that both nitrogen and phosphorus play in controlling Microcystis bloom dynamics, and the effect of elevated temperature on bloom intensification. Finally, highlighted is the ability of Microcystis assemblages to minimize their mortality losses by resisting grazing by zooplankton and bivalves, as well as viral lysis, and discuss factors facilitating assemblage resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
| | - Morgan M Steffen
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- University of Tennessee, Department of Microbiology, 1414 West Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand and Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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34
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Zhang JY, Guan R, Zhang HJ, Li H, Xiao P, Yu GL, Du L, Cao DM, Zhu BC, Li RH, Lu ZH. Complete genome sequence and genomic characterization of Microcystis panniformis FACHB 1757 by third-generation sequencing. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 26823957 PMCID: PMC4730716 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial genus Microcystis is well known as the main group that forms harmful blooms in water. A strain of Microcystis, M. panniformis FACHB1757, was isolated from Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in August 2011. The whole genome was sequenced using PacBio RS II sequencer with 48-fold coverage. The complete genome sequence with no gaps contained a 5,686,839 bp chromosome and a 38,683 bp plasmid, which coded for 6,519 and 49 proteins, respectively. Comparison with strains of M. aeruginosa and some other water bloom-forming cyanobacterial species revealed large-scale structure rearrangement and length variation at the genome level along with 36 genomic islands annotated genome-wide, which demonstrates high plasticity of the M. panniformis FACHB1757 genome and reveals that Microcystis has a flexible genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China.,Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Rui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Hu-Jun Zhang
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Marine Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Gong-Liang Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Lei Du
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - De-Min Cao
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Bing-Chuan Zhu
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Ren-Hui Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Zu-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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35
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Protein/peptide-based entry/fusion inhibitors as anti-HIV therapies: challenges and future direction. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:4-20. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Biosynthesis and function of extracellular glycans in cyanobacteria. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:164-80. [PMID: 25587674 PMCID: PMC4390846 DOI: 10.3390/life5010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of cyanobacteria is covered with glycans that confer versatility and adaptability to a multitude of environmental factors. The complex carbohydrates act as barriers against different types of stress and play a role in intra- as well as inter-species interactions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the chemical composition, biosynthesis and biological function of exo- and lipo-polysaccharides from cyanobacteria and give an overview of sugar-binding lectins characterized from cyanobacteria. We discuss similarities with well-studied enterobacterial systems and highlight the unique features of cyanobacteria. We pay special attention to colony formation and EPS biosynthesis in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa.
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37
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The Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Exoproteome: Taking a Peek outside the Box. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:130-63. [PMID: 25782455 PMCID: PMC4390845 DOI: 10.3390/life5010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in examining the subset of proteins present in the extracellular milieu, the exoproteome, has been growing due to novel insights highlighting their role on extracellular matrix organization and biofilm formation, but also on homeostasis and development. The cyanobacterial exoproteome is poorly studied, and the role of cyanobacterial exoproteins on cell wall biogenesis, morphology and even physiology is largely unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of the Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 exoproteome under various growth conditions. Altogether, 139 proteins belonging to 16 different functional categories have been identified. A large fraction (48%) of the identified proteins is classified as "hypothetical", falls into the "other categories" set or presents no similarity to other proteins. The evidence presented here shows that Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is capable of outer membrane vesicle formation and that these vesicles are likely to contribute to the exoproteome profile. Furthermore, the activity of selected exoproteins associated with oxidative stress has been assessed, suggesting their involvement in redox homeostasis mechanisms in the extracellular space. Finally, we discuss our results in light of other cyanobacterial exoproteome studies and focus on the potential of exploring cyanobacteria as cell factories to produce and secrete selected proteins.
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Férir G, Gordts SC, Schols D. HIV-1 and its resistance to peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs): an overview. Molecules 2014; 19:21085-112. [PMID: 25517345 PMCID: PMC6270665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins on the surfaces of enveloped viruses, such as HIV, can be considered as a unique target for antiviral therapy. Different carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) target specific glycans present on viral glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. It has been shown that long-term CBA pressure in vitro can result in mutant HIV-1 isolates with several N-linked glycan deletions on gp120. These studies demonstrated that mainly high-mannose type glycans are deleted. However, interestingly, N241, N262 and N356 on gp120 have never been found to be affected after prolonged CBA exposure. Here, we review the mutation and (cross)-resistance profiles of eleven specific generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains. We observed that the broad-neutralizing anti-carbohydrate binding mAb 2G12 became completely inactive against all the generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 clade B isolates. In addition, all of the CBAs discussed in this review, with the exception of NICTABA, interfered with the binding of 2G12 mAb to gp120 expressed on HIV-1-infected T cells. The cross-resistance profiles of mutant HIV-1 strains are varying from increased susceptibility to very high resistance levels, even among different classes of CBAs with dissimilar sugar specificities or binding moieties [e.g., α(1,3), α(1,2), α(1,6)]. Recent studies demonstrated promising results in non-topical formulations (e.g., intranasally or subcutaneously), highlighting their potential for prevention (microbicides) and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
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West MB, Partyka K, Feasley CL, Maupin KA, Goppallawa I, West CM, Haab BB, Hanigan MH. Detection of distinct glycosylation patterns on human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 using antibody-lectin sandwich array (ALSA) technology. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:101. [PMID: 25479762 PMCID: PMC4297448 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (GGT1) is an N-glycosylated membrane protein that catabolizes extracellular glutathione and other γ-glutamyl-containing substrates. In a variety of disease states, including tumor formation, the enzyme is shed from the surface of the cell and can be detected in serum. The structures of the N-glycans on human GGT1 (hGGT1) have been shown to be tissue-specific. Tumor-specific changes in the glycans have also been observed, suggesting that the N-glycans on hGGT1 would be an important biomarker for detecting tumors and monitoring their progression during treatment. However, the large quantities of purified protein required to fully characterize the carbohydrate content poses a significant challenge for biomarker development. Herein, we investigated a new antibody-lectin sandwich array (ALSA) platform to determine whether this microanalytical technique could be applied to the characterization of N-glycan content of hGGT1 in complex biological samples. Results Our data show that hGGT1 can be isolated from detergent extracted membrane proteins by binding to the ALSA platform. Probing hGGT1 with lectins enables characterization of the N-glycans. We probed hGGT1 from normal human liver tissue, normal human kidney tissue, and hGGT1 expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The lectin binding patterns obtained with the ALSA platform are consistent with the hGGT1 N-glycan composition obtained from previous large-scale hGGT1 N-glycan characterizations from these sources. We also validate the implementation of the Microcystis aeruginosa lectin, microvirin, in this platform and provide refined evidence for its efficacy in specifically recognizing high-mannose-type N-glycans, a class of carbohydrate modification that is distinctive of hGGT1 expressed by many tumors. Conclusion Using this microanalytical approach, we provide proof-of-concept for the implementation of ALSA in conducting high-throughput studies aimed at investigating disease-related changes in the glycosylation patterns on hGGT1 with the goal of enhancing clinical diagnoses and targeted treatment regimens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-014-0101-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hu C, Völler G, Süßmuth R, Dittmann E, Kehr JC. Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids inMicrocystis aeruginosastrain PCC 7806. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1548-59. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Hu
- Department of Microbiology; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Ginka Völler
- Institut für Chemie; Technical University Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Roderich Süßmuth
- Institut für Chemie; Technical University Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Kehr
- Department of Microbiology; Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
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Férir G, Huskens D, Noppen S, Koharudin LMI, Gronenborn AM, Schols D. Broad anti-HIV activity of the Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homologue lectin family. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2746-58. [PMID: 24970741 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homologue (OAAH) proteins belong to a recently discovered lectin family. The founding member OAA and a designed hybrid OAAH (OPA) recognize similar but unique carbohydrate structures of Man-9, compared with other antiviral carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs). These two newly described CBAs were evaluated for their inactivating properties on HIV replication and transmission and for their potential as microbicides. METHODS Various cellular assays were used to determine antiviral activity against wild-type and certain CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains: (i) free HIV virion infection in human T lymphoma cell lines and PBMCs; (ii) syncytium formation assay using persistently HIV-infected T cells and non-infected CD4+ T cells; (iii) DC-SIGN-mediated viral capture; and (iv) transmission to uninfected CD4+ T cells. OAA and OPA were also evaluated for their mitogenic properties and potential synergistic effects using other CBAs. RESULTS OAA and OPA inhibit HIV replication, syncytium formation between HIV-1-infected and uninfected T cells, DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 capture and transmission to CD4+ target T cells, thereby rendering a variety of HIV-1 and HIV-2 clinical isolates non-infectious, independent of their coreceptor use. Both CBAs competitively inhibit the binding of the Manα(1-2)Man-specific 2G12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) as shown by flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis. The HIV-1 NL4.3(2G12res), NL4.3(MVNres) and IIIB(GRFTres) strains were equally inhibited as the wild-type HIV-1 strains by these CBAs. Combination studies indicate that OAA and OPA act synergistically with Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin, 2G12 mAb and griffithsin (GRFT), with the exception of OPA/GRFT. CONCLUSIONS OAA and OPA are unique CBAs with broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity; however, further optimization will be necessary for microbicidal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonardus M I Koharudin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Agha R, Quesada A. Oligopeptides as biomarkers of cyanobacterial subpopulations. Toward an understanding of their biological role. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1929-50. [PMID: 24960202 PMCID: PMC4073138 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial oligopeptides comprise a wide range of bioactive and/or toxic compounds. While current research is strongly focused on exploring new oligopeptide variants and their bioactive properties, the biological role of these compounds remains elusive. Oligopeptides production abilities show a remarkably patchy distribution among conspecific strains. This observation has prompted alternative approaches to unveil their adaptive value, based on the use of cellular oligopeptide compositions as biomarkers of intraspecific subpopulations or chemotypes in freshwater cyanobacteria. Studies addressing the diversity, distribution, and dynamics of chemotypes in natural systems have provided important insights into the structure and ecology of cyanobacterial populations and the adaptive value of oligopeptides. This review presents an overview of the fundamentals of this emerging approach and its most relevant findings, and discusses our current understanding of the role of oligopeptides in the ecology of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsy Agha
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Survival, growth and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 in experimental conditions mimicking some features of the human gastro-intestinal environment. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 215:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gągała I, Izydorczyk K, Jurczak T, Pawełczyk J, Dziadek J, Wojtal-Frankiewicz A, Jóźwik A, Jaskulska A, Mankiewicz-Boczek J. Role of environmental factors and toxic genotypes in the regulation of microcystins-producing cyanobacterial blooms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:465-79. [PMID: 24241584 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand: (1) how environmental conditions can contribute to formation of Microcystis-dominated blooms in lowland, dam reservoirs in temperate climate-with the use of quantitative molecular monitoring, and (2) what is the role of toxic Microcystis genotypes in the bloom functioning. Monitoring of the Sulejow Reservoir in 2009 and 2010 in two sites Tresta (TR) and Bronislawow BR), which have different morphometry, showed that physicochemical conditions were always favorable for cyanobacterial bloom formation. In 2009, the average biomass of cyanobacteria reached 13 mg L(-1) (TR) and 8 mg L(-1) (BR), and in the second year, it decreased to approximately 1 mg L(-1) (TR and BR). In turns, the mean number of toxic Microcystis genotypes in the total Microcystis reached 1% in 2009, both in TR and BR, and in 2010, the number increased to 70% in TR and 14 % in BR. Despite significant differences in the biomass of cyanobacteria in 2009 and 2010, the mean microcystins (MCs) concentration and toxicity stayed at a similar level of approximately 1 μg L(-1). Statistical analysis indicated that water retention time was a factor that provided a significant difference between the two monitoring seasons and was considered a driver of the changes occurring in the Sulejow Reservoir. Hydrologic differences, which occurred between two studied years due to heavy flooding in Poland in 2010, influenced the decrease in number of Microcystis biomass by causing water disturbances and by lowering water temperature. Statistical analysis showed that Microcystis aeruginosa biomass and 16S rRNA gene copy number representing Microcystis genotypes in both years of monitoring could be predicted on the basis of total and dissolved phosphorus concentrations and water temperature. In present study, the number of mcyA gene copies representing toxic Microcystis genotypes could be predicted based on the biomass of M. aeruginosa. Moreover, MCs toxicity and concentration could be predicted on the basic of mcyA gene copy number and M. aeruginosa (biomass, 16S rRNA), respectively. Present findings may indicate that Microcystis can regulate the number of toxic genotypes, and in this way adjust the whole bloom to be able to produce MCs at the level which is necessary for its maintenance in the Sulejow Reservoir under stressful hydrological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gągała
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Lodz, Poland,
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Bewley CA, Shahzad-ul-Hussan S. Characterizing carbohydrate-protein interactions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2013; 99:796-806. [PMID: 23784792 PMCID: PMC3820370 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and soluble carbohydrates and/or surface displayed glycans are central to countless recognition, attachment and signaling events in biology. The physical chemical features associated with these binding events vary considerably, depending on the biological system of interest. For example, carbohydrate-protein interactions can be stoichiometric or multivalent, the protein receptors can be monomeric or oligomeric, and the specificity of recognition can be highly stringent or rather promiscuous. Equilibrium dissociation constants for carbohydrate binding are known to vary from micromolar to millimolar, with weak interactions being far more prevalent; and individual carbohydrate-binding sites can be truly symmetrical or merely homologous, and hence, the affinities of individual sites within a single protein can vary, as can the order of binding. Several factors, including the weak affinities with which glycans bind their protein receptors, the dynamic nature of the glycans themselves, and the nonequivalent interactions among oligomeric carbohydrate receptors, have made nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) an especially powerful tool for studying and defining carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here, we describe those NMR approaches that have proven to be the most robust in characterizing these systems, and explain what type of information can (or cannot) be obtained from each. Our goal is to provide the reader the information necessary for selecting the correct experiment or sets of experiments to characterize their carbohydrate-protein interaction of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Holland A, Kinnear S. Interpreting the possible ecological role(s) of cyanotoxins: compounds for competitive advantage and/or physiological aide? Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2239-58. [PMID: 23807545 PMCID: PMC3736421 DOI: 10.3390/md11072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, most research on freshwater cyanotoxin(s) has focused on understanding the dynamics of toxin production and decomposition, as well as evaluating the environmental conditions that trigger toxin production, all with the objective of informing management strategies and options for risk reduction. Comparatively few research studies have considered how this information can be used to understand the broader ecological role of cyanotoxin(s), and the possible applications of this knowledge to the management of toxic blooms. This paper explores the ecological, toxicological, and genetic evidence for cyanotoxin production in natural environments. The possible evolutionary advantages of toxin production are grouped into two main themes: That of "competitive advantage" or "physiological aide". The first grouping illustrates how compounds produced by cyanobacteria may have originated from the need for a cellular defence mechanism, in response to grazing pressure and/or resource competition. The second grouping considers the contribution that secondary metabolites make to improved cellular physiology, through benefits to homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiencies, and accelerated growth rates. The discussion also includes other factors in the debate about possible evolutionary roles for toxins, such as different modes of exposures and effects on non-target (i.e., non-competitive) species. The paper demonstrates that complex and multiple factors are at play in driving evolutionary processes in aquatic environments. This information may provide a fresh perspective on managing toxic blooms, including the need to use a "systems approach" to understand how physico-chemical conditions, as well biological stressors, interact to trigger toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4700, Australia.
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Hoorelbeke B, van Montfort T, Xue J, LiWang PJ, Tanaka H, Igarashi Y, Van Damme EJ, Sanders RW, Balzarini J. HIV-1 envelope trimer has similar binding characteristics for carbohydrate-binding agents as monomeric gp120. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:860-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Putative antiparasite defensive system involving ribosomal and nonribosomal oligopeptides in cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2642-7. [PMID: 23396340 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03499-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic chytrid fungi can inflict significant mortality on cyanobacteria but frequently fail to keep cyanobacterial dominance and bloom formation in check. Our study tested whether oligopeptide production, a common feature in many cyanobacteria, can be a defensive mechanism against chytrid parasitism. The study employed the cyanobacterial strain Planktothrix NIVA-CYA126/8 and its mutants with knockout mutations for microcystins, anabaenopeptins, and microviridins, major oligopeptide classes to be found in NIVA-CYA126/8. Four chytrid strains were used as parasite models. They are obligate parasites of Planktothrix and are unable to exploit alternative food sources. All chytrid strains were less virulent to the NIVA-CYA126/8 wild type than to at least one of its oligopeptide knockout mutants. One chytrid strain even failed to infect the wild type, while exhibiting considerable virulence to all mutants. It is therefore evident that producing microcystins, microviridins, and/or anabaenopeptins can reduce the virulence of chytrids to Planktothrix, thereby increasing the host's chance of survival. Microcystins and anabaenopeptins are nonribosomal oligopeptides, while microviridins are produced ribosomally, suggesting that Planktothrix resists chytrids by relying on metabolites that are produced via distinct biosynthetic pathways. Chytrids, on the other hand, can adapt to the oligopeptides produced by Planktothrix in different ways. This setting most likely results in an evolutionary arms race, which would probably lead to Planktothrix and chytrid population structures that closely resemble those actually found in nature. In summary, the findings of the present study suggest oligopeptide production in Planktothrix to be part of a defensive mechanism against chytrid parasitism.
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Algal lectins as potential HIV microbicide candidates. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1476-1497. [PMID: 22851920 PMCID: PMC3407925 DOI: 10.3390/md10071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and use of topical microbicides potentially offers an additional strategy to reduce the spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) that show specificity for high mannose carbohydrates on the surface of the heavily glycosylated envelope of HIV are endowed with potent anti-HIV activity. In fact, a number of algal lectins such as cyanovirin-N, microvirin, microcystis viridis lectin, scytovirin, Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin and griffithsin are considered as potential microbicide candidates to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV through topical applications. They not only inhibit infection of cells by cell-free virus but they can also efficiently prevent virus transmission from virus-infected cells to uninfected CD4+ target T-lymphocytes and DC-SIGN-directed capture of HIV-1 and transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes. This review focuses on the structural properties and carbohydrate specificity of these algal lectins, their antiviral activity against HIV and several other enveloped viruses, their safety profile and viral resistance patterns.
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Harel M, Weiss G, Daniel E, Wilenz A, Hadas O, Sukenik A, Sedmak B, Dittmann E, Braun S, Kaplan A. Casting a net: fibres produced by Microcystis sp. in field and laboratory populations. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:342-349. [PMID: 23760798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for the apparent dominance of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis sp., reflected by its massive blooms in many fresh water bodies, are poorly understood. We show that in addition to a large array of secondary metabolites, some of which are toxic to eukaryotes, Microcystis sp. secretes large amounts of fibrous exopolysaccharides that form extremely long fibres several millimetres in length. This phenomenon was detected in field and laboratory cultures of various Microcystis strains. In addition, we have identified and characterized three of the proteins associated with the fibres and the genes encoding them in Microcystis sp. PCC 7806 but were unable to completely delete them from its genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the most abundant one, designated IPF-469, showed its presence only in cyanobacteria. Its closest relatives were detected in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and in Cyanothece sp. strains; in the latter the genomic organization of the IPF-469 was highly conserved. IPF-469 and the other two proteins identified here, a haloperoxidase and a haemolysin-type calcium-binding protein, may be part of the fibres secretion pathway. The biological role of the fibres in Microcystis sp. is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Harel
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, PO Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany
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