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Renzhammer R, Auer A, Loncaric I, Entenfellner A, Dimmel K, Walk K, Rümenapf T, Spergser J, Ladinig A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Vet Sci 2023; 10:601. [PMID: 37888553 PMCID: PMC10610783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Katharina Dimmel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Karin Walk
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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2
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Wang J, Li S, Chen J, Gan L, Wang J, Xiong Q, Feng Z, Li Q, Deng Z, Yuan X, Yu Y. Hijacking of Host Plasminogen by Mesomycoplasma ( Mycoplasma) hyopneumoniae via GAPDH: an Important Virulence Mechanism To Promote Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix Degradation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0021823. [PMID: 37199643 PMCID: PMC10269845 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00218-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which causes substantial economic losses to the world's swine industry. Moonlighting proteins are increasingly being shown to play a role in the pathogenic process of M. hyopneumoniae. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis, displayed a higher abundance in a highly virulent strain of M. hyopneumoniae than in an attenuated strain, suggesting that it may have a role in virulence. The mechanism by which GAPDH exerts its function was explored. Flow cytometry and colony blot analysis showed that GAPDH was partly displayed on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. Recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) was able to bind PK15 cells, while the adherence of a mycoplasma strain to PK15 was significantly blocked by anti-rGAPDH antibody pretreatment. In addition, rGAPDH could interact with plasminogen. The rGAPDH-bound plasminogen was demonstrated to be activated to plasmin, as proven by using a chromogenic substrate, and to further degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). The critical site for GAPDH binding to plasminogen was K336, as demonstrated by amino acid mutation. The affinity of plasminogen for the rGAPDH C-terminal mutant (K336A) was significantly decreased according to surface plasmon resonance analysis. Collectively, our data suggested that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the tissue ECM barrier. IMPORTANCE Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a specific pathogen of pigs that is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which is responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism and possible particular virulence determinants of M. hyopneumoniae are not yet completely elucidated. Our data suggest that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor in M. hyopneumoniae that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier. These findings will provide theoretical support and new ideas for the research and development of live-attenuated or subunit vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Polytechnic College, Huaihua, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanxi Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
- Guotai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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3
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Xie Q, Xing H, Wen X, Liu B, Wei Y, Yu Y, Xie X, Song D, Shao G, Xiong Q, Feng Z. Identification of the multiple roles of enolase as an plasminogen receptor and adhesin in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105934. [PMID: 36481292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent underlying porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease worldwide. The recruitment of plasminogen to the surface and subsequently promotion of plasmin conversion by the surface-located receptor, have been reported to assist the adhesion and invasion of Mycoplasmas. The surface localization and plasminogen-binding ability of M. hyopneumoniae enolase were previously confirmed; however, the biological functions were not be determined, especially the role as a plasminogen receptor. Here, using ELISA and SPR analyses, we confirmed the stable binding of M. hyopneumoniae enolase to plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the activation of plasminogen in the presence of tPA and direct activation of plasminogen at low efficiency without tPA addition by M. hyopneumoniae enolase were also determined using a plasmin-specific chromogenic substrate. Notably, the C-terminal and N-terminal regions located in M. hyopneumoniae enolase play an important role in plasminogen binding and activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that M. hyopneumoniae enolase can competitively inhibit the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to PK15 cells. These results provide insight into the role of enolase in M. hyopneumoniae infection, a mechanism that manipulates the proteolytic system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huixuan Xing
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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4
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Pan Q, Xu Q, Liu T, Zhang Y, Xin J. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host
UPR
protein
GRP78
to facilitate infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:208-222. [PMID: 35791781 PMCID: PMC9542919 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a crucial role in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host UPR to foster bacterial adhesion and infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this UPR modulation is unclear. Here, we report that M. hyopneumoniae membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host GRP78, a master regulator of UPR localized to the porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) surface. The interaction of Mhp271 with GRP78 reduces the porcine beta‐defensin 2 (PBD‐2) production, thereby facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. Furthermore, the R1‐2 repeat region of Mhp271 is crucial for GRP78 binding and the regulation of PBD‐2 expression. Intriguingly, a coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and molecular docking prediction indicated that the ATP, rather than the substrate‐binding domain of GRP78, is targeted by Mhp271 R1‐2. Overall, our findings identify host GRP78 as a target for M. hyopneumoniae Mhp271 modulating the host UPR to facilitate M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
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5
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Yu Y, Wang J, Han R, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang AY, Xin J, Li S, Zeng Y, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae evades complement activation by binding to factor H via elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu). Virulence 2021; 11:1059-1074. [PMID: 32815770 PMCID: PMC7549910 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1806664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas persist in the host for a long time, suggesting that they possess mechanisms for immune evasion. Factor H is a negative regulator of the complement system, which binds to host cells to avoid unexpected complement activation. In this study, we revealed that many mycoplasmas, such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma flocculare, and Mycoplasma bovis could hijack factor H such that they present themselves as a host tissue and thus escape from complement attack. Furthermore, the mechanism of recruiting factor H was identified in M. hyopneumoniae. M. hyopneumoniae binds factor H via factor H binding proteins, such as elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu), P146, pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) E1 component subunit alpha (PdhA), P46, Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta (PdhB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and three different hypothetical proteins. The binding of factor H by EF-Tu further contributes to decreased C3 deposition on the M. hyopneumoniae surface and ultimately blocks further complement activation. In fact, binding of factor H occurs in a multifactorial manner; factor H is not only exploited by M. hyopneumoniae via its regulator activity to help mycoplasmas escape from complement killing, but also increases M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to swine tracheal epithelial cells, partially through EF-Tu. Meanwhile, the high sequence identity among EF-Tu proteins in the above-mentioned mycoplasmas implied the universality of the mechanism. This is the first report that mycoplasmas can escape complement killing by binding to factor H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
| | - Rui Han
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China.,High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China
| | - Amy Yimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Cornell, NY, USA
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics , Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China , Hengyang, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Clampitt JM, Madsen ML, Minion FC. Construction of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 Null Mutants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:518791. [PMID: 33967967 PMCID: PMC8101707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.518791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia, a world-wide problem in the pig industry. This disease is characterized by a dry, non-productive cough, labored breathing, and pneumonia. Despite years of research, vaccines are marginally effective, and none fully protect pigs in a production environment. A better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions of the M. hyopneumoniae-pig disease, which are complex and involve both host and pathogen components, is required. Among the surface proteins involved in virulence are members of two gene families called P97 and P102. These proteins are the adhesins directing attachment of the organism to the swine respiratory epithelium. P97 is the major ciliary binding adhesin and has been studied extensively. Monoclonal antibodies that block its binding to swine cilia have contributed extensively to its characterization. In this study we use recombination to construct null mutants of P97 in M. hyopneumoniae and characterize the resulting mutants in terms of loss of protein by immunoblot using monoclonal antibodies, ability to bind purified swine cilia, and adherence to PK15 cells. Various approaches to recombination with this fastidious mycoplasma were tested including intact plasmid DNA, single-stranded DNA, and linear DNA with and without a heterologous RecA protein. Our results indicate that recombination can be used to generate site-specific mutants in M. hyopneumoniae. P97 mutants are deficient in cilia binding and PK15 cell adherence, and lack the characteristic banding pattern seen in immunoblots developed with the anti-P97 monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannett M Clampitt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Melissa L Madsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - F Chris Minion
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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8
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Protein cleavage influences surface protein presentation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6743. [PMID: 33762641 PMCID: PMC7990945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant cause of pneumonia and post infection sequelae affecting organ sites distant to the respiratory tract are common. It is also a model organism where extensive 'omics' studies have been conducted to gain insight into how minimal genome self-replicating organisms function. An N-terminome study undertaken here identified 4898 unique N-terminal peptides that mapped to 391 (56%) predicted M. pneumoniae proteins. True N-terminal sequences beginning with the initiating methionine (iMet) residue from the predicted Open Reading Frame (ORF) were identified for 163 proteins. Notably, almost half (317; 46%) of the ORFS derived from M. pneumoniae strain M129 are post-translationally modified, presumably by proteolytic processing, because dimethyl labelled neo-N-termini were characterised that mapped beyond the predicted N-terminus. An analysis of the N-terminome describes endoproteolytic processing events predominately targeting tryptic-like sites, though cleavages at negatively charged residues in P1' (D and E) with lysine or serine/alanine in P2' and P3' positions also occurred frequently. Surfaceome studies identified 160 proteins (23% of the proteome) to be exposed on the extracellular surface of M. pneumoniae. The two orthogonal methodologies used to characterise the surfaceome each identified the same 116 proteins, a 72% (116/160) overlap. Apart from lipoproteins, transporters, and adhesins, 93/160 (58%) of the surface proteins lack signal peptides and have well characterised, canonical functions in the cell. Of the 160 surface proteins identified, 134 were also targets of endo-proteolytic processing. These processing events are likely to have profound implications for how the host immune system recognises and responds to M. pneumoniae.
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9
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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10
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Li G, Obeng E, Shu J, Shu J, Chen J, Wu Y, He Y. Genomic Variability and Post-translational Protein Processing Enhance the Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Its Interaction With the Porcine Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:510943. [PMID: 33117335 PMCID: PMC7575705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.510943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) is a geographically widespread and economically devastating pathogen that colonizes ciliated epithelium; the infection of Mhp can damnify the mucociliary functions as well as leading to Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS). MPS is a chronic respiratory infectious disease with high infectivity, and the mortality can be increased by secondary infections as the host immunity gets down-regulated during Mhp infection. The host immune responses are regarded as the main driving force for the disease development, while MPS is prone to attack repeatedly in farms even with vaccination or other treatments. As one of the smallest microorganisms with limited genome scale and metabolic pathways, Mhp can use several mechanisms to achieve immune evasion effect and derive enough nutrients from its host, indicating that there is a strong interaction between Mhp and porcine organism. In this review, we summarized the immune evasion mechanisms from genomic variability and post-translational protein processing. Besides, Mhp can induce the immune cells apoptosis by reactive oxygen species production, excessive nitric oxide (NO) release and caspase activation, and stimulate the release of cytokines to regulate inflammation. This article seeks to provide some new points to reveal the complicated interaction between the pathogen and host immune system with Mhp as a typical example, further providing some new strategies for the vaccine development against Mhp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Li
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enoch Obeng
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinqi Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Hom-Sun Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Ning Y, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wen Y, Xu Z, Tian Y, Yang M, Wang X, Yang Y, Ding H. Elevated Mhp462 antibody induced by natural infection but not in vitro culture of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04832. [PMID: 32923730 PMCID: PMC7476235 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the respiratory pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory infectious disease that causes substantial pecuniary losses to pig husbandry worldwide. Commercial bacterins only provide incomplete protection and do not prevent the colonization and transmission of M. hyopneumoniae. Identification of new protective antigens is a key imperative for the development of more effective novel vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate antibody responses of 27 recombinant proteins in convalescent sera obtained from pigs that were naturally infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Fifteen proteins were identified as serological immunodominant antigens, while 3 proteins were not recognized by any convalescent serum. Moreover, Mhp462, a leucine aminopeptidase, was found to be a discriminative serological immunodominant antigen which reacted with convalescent sera but not with hyperimmune sera. The serological immunodominant proteins were antigenic and were expressed during infection; this suggests that these proteins (especially the discriminative one) are potential candidate antigens for the development of next generation vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ning
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaoqin Zhou
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhaodi Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yukang Wen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zuobo Xu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaqin Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Kamminga T, Benis N, Martins Dos Santos V, Bijlsma JJE, Schaap PJ. Combined Transcriptome Sequencing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Infected Pig Lung Tissue Reveals Up-Regulation of Bacterial F1-Like ATPase and Down-Regulation of the P102 Cilium Adhesin in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1679. [PMID: 32765473 PMCID: PMC7379848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) causes enzootic pneumonia in pigs but it is still largely unknown which host-pathogen interactions enable persistent infection and cause disease. In this study, we analyzed the host and bacterial transcriptomes during infection using RNA sequencing. Comparison of the transcriptome of lung lesion tissue from infected pigs with lung tissue from non-infected animals, identified 424 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.01 and fold change > 1.5LOG2). These genes were part of the following major pathways of the immune system: interleukin signaling (type 4, 10, 13, and 18), regulation of Toll-like receptors by endogenous ligand and activation of C3 and C5 in the complement system. Besides analyzing the lung transcriptome, a sampling protocol was developed to obtain enough bacterial mRNA from infected lung tissue for RNA sequencing. This was done by flushing infected lobes in the lung, and subsequently enriching for bacterial RNA. On average, 2.2 million bacterial reads were obtained per biological replicate to analyze the bacterial in vivo transcriptome. We compared the in vivo bacterial transcriptome with the transcriptome of bacteria grown in vitro and identified 22 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes (FDR < 0.01 and fold change > 2LOG2). Six out of seven genes in the operon encoding the mycoplasma specific F1-like ATPase (MHP_RS02445-MHP_RS02475) and all genes in the operon MHP_RS01965-MHP_RS01990 with functions related to nucleotide metabolism, spermidine transport and glycerol-3-phoshate transport were up-regulated in vivo. Down-regulated in vivo were genes related to glycerol uptake, cilium adhesion (P102), cell division and myo-inositol metabolism. In addition to providing a novel method to isolate bacterial mRNA from infected lung, this study provided insights into changes in gene expression during infection, which could help development of novel treatment strategies against enzootic pneumonia caused by M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerko Kamminga
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vitor Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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13
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Widjaja M, Berry IJ, Jarocki VM, Padula MP, Dumke R, Djordjevic SP. Cell surface processing of the P1 adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identifies novel domains that bind host molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6384. [PMID: 32286369 PMCID: PMC7156367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a genome reduced pathogen and causative agent of community acquired pneumonia. The major cellular adhesin, P1, localises to the tip of the attachment organelle forming a complex with P40 and P90, two cleavage fragments derived by processing Mpn142, and other molecules with adhesive and mobility functions. LC-MS/MS analysis of M. pneumoniae M129 proteins derived from whole cell lysates and eluents from affinity matrices coupled with chemically diverse host molecules identified 22 proteoforms of P1. Terminomics was used to characterise 17 cleavage events many of which were independently verified by the identification of semi-tryptic peptides in our proteome studies and by immunoblotting. One cleavage event released 1597TSAAKPGAPRPPVPPKPGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627 from the C-terminus of P1 and this peptide was shown to bind to a range of host molecules. A smaller synthetic peptide comprising the C-terminal 15 amino acids, 1613PGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627, selectively bound cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, and vimentin from a native A549 cell lysate. Collectively, our data suggests that ectodomain shedding occurs on the surface of M. pneumoniae where it may alter the functional diversity of P1, Mpn142 and other surface proteins such as elongation factor Tu via a mechanism similar to that described in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Widjaja
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Iain James Berry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica Maria Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Paul Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Roger Dumke
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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14
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Machado LDPN, Paes JA, Souza Dos Santos P, Ferreira HB. Evidences of differential endoproteolytic processing on the surfaces of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103958. [PMID: 31899326 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are genetic similar bacteria that colonize the swine respiratory tract. However, while M. hyopneumoniae is a pathogen that causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, M. flocculare is a commensal. Adhesion to the respiratory epithelium is mediated by surface-displayed adhesins, and at least some M. hyopneumoniae adhesins are post-translational proteolytically processed, producing differential proteoforms with differential adhesion properties. Based on LC-MS/MS data, we assessed differential proteolytic processing among orthologs of the five most abundant adhesins (p97 and p216) or adhesion-related surface proteins (DnaK, p46, and ABC transporter xylose-binding lipoprotein) from M. hyopneumoniae strains 7448 (pathogenic) and J (non-pathogenic), and M. flocculare. Both surface and cytoplasmic non-tryptic cleavage events were mapped and compared, and antigenicity predictions were performed for the resulting proteoforms. It was demonstrated that not only bona fide adhesins, but also adhesion-related proteins undergo proteolytical processing. Moreover, most of the detected cleavage events were differential among M. hyopneumoniae strains and M. flocculare, and also between cell surface and cytoplasm. Overall, our data provided evidences of a complex scenario of multiple antigenic proteoforms of adhesion-related proteins, that is differential among M. hyopneumoniae strains and M. flocculare, altering the surface architecture and likely contributing to virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Del Prá Netto Machado
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Priscila Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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15
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Harvey KL, Jarocki VM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31708880 PMCID: PMC6822514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. However, EF-Tu has evolved the capacity to execute diverse functions on the extracellular surface of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. EF-Tu can traffic to, and is retained on, cell surfaces where can interact with membrane receptors and with extracellular matrix on the surface of plant and animal cells. Our structural studies indicate that short linear motifs (SLiMs) in surface exposed, non-conserved regions of the molecule may play a key role in the moonlighting functions ascribed to this ancient, highly abundant protein. Here we explore the diverse moonlighting functions relating to pathogenesis of EF-Tu in bacteria and examine putative SLiMs on surface-exposed regions of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Harvey
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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16
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Jarocki VM, Raymond BBA, Tacchi JL, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae surface-associated proteases cleave bradykinin, substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide Y. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14585. [PMID: 31601981 PMCID: PMC6787215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically-devastating and geographically-widespread pathogen that colonises ciliated epithelium, and destroys mucociliary function. M. hyopneumoniae devotes ~5% of its reduced genome to encode members of the P97 and P102 adhesin families that are critical for colonising epithelial cilia, but mechanisms to impair mucociliary clearance and manipulate host immune response to induce a chronic infectious state have remained elusive. Here we identified two surface exposed M. hyopneumoniae proteases, a putative Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase (MHJ_0659; PepP) and a putative oligoendopeptidase F (MHJ_0522; PepF), using immunofluorescence microscopy and two orthogonal proteomic methodologies. MHJ_0659 and MHJ_0522 were purified as polyhistidine fusion proteins and shown, using a novel MALDI-TOF MS assay, to degrade four pro-inflammatory peptides that regulate lung homeostasis; bradykinin (BK), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms used by M. hyopneumoniae to influence ciliary beat frequency, impair mucociliary clearance, and initiate a chronic infectious disease state in swine, features that are a hallmark of disease caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Maria Jarocki
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | | | - Jessica Leigh Tacchi
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Paul Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Leal Zimmer FMA, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Intracellular changes of a swine tracheal cell line infected with a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103717. [PMID: 31494300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a widespread disease that causes major economic losses to the pig industry. The swine host response plays an important role in the outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections. The whole proteome of newborn pig trachea (NPTr) epithelial cells infected with the M. hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS approach to shed light on intracellular processes triggered in response to the pathogen. Overall, 853 swine protein species were identified, 156 of which were differentially represented in response to M. hyopneumoniae 7448 infection in comparison with non-infected control cells. These differentially represented proteins were categorized by function. Fifty-seven of them were assigned to the immune system and/or response to stimulus functional subcategories. Comparative expression analysis of these immune-related proteins in NPTr cells infected with attenuated or non-pathogenic mycoplasmas (M. hyopneumoniae J strain and M. flocculare, respectively) revealed proteins whose abundance was altered only in response to the pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 strain. Among these proteins, calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related biomarkers were detected, providing evidence of molecular mechanisms that might lead to swine cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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18
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Chen R, Yu Y, Feng Z, Gan R, Xie X, Zhang Z, Xie Q, Wang W, Ran T, Zhang W, Xiong Q, Shao G. Featured Species-Specific Loops Are Found in the Crystal Structure of Mhp Eno, a Cell Surface Adhesin From Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:209. [PMID: 31263685 PMCID: PMC6585157 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enolase is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme involved in the processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae belongs to Mycoplasma, whose species are wall-less and among the smallest self-replicating bacteria, and is an important colonizing respiratory pathogen in the pig industry worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae enolase (Mhp Eno) expression is significantly increased after infection and was previously found to be a virulence factor candidate. Our studies show that Mhp Eno is a cell surface-localized protein that can adhere to swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs). Adhesion to STECs can be specifically inhibited by an Mhp Eno antibody. Mhp Eno can recognize and interact with plasminogen with high affinity. Here, the first crystal structure of the mycoplasmal enolase from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was determined. The structure showed unique features of Mhp Eno in the S3/H1, H6/S6, H7/H8, and H13 regions. All of these regions were longer than those of other enolases and were exposed on the Mhp Eno surface, making them accessible to host molecules. These results show that Mhp Eno has specific structural characteristics and acts as a multifunctional adhesin on the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bioproducts, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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19
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Betlach AM, Maes D, Garza-Moreno L, Tamiozzo P, Sibila M, Haesebrouck F, Segalés J, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae variability: Current trends and proposed terminology for genomic classification. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1840-1854. [PMID: 31099490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the aetiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a small, self-replicating microorganism that possesses several characteristics allowing for limited biosynthetic abilities, resulting in the fastidious, host-specific growth and unique pathogenic properties of this microorganism. Variation across several isolates of M. hyopneumoniae has been described at antigenic, proteomic, transcriptomic, pathogenic and genomic levels. The microorganism possesses a minimal number of genes that regulate the transcription process. Post-translational modifications (PTM) occur frequently in a wide range of functional proteins. The PTM by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates its surface topography could play key roles in cell adhesion, evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system. The clinical outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections is determined by different factors, such as housing conditions, management practices, co-infections and also by virulence differences among M. hyopneumoniae isolates. Factors contributing to adherence and colonization as well as the capacity to modulate inflammatory and immune responses might be crucial. Different components of the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins) may serve as adhesins and/or be toxic for the respiratory tract cells. Mechanisms leading to virulence are complex and more research is needed to identify markers for virulence. The utilization of typing methods and complete or partial-gene sequencing for M. hyopneumoniae characterization has increased in diagnostic laboratories as control and elimination strategies for this microorganism are attempted worldwide. A commonly employed molecular typing method for M. hyopneumoniae is Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). The agreement of a shared terminology and classification for the various techniques, specifically MLVA, has not been described, which makes inferences across the literature unsuitable. Therefore, molecular trends for M. hyopneumoniae have been outlined and a common terminology and classification based on Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) types has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, Minnesota
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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20
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Mhp597 is a cytotoxicity, inflammation and immunosuppression associated nuclease. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:53-62. [PMID: 31282379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleases are ubiquitously recognized as essential proteins in mycoplasmas because these organisms lack most capacities for de novo synthesis of nucleotides. Some of these proteins were proved to be important pathogenic factors during the infection of mycoplasms. In this study, the protein Mhp597 from M. hyopneumoniae was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Analysis of nuclease activity showed that recombinant Mhp597 (rMhp597) was a Ca2+ or Mg2+ dependent thermostable nuclease with very high activity and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by M. hyopneumoniae were completely degraded by this nuclease. In addition, when PK15 cells were incubated with different concentrations of rMhp597, their viability was reduced and cell apoptosis was observed in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate the host immune system response, we report that rMhp597 up-regulated the exression of inflammatory genes showing that TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway was involved. On the other hand, rMhp597 down-regulated the expression of type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and promoted the multiplication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Recombinant rMhp597δ315-377 lacking C-terminal 63 amino acids exhibited all biological functions mentioned above except for nuclease activity. In summary, Mhp597 is a dynamic secreted nuclease involved in cytotoxicity, inflammation and immunosuppression.
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21
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Tao Y, Shu J, Chen J, Wu Y, He Y. A concise review of vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Hurtado Silva M, Berry IJ, Strange N, Djordjevic SP, Padula MP. Terminomics Methodologies and the Completeness of Reductive Dimethylation: A Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Datasets. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7020011. [PMID: 30934878 PMCID: PMC6631386 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for analyzing the terminal sequences of proteins have been refined over the previous decade; however, few studies have evaluated the quality of the data that have been produced from those methodologies. While performing global N-terminal labelling on bacteria, we observed that the labelling was not complete and investigated whether this was a common occurrence. We assessed the completeness of labelling in a selection of existing, publicly available N-terminomics datasets and empirically determined that amine-based labelling chemistry does not achieve complete labelling and potentially has issues with labelling amine groups at sequence-specific residues. This finding led us to conduct a thorough review of the historical literature that showed that this is not an unexpected finding, with numerous publications reporting incomplete labelling. These findings have implications for the quantitation of N-terminal peptides and the biological interpretations of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Hurtado Silva
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Iain J Berry
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Natalie Strange
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
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23
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Huang J, Zhu H, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhi Y, Wei H, Li H, Guo A, Liu D, Chen X. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is involved in Mycoplasma bovis colonization as a fibronectin-binding adhesin. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:70-78. [PMID: 30852357 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a common pathogenic microorganism of cattle and represents an important hazard on the cattle industry. Adherence to host cells is a significant component of mycoplasma-pathogenesis research. Fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix protein, is a common host cell factor that can interact with the adhesions of pathogens. The aims of this study were to investigate the Fn-binding properties of M. bovis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and evaluate its role as a cell adhesion factor during mycoplasma colonization. The fba (MBOV_RS00435) gene of M. bovis was cloned and expressed, with the resulting recombinant protein used to prepare rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The purified recombinant FBA (rFBA) was shown to have fructose bisphosphate aldolase activity. Western blot indicated that FBA was an antigenically conserved protein in several M. bovis strains. Western blot combined with immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed that FBA was dual-localized to both cytoplasm and membrane in M. bovis. IFA showed that rFBA was able to adhere to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. Meanwhile, an adhesion inhibition assay demonstrated that anti-rFBA antibodies could significantly block the adhesion of M. bovis to EBL cells. Moreover, a dose-dependent binding of rFBA to Fn was found by dot blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Together these results provided evidence that FBA is a surface-localized and antigenic protein of M. bovis, suggesting that it may function as a virulence determinant through interacting with host Fn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiayao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ye Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haohua Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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24
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae resides intracellularly within porcine epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17697. [PMID: 30523267 PMCID: PMC6283846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia incurs major economic losses to pork production globally. The primary pathogen and causative agent, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, colonises ciliated epithelium and disrupts mucociliary function predisposing the upper respiratory tract to secondary pathogens. Alleviation of disease is reliant on antibiotics, vaccination, and sound animal husbandry, but none are effective at eliminating M. hyopneumoniae from large production systems. Sustainable pork production systems strive to lower reliance on antibiotics but lack of a detailed understanding of the pathobiology of M. hyopneumoniae has curtailed efforts to develop effective mitigation strategies. M. hyopneumoniae is considered an extracellular pathogen. Here we show that M. hyopneumoniae associates with integrin β1 on the surface of epithelial cells via interactions with surface-bound fibronectin and initiates signalling events that stimulate pathogen uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) and caveosomes. These early events allow M. hyopneumoniae to exploit an intracellular lifestyle by commandeering the endosomal pathway. Specifically, we show: (i) using a modified gentamicin protection assay that approximately 8% of M. hyopneumoniae cells reside intracellularly; (ii) integrin β1 expression specifically co-localises with the deposition of fibronectin precisely where M. hyopneumoniae cells assemble extracellularly; (iii) anti-integrin β1 antibodies block entry of M. hyopneumoniae into porcine cells; and (iv) M. hyopneumoniae survives phagolysosomal fusion, and resides within recycling endosomes that are trafficked to the cell membrane. Our data creates a paradigm shift by challenging the long-held view that M. hyopneumoniae is a strict extracellular pathogen and calls for in vivo studies to determine if M. hyopneumoniae can traffic to extrapulmonary sites in commercially-reared pigs.
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25
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Yu Y, Liu M, Hua L, Qiu M, Zhang W, Wei Y, Gan Y, Feng Z, Shao G, Xiong Q. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase encoded by a core gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae contributes to host cell adhesion. Vet Res 2018; 49:114. [PMID: 30454073 PMCID: PMC6245935 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen that causes great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Although some putative virulence factors have been reported, pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated the relative abundance of proteins in virulent 168 (F107) and attenuated 168L (F380) M. hyopneumoniae strains to identify virulence-associated factors by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Seven proteins were found to be ≥ 1.5-fold more abundant in 168, and protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that all seven interact with putative virulence factors. Unexpectedly, six of these virulence-associated proteins are encoded by core rather than accessory genomic elements. The most differentially abundant of the seven, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), was successfully cloned, expressed and purified. Flow cytometry demonstrated the surface localisation of FBA, recombinant FBA (rFBA) mediated adhesion to swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC), and anti-rFBA sera decreased adherence to STEC. Surface plasmon resonance showed that rFBA bound to fibronectin with a moderately strong KD of 469 nM. The results demonstrate that core gene expression contributes to adhesion and virulence in M. hyopneumoniae, and FBA moonlights as an important adhesin, mediating binding to host cells via fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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26
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Leal Zimmer FMDA, Paludo GP, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Differential secretome profiling of a swine tracheal cell line infected with mycoplasmas of the swine respiratory tract. J Proteomics 2018; 192:147-159. [PMID: 30176387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are genetically similar. However, M. hyopneumoniae causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, while M. flocculare is a commensal bacterium. M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare do not penetrate their host cells, and secreted proteins are important for bacterium-host interplay. Thus, the secretomes of a swine trachea cell line (NPTr) infected with M. hyopneumoniae 7448 (a pathogenic strain), M. hyopneumoniae J (a non-pathogenic strain) and M. flocculare were compared to shed light in bacterium-host interactions. Medium from the cultures was collected, and secreted proteins were identified by a LC-MS/MS. Overall numbers of identified host and bacterial proteins were, respectively, 488 and 58, for NPTr/M. hyopneumoniae 7448; 371 and 67, for NPTr/M. hyopneumoniae J; and 203 and 81, for NPTr/M. flocculare. The swine cells revealed different secretion profiles in response to the infection with each M. hyopneumoniae strain or with M. flocculare. DAMPs and extracellular proteasome proteins, secreted in response to cell injury and death, were secreted by NPTr cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae 7448. All three mycoplasmas secreted virulence factors during NPTr infection, but M. hyopneumoniae 7448 secreted higher number of adhesins and hypothetical proteins, that may be related with pathogenicity. SIGNIFICANCE: The enzootic pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas of swine respiratory tract has economic loss consequences in pig industry due to antibiotic costs and pig weight loss. However, some genetically similar mycoplasmas are pathogenic while others, such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare, are non-pathogenic. Here, we conducted an infection assay between swine cells and pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycoplasmas to decipher secreted proteins during host-pathogen interaction. Mycoplasma response to cell infection was also observed. Our study provided new insights on secretion profile of swine cells in response to the infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycoplasmas. It was possible to observe that pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 secreted known virulence factors and swine cells responded by inducing cell death. Otherwise, M. hyopneumoniae J and M. flocculare, non-pathogenic mycoplasmas, secreted a different profile of virulence factors in response to swine cells. Consequently, swine cells altered their secretome profile, but the changes were not sufficient to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Munhoz Dos Anjos Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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27
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P27 (MBOV_RS03440) is a novel fibronectin binding adhesin of Mycoplasma bovis. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:848-857. [PMID: 30076003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis, one of the major pathogens of bovine respiratory disease, binds to respiratory epithelial cells resulting in severe pneumonia and tissue damage. This study was designed to identify the adhesive function of a putative 27-kDa M. bovis lipoprotein, encoded by the gene MBOV_RS03440 and designated as P27. The gene was cloned and overexpressed to produce antibodies against the recombinant P27 (rP27). The western blot and flow cytometry assay confirmed P27 to be a surface-localized protein, while ELISA confirmed it to be an immunogenic protein. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that rP27 bound to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, anti-rP27 antiserum inhibited the attachment of M. bovis to EBL cells demonstrating the binding specificity of P27 to EBL cells. The attachment of rP27 to EBL cells was mediated by fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix component. The interaction between rP27 and Fn was qualitatively and quantitatively monitored by ligand immunoblot assay, ELISA, and biolayer interferometry. Collectively, these results indicate that P27 is a novel Fn-binding, immunogenic adhesive protein of M. bovis, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of M. bovis.
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28
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Raymond BBA, Jenkins C, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Djordjevic SP. Extracellular DNA release from the genome-reduced pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is essential for biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10373. [PMID: 29991767 PMCID: PMC6039474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically devastating, globally disseminated pathogen that can maintain a chronic infectious state within its host, swine. Here, we depict the events underpinning M. hyopneumoniae biofilm formation on an abiotic surface and demonstrate for the first time, biofilms forming on porcine epithelial cell monolayers and in the lungs of pigs, experimentally infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Nuclease treatment prevents biofilms forming on glass but not on porcine epithelial cells indicating that extracellular DNA (eDNA), which localises at the base of biofilms, is critical in the formation of these structures on abiotic surfaces. Subpopulations of M. hyopneumoniae cells, denoted by their ability to take up the dye TOTO-1 and release eDNA, were identified. A visually distinct sub-population of pleomorphic cells, that we refer to here as large cell variants (LCVs), rapidly transition from phase dark to translucent "ghost" cells. The translucent cells accumulate the membrane-impermeable dye TOTO-1, forming readily discernible membrane breaches immediately prior to lysis and the possible release of eDNA and other intracellular content (public goods) into the extracellular environment. Our novel observations expand knowledge of the lifestyles adopted by this wall-less, genome-reduced pathogen and provide further insights to its survival within farm environments and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 8, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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29
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Yu Y, Wang H, Wang J, Feng Z, Wu M, Liu B, Xin J, Xiong Q, Liu M, Shao G. Elongation Factor Thermo Unstable (EF-Tu) Moonlights as an Adhesin on the Surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by Binding to Fibronectin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:974. [PMID: 29867877 PMCID: PMC5962738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a colonizing respiratory pathogen that can cause great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Although putative virulence factors have been reported, the pathogenesis of this species remains unclear. Here, we used the virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain 168 to infect swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) to identify the infection-associated factors by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Whole proteins of M. hyopneumoniae were obtained and compared with samples cultured in broth. Six differentially expressed proteins with an increase in abundance of ≥1.5 in the cell infection group were successfully identified. A String network of virulence-associated proteins showed that all the six differential abundance proteins were involved in virulence of M. hyopneumoniae. One of the most important upregulated hubs in this network, elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu), which showed a relatively higher expression in M. hyopneumoniae-infected STEC and obtained a higher score on mass spectrometry was successfully recombined. In addition to its canonical enzymatic activities in protein synthesis, EF-Tu was also reported to be located on the cell surface as an important adhesin in many other pathogens. The cell surface location of EF-Tu was then observed in M. hyopneumoniae with flow cytometry. Recombinant EF-Tu (rEF-Tu) was found to be able to adhere to STEC and anti-rEF-Tu antibody enclosed M. hyopneumoniae decreased adherence to STEC. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that rEF-Tu could bind to fibronectin with a specific and moderately strong interaction, a dissociation constant (KD) of 605 nM. Furthermore, the block of fibronectin in STEC also decreased the binding of M. hyopneumoniae to the cell surface. Collectively, these data imply EF-Tu as an important adhesin of M. hyopneumoniae and fibronectin as an indispensable receptor on STEC. The binding between EF-Tu with fibronectin contributes to the adhesion of M. hyopneumoniae to STEC. HIGHLIGHTSElongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu) exists on the cell surface of M. hyopneumoniae. EF-Tu moonlights as an adhesin of M. hyopneumoniae. The adhesive effect of EF-Tu is partly meditated by fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine & National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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30
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Raymond BBA, Madhkoor R, Schleicher I, Uphoff CC, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Rohde M, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. Extracellular Actin Is a Receptor for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535975 PMCID: PMC5835332 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, an agriculturally important porcine pathogen, disrupts the mucociliary escalator causing ciliostasis, loss of cilial function, and epithelial cell death within the porcine lung. Losses to swine production due to growth rate retardation and reduced feed conversion efficiency are severe, and antibiotics are used heavily to control mycoplasmal pneumonia. Notably, little is known about the repertoire of host receptors that M. hyopneumoniae targets to facilitate colonization. Here we show, for the first time, that actin exists extracellularly on porcine epithelial monolayers (PK-15) using surface biotinylation and 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM), and that M. hyopneumoniae binds to the extracellular β-actin exposed on the surface of these cells. Consistent with this hypothesis we show: (i) monoclonal antibodies that target β-actin significantly block the ability of M. hyopneumoniae to adhere and colonize PK-15 cells; (ii) microtiter plate binding assays show that M. hyopneumoniae cells bind to monomeric G-actin in a dose dependent manner; (iii) more than 100 M. hyopneumoniae proteins were recovered from affinity-chromatography experiments using immobilized actin as bait; and (iv) biotinylated monomeric actin binds directly to M. hyopneumoniae proteins in ligand blotting studies. Specifically, we show that the P97 cilium adhesin possesses at least two distinct actin-binding regions, and binds monomeric actin with nanomolar affinity. Taken together, these observations suggest that actin may be an important receptor for M. hyopneumoniae within the swine lung and will aid in the future development of intervention strategies against this devastating pathogen. Furthermore, our observations have wider implications for extracellular actin as an important bacterial receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ranya Madhkoor
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ina Schleicher
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cord C Uphoff
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Liu M, Du G, Liu B, Hu Y, Liu J, Jia Y, Minion FC, Shao G, Zhao R. Cholesterol exacerbates Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced apoptosis via stimulating proliferation and adhesion to porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elongation factor Tu is a multifunctional and processed moonlighting protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11227. [PMID: 28894125 PMCID: PMC5593925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial moonlighting proteins were originally described in medically, agriculturally, and commercially important members of the low G + C Firmicutes. We show Elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu) moonlights on the surface of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (SaEf-Tu) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpnEf-Tu), and the porcine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MhpEf-Tu). Ef-Tu is also a target of multiple processing events on the cell surface and these were characterised using an N-terminomics pipeline. Recombinant MpnEf-Tu bound strongly to a diverse range of host molecules, and when bound to plasminogen, was able to convert plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activators. Fragments of Ef-Tu retain binding capabilities to host proteins. Bioinformatics and structural modelling studies indicate that the accumulation of positively charged amino acids in short linear motifs (SLiMs), and protein processing promote multifunctional behaviour. Codon bias engendered by an A + T rich genome may influence how positively-charged residues accumulate in SLiMs.
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Berry IJ, Jarocki VM, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Widjaja M, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. N-terminomics identifies widespread endoproteolysis and novel methionine excision in a genome-reduced bacterial pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11063. [PMID: 28894154 PMCID: PMC5593965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing alters protein function. Here we present the first systems-wide analysis of endoproteolysis in the genome-reduced pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. 669 N-terminal peptides from 164 proteins were identified, demonstrating that functionally diverse proteins are processed, more than half of which 75 (53%) were accessible on the cell surface. Multiple cleavage sites were characterised, but cleavage with arginine in P1 predominated. Putative functions for a subset of cleaved fragments were assigned by affinity chromatography using heparin, actin, plasminogen and fibronectin as bait. Binding affinity was correlated with the number of cleavages in a protein, indicating that novel binding motifs are exposed, and protein disorder increases, after a cleavage event. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as a model protein to demonstrate this. We define the rules governing methionine excision, show that several aminopeptidases are involved, and propose that through processing, genome-reduced organisms can expand protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Berry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Widjaja
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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TrmFO, a Fibronectin-Binding Adhesin of Mycoplasma bovis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081732. [PMID: 28792486 PMCID: PMC5578122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogenic mycoplasma, causing the cattle industry serious economic losses. Adhesion is a crucial step in the mycoplasmas' infection and colonization process; fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is a molecular bridge between the bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors. The present study was designed to characterize the Fn-binding ability of methylenetetrahydrofolate-tRNA-(uracil-5-)-methyltransferase (TrmFO) and its role in M. bovis cytoadherence. The trmFO (MBOV_RS00785) gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21, and polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant TrmFO (rTrmFO) were raised in rabbits. Immunoblotting demonstrated that TrmFO was an immunogenic component, and the TrmFO expression was conserved in different M. bovis isolates. The mycoplasmacidal assay further showed that in the presence of complement, rabbit anti-recombinant TrmFO serum exhibited remarkable mycoplasmacidal efficacy. TrmFO was detected in both the M. bovis membrane and cytoplasm. By ligand dot blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding assay, we found that rTrmFO bound Fn in a dose-dependent manner. Immunostaining visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that rTrmFO had capacity to adhere to the embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. In addition, the adhesion of M. bovis and rTrmFO to EBL cells could be inhibited by anti-rTrmFO antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to characterize the Fn-binding ability of TrmFO and its role in the bacterial adhesion to host cells.
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A Comprehensive Guide for Performing Sample Preparation and Top-Down Protein Analysis. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5020011. [PMID: 28387712 PMCID: PMC5489772 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for the global analysis of proteins in a sample, or proteome analysis, have been available since 1975 when Patrick O′Farrell published the first paper describing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). This technique allowed the resolution of single protein isoforms, or proteoforms, into single ‘spots’ in a polyacrylamide gel, allowing the quantitation of changes in a proteoform′s abundance to ascertain changes in an organism′s phenotype when conditions change. In pursuit of the comprehensive profiling of the proteome, significant advances in technology have made the identification and quantitation of intact proteoforms from complex mixtures of proteins more routine, allowing analysis of the proteome from the ‘Top-Down’. However, the number of proteoforms detected by Top-Down methodologies such as 2D-PAGE or mass spectrometry has not significantly increased since O’Farrell’s paper when compared to Bottom-Up, peptide-centric techniques. This article explores and explains the numerous methodologies and technologies available to analyse the proteome from the Top-Down with a strong emphasis on the necessity to analyse intact proteoforms as a better indicator of changes in biology and phenotype. We arrive at the conclusion that the complete and comprehensive profiling of an organism′s proteome is still, at present, beyond our reach but the continuing evolution of protein fractionation techniques and mass spectrometry brings comprehensive Top-Down proteome profiling closer.
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36
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Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Haynes PA, Berry IJ, Widjaja M, Bogema DR, Woolley LK, Jenkins C, Minion FC, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. Post-translational processing targets functionally diverse proteins in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Open Biol 2016; 6:150210. [PMID: 26865024 PMCID: PMC4772806 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a genome-reduced, cell wall-less, bacterial pathogen with a predicted coding capacity of less than 700 proteins and is one of the smallest self-replicating pathogens. The cell surface of M. hyopneumoniae is extensively modified by processing events that target the P97 and P102 adhesin families. Here, we present analyses of the proteome of M. hyopneumoniae-type strain J using protein-centric approaches (one- and two-dimensional GeLC–MS/MS) that enabled us to focus on global processing events in this species. While these approaches only identified 52% of the predicted proteome (347 proteins), our analyses identified 35 surface-associated proteins with widely divergent functions that were targets of unusual endoproteolytic processing events, including cell adhesins, lipoproteins and proteins with canonical functions in the cytosol that moonlight on the cell surface. Affinity chromatography assays that separately used heparin, fibronectin, actin and host epithelial cell surface proteins as bait recovered cleavage products derived from these processed proteins, suggesting these fragments interact directly with the bait proteins and display previously unrecognized adhesive functions. We hypothesize that protein processing is underestimated as a post-translational modification in genome-reduced bacteria and prokaryotes more broadly, and represents an important mechanism for creating cell surface protein diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Iain J Berry
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Widjaja
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Daniel R Bogema
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia
| | - Lauren K Woolley
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia
| | - F Chris Minion
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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38
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Xiong Q, Zhang B, Wang J, Ni B, Ji Y, Wei Y, Xiao S, Feng Z, Liu M, Shao G. Characterization of the role in adherence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis variable lipoproteins containing different repeat unit copy numbers. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:39-46. [PMID: 27938681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is an important pathogen of pigs. In previous studies, the variable lipoprotein (Vlp) family has been shown to play a role in mediating M. hyorhinis cytoadhesion. Herein, we performed several experiments to study the function of each Vlp family member in detail, especially examining the cytoadhesion functional domain and how the repeat unit copy number impacts on function. Recombinant proteins rVlpII, composed of region II from all seven Vlp members; rVlpIII, composed of repeat peptides from region III of all of Vlp members; as well as a series of recombinant rVlp proteins for each member containing different repeat unit copy numbers were constructed. All of the proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant proteins, as well as seven keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated Vlp peptides containing two copies of the repeat unit, were analyzed for their adherence to swine tracheal epithelial cells using a microtiter plate adherence assay. Both rVlpII and rVlpIII proteins were able to bind to cell membrane proteins. Among the repeat unit peptides, only PepVlpB and PepVlpG were able to bind to cell membrane proteins. All of the Vlp members had cytoadhesion capability. The adhesion abilities of the proteins containing 0 or 3 copies of the repeat unit were stronger than those of the proteins containing 12 copies. For rVlpA, rVlpB, rVlpD, rVlpF and rVlpG, the proteins containing no copies bound stronger than the proteins containing 3 copies. In contrast, the adherence of rVlpC3 was stronger than that of rVlpC0. There was no significant difference between the adherence of rVlpE3 and that of rVlpE0. Our results suggest that the major cytoadhesion sites of Vlps are mainly contained in region II, the function of which would be blocked by region III when region III is longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bixiong Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Meat Production, Processing and Quality control, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Jiang F, He J, Navarro-Alvarez N, Xu J, Li X, Li P, Wu W. Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 Are Membrane-Associated Proteins from Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Capable of Inducing Strong Immune Response in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161170. [PMID: 27537186 PMCID: PMC4990256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-progressive pneumonia, a disease that has become a worldwide epidemic has caused considerable loss to sheep industry. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is the causative agent of interstitial pneumonia in sheep, goat and bighorn. We here have identified by immunogold and immunoblotting that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) are membrane-associated proteins on M. ovipneumonaiea. We have evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo by immunizing BALB/c mice with both purified recombinant proteins rEF-Tu and rHSP70. The sera of both rEF-Tu and rHSP70 treated BALB/c mice demonstrated increased levels of IgG, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. In addition, ELISPOT assay showed significant increase in IFN-γ+ secreting lymphocytes in the rHSP70 group when compared to other groups. Collectively our study reveals that rHSP70 induces a significantly better cellular immune response in mice, and may act as a Th1 cytokine-like adjuvant in immune response induction. Finally, growth inhibition test (GIT) of M. ovipneumoniae strain Y98 showed that sera from rHSP70 or rEF-Tu-immunized mice inhibited in vitro growth of M. ovipneumoniae. Our data strongly suggest that EF-Tu and HSP70 of M. ovipneumoniae are membrane-associated proteins capable of inducing antibody production, and cytokine secretion. Therefore, these two proteins may be potential candidates for vaccine development against M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinyan He
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center For Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States of America
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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40
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Aili SR, Touchard A, Koh JMS, Dejean A, Orivel J, Padula MP, Escoubas P, Nicholson GM. Comparisons of Protein and Peptide Complexity in Poneroid and Formicoid Ant Venoms. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3039-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira R. Aili
- Neurotoxin
Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Jennifer M. S. Koh
- Neurotoxin
Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Alain Dejean
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Écologie
Fonctionnelle et Environnement, CNRS, UMR 5245, Ecolab, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Pierre Escoubas
- VenomeTech, 473 Route des Dolines - Villa 3, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Graham M. Nicholson
- Neurotoxin
Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare differential domains from orthologous surface proteins induce distinct cellular immune responses in mice. Vet Microbiol 2016; 190:50-57. [PMID: 27283856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are two genetically close species found in the swine respiratory tract. Despite their similarities, while M. hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, M. flocculare is a commensal bacterium. Genomic and transcriptional comparative analyses so far failed to explain the difference in pathogenicity between these two species. We then hypothesized that such difference might be, at least in part, explained by amino acid sequence and immunological or functional differences between ortholog surface proteins. In line with that, it was verified that approximately 85% of the ortholog surface proteins from M. hyopneumoniae 7448 and M. flocculare present one or more differential domains. To experimentally assess possible immunological implications of this kind of difference, the extracellular differential domains from one pair of orthologous surface proteins (MHP7448_0612, from M. hyopneumoniae, and MF_00357, from M. flocculare) were expressed in E. coli and used to immunize mice. The recombinant polypeptides (rMHP61267-169 and rMF35767-196, respectively) induced distinct cellular immune responses. While, rMHP61267-169 induced both Th1 and Th2 responses, rMF35767-196 induced just an early pro-inflammatory response. These results indicate that immunological properties determined by differential domains in orthologous surface protein might play a role in pathogenicity, contributing to elicit specific and differential immune responses against each species.
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42
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The functions of the variable lipoprotein family of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in adherence to host cells. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:82-9. [PMID: 27016761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is a swine pathogen that is associated with various human cancers and contamination in cell cultures. However, no studies on the adhesion molecules of this pathogen have yet been reported. The variable lipoprotein (Vlp) family is an important surface component of M. hyorhinis. Herein, we performed several experiments to identify the function of the Vlp family in adherence to host cells. Seven recombinant Vlp (rVlp) proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The potential role of rVlp adherence to pig kidney (PK-15) and swine tracheal epithelial (STEC) cells was then studied by indirect immunofluorescence assay and microtiter plate adherence assay. Adhesion of M. hyorhinis to PK-15 and STEC cells was specifically inhibited by the addition of a cocktail of rVlp proteins. The rVlp protein mixture was shown to bind to both PK-15 and STEC cells. The binding increased in a dose-dependent manner and could be blocked by antisera against the rVlp proteins. Most of the rVlp proteins could bind individually to both PK-15 and STEC cells except for rVlpD and rVlpF, which bound only to STEC cells. Because Vlp members vary in size among different strains and generations, they may vary in their cytoadhesion capabilities in various strains. In summary, the present results indicate that the Vlp family functions as adhesins of M. hyorhinis.
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P40 and P90 from Mpn142 are Targets of Multiple Processing Events on the Surface of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Proteomes 2015; 3:512-537. [PMID: 28248283 PMCID: PMC5217387 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant cause of community acquired pneumonia globally. Despite having a genome less than 1 Mb in size, M. pneumoniae presents a structurally sophisticated attachment organelle that (i) provides cell polarity, (ii) directs adherence to receptors presented on respiratory epithelium, and (iii) plays a major role in cell motility. The major adhesins, P1 (Mpn141) and P30 (Mpn453), are localised to the tip of the attachment organelle by the surface accessible cleavage fragments P90 and P40 derived from Mpn142. Two events play a defining role in the formation of P90 and P40; removal of a leader peptide at position 26 (23SLA↓NTY28) during secretion to the cell surface and cleavage at amino acid 455 (452GPL↓RAG457) generating P40 and P90. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of tryptic peptides generated by digesting size-fractionated cell lysates of M. pneumoniae identified 15 cleavage fragments of Mpn142 ranging in mass from 9–84 kDa. Further evidence for the existence of cleavage fragments of Mpn142 was generated by mapping tryptic peptides to proteins recovered from size fractionated eluents from affinity columns loaded with heparin, fibronectin, fetuin, actin, plasminogen and A549 surface proteins as bait. To define the sites of cleavage in Mpn142, neo-N-termini in cell lysates of M. pneumoniae were dimethyl-labelled and characterised by LC-MS/MS. Our data suggests that Mpn142 is cleaved to generate adhesins that are auxiliary to P1 and P30.
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Jarocki VM, Santos J, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Deutscher AT, Jenkins C, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. MHJ_0461 is a multifunctional leucine aminopeptidase on the surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Open Biol 2015; 5:140175. [PMID: 25589579 PMCID: PMC4313372 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are part of the arsenal of virulence factors produced by bacterial pathogens that inactivate host immune peptides. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a genome-reduced pathogen of swine that lacks the genetic repertoire to synthesize amino acids and relies on the host for availability of amino acids for growth. M. hyopneumoniae recruits plasmin(ogen) onto its cell surface via the P97 and P102 adhesins and the glutamyl aminopeptidase MHJ_0125. Plasmin plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in the lungs of pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae. We show that recombinant MHJ_0461 (rMHJ_0461) functions as a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) with broad substrate specificity for leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, methionine and arginine and that MHJ_0461 resides on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. rMHJ_0461 also binds heparin, plasminogen and foreign DNA. Plasminogen bound to rMHJ_0461 was readily converted to plasmin in the presence of tPA. Computational modelling identified putative DNA and heparin-binding motifs on solvent-exposed sites around a large pore on the LAP hexamer. We conclude that MHJ_0461 is a LAP that moonlights as a multifunctional adhesin on the cell surface of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jerran Santos
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ania T Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Raymond BBA, Djordjevic S. Exploitation of plasmin(ogen) by bacterial pathogens of veterinary significance. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:1-13. [PMID: 25937317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen (Plg) system plays an important homeostatic role in the degradation of fibrin clots, extracellular matrices and tissue barriers important for cellular migration, as well as the promotion of neurotransmitter release. Plg circulates in plasma at physiologically high concentrations (150-200μg ml(-1)) as an inactive proenzyme. Proteins enriched in lysine and other positively charged residues (histidine and arginine) as well as glycosaminoglycans and gangliosides bind Plg. The binding interaction initiates a structural adjustment to the bound Plg that facilitates cleavage by proteases (plasminogen activators tPA and uPA) that activate Plg to the active serine protease plasmin. Both pathogenic and commensal bacteria capture Plg onto their cell surface and promote its conversion to plasmin. Many microbial Plg-binding proteins have been described underpinning the importance this process plays in how bacteria interact with their hosts. Bacteria exploit the proteolytic capabilities of plasmin by (i) targeting the mammalian fibrinolytic system and degrading fibrin clots, (ii) remodeling the extracellular matrix and generating bioactive cleavage fragments of the ECM that influence signaling pathways, (iii) activating matrix metalloproteinases that assist in the destruction of tissue barriers and promote microbial metastasis and (iv) destroying immune effector molecules. There has been little focus on the exploitation of the fibrinolytic system by veterinary pathogens. Here we describe several pathogens of veterinary significance that possess adhesins that bind plasmin(ogen) onto their cell surface and promote its activation to plasmin. Cumulative data suggests that these attributes provide pathogenic and commensal bacteria with a means to colonize and persist within the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay using multiplexed hydrolysis probes for detection and quantification of Theileria orientalis isolates and differentiation of clinically relevant subtypes. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:941-50. [PMID: 25588653 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03387-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is an emerging pathogen of cattle in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. This organism is a vector-borne hemoprotozoan that causes clinical disease characterized by anemia, abortion, and death, as well as persistent subclinical infections. Molecular methods of diagnosis are preferred due to their sensitivity and utility in differentiating between pathogenic and apathogenic genotypes. Conventional PCR (cPCR) assays for T. orientalis detection and typing are laborious and do not provide an estimate of parasite load. Current real-time PCR assays cannot differentiate between clinically relevant and benign genotypes or are only semiquantitative without a defined clinical threshold. Here, we developed and validated a hydrolysis probe quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay which universally detects and quantifies T. orientalis and identifies the clinically associated Ikeda and Chitose genotypes (UIC assay). Comparison of the UIC assay results with previously validated universal and genotype-specific cPCR results demonstrated that qPCR detects and differentiates T. orientalis with high sensitivity and specificiy. Comparison of quantitative results based on percent parasitemia, determined via blood film analysis and packed cell volume (PCV) revealed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that blood samples from animals with clinical signs of disease contained statistically higher concentrations of T. orientalis DNA than animals with subclinical infections. We propose clinical thresholds to assist in classifying high-, moderate-, and low-level infections and describe how parasite load and the presence of the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes relate to disease.
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Raymond BBA, Jenkins C, Seymour LM, Tacchi JL, Widjaja M, Jarocki VM, Deutscher AT, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. Proteolytic processing of the cilium adhesin MHJ_0194 (P123J ) in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae generates a functionally diverse array of cleavage fragments that bind multiple host molecules. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:425-44. [PMID: 25293691 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the aetiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, regulates the presentation of proteins on its cell surface via endoproteolysis, including those of the cilial adhesin P123 (MHJ_0194). These proteolytic cleavage events create functional adhesins that bind to proteoglycans and glycoproteins on the surface of ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells and to the circulatory host molecule plasminogen. Two dominant cleavage events of the P123 preprotein have been previously characterized; however, immunoblotting studies suggest that more complex processing events occur. These extensive processing events are characterized here. The functional significance of the P97 cleavage fragments is also poorly understood. Affinity chromatography using heparin, fibronectin and plasminogen as bait and peptide arrays were used to expand our knowledge of the adhesive capabilities of P123 cleavage fragments and characterize a novel binding motif in the C-terminus of P123. Further, we use immunohistochemistry to examine in vivo, the biological significance of interactions between M. hyopneumoniae and fibronectin and show that M. hyopneumoniae induces fibronectin deposition at the site of infection on the ciliated epithelium. Our data supports the hypothesis that M. hyopneumoniae possesses the molecular machinery to influence key molecular communication pathways in host cells.
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Reolon LA, Martello CL, Schrank IS, Ferreira HB. Survey of surface proteins from the pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 7448 using a biotin cell surface labeling approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112596. [PMID: 25386928 PMCID: PMC4227723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the repertoire of proteins exposed on the cell surface by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, is critical to understand physiological processes associated with bacterial infection capacity, survival and pathogenesis. Previous in silico studies predicted that about a third of the genes in the M. hyopneumoniae genome code for surface proteins, but so far, just a few of them have experimental confirmation of their expression and surface localization. In this work, M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins were labeled in intact cells with biotin, and affinity-captured biotin-labeled proteins were identified by a gel-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. A total of 20 gel slices were separately analyzed by mass spectrometry, resulting in 165 protein identifications corresponding to 59 different protein species. The identified surface exposed proteins better defined the set of M. hyopneumoniae proteins exposed to the host and added confidence to in silico predictions. Several proteins potentially related to pathogenesis, were identified, including known adhesins and also hypothetical proteins with adhesin-like topologies, consisting of a transmembrane helix and a large tail exposed at the cell surface. The results provided a better picture of the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface that will help in the understanding of processes important for bacterial pathogenesis. Considering the experimental demonstration of surface exposure, adhesion-like topology predictions and absence of orthologs in the closely related, non-pathogenic species Mycoplasma flocculare, several proteins could be proposed as potential targets for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests for enzootic pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Antonio Reolon
- Laboratório de microrganismos diazotróficos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lumertz Martello
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Laboratório de microrganismos diazotróficos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Siqueira FM, Gerber AL, Guedes RLM, Almeida LG, Schrank IS, Vasconcelos ATR, Zaha A. Unravelling the transcriptome profile of the Swine respiratory tract mycoplasmas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110327. [PMID: 25333523 PMCID: PMC4198240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine respiratory ciliary epithelium is mainly colonized by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. While colonization by M. flocculare is virtually asymptomatic, M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis infections may cause respiratory disease. Information regarding transcript structure and gene abundance provides valuable insight into gene function and regulation, which has not yet been analyzed on a genome-wide scale in these Mycoplasma species. In this study, we report the construction of transcriptome maps for M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis, which represent data for conducting comparative studies on the transcriptional repertory. For each species, three cDNA libraries were generated, yielding averages of 415,265, 695,313 and 93,578 reads for M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis, respectively, with an average read length of 274 bp. The reads mapping showed that 92%, 98% and 96% of the predicted genes were transcribed in the M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis genomes, respectively. Moreover, we showed that the majority of the genes are co-expressed, confirming the previously predicted transcription units. Finally, our data defined the RNA populations in detail, with the map transcript boundaries and transcription unit structures on a genome-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Pendarvis K, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Petersen AC, Djordjevic SP, Burgess SC, Minion FC. Proteogenomic mapping of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae virulent strain 232. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:576. [PMID: 25005615 PMCID: PMC4102725 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes respiratory disease in swine and contributes to the porcine respiratory disease complex, a major disease problem in the swine industry. The M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 genome is one of the smallest and best annotated microbial genomes, containing only 728 annotated genes and 691 known proteins. Standard protein databases for mass spectrometry only allow for the identification of known and predicted proteins, which if incorrect can limit our understanding of the biological processes at work. Proteogenomic mapping is a methodology which allows the entire 6-frame genome translation of an organism to be used as a mass spectrometry database to help identify unknown proteins as well as correct and confirm existing annotations. This methodology will be employed to perform an in-depth analysis of the M. hyopneumoniae proteome. Results Proteomic analysis indicates 483 of 691 (70%) known M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 proteins are expressed under the culture conditions given in this study. Furthermore, 171 of 328 (52%) hypothetical proteins have been confirmed. Proteogenomic mapping resulted in the identification of previously unannotated genes gatC and rpmF and 5-prime extensions to genes mhp063, mhp073, and mhp451, all conserved and annotated in other M. hyopneumoniae strains and Mycoplasma species. Gene prediction with Prodigal, a prokaryotic gene predicting program, completely supports the new genomic coordinates calculated using proteogenomic mapping. Conclusions Proteogenomic mapping showed that the protein coding genes of the M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 identified in this study are well annotated. Only 1.8% of mapped peptides did not correspond to genes defined by the current genome annotation. This study also illustrates how proteogenomic mapping can be an important tool to help confirm, correct and append known gene models when using a genome sequence as search space for peptide mass spectra. Using a gene prediction program which scans for a wide variety of promoters can help ensure genes are accurately predicted or not missed completely. Furthermore, protein extraction using differential detergent fractionation effectively increases the number of membrane and cytoplasmic proteins identifiable my mass spectrometry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-576) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Pendarvis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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