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Hall JM, Gutiérrez-Ferman JL, Shamseldin MM, Guo M, Gupta YA, Deora R, Dubey P. Opposing effects of acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines on Bordetella pertussis biofilm formation, Siglec-F+ neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in mouse nasal tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576795. [PMID: 38328073 PMCID: PMC10849580 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite global vaccination, pertussis caused by Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is resurging. Pertussis resurgence is correlated with the switch from whole cell vaccines (wPV) that elicit TH1/TH17 polarized immune responses to acellular pertussis vaccines (aPV) that elicit primarily TH2 polarized immune responses. One explanation for the increased incidence in aPV-immunized individuals is the lack of bacterial clearance from the nose. To understand the host and bacterial mechanisms that contribute to Bp persistence, we evaluated bacterial localization and the immune response in the nasal associated tissues (NT) of naïve and immunized mice following Bp challenge. Bp resided in the NT of unimmunized and aPV-immunized mice as biofilms. In contrast, Bp biofilms were not observed in wPV-immunized mice. Following infection, Siglec-F+ neutrophils, critical for eliminating Bp from the nose, were recruited to the nose at higher levels in wPV immunized mice compared to aPV immunized mice. Consistent with this observation, the neutrophil chemokine CXCL1 was only detected in the NT of wPV immunized mice. Importantly, the bacteria and immune cells were primarily localized within the NT and were not recovered by nasal lavage (NL). Together, our data suggest that the TH2 polarized immune response generated by aPV vaccination facilitates persistence in the NT by impeding the infiltration of immune effectors and the eradication of biofilms In contrast, the TH1/TH17 immune phenotype generated by wPV, recruits Siglec-F+ neutrophils that rapidly eliminate the bacterial burden and prevent biofilm establishment. Thus, our work shows that aPV and wPV have opposing effects on Bp biofilm formation in the respiratory tract and provides a mechanistic explanation for the inability of aPV vaccination to control bacterial numbers in the nose and prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Mohamed M. Shamseldin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University Ain Helwan, Helwan, 11795, Egypt
| | - Myra Guo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Yash A. Gupta
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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2
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Abu-Raya B, Esser MJ, Nakabembe E, Reiné J, Amaral K, Diks AM, Imede E, Way SS, Harandi AM, Gorringe A, Le Doare K, Halperin SA, Berkowska MA, Sadarangani M. Antibody and B-cell Immune Responses Against Bordetella Pertussis Following Infection and Immunization. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168344. [PMID: 37926426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Neither immunization nor recovery from natural infection provides life-long protection against Bordetella pertussis. Replacement of a whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine with an acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, mutations in B. pertussis strains, and better diagnostic techniques, contribute to resurgence of number of cases especially in young infants. Development of new immunization strategies relies on a comprehensive understanding of immune system responses to infection and immunization and how triggering these immune components would ensure protective immunity. In this review, we assess how B cells, and their secretory products, antibodies, respond to B. pertussis infection, current and novel vaccines and highlight similarities and differences in these responses. We first focus on antibody-mediated immunity. We discuss antibody (sub)classes, elaborate on antibody avidity, ability to neutralize pertussis toxin, and summarize different effector functions, i.e. ability to activate complement, promote phagocytosis and activate NK cells. We then discuss challenges and opportunities in studying B-cell immunity. We highlight shared and unique aspects of B-cell and plasma cell responses to infection and immunization, and discuss how responses to novel immunization strategies better resemble those triggered by a natural infection (i.e., by triggering responses in mucosa and production of IgA). With this comprehensive review, we aim to shed some new light on the role of B cells and antibodies in the pertussis immunity to guide new vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Mirjam J Esser
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eve Nakabembe
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Upper Mulago Hill Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7072, Uganda
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle Amaral
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annieck M Diks
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden ZA 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Imede
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kirsty Le Doare
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, MU-JHU, Upper Mulago Hill, Kampala, P.O. Box 23491, Uganda
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Magdalena A Berkowska
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Miguelena Chamorro B, De Luca K, Swaminathan G, Longet S, Mundt E, Paul S. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0016422. [PMID: 37306571 PMCID: PMC10512794 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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Suyama H, Luu LDW, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Lan R. Integrating proteomic data with metabolic modeling provides insight into key pathways of Bordetella pertussis biofilms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169870. [PMID: 37601354 PMCID: PMC10435875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough is a severe respiratory disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis resurgence has been observed globally. The development of the current acellular vaccine (ACV) has been based on planktonic studies. However, recent studies have shown that B. pertussis readily forms biofilms. A better understanding of B. pertussis biofilms is important for developing novel vaccines that can target all aspects of B. pertussis infection. This study compared the proteomic expression of biofilm and planktonic B. pertussis cells to identify key changes between the conditions. Major differences were identified in virulence factors including an upregulation of toxins (adenylate cyclase toxin and dermonecrotic toxin) and downregulation of pertactin and type III secretion system proteins in biofilm cells. To further dissect metabolic pathways that are altered during the biofilm lifestyle, the proteomic data was then incorporated into a genome scale metabolic model using the Integrative Metabolic Analysis Tool (iMAT). The generated models predicted that planktonic cells utilised the glyoxylate shunt while biofilm cells completed the full tricarboxylic acid cycle. Differences in processing aspartate, arginine and alanine were identified as well as unique export of valine out of biofilm cells which may have a role in inter-bacterial communication and regulation. Finally, increased polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity in biofilm cells may contribute to increased persistence during infection. Taken together, this study modeled major proteomic and metabolic changes that occur in biofilm cells which helps lay the groundwork for further understanding B. pertussis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Suyama
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J. Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Delik E, Eroğlu B, Çolak ÇY, Özçelik AT, Tefon Öztürk BE. Alterations of Growth, Biofilm-Forming, and Gene Expression of Bordetella pertussis by Antibiotics at Sub-Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations. Res Microbiol 2023:104058. [PMID: 37044235 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the primary agent of the acute respiratory disease pertussis. It has been reported that the disease has recently become more common, especially in adults and adolescents, and adaptation of the pathogen is thought to have an important influence on the recurrence of the disease. This study aims to determine the effect of erythromycin, azithromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used in the treatment of pertussis on the virulence gene expressions (prn, ptxS1, fhaB), biofilm-forming and growth of B. pertussis. In this study, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of azithromycin and erythromycin in B. pertussis local strain Saadet were determined to be 0.09 μg/mL and 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. However, the Tohama-I and Saadet strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (MIC>32 μg/mL). The biofilm-forming of the Saadet strain decreased with the increase in antibiotic doses. It was observed that 1/32MIC erythromycin and 1/32MIC azithromycin upregulated the expression of fhaB in Tohama-I, whereas the expression of ptxS1 and prn significantly decreased in sub-MICs of erythromycin. In the Saadet strain, only ptxS1 was highly expressed at 1/16MIC azithromycin and erythromycin (p>0.05). This is the first study to investigate the effect of sub-MIC antibiotics on the expression of virulence genes and biofilm-forming of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Delik
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkiye.
| | - Berfin Eroğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkiye.
| | - Çiğdem Yılmaz Çolak
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, TUBITAK, 41470, Kocaeli, Turkiye.
| | - Aysun Türkanoğlu Özçelik
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkiye.
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6
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Fullen AR, Gutierrez-Ferman JL, Rayner RE, Kim SH, Chen P, Dubey P, Wozniak DJ, Peeples ME, Cormet-Boyaka E, Deora R. Architecture and matrix assembly determinants of Bordetella pertussis biofilms on primary human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011193. [PMID: 36821596 PMCID: PMC9990917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, whooping cough or pertussis caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is described as an acute disease with severe symptoms. However, many individuals who contract pertussis are either asymptomatic or show very mild symptoms and yet can serve as carriers and sources of bacterial transmission. Biofilms are an important survival mechanism for bacteria in human infections and disease. However, bacterial determinants that drive biofilm formation in humans are ill-defined. In the current study, we show that Bp infection of well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells leads to formation of bacterial aggregates, clusters, and highly structured biofilms which are colocalized with cilia. These findings mimic observations from pathological analyses of tissues from pertussis patients. Distinct arrangements (mono-, bi-, and tri-partite) of the polysaccharide Bps, extracellular DNA, and bacterial cells were visualized, suggesting complex heterogeneity in bacteria-matrix interactions. Analyses of mutant biofilms revealed positive roles in matrix production, cell cluster formation, and biofilm maturity for three critical Bp virulence factors: Bps, filamentous hemagglutinin, and adenylate cyclase toxin. Adherence assays identified Bps as a new Bp adhesin for primary human airway cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate the multi-factorial nature of the biofilm extracellular matrix and biofilm development process under conditions mimicking the human respiratory tract and highlight the importance of model systems resembling the natural host environment to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra R. Fullen
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Gutierrez-Ferman
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachael E. Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phylip Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Purnima Dubey
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajendar Deora
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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7
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Blanc P, Liu Y, Reveneau N, Cavell B, Gorringe A, Renauld-Mongénie G. The role of bactericidal and opsonic activity in immunity against Bordetella pertussis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1727-1738. [PMID: 36369768 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2137145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pertussis vaccines have drastically reduced the disease burden in humans since their implementation. Despite their success, pertussis remains an important global public health challenge. Bordetella pertussis resurgence could be a result of greater surveillance combined with improved diagnosis methods, changes in Bordetella pertussis biology, vaccine schedules, and/or coverage. Additionally, mechanisms of protection conferred by acellular pertussis (aP) and whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines differ qualitatively. There are no clear immune correlates of protection for pertussis vaccines. Pertussis antigens can induce toxin neutralizing antibodies, block adherence or engage complement mediated phagocytic/bactericidal killing. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the existing evidence on antibody-mediated serum bactericidal and opsonophagocytic activity and discussed the relevance of these functional antibodies in the development of next-generation pertussis vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Current paradigm proposes that wP vaccines may confer greater herd protection than aP vaccines due to their enhanced clearance of bacteria from the nasopharynx in animal models. Functional antibodies may contribute to the reduction of nasal colonization, which differentiates aP and wP vaccines. Understanding the intrinsic differences in protective immune responses elicited by each class of vaccines will help to identify biomarkers that can be used as immunological end points in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Blanc
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research & Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Breeze Cavell
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Department of Research and Evaluation, United Kingdom (UK) Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
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Wang P, Ramadan S, Dubey P, Deora R, Huang X. Development of carbohydrate based next-generation anti-pertussis vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117066. [PMID: 36283250 PMCID: PMC9925305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Bordetella pertussis. Despite high global vaccination rates, pertussis is resurging worldwide. Here we discuss the development of current pertussis vaccines and their limitations, which highlight the need for new vaccines that can protect against the disease and prevent development of the carrier state, thereby reducing transmission. The lipo-oligosaccharide of Bp is an attractive antigen for vaccine development as the anti-glycan antibodies could have bactericidal activities. The structure of the lipo-oligosaccharide has been determined and its immunological properties analyzed. Strategies enabling the expression, isolation, and bioconjugation have been presented. However, obtaining the saccharide on a large scale with high purity remains one of the main obstacles. Chemical synthesis provides a complementary approach to accessing the carbohydrate epitopes in a pure and structurally well-defined form. The first total synthesis of the non-reducing end pertussis pentasaccharide is discussed. The conjugate of the synthetic glycan with a powerful immunogenic carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, results in high levels and long-lasting anti-glycan IgG antibodies, paving the way for the development of a new generation of anti-pertussis vaccines with high bactericidal activities and biocompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya 13518, Egypt
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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9
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Bps polysaccharide of Bordetella pertussis resists antimicrobial peptides by functioning as a dual surface shield and decoy and converts Escherichia coli into a respiratory pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010764. [PMID: 35969621 PMCID: PMC9410548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and disease caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) are increasing, despite widespread vaccinations. The current acellular pertussis vaccines remain ineffective against nasopharyngeal colonization, carriage, and transmission. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Bordetella polysaccharide (Bps), a member of the poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG/PGA) family of polysaccharides promotes respiratory tract colonization of Bp by resisting killing by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Genetic deletion of the bpsA-D locus, as well as treatment with the specific glycoside hydrolase Dispersin B, increased susceptibility to AMP-mediated killing. Bps was found to be both cell surface-associated and released during laboratory growth and mouse infections. Addition of bacterial supernatants containing Bps and purified Bps increased B. pertussis resistance to AMPs. By utilizing ELISA, immunoblot and flow cytometry assays, we show that Bps functions as a dual surface shield and decoy. Co-inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with a Bps-proficient strain enhanced respiratory tract survival of the Bps-deficient strain. In combination, the presented results highlight the critical role of Bps as a central driver of B. pertussis pathogenesis. Heterologous production of Bps in a non-pathogenic E. coli K12 strain increased AMP resistance in vitro, and augmented bacterial survival and pathology in the mouse respiratory tract. These studies can serve as a foundation for other PNAG/PGA polysaccharides and for the development of an effective Bp vaccine that includes Bps.
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10
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Holubova J, Stanek O, Juhasz A, Hamidou Soumana I, Makovicky P, Sebo P. The Fim and FhaB adhesins play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and Bordetella pertussis transmission in a novel mouse catarrhal infection model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010402. [PMID: 35395059 PMCID: PMC9020735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by Bordetella pertussis used to be the prime cause of infant mortality in the pre-vaccine era and mouse models of pertussis pneumonia served in characterization of B. pertussis virulence mechanisms. However, the biologically most relevant catarrhal disease stage and B. pertussis transmission has not been adequately reproduced in adult mice due to limited proliferation of the human-adapted pathogen on murine nasopharyngeal mucosa. We used immunodeficient C57BL/6J MyD88 KO mice to achieve B. pertussis proliferation to human-like high counts of 108 viable bacteria per nasal cavity to elicit rhinosinusitis accompanied by robust shedding and transmission of B. pertussis bacteria to adult co-housed MyD88 KO mice. Experiments with a comprehensive set of B. pertussis mutants revealed that pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin, the T3SS effector BteA/BopC and several other known virulence factors were dispensable for nasal cavity infection and B. pertussis transmission in the immunocompromised MyD88 KO mice. In contrast, mutants lacking the filamentous hemagglutinin (FhaB) or fimbriae (Fim) adhesins infected the nasal cavity poorly, shed at low levels and failed to productively infect co-housed MyD88 KO or C57BL/6J mice. FhaB and fimbriae thus appear to play a critical role in B. pertussis transmission. The here-described novel murine model of B. pertussis-induced nasal catarrh opens the way to genetic dissection of host mechanisms involved in B. pertussis shedding and to validation of key bacterial transmission factors that ought to be targeted by future pertussis vaccines. Pertussis is a strictly human respiratory infectious disease that can be fatal to young children and elderly. The currently used mouse models of intracerebral or pulmonary B. pertussis infection served remarkably well in identification of B. pertussis virulence factors and development of efficacious pertussis vaccines. However, B. pertussis transmission could not be reproduced in adult mice due to limited proliferation of the human pathogen in the upper airways of mice. Therefore, we inoculated nasal cavities of immunodeficient MyD88 knock-out mice to achieve a human-like high level of nasal mucosa infection. This allowed triggering of rhinitis and catarrhal shedding of bacteria from mouse nasal cavity and efficient transmission of the infection onto co-housed adult animals. Testing a set of bacterial mutants, we identified two bacterial adhesins as key transmission factors. Combined with the power of mouse and bacterial genetics, this newly established mouse model of the catarrhal phase of the whooping cough disease will enable deciphering of mechanisms that underlie B. pertussis transmission to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Attila Juhasz
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Makovicky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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11
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Dubois V, Chatagnon J, Thiriard A, Bauderlique-Le Roy H, Debrie AS, Coutte L, Locht C. Suppression of mucosal Th17 memory responses by acellular pertussis vaccines enhances nasal Bordetella pertussis carriage. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:6. [PMID: 33420041 PMCID: PMC7794405 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis has made a spectacular rebound in countries that have switched from whole-cell (wPV) to acellular pertussis vaccines (aPV). Here, we show that, unlike wPV, aPV, while protective against lung colonization by Bordetella pertussis (Bp), did not protect BALB/c mice from nasal colonization, but instead substantially prolonged nasal carriage. aPV prevented the natural induction of nasal interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD103+ CD44+ CD69+ CD4+-resident memory T (TRM) cells. IL-17-deficient, but not IFN-γ-deficient, mice failed to clear nasal Bp, indicating a key role of IL-17+ TRM cells in the control of nasal infection. These cells appeared essential for neutrophil recruitment, crucial for clearance of Bp tightly bound to the nasal epithelium. Transfer of IL-17+ TRM cells from Bp-infected mice to IL-17-deficient mice resulted in neutrophil recruitment and protection against nasal colonization. Thus, aPV may have augmented the Bp reservoir by inhibiting natural TRM cell induction and neutrophil recruitment, thereby contributing to the pertussis resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Dubois
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jonathan Chatagnon
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Anaïs Thiriard
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Bauderlique-Le Roy
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US41-UMS 2014-PLBS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Loïc Coutte
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
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12
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Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Inhibits Bordetella pertussis Clearance from the Nasal Mucosa of Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040695. [PMID: 33228165 PMCID: PMC7711433 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis whole-cell vaccines (wP) caused a spectacular drop of global pertussis incidence, but since the replacement of wP with acellular pertussis vaccines (aP), pertussis has resurged in developed countries within 7 to 12 years of the change from wP to aP. In the mouse infection model, we examined whether addition of further protective antigens into the aP vaccine, such as type 2 and type 3 fimbriae (FIM2/3) with outer membrane lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and/or of the adenylate cyclase toxoid (dACT), which elicits antibodies neutralizing the CyaA toxin, could enhance the capacity of the aP vaccine to prevent colonization of the nasal mucosa by B. pertussis. The addition of the toxoid and of the opsonizing antibody-inducing agglutinogens modestly enhanced the already high capacity of intraperitoneally-administered aP vaccine to elicit sterilizing immunity, protecting mouse lungs from B. pertussis infection. At the same time, irrespective of FIM2/3 with LOS and dACT addition, the aP vaccination ablated the natural capacity of BALB/c mice to clear B. pertussis infection from the nasal cavity. While wP or sham-vaccinated animals cleared the nasal infection with similar kinetics within 7 weeks, administration of the aP vaccine promoted persistent colonization of mouse nasal mucosa by B. pertussis.
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A Trimeric Autotransporter Enhances Biofilm Cohesiveness in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis but Not in Yersinia pestis. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00176-20. [PMID: 32778558 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesion of biofilms made by Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has been attributed solely to an extracellular polysaccharide matrix encoded by the hms genes (Hms-dependent extracellular matrix [Hms-ECM]). However, mutations in the Y. pseudotuberculosis BarA/UvrY/CsrB regulatory cascade enhance biofilm stability without dramatically increasing Hms-ECM production. We found that treatment with proteinase K enzyme effectively destabilized Y. pseudotuberculosis csrB mutant biofilms, suggesting that cell-cell interactions might be mediated by protein adhesins or extracellular matrix proteins. We identified an uncharacterized trimeric autotransporter lipoprotein (YPTB2394), repressed by csrB, which has been referred to as YadE. Biofilms made by a ΔyadE mutant strain were extremely sensitive to mechanical disruption. Overexpression of yadE in wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis increased biofilm cohesion, similar to biofilms made by csrB or uvrY mutants. We found that the Rcs signaling cascade, which represses Hms-ECM production, activated expression of yadE The yadE gene appears to be functional in Y. pseudotuberculosis but is a pseudogene in modern Y. pestis strains. Expression of functional yadE in Y. pestis KIM6+ weakened biofilms made by these bacteria. This suggests that although the YadE autotransporter protein increases Y. pseudotuberculosis biofilm stability, it may be incompatible with the Hms-ECM production that is essential for Y. pestis biofilm production in fleas. Inactivation of yadE in Y. pestis may be another instance of selective gene loss in the evolution of flea-borne transmission by this species.IMPORTANCE The evolution of Yersinia pestis from its Y. pseudotuberculosis ancestor involved gene acquisition and gene losses, leading to differences in biofilm production. Characterizing the unique biofilm features of both species may provide better understanding of how each adapts to its specific niches. This study identifies a trimeric autotransporter, YadE, that promotes biofilm stability of Y. pseudotuberculosis but which has been inactivated in Y. pestis, perhaps because it is not compatible with the Hms polysaccharide that is crucial for biofilms inside fleas. We also reveal that the Rcs signaling cascade, which represses Hms expression, activates YadE in Y. pseudotuberculosis The ability of Y. pseudotuberculosis to use polysaccharide or YadE protein for cell-cell adhesion may help it produce biofilms in different environments.
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Ahmad JN, Sebo P. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Tinkering With Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2181. [PMID: 33013916 PMCID: PMC7516048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating inflammatory monocytes are attracted to infected mucosa and differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells endowed with enhanced bactericidal and antigen presenting capacities. In this brief Perspective we discuss the newly emerging insight into how the cAMP signaling capacity of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin manipulates the differentiation of monocytes and trigger dedifferentiation of the alveolar macrophages to facilitate bacterial colonization of human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawid Nazir Ahmad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Lesne E, Cavell BE, Freire-Martin I, Persaud R, Alexander F, Taylor S, Matheson M, van Els CACM, Gorringe A. Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Induce Anti-pertactin Bactericidal Antibodies Which Drives the Emergence of Pertactin-Negative Strains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2108. [PMID: 32983069 PMCID: PMC7481377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high vaccination coverage, Bordetella pertussis the causative agent of whooping cough is still a health concern worldwide. A resurgence of pertussis cases has been reported, particularly in countries using acellular vaccines with waning immunity and pathogen adaptation thought to be responsible. A better understanding of protective immune responses is needed for the development of improved vaccines. In our study, B. pertussis strain B1917 variants presenting a single gene deletion were generated to analyze the role of vaccine components or candidate vaccine antigens as targets for bactericidal antibodies generated after acellular vaccination or natural infection. Our results show that acellular vaccination generates bactericidal antibodies that are only directed against pertactin. Serum bactericidal assay performed with convalescent samples show that disease induces bactericidal antibodies against Prn but against other antigen(s) as well. Four candidate vaccine antigens (CyaA, Vag8, BrkA, and TcfA) have been studied but were not targets for complement-mediated bactericidal antibodies after natural infection. We confirm that Vag8 and BrkA are involved in complement resistance and would be targeted by blocking antibodies. Our study suggests that the emergence and the widespread circulation of Prn-deficient strains is driven by acellular vaccination and the generation of bactericidal antibodies targeting Prn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lesne
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ruby Persaud
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra R. Fullen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kacy S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RD); (PD)
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RD); (PD)
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17
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Chen L, Wilksch JJ, Liu H, Zhang X, Torres VVL, Bi W, Mandela E, Cao J, Li J, Lithgow T, Zhou T. Investigation of LuxS-mediated quorum sensing in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:402-413. [PMID: 32223838 PMCID: PMC7377169 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) quorum sensing is a bacterial communication system that responds to cell density. The system requires luxS activity to produce AI-2, which can regulate gene expression and processes such as biofilm formation. Aim To investigate the role of luxS in biofilm formation and gene expression in the nosocomial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methodology A ΔluxS gene deletion was made in K. pneumoniae KP563, an extensively drug-resistant isolate. AI-2 production was assessed in wild-type and ΔluxS strains grown in media supplemented with different carbohydrates. Potential roles of luxS in biofilm formation were investigated using a microtiter plate biofilm assay and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative RT-PCR evaluated the expression of lipopolysaccharide (wzm and wbbM), polysaccharide (pgaA), and type 3 fimbriae (mrkA) synthesis genes in wild-type and ΔluxS mutant biofilm extracts. Results AI-2 production was dependent on the presence of luxS. AI-2 accumulation was highest during early stationary phase in media supplemented with glucose, sucrose or glycerol. Changes in biofilm architecture were observed in the ΔluxS mutant, with less surface coverage and reduced macrocolony formation; however, no differences in biofilm formation between the wild-type and ΔluxS mutant using a microtiter plate assay were observed. In ΔluxS mutant biofilm extracts, the expression of wzm was down-regulated, and the expression of pgaA, which encodes a porin for poly-β−1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PNAG) polysaccharide secretion, was upregulated. Conclusion Relationships among AI-2-mediated quorum sensing, biofilm formation and gene expression of outer-membrane components were identified in K. pneumoniae. These inter-connected processes could be important for bacterial group behaviour and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Von V L Torres
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenzi Bi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Eric Mandela
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianming Cao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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18
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Germani F, Nardini M, De Schutter A, Cuypers B, Berghmans H, Van Hauwaert ML, Bruno S, Mozzarelli A, Moens L, Van Doorslaer S, Bolognesi M, Pesce A, Dewilde S. Structural and Functional Characterization of the Globin-Coupled Sensors of Azotobacter vinelandii and Bordetella pertussis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:378-395. [PMID: 31559835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Structural and functional characterization of the globin-coupled sensors (GCSs) from Azotobacter vinelandii (AvGReg) and Bordetella pertussis (BpeGReg). Results: Ultraviolet/visible and resonance Raman spectroscopies confirm the presence in AvGReg and BpeGReg of a globin domain capable of reversible gaseous ligand binding. In AvGReg, an influence of the transmitter domain on the heme proximal region of the globin domain can be seen, and k'CO is higher than for other GCSs. The O2 binding kinetics suggests the presence of an open and a closed conformation. As for BpeGReg, the fully oxygenated AvGReg show a very high diguanylate cyclase activity. The carbon monoxide rebinding to BpeGReg indicates that intra- and intermolecular interactions influence the ligand binding. The globin domains of both proteins (AvGReg globin domain and BpeGRegGb with cysteines (Cys16, 45, 114, 154) mutated to serines [BpeGReg-Gb*]) share the same GCS fold, a similar proximal but a different distal side structure. They homodimerize through a G-H helical bundle as in other GCSs. However, BpeGReg-Gb* shows also a second dimerization mode. Innovation: This article extends our knowledge on the GCS proteins and contributes to a better understanding of the GCSs role in the formation of bacterial biofilms. Conclusions:AvGReg and BpeGReg conform to the GCS family, share a similar overall structure, but they have different properties in terms of the ligand binding. In particular, AvGReg shows an open and a closed conformation that in the latter form will very tightly bind oxygen. BpeGReg has only one closed conformation. In both proteins, it is the fully oxygenated GCS form that catalyzes the production of the second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Germani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Amy De Schutter
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bert Cuypers
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herald Berghmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Luc Moens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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19
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Booth WT, Davis RR, Deora R, Hollis T. Structural mechanism for regulation of DNA binding of BpsR, a Bordetella regulator of biofilm formation, by 6-hydroxynicotinic acid. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223387. [PMID: 31697703 PMCID: PMC6837509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bacteria are respiratory pathogens of humans, birds, and livestock. Bordetella pertussis the causative agent of whopping cough remains a significant health issue. The transcriptional regulator, BpsR, represses a number of Bordetella genes relating to virulence, cell adhesion, cell motility, and nicotinic acid metabolism. DNA binding of BpsR is allosterically regulated by interaction with 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6HNA), the first product in the nicotinic acid degradation pathway. To understand the mechanism of this regulation, we have determined the crystal structures of BpsR and BpsR in complex with 6HNA. The structures reveal that BpsR binding of 6HNA induces a conformational change in the protein to prevent DNA binding. We have also identified homologs of BpsR in other Gram negative bacteria in which the amino acids involved in recognition of 6HNA are conserved, suggesting a similar mechanism for regulating nicotinic acid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Booth
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hollis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Caution K, Yount K, Deora R, Dubey P. Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30855568 DOI: 10.3791/58930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Caution
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Kacy Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University;
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21
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Ren F. A Role of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus in the Intestinal Inflammation and Mucosal Barrier in Caco-2 Monolayer and Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Experimental Murine Colitis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030513. [PMID: 30708992 PMCID: PMC6384629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by probiotics may play an important role in gastrointestinal disease prevention, including ulcerative colitis. However, there is no literature reporting on the intervention effects of purified EPS. The aim of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of the purified EPS produced by Streptococcus thermophilus MN-BM-A01 on murine model of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). A water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (EPS-1) isolated from MN-BM-A01 was composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 12.9:26.0:60.9:0.25, with molecular weight of 4.23 × 105 Da. After EPS-1 administration, the disease severity of mouse colitis was significantly alleviated, mainly manifesting as the decrease of disease activity index and mitigated colonic epithelial cell injury. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ) were significantly suppressed, the reduced expressions of tight junction protein (claudin-1, occludin, and E-canherin) were counteracted. In addition, the results in vitro showed that EPS-1 protected intestinal barrier integrity from the disruption by lipopolysaccharide in Caco-2 monolayer, increased expression of tight junction and alleviated pro-inflammatory response. Collectively, our study confirmed the protective effects of purified EPS produced by Streptococcus thermophilus on acute colitis via alleviating intestinal inflammation and improving mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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22
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Cattelan N, Yantorno OM, Deora R. Structural Analysis of Bordetella pertussis Biofilms by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2953. [PMID: 30160901 PMCID: PMC6108551 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are sessile communities of microbial cells embedded in a self-produced or host-derived exopolymeric matrix. Biofilms can both be beneficial or detrimental depending on the surface. Compared to their planktonic counterparts, biofilm cells display enhanced resistance to killing by environmental threats, chemicals, antimicrobials and host immune defenses. When in biofilms, the microbial cells interact with each other and with the surface to develop architecturally complex multi-dimensional structures. Numerous imaging techniques and tools are currently available for architectural analyses of biofilm communities. This allows examination of biofilm development through acquisition of three-dimensional images that can render structural features of the sessile community. A frequently utilized tool is Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. We present a detailed protocol to grow, observe and analyze biofilms of the respiratory human pathogen, Bordetella pertussis in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cattelan
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Miguel Yantorno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Guragain M, Jennings-Gee J, Cattelan N, Finger M, Conover MS, Hollis T, Deora R. The Transcriptional Regulator BpsR Controls the Growth of Bordetella bronchiseptica by Repressing Genes Involved in Nicotinic Acid Degradation. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00712-17. [PMID: 29581411 PMCID: PMC5971473 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00712-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the pathogenic species of the genus Bordetella have an absolute requirement for nicotinic acid (NA) for laboratory growth. These Gram-negative bacteria also harbor a gene cluster homologous to the nic cluster of Pseudomonas putida which is involved in the aerobic degradation of NA and its transcriptional control. We report here that BpsR, a negative regulator of biofilm formation and Bps polysaccharide production, controls the growth of Bordetella bronchiseptica by repressing the expression of nic genes. The severe growth defect of the ΔbpsR strain in Stainer-Scholte medium was restored by supplementation with NA, which also functioned as an inducer of nic genes at low micromolar concentrations that are usually present in animals and humans. Purified BpsR protein bound to the nic promoter region, and its DNA binding activity was inhibited by 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6-HNA), the first metabolite of the NA degradative pathway. Reporter assays with the isogenic mutant derivative of the wild-type (WT) strain harboring deletion in nicA, which encodes a putative nicotinic acid hydroxylase responsible for conversion of NA to 6-HNA, showed that 6-HNA is the actual inducer of the nic genes in the bacterial cell. Gene expression profiling further showed that BpsR dually activated and repressed the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis, transcriptional regulation, metabolism, and other cellular processes. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the selection of pyridines such as NA and quinolinic acid for optimum bacterial growth depending on the ecological niche.IMPORTANCE BpsR, the previously described regulator of biofilm formation and Bps polysaccharide production, controls Bordetella bronchiseptica growth by regulating the expression of genes involved in the degradation of nicotinic acid (NA). 6-Hydroxynicotinic acid (6-HNA), the first metabolite of the NA degradation pathway prevented BpsR from binding to DNA and was the actual in vivo inducer. We hypothesize that BpsR enables Bordetella bacteria to efficiently and selectively utilize NA for their survival depending on the environment in which they reside. The results reported herein lay the foundation for future investigations of how BpsR and the alteration of its activity by NA orchestrate the control of Bordetella growth, metabolism, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Guragain
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Cattelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mary Finger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt S Conover
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Hollis
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Little DJ, Pfoh R, Le Mauff F, Bamford NC, Notte C, Baker P, Guragain M, Robinson H, Pier GB, Nitz M, Deora R, Sheppard DC, Howell PL. PgaB orthologues contain a glycoside hydrolase domain that cleaves deacetylated poly-β(1,6)-N-acetylglucosamine and can disrupt bacterial biofilms. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006998. [PMID: 29684093 PMCID: PMC5933820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-β(1,6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) is a major biofilm component of many pathogenic bacteria. The production, modification, and export of PNAG in Escherichia coli and Bordetella species require the protein products encoded by the pgaABCD operon. PgaB is a two-domain periplasmic protein that contains an N-terminal deacetylase domain and a C-terminal PNAG binding domain that is critical for export. However, the exact function of the PgaB C-terminal domain remains unclear. Herein, we show that the C-terminal domains of Bordetella bronchiseptica PgaB (PgaBBb) and E. coli PgaB (PgaBEc) function as glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes hydrolyze purified deacetylated PNAG (dPNAG) from Staphylococcus aureus, disrupt PNAG-dependent biofilms formed by Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and E. coli, and potentiate bacterial killing by gentamicin. Furthermore, we found that PgaBBb was only able to hydrolyze PNAG produced in situ by the E. coli PgaCD synthase complex when an active deacetylase domain was present. Mass spectrometry analysis of the PgaB-hydrolyzed dPNAG substrate showed a GlcN-GlcNAc-GlcNAc motif at the new reducing end of detected fragments. Our 1.76 Å structure of the C-terminal domain of PgaBBb reveals a central cavity within an elongated surface groove that appears ideally suited to recognize the GlcN-GlcNAc-GlcNAc motif. The structure, in conjunction with molecular modeling and site directed mutagenesis led to the identification of the dPNAG binding subsites and D474 as the probable catalytic acid. This work expands the role of PgaB within the PNAG biosynthesis machinery, defines a new glycoside hydrolase family GH153, and identifies PgaB as a possible therapeutic agent for treating PNAG-dependent biofilm infections. From plaque on teeth to infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, biofilms are a serious health concern and difficult to eradicate. One of the key building blocks involved in biofilm formation are polymeric sugar compounds that are secreted by the bacteria. Our work focuses on the biopolymer poly-β(1,6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG), which is produced by numerous pathogenic organisms. Deacetylation of PNAG by the N-terminal domain of PgaB is a critical step in polymer maturation and is required for the formation of robust biofilms. Herein, we show that the C-terminal domain of PgaB is a glycoside hydrolase active on partially deacetylated PNAG, and that the enzyme disrupts PNAG-dependent biofilms and potentiates killing by antibiotics. Only deacetylated PNAG could be cleaved, suggesting that PgaB deacetylates and hydrolyses the polymer in sequential order. Analyzing the chemical structure of the cleaved dPNAG fragments revealed a distinct motif of sugar units. Structural and functional studies identify key amino acids positioned in an elongated polymer-binding groove that potentially recognize the sugar motif during cleavage. Our study provides further insight into the mechanism of periplasmic PNAG modification, and suggests PgaB could be utilized as a therapeutic agent to eliminate biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Little
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roland Pfoh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - François Le Mauff
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Notte
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manita Guragain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Howard Robinson
- Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Brickman TJ, Armstrong SK. The Bordetella bronchiseptica nic locus encodes a nicotinic acid degradation pathway and the 6-hydroxynicotinate-responsive regulator BpsR. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:397-409. [PMID: 29485696 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The classical Bordetella species use amino acids as carbon sources and can catabolize organic acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. They are also auxotrophic for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pathway precursors such as nicotinic acid. Bordetellae have a putative nicotinate catabolism gene locus highly similar to that characterized in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. This study determined the distribution of the nic genes among Bordetella species and analyzed the regulation of this nicotinic acid degradation system. Transcription of the Bordetella bronchiseptica nicC gene was repressed by the NicR ortholog, BpsR, previously shown to regulate extracellular polysaccharide synthesis genes. nicC expression was derepressed by nicotinic acid or by the first product of the degradation pathway, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, which was shown to be the inducer. Results using mutants with either a hyperactivated pathway or an inactivated pathway showed a marked effect on growth on nicotinic acid that indicated this degradation pathway influences NAD biosynthesis. Pathway dysregulation also affected Bordetella BvgAS-mediated virulence gene regulation, demonstrating that fluctuation of intracellular nicotinic acid pools impacts Bvg phase transition responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 3-117 Microbiology Research Facility, 689 23rd Ave. S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455-1507, USA
| | - Sandra K Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 3-117 Microbiology Research Facility, 689 23rd Ave. S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455-1507, USA
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26
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Thiriard A, Raze D, Locht C. Diversion of complement-mediated killing by Bordetella. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:512-520. [PMID: 29454132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement cascade participates in protection against bacterial infections, and pathogens, including Bordetella pertussis, have developed complement-evading strategies. Here we discuss current knowledge on B. pertussis complement evasion strategies and the role of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing in protection against B. pertussis infection pointing out important knowledge gaps for further research to improve current pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Thiriard
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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27
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Dorji D, Mooi F, Yantorno O, Deora R, Graham RM, Mukkur TK. Bordetella Pertussis virulence factors in the continuing evolution of whooping cough vaccines for improved performance. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 207:3-26. [PMID: 29164393 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite high vaccine coverage, whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis remains one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide. Introduction of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines in the 1940s and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines in 1990s reduced the mortality due to pertussis. Despite induction of both antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses by aP and wP vaccines, there has been resurgence of pertussis in many countries in recent years. Possible reasons hypothesised for resurgence have ranged from incompliance with the recommended vaccination programmes with the currently used aP vaccine to infection with a resurged clinical isolates characterised by mutations in the virulence factors, resulting in antigenic divergence with vaccine strain, and increased production of pertussis toxin, resulting in dampening of immune responses. While use of these vaccines provide varying degrees of protection against whooping cough, protection against infection and transmission appears to be less effective, warranting continuation of efforts in the development of an improved pertussis vaccine formulations capable of achieving this objective. Major approaches currently under evaluation for the development of an improved pertussis vaccine include identification of novel biofilm-associated antigens for incorporation in current aP vaccine formulations, development of live attenuated vaccines and discovery of novel non-toxic adjuvants capable of inducing both antibody and CMI. In this review, the potential roles of different accredited virulence factors, including novel biofilm-associated antigens, of B. pertussis in the evolution, formulation and delivery of improved pertussis vaccines, with potential to block the transmission of whooping cough in the community, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorji Dorji
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Australia
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Khesar Gyalpo Medical University of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Frits Mooi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Laboratorio de Biofilms Microbianos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ross M Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Australia
| | - Trilochan K Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Australia.
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Hyperbiofilm Formation by Bordetella pertussis Strains Correlates with Enhanced Virulence Traits. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00373-17. [PMID: 28893915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00373-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, or whooping cough, caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis is undergoing a worldwide resurgence. The majority of studies of this pathogen are conducted with laboratory-adapted strains which may not be representative of the species as a whole. Biofilm formation by B. pertussis plays an important role in pathogenesis. We conducted a side-by-side comparison of the biofilm-forming abilities of the prototype laboratory strains and the currently circulating isolates from two countries with different vaccination programs. Compared to the reference strain, all strains examined herein formed biofilms at high levels. Biofilm structural analyses revealed country-specific differences, with strains from the United States forming more structured biofilms. Bacterial hyperaggregation and reciprocal expression of biofilm-promoting and -inhibitory factors were observed in clinical isolates. An association of increased biofilm formation with augmented epithelial cell adhesion and higher levels of bacterial colonization in the mouse nose and trachea was detected. To our knowledge, this work links for the first time increased biofilm formation in bacteria with a colonization advantage in an animal model. We propose that the enhanced biofilm-forming capacity of currently circulating strains contributes to their persistence, transmission, and continued circulation.
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The Bordetella Bps Polysaccharide Is Required for Biofilm Formation and Enhances Survival in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Swine. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00261-17. [PMID: 28559403 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00261-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. Additionally, B. bronchiseptica is capable of establishing long-term or chronic infections in swine. Bacterial biofilms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to chronic bacterial infections. Recently the polysaccharide locus bpsABCD has been demonstrated to serve a critical role in the development of mature biofilms formed by the sequenced laboratory strain of B. bronchiseptica We hypothesized that swine isolates would also have the ability to form mature biofilms and the bpsABCD locus would serve a key role in this process. A mutant containing an in-frame deletion of the bpsABCD structural genes was constructed in a wild-type swine isolate and found to be negative for poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)-like material by immunoblot assay. Further, the bpsABCD locus was found to be required for the development and maintenance of the three-dimensional structures under continuous-flow conditions. To investigate the contribution of the bpsABCD locus to the pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica in swine, the KM22Δbps mutant was compared to the wild-type swine isolate for the ability to colonize and cause disease in pigs. The bpsABCD locus was found to not be required for persistence in the upper respiratory tract of swine. Additionally, the bpsABCD locus did not affect the development of anti-Bordetella humoral immunity, did not contribute to disease severity, and did not mediate protection from complement-mediated killing. However, the bpsABCD locus was found to enhance survival in the lower respiratory tract of swine.
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30
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Echeverz M, García B, Sabalza A, Valle J, Gabaldón T, Solano C, Lasa I. Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006816. [PMID: 28542593 PMCID: PMC5464674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria build biofilm matrices using a conserved exopolysaccharide named PGA or PNAG (poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Interestingly, while E. coli and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae encode the pgaABCD operon responsible for PGA synthesis, Salmonella lacks it. The evolutionary force driving this difference remains to be determined. Here, we report that Salmonella lost the pgaABCD operon after the divergence of Salmonella and Citrobacter clades, and previous to the diversification of the currently sequenced Salmonella strains. Reconstitution of the PGA machinery endows Salmonella with the capacity to produce PGA in a cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) dependent manner. Outside the host, the PGA polysaccharide does not seem to provide any significant benefit to Salmonella: resistance against chlorine treatment, ultraviolet light irradiation, heavy metal stress and phage infection remained the same as in a strain producing cellulose, the main biofilm exopolysaccharide naturally produced by Salmonella. In contrast, PGA production proved to be deleterious to Salmonella survival inside the host, since it increased susceptibility to bile salts and oxidative stress, and hindered the capacity of S. Enteritidis to survive inside macrophages and to colonize extraintestinal organs, including the gallbladder. Altogether, our observations indicate that PGA is an antivirulence factor whose loss may have been a necessary event during Salmonella speciation to permit survival inside the host. During bacterial evolution, specific traits that optimize the organism’s fitness are selected. The production of exopolysaccharides is widespread among bacteria in which they play a protective shielding role as main constituents of biofilms. In contrast to closely related siblings, Salmonella has lost the capacity to produce the exopolysaccharide PGA. Our study reveals that Salmonella lost pga genes, and that the driving force for such a loss may have been the detrimental impact that PGA has during Salmonella invasion of internal organs where it augments the susceptibility to bile salts and oxygen radicals, reducing bacterial survival inside macrophages and rendering Salmonella avirulent. These results suggest that gene-loss has played an important role during Salmonella evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Echeverz
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Begoña García
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Sabalza
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaione Valle
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Solano
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CS); (IL)
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CS); (IL)
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Tahoun A, Masutani H, El-Sharkawy H, Gillespie T, Honda RP, Kuwata K, Inagaki M, Yabe T, Nomura I, Suzuki T. Capsular polysaccharide inhibits adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum 105-A to enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and phagocytosis by macrophages. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28469711 PMCID: PMC5412050 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bifidobacterium longum 105-A produces markedly high amounts of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) that should play distinct roles in bacterial–host interactions. To identify the biological function of B. longum 105-A CPS/EPS, we carried out an informatics survey of the genome and identified the EPS-encoding genetic locus of B. longum 105-A that is responsible for the production of CPS/EPS. The role of CPS/EPS in the adaptation to gut tract environment and bacteria-gut cell interactions was investigated using the ΔcpsD mutant. Results A putative B. longum 105-A CPS/EPS gene cluster was shown to consist of 24 putative genes encoding a priming glycosyltransferase (cpsD), 7 glycosyltransferases, 4 CPS/EPS synthesis machinery proteins, and 3 dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis enzymes. These enzymes should form a complex system that is involved in the biogenesis of CPS and/or EPS. To confirm this, we constructed a knockout mutant (ΔcpsD) by a double cross-over homologous recombination. Compared to wild-type, the ∆cpsD mutant showed a similar growth rate. However, it showed quicker sedimentation and formation of cell clusters in liquid culture. EPS was secreted by the ∆cpsD mutant, but had altered monosaccharide composition and molecular weight. Comparison of the morphology of B. longum 105-A wild-type and ∆cpsD by negative staining in light and electron microscopy revealed that the formation of fimbriae is drastically enhanced in the ∆cpsD mutant while the B. longum 105-A wild-type was coated by a thick capsule. The fimbriae expression in the ∆cpsD was closely associated with the disappearance of the CPS layer. The wild-type showed low pH tolerance, adaptation, and bile salt tolerance, but the ∆cpsD mutant had lost this survivability in gastric and duodenal environments. The ∆cpsD mutant was extensively able to bind to the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line and was phagocytosed by murine macrophage RAW 264.7, whereas the wild-type did not bind to epithelial cells and totally resisted internalization by macrophages. Conclusions Our results suggest that CPS/EPS production and fimbriae formation are negatively correlated and play key roles in the survival, attachment, and colonization of B. longum 105-A in the gut. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0177-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tahoun
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Hisayoshi Masutani
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Trudi Gillespie
- CALM_live Imaging Facility, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Ryo P Honda
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Department of Gene and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Tomio Yabe
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Izumi Nomura
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
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32
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A medically relevant capsular polysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii is a potential vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2017; 35:1440-1447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kawasaki Y, Endo T, Fujiwara A, Kondo K, Katahira M, Nittami T, Sato M, Takeda M. Elongation pattern and fine structure of the sheaths formed by Thiothrix nivea and Thiothrix fructosivorans. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1280-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Biofilm formation and cellulose expression by Bordetella avium 197N, the causative agent of bordetellosis in birds and an opportunistic respiratory pathogen in humans. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:419-430. [PMID: 28131895 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although bacterial cellulose synthase (bcs) operons are widespread within the Proteobacteria phylum, subunits required for the partial-acetylation of the polymer appear to be restricted to a few γ-group soil, plant-associated and phytopathogenic pseudomonads, including Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and several Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. However, a bcs operon with acetylation subunits has also been annotated in the unrelated β-group respiratory pathogen, Bordetella avium 197N. Our comparison of subunit protein sequences and GC content analyses confirms the close similarity between the B. avium 197N and pseudomonad operons and suggests that, in both cases, the cellulose synthase and acetylation subunits were acquired as a single unit. Using static liquid microcosms, we can confirm that B. avium 197N expresses low levels of cellulose in air-liquid interface biofilms and that biofilm strength and attachment levels could be increased by elevating c-di-GMP levels like the pseudomonads, but cellulose was not required for biofilm formation itself. The finding that B. avium 197N is capable of producing cellulose from a highly-conserved, but relatively uncommon bcs operon raises the question of what functional role this modified polymer plays during the infection of the upper respiratory tract or survival between hosts, and what environmental signals control its production.
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The Surface-Associated Exopolysaccharide of Bifidobacterium longum 35624 Plays an Essential Role in Dampening Host Proinflammatory Responses and Repressing Local TH17 Responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:7185-7196. [PMID: 27736791 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02238-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune-modulating properties of certain bifidobacterial strains, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624 (B. longum 35624), have been well described, although the strain-specific molecular characteristics associated with such immune-regulatory activity are not well defined. It has previously been demonstrated that B. longum 35624 produces a cell surface exopolysaccharide (sEPS), and in this study, we investigated the role played by this exopolysaccharide in influencing the host immune response. B. longum 35624 induced relatively low levels of cytokine secretion from human dendritic cells, whereas an isogenic exopolysaccharide-negative mutant derivative (termed sEPSneg) induced vastly more cytokines, including interleukin-17 (IL-17), and this response was reversed when exopolysaccharide production was restored in sEPSneg by genetic complementation. Administration of B. longum 35624 to mice of the T cell transfer colitis model prevented disease symptoms, whereas sEPSneg did not protect against the development of colitis, with associated enhanced recruitment of IL-17+ lymphocytes to the gut. Moreover, intranasal administration of sEPSneg also resulted in enhanced recruitment of IL-17+ lymphocytes to the murine lung. These data demonstrate that the particular exopolysaccharide produced by B. longum 35624 plays an essential role in dampening proinflammatory host responses to the strain and that loss of exopolysaccharide production results in the induction of local TH17 responses. IMPORTANCE Particular gut commensals, such as B. longum 35624, are known to contribute positively to the development of mucosal immune cells, resulting in protection from inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular basis and mechanisms for these commensal-host interactions are poorly described. In this report, an exopolysaccharide was shown to be decisive in influencing the immune response to the bacterium. We generated an isogenic mutant unable to produce exopolysaccharide and observed that this mutation caused a dramatic change in the response of human immune cells in vitro In addition, the use of mouse models confirmed that lack of exopolysaccharide production induces inflammatory responses to the bacterium. These results implicate the surface-associated exopolysaccharide of the B. longum 35624 cell envelope in the prevention of aberrant inflammatory responses.
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Hoffman C, Eby J, Gray M, Heath Damron F, Melvin J, Cotter P, Hewlett E. Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin interacts with filamentous haemagglutinin to inhibit biofilm formation in vitro. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:214-228. [PMID: 27731909 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes and releases adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which is a protein bacterial toxin that targets host cells and disarms immune defenses. ACT binds filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), a surface-displayed adhesin, and until now, the consequences of this interaction were unknown. A B. bronchiseptica mutant lacking ACT produced more biofilm than the parental strain; leading Irie et al. to propose the ACT-FHA interaction could be responsible for biofilm inhibition. Here we characterize the physical interaction of ACT with FHA and provide evidence linking that interaction to inhibition of biofilm in vitro. Exogenous ACT inhibits biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner and the N-terminal catalytic domain of ACT (AC domain) is necessary and sufficient for this inhibitory effect. AC Domain interacts with the C-terminal segment of FHA with ∼650 nM affinity. ACT does not inhibit biofilm formation by Bordetella lacking the mature C-terminal domain (MCD), suggesting the direct interaction between AC domain and the MCD is required for the inhibitory effect. Additionally, AC domain disrupts preformed biofilm on abiotic surfaces. The demonstrated inhibition of biofilm formation by a host-directed protein bacterial toxin represents a novel regulatory mechanism and identifies an unprecedented role for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joshua Eby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mary Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey Melvin
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peggy Cotter
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erik Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Paściak M, Górska S, Jawiarczyk N, Gamian A. Lactobacillus johnsonii glycolipids, their structure and immunoreactivity with sera from inflammatory bowel disease patients. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 10:456-468. [PMID: 27766756 PMCID: PMC5328823 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of the major glycolipids produced by two Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ) strains, LJ 151 isolated from intestinal tract of healthy mice and LJ 142 isolated from mice with experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), were performed. Two major glycolipids, GL1 and GL2, were present in lipid extracts from L. johnsonii 142 and 151 strains. Glycolipid GL1 has been identified as β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Glcp-diglyceride and GL2 as α-D-Galp-(1→2)-α-D-Glcp-diglyceride. The main fatty acid residues identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were palmitic, stearic and lactobacillic acids. Besides structural elucidation of the major glycolipids, the aim of this study was to determine the immunochemical properties of these glycolipids and to compare their immunoreactivity to that of polysaccharides obtained from the same strains. Sera from rabbits immunized with bacterial cells possessed much higher serological reactivity with polysaccharides than with glycolipids. Inversely, reactivity of the glycolipids with human sera from patients with IBD was much higher than that determined for the polysaccharides, while reactivity of glycolipids with human sera from healthy individuals was much lower than one measured for the polysaccharides. Results indicate that glycoconjugates from Lactobacillus cell wall act as antigens and may represent new IBD diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Paściak
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Jawiarczyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
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Dorji D, Graham RM, Richmond P, Keil A, Mukkur TK. Biofilm forming potential and antimicrobial susceptibility of newly emerged Western Australian Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:1141-1152. [PMID: 27669900 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1232715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis is increasing in several countries despite high vaccine coverage. One potential reason for the resurgence is the emergence of genetic variants of the bacterium. Biofilm formation has recently been associated with the pathogenesis of B. pertussis. Biofilm formation of 21 Western Australian B. pertussis clinical isolates was investigated. All isolates formed thicker biofilms than the reference vaccine strain Tohama I while retaining susceptibility to ampicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin and streptomycin. When two biofilm-forming clinical isolates were compared with Tohama I, minimum bactericidal concentrations of antimicrobial agents increased. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis revealed significant differences in protein expression in B. pertussis biofilms, providing an opportunity for identification of novel biofilm-associated antigens for incorporation in current pertussis vaccines to improve their protective efficacy. The study also highlights the importance of determining antibiograms for biofilms to formulate improved antimicrobial therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorji Dorji
- a School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- c Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital , Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan , Thimphu , Bhutan
| | - Ross M Graham
- a School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | | | - Anthony Keil
- b Princess Margaret Hospital , Perth , Australia
| | - Trilochan K Mukkur
- a School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
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Altmann F, Kosma P, O’Callaghan A, Leahy S, Bottacini F, Molloy E, Plattner S, Schiavi E, Gleinser M, Groeger D, Grant R, Rodriguez Perez N, Healy S, Svehla E, Windwarder M, Hofinger A, O’Connell Motherway M, Akdis CA, Xu J, Roper J, van Sinderen D, O’Mahony L. Genome Analysis and Characterisation of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162983. [PMID: 27656878 PMCID: PMC5033381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bifibobacterium longum subsp. longum35624™ strain (formerly named Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis) is a well described probiotic with clinical efficacy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome clinical trials and induces immunoregulatory effects in mice and in humans. This paper presents (a) the genome sequence of the organism allowing the assignment to its correct subspeciation longum; (b) a comparative genome assessment with other B. longum strains and (c) the molecular structure of the 35624 exopolysaccharide (EPS624). Comparative genome analysis of the 35624 strain with other B. longum strains determined that the sub-speciation of the strain is longum and revealed the presence of a 35624-specific gene cluster, predicted to encode the biosynthetic machinery for EPS624. Following isolation and acid treatment of the EPS, its chemical structure was determined using gas and liquid chromatography for sugar constituent and linkage analysis, electrospray and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for sequencing and NMR. The EPS consists of a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit containing two galactose and two glucose moieties, galacturonic acid and the unusual sugar 6-deoxy-L-talose. These data demonstrate that the B. longum35624 strain has specific genetic features, one of which leads to the generation of a characteristic exopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Kosma
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy O’Callaghan
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sinead Leahy
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Molloy
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Schiavi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marita Gleinser
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Ray Grant
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Rodriguez Perez
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisabeth Svehla
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Hofinger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Jun Xu
- Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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A novel high-throughput assay to quantify the vaccine-induced inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adhesion to airway epithelia. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:215. [PMID: 27633511 PMCID: PMC5025618 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis or whooping cough is an acute respiratory illness caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccination coverage whooping cough is currently re-emerging in many developed countries. Although the causes of pertussis resurgence are matter of debate, emerging evidences suggest that acellular vaccines efficiently protect against the hallmark symptoms of pertussis disease but fail to prevent colonization. This presumably impacts on increased risk of bacterial transmission and consequent spread throughout the population. These evidences suggest that improved vaccines may be required for efficient bacterial clearance in the upper respiratory tract. Consequently, there is a need for novel bioassays to evaluate at pre-clinical or clinical level the impact of different vaccines on B. pertussis colonization. Results We developed a high-throughput bacterial adhesion inhibition (BAI) assay based on human respiratory cell lines and on live bacteria chemically conjugated to a fluorescent dye. Employing A549 cells as model, we evaluated the impact of antibodies elicited by acellular (aP) and whole cell (wP) vaccines on B. pertussis adhesion in vitro. Moreover, we settled the method also on polarized Calu-3 cells grown at air-liquid interface (ALI), showing that this assay can be extended to more complex cell models mimicking the airway epithelium. Conclusions We proved that this method is a sensitive, rapid and reproducible system to evaluate the anti-adhesive properties of vaccine-induced antibodies and can be employed to assess improved pertussis vaccines.
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Hiramatsu Y, Saito M, Otsuka N, Suzuki E, Watanabe M, Shibayama K, Kamachi K. BipA Is Associated with Preventing Autoagglutination and Promoting Biofilm Formation in Bordetella holmesii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159999. [PMID: 27448237 PMCID: PMC4957798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii causes both invasive and respiratory diseases in humans. Although the number of cases of pertussis-like respiratory illnesses due to B. holmesii infection has increased in the last decade worldwide, little is known about the virulence factors of the organism. Here, we analyzed a B. holmesii isolate that forms large aggregates and precipitates in suspension, and subsequently demonstrated that the autoagglutinating isolate is deficient in Bordetella intermediate protein A (BipA) and that this deletion is caused by a frame-shift mutation in the bipA gene. A BipA-deficient mutant generated by homologous recombination also exhibited the autoagglutination phenotype. Moreover, the BipA mutant adhered poorly to an abiotic surface and failed to form biofilms, as did two other B. holmesii autoagglutinating strains, ATCC 51541 and ATCC 700053, which exhibit transcriptional down-regulation of bipA gene expression, indicating that autoagglutination indirectly inhibits biofilm formation. In a mouse intranasal infection model, the BipA mutant showed significantly lower levels of initial lung colonization than did the parental strain (P < 0.01), suggesting that BipA might be a critical virulence factor in B. holmesii respiratory infection. Together, our findings suggest that BipA production plays an essential role in preventing autoagglutination and indirectly promoting biofilm formation by B. holmesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (KK)
| | - Momoko Saito
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Suzuki
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (KK)
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Nguyen HT, Truong DH, Kouhoundé S, Ly S, Razafindralambo H, Delvigne F. Biochemical Engineering Approaches for Increasing Viability and Functionality of Probiotic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E867. [PMID: 27271598 PMCID: PMC4926401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature presents a growing body of evidence demonstrating the positive effect of probiotics on health. Probiotic consumption levels are rising quickly in the world despite the fluctuation of their viability and functionality. Technological methods aiming at improving probiotic characteristics are thus highly wanted. However, microbial metabolic engineering toolbox is not available for this kind of application. On the other hand, basic microbiology teaches us that bacteria are able to exhibit adaptation to external stresses. It is known that adequately applied sub-lethal stress, i.e., controlled in amplitude and frequency at a given stage of the culture, is able to enhance microbial robustness. This property could be potentially used to improve the viability of probiotic bacteria, but some technical challenges still need to be overcome before any industrial implementation. This review paper investigates the different technical tools that can be used in order to define the proper condition for improving viability of probiotic bacteria and their implementation at the industrial scale. Based on the example of Bifidobacterium bifidum, potentialities for simultaneously improving viability, but also functionality of probiotics will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Natural Products and Industrial Biochemistry Research Group (NPIB), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Dieu-Hien Truong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Sonagnon Kouhoundé
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sokny Ly
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Hary Razafindralambo
- Food technology and Formulation, Agro-Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Frank Delvigne
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Bacterial Metabolism in the Host Environment: Pathogen Growth and Nutrient Assimilation in the Mammalian Upper Respiratory Tract. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 3. [PMID: 26185081 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mbp-0007-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens evolve in specific host niches and microenvironments that provide the physical and nutritional requirements conducive to their growth. In addition to using the host as a source of food, bacterial pathogens must avoid the immune response to their presence. The mammalian upper respiratory tract is a site that is exposed to the external environment, and is readily colonized by bacteria that live as resident flora or as pathogens. These bacteria can remain localized, descend to the lower respiratory tract, or traverse the epithelium to disseminate throughout the body. By virtue of their successful colonization of the respiratory epithelium, these bacteria obtain the nutrients needed for growth, either directly from host resources or from other microbes. This chapter describes the upper respiratory tract environment, including its tissue and mucosal structure, prokaryotic biota, and biochemical composition that would support microbial life. Neisseria meningitidis and the Bordetella species are discussed as examples of bacteria that have no known external reservoirs but have evolved to obligately colonize the mammalian upper respiratory tract.
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Kawasaki Y, Kondo K, Narizuka R, Endo T, Katahira M, Kawamura I, Sato M, Takeda M. Presence of N-l-lactyl-d-perosamine residue in the sheath-forming polysaccharide of Thiothrix fructosivorans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:772-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cattelan N, Villalba MI, Parisi G, Arnal L, Serra DO, Aguilar M, Yantorno O. Outer membrane protein OmpQ of Bordetella bronchiseptica is required for mature biofilm formation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 162:351-363. [PMID: 26673448 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica, an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, is capable of colonizing the respiratory tract of diverse animals and chronically persists inside the hosts by forming biofilm. Most known virulence factors in Bordetella species are regulated by the BvgAS two-component transduction system. The Bvg-activated proteins play a critical role during host infection. OmpQ is an outer membrane porin protein which is expressed under BvgAS control. Here, we studied the contribution of OmpQ to the biofilm formation process by B. bronchiseptica. We found that the lack of expression of OmpQ did not affect the growth kinetics and final biomass of B. bronchiseptica under planktonic growth conditions. The ΔompQ mutant strain displayed no differences in attachment level and in early steps of biofilm formation. However, deletion of the ompQ gene attenuated the ability of B. bronchiseptica to form a mature biofilm. Analysis of ompQ gene expression during the biofilm formation process by B. bronchiseptica showed a dynamic expression pattern, with an increase of biofilm culture at 48 h. Moreover, we demonstrated that the addition of serum anti-OmpQ had the potential to reduce the biofilm biomass formation in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, we showed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, evidence of the contribution of OmpQ to a process of importance for B. bronchiseptica pathobiology. Our results indicate that OmpQ plays a role during the biofilm development process, particularly at later stages of development, and that this porin could be a potential target for strategies of biofilm formation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cattelan
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata),Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
| | - María Inés Villalba
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata),Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología,Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Laura Arnal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata),Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
| | - Diego Omar Serra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata),Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
| | - Mario Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, CONICET-CCT-La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET-CCT-La Plata),Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata,Argentina
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Cattelan N, Dubey P, Arnal L, Yantorno OM, Deora R. Bordetella biofilms: a lifestyle leading to persistent infections. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv108. [PMID: 26586694 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. pertussis are Gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory diseases in animals and humans. The current incidence of whooping cough or pertussis caused by B. pertussis has reached levels not observed since the 1950s. Although pertussis is traditionally known as an acute childhood disease, it has recently resurged in vaccinated adolescents and adults. These individuals often become silent carriers, facilitating bacterial circulation and transmission. Similarly, vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals continue to be carriers of B. bronchiseptica and shed bacteria resulting in disease outbreaks. The persistence mechanisms of these bacteria remain poorly characterized. It has been proposed that adoption of a biofilm lifestyle allows persistent colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract. The history of Bordetella biofilm research is only a decade long and there is no single review article that has exclusively focused on this area. We systematically discuss the role of Bordetella factors in biofilm development in vitro and in the mouse respiratory tract. We further outline the implications of biofilms to bacterial persistence and transmission in humans and for the design of new acellular pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cattelan
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Laura Arnal
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Osvaldo M Yantorno
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Arnal L, Longo G, Stupar P, Castez MF, Cattelan N, Salvarezza RC, Yantorno OM, Kasas S, Vela ME. Localization of adhesins on the surface of a pathogenic bacterial envelope through atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17563-17572. [PMID: 26446736 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is the first and a significant step in establishing infection. This adhesion normally occurs in the presence of flow of fluids. Therefore, bacterial adhesins must be able to provide high strength interactions with their target surface in order to maintain the adhered bacteria under hydromechanical stressing conditions. In the case of B. pertussis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for pertussis, a highly contagious human respiratory tract infection, an important protein participating in the adhesion process is a 220 kDa adhesin named filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), an outer membrane and also secreted protein that contains recognition domains to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages. In this work, we obtained information on the cell-surface localization and distribution of the B. pertussis adhesin FHA using an antibody-functionalized AFM tip. Through the analysis of specific molecular recognition events we built a map of the spatial distribution of the adhesin which revealed a non-homogeneous pattern. Moreover, our experiments showed a force induced reorganization of the adhesin on the surface of the cells, which could explain a reinforced adhesive response under external forces. This single-molecule information contributes to the understanding of basic molecular mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to cause infectious disease and to gain insights into the structural features by which adhesins can act as force sensors under mechanical shear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arnal
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. 50 No 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Little DJ, Milek S, Bamford NC, Ganguly T, DiFrancesco BR, Nitz M, Deora R, Howell PL. The protein BpsB is a poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine deacetylase required for biofilm formation in Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26203190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica are the causative agents of whooping cough in humans and a variety of respiratory diseases in animals, respectively. Bordetella species produce an exopolysaccharide, known as the Bordetella polysaccharide (Bps), which is encoded by the bpsABCD operon. Bps is required for Bordetella biofilm formation, colonization of the respiratory tract, and confers protection from complement-mediated killing. In this report, we have investigated the role of BpsB in the biosynthesis of Bps and biofilm formation by B. bronchiseptica. BpsB is a two-domain protein that localizes to the periplasm and outer membrane. BpsB displays metal- and length-dependent deacetylation on poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PNAG) oligomers, supporting previous immunogenic data that suggests Bps is a PNAG polymer. BpsB can use a variety of divalent metal cations for deacetylase activity and showed highest activity in the presence of Ni(2+) and Co(2+). The structure of the BpsB deacetylase domain is similar to the PNAG deacetylases PgaB and IcaB and contains the same circularly permuted family four carbohydrate esterase motifs. Unlike PgaB from Escherichia coli, BpsB is not required for polymer export and has unique structural differences that allow the N-terminal deacetylase domain to be active when purified in isolation from the C-terminal domain. Our enzymatic characterizations highlight the importance of conserved active site residues in PNAG deacetylation and demonstrate that the C-terminal domain is required for maximal deacetylation of longer PNAG oligomers. Furthermore, we show that BpsB is critical for the formation and complex architecture of B. bronchiseptica biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Little
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sonja Milek
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tridib Ganguly
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and
| | | | - Mark Nitz
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rajendar Deora
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and
| | - P Lynne Howell
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,
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Roux D, Cywes-Bentley C, Zhang YF, Pons S, Konkol M, Kearns DB, Little DJ, Howell PL, Skurnik D, Pier GB. Identification of Poly-N-acetylglucosamine as a Major Polysaccharide Component of the Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Matrix. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19261-72. [PMID: 26078454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is intensively studied as a model organism for the development of bacterial biofilms or pellicles. A key component is currently undefined exopolysaccharides produced from proteins encoded by genes within the eps locus. Within this locus are four genes, epsHIJK, known to be essential for pellicle formation. We show they encode proteins synthesizing the broadly expressed microbial carbohydrate poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). PNAG was present in both pellicle and planktonic wild-type B. subtilis cells and in strains with deletions in the epsA-G and -L-O genes but not in strains deleted for epsH-K. Cloning of the B. subtilis epsH-K genes into Escherichia coli with in-frame deletions in the PNAG biosynthetic genes pgaA-D, respectively, restored PNAG production in E. coli. Cloning the entire B. subtilis epsHIJK locus into pga-deleted E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or alginate-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa restored or conferred PNAG production. Bioinformatic and structural predictions of the EpsHIJK proteins suggest EpsH and EpsJ are glycosyltransferases (GT) with a GT-A fold; EpsI is a GT with a GT-B fold, and EpsK is an α-helical membrane transporter. B. subtilis, E. coli, and pga-deleted E. coli carrying the epsHIJK genes on a plasmid were all susceptible to opsonic killing by antibodies to PNAG. The immunochemical and genetic data identify the genes and proteins used by B. subtilis to produce PNAG as a significant carbohydrate factor essential for pellicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Roux
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephanie Pons
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Melissa Konkol
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Daniel B Kearns
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Dustin J Little
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - David Skurnik
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Gerald B Pier
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
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Jongerius I, Schuijt TJ, Mooi FR, Pinelli E. Complement evasion by Bordetella pertussis: implications for improving current vaccines. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:395-402. [PMID: 25686752 PMCID: PMC4366546 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough or pertussis, a highly contagious disease of the respiratory tract. Despite high vaccination coverage, reported cases of pertussis are rising worldwide and it has become clear that the current vaccines must be improved. In addition to the well-known protective role of antibodies and T cells during B. pertussis infection, innate immune responses such as the complement system play an essential role in B. pertussis killing. In order to evade this complement activation and colonize the human host, B. pertussis expresses several molecules that inhibit complement activation. Interestingly, one of the known complement evasion proteins, autotransporter Vag8, is highly expressed in the recently emerged B. pertussis isolates. Here, we describe the current knowledge on how B. pertussis evades complement-mediated killing. In addition, we compare this to complement evasion strategies used by other bacterial species. Finally, we discuss the consequences of complement evasion by B. pertussis on adaptive immunity and how identification of the bacterial molecules and the mechanisms involved in complement evasion might help improve pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Jongerius
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J. Schuijt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Mooi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Pinelli
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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