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Effects of early feeding and dietary interventions on development of lymphoid organs and immune competence in neonatal chickens: A review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yvernogeau L, Robin C. Restricted intra-embryonic origin of bona fide hematopoietic stem cells in the chicken. Development 2017; 144:2352-2363. [PMID: 28526756 PMCID: PMC5536871 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are responsible for blood cell production, are generated during embryonic development. Human and chicken embryos share features that position the chicken as a reliable and accessible alternative model to study developmental hematopoiesis. However, the existence of HSCs has never been formally proven in chicken embryos. Here, we have established a complete cartography and quantification of hematopoietic cells in the aorta during development. We demonstrate the existence of bona fide HSCs, originating from the chicken embryo aorta (and not the yolk sac, allantois or head), through an in vivo transplantation assay. Embryos transplanted in ovo with GFP embryonic tissues on the chorio-allantoic membrane provided multilineage reconstitution in adulthood. Historically, most breakthrough discoveries in the field of developmental hematopoiesis were first made in birds and later extended to mammals. Our study sheds new light on the avian model as a valuable system to study HSC production and regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvernogeau
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop during embryogenesis in a complex process that involves multiple anatomical sites. Once HSC precursors have been specified from mesoderm, they have to mature into functional HSCs and undergo self-renewing divisions to generate a pool of HSCs. During this process,developing HSCs migrate through various embryonic niches, which provide signals for their establishment and the conservation of their self-renewal ability. These processes have to be recapitulated to generate HSCs from embryonic stem cells. Elucidating the interactions between developing HSCs and their niches should facilitate the generation and expansion of HSCs in vitro to exploit their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Qiu C, Hanson E, Olivier E, Inada M, Kaufman DS, Gupta S, Bouhassira EE. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hematopoietic cells by coculture with human fetal liver cells recapitulates the globin switch that occurs early in development. Exp Hematol 2006; 33:1450-8. [PMID: 16338487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find a human cell line that could support differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into hematopoietic cells. To determine in detail the expression profiles of the beta-like globin genes in hESC-derived erythroid cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS FH-B-hTERT, a human fetal liver-derived cell line, and S17, a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line, were used as stromas to induce the differentiation of hESC into hematopoietic cells. The number of hematopoietic progenitors and surface antigen expression were monitored during time-course experiments using colony assays and flow cytometry. Globin expression patterns in individual erythroid colonies were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Comparison of coculture of hESCs with FH-B-hTERT or S17 cells revealed that the fraction of CD34(+) cells and the number of clonogenic progenitors per 250,000 cells plated were higher with FH-B-hTERT than with S17. Analysis of beta-like globin expression in individual burst-forming unit erythroid and colony-forming unit erythroid colonies revealed that erythroid cells derived from hESC cocultured for 8 to 21 days on either FH-B-hTERT or S17 produced epsilon- and gamma-globin mRNAs in similar amounts. With increasing time in coculture, the mean ratio of gamma/epsilon increased by more than 10-fold on both S17 and FH-B-hTERT stroma. Importantly, beta-globin expression was barely detectable at all time point examined. CONCLUSIONS FH-B-hTERT can induce hESCs differentiation into hematopoietic cells more efficiently than S17. In vitro differentiation of hESCs recapitulates the epsilon-globin to gamma-globin switch but not the gamma-globin to beta-globin switch that occurs around birth. This experimental system will be useful for studying the regulation of globin gene expression during early human hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Qiu
- Einstein Center for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Bollerot K, Pouget C, Jaffredo T. The embryonic origins of hematopoietic stem cells: a tale of hemangioblast and hemogenic endothelium. APMIS 2005; 113:790-803. [PMID: 16480450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of hematopoietic stem cells has been for decades the subject of great interest. Once thought to emerge from the yolk sac, hematopoietic stem cells have now been shown to originate from the embryonic aorta. Increasing evidence suggests that hematopoietic stem cells are produced from an endothelial intermediate designated by the authors as hemangioblast or hemogenic endothelium. Recently, the allantois in the avian embryo and the placenta in the mouse embryo were shown to be a site of hematopoietic cell production/expansion and thus appear to play a critical role in the formation of the hematopoietic system. In this review we shall give an overview of the data obtained from human, mouse and avian models on the cellular origins of the hematopoietic system and discuss some aspects of the molecular mechanisms controlling hematopoietic cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bollerot
- UPMC, CNRS UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
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Jaffredo T, Nottingham W, Liddiard K, Bollerot K, Pouget C, de Bruijn M. From hemangioblast to hematopoietic stem cell: An endothelial connection? Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1029-40. [PMID: 16140151 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of hematopoietic stem cells has been the subject of much research. Now that the developmental link between the hematopoietic system and the vasculature has been well established, questions remain regarding the precise cellular origin of definitive hematopoietic cells and at what point they branch off from the endothelial lineage. Do they emerge directly from a hemangioblast-type cell, similar to what is proposed for primitive yolk sac hematopoiesis, or are they generated via an endothelial intermediate, the hemogenic endothelium? In this review, we will give an overview of the data obtained from the mouse and avian models on the cellular origins of the hematopoietic system.
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Kumaravelu P, Hook L, Morrison AM, Ure J, Zhao S, Zuyev S, Ansell J, Medvinsky A. Quantitative developmental anatomy of definitive haematopoietic stem cells/long-term repopulating units (HSC/RUs): role of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and the yolk sac in colonisation of the mouse embryonic liver. Development 2002; 129:4891-9. [PMID: 12397098 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.21.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the developing mouse embryo the first definitive(transplantable-into-the-adult) haematopoietic stem cells/long-term repopulating units (HSC/RUs) emerge in the AGM region and umbilical vessels on 10-11 days post coitum (d.p.c.). Here, by limiting dilution analysis, we anatomically map the development of definitive HSC/RUs in different embryonic tissues during early colonisation of the liver. We show that by day 12 p.c. the mouse embryo contains about 66 definitive HSC/RUs (53 in the liver, 13 in other tissues), whereas on the previous day the total number of definitive HSC/RUs in the entire conceptus is only about 3. Owing to the length of the cell cycle this dramatic increase in the number of definitive HSC/RUs in only 24 hours is unlikely to be explained purely by cell division. Therefore,extensive maturation of pre-definitive HSCs to a state when they become definitive must take place in the day 11-12 embryo. Here we firstly identify the numbers of HSCs in various organs at 11-13 d.p.c. and secondly, using an organ culture approach, we quantitatively assess the potential of the aorta-gonadmesonephros (AGM) region and the yolk sac to produce/expand definitive HSC/RUs during days 11-12 of embryogenesis. We show that the capacity of the AGM region to generate definitive HSC/RUs is high on 11 d.p.c. but significantly reduced by 12 d.p.c. Conversely, at 12 d.p.c. the YS acquires the capacity to expand and/or generate definitive HSCs/RUs, whereas it is unable to do so on 11 d.p.c. Thus, the final steps in development of definitive HSC/RUs may occur not only within the AGM region, as was previously thought, but also in the yolk sac microenvironment. Our estimates indicate that the cumulative activity of the AGM region and the yolk sac is sufficient to provide the day 12 liver with a large number of definitive HSC/RUs,suggesting that the large pool of definitive HSC/RUs in day 12 foetal liver is formed predominantly by recruiting `ready-to-use' definitive HSC/RUs from extra-hepatic sources. In accordance with this we observe growing numbers of definitive HSC/RUs in the circulation during days 11-13 of gestation,suggesting a route via which these HSCs migrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasakthy Kumaravelu
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, West Main's Road, King's Buildings, UK
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Marcos MA, Gutierrez JC, Huetz F, Martinez C, Dieterlen-Lièvre F. Waves of B-lymphopoiesis in the establishment of the mouse B-cell compartment. Scand J Immunol 1991; 34:129-35. [PMID: 1714100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
In 3-day-old embryos the aortic cell clusters formed two parallel ridges in the ventrolateral part of the aorta. The border of the somato- and splanchnopleures close to the aorta showed a very intensive cell proliferation and a cell emigration up to the aorta. This cell flow and the bilateral appearance of the intraaortic ridges suggested that the aortic cell clusters originated from the coelomic epithelium. This intraembryonic hemopoietic stem cell formation from the splanchnopleure was comparable to that of the blood island formation in the yolk sac from extraembryonic splanchnopleure. The appearance of the white blood cells and definitive erythrocytes with adult-type hemoglobin was preceded by the aortic cell clusters. We concluded that the stem cells of the adult-type blood developed from the aortic cell clusters whereas the blood islands of the yolk sac may contribute only the primitive red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Olah
- Second Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Le Douarin N. The microenvironment of T and B lymphocyte differentiation in avian embryos. Curr Top Dev Biol 1986; 20:291-313. [PMID: 3082601 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Le Douarin NM, Dieterlen-Lièvre F, Oliver PD. Ontogeny of primary lymphoid organs and lymphoid stem cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1984; 170:261-99. [PMID: 6383002 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system go through a series of important developmental steps that begin early in embryonic life and include, first, the various waves of hemopoietic-cell production in the embryo and, second, the homing of these cells to the hemopoietic organs, which are the sites of hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in embryonic and adult life. The avian embryo is an important model for investigating these early steps; and this paper presents a comprehensive review of the work done on the early ontogeny of the avian immune system.
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Lassila O, Martin C, Dieterlen-Lièvre F, Gilmour DG, Eskola J, Toivanen P. Migration of prebursal stem cells from the early chicken embryo to the yolk sac. Scand J Immunol 1982; 16:265-8. [PMID: 6959256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic yolk sac-embryo chimaeras were constructed by association of B15B15 yolk sac and B2B2 embryo on day 2 of incubation. Five days later yolk sac cells from the chimaeras were injected intravenously into 14-day-old irradiated embryos, using recipients of B2B2 and B15B15 genotypes. One week after hatching, cells in the bursa of Fabricius and peripheral blood erythrocytes were studied for Ia-like antigens and B alloantigens, respectively, to determine whether they were derived from the embryo or yolk sac part of the chimaera. The results obtained demonstrate that prebursal and erythropoietic stem cells migrate from the early embryo to the yolk sac during the 2nd to the 7th day of incubation. They also exclude the de novo generation of prebursal stem cells in the yolk sac.
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Granfors K, Martin C, Lassila O, Suvitaival R, Toivanen A, Toivanen P. Immune capacity of the chicken bursectomized at 60 hr of incubation; production of the immunoglobulins and specific antibodies. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1982; 23:459-69. [PMID: 6179669 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(82)90130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Toivanen P, Lassila O, Eskola J, Martin C, Dieterlen-Lievre F, Gilmour DG. Migration of erythropoietic and prebursal stem cells from the early chicken embryo to the yolk sac. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 149:11-7. [PMID: 7148560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9066-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development and ontogenetic changes in erythroid cells have been studied in chick-chick yolk sac-embryo chimeras constructed of histoincompatible partners. The results obtained indicate that the early chick yolk sac produces transiently erythroid stem cells whereas definitive erythrocytes are derived from the intraembryonic stem cells. Such a change from the yolk sac-derived cells into embryo-derived cells is not observed in the lymphocytes which are exclusively derived from the embryo-borne stem cells. Experiments with cell transfers from the chimeric yolk sacs demonstrate that erythropoietic and prebursal stem cells migrate from the early embryo to the yolk sac during the second to the seventh day of incubation. The results obtained also exclude the de novo generation of prebursal stem cells in the yolk sac.
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Smith RA, Glomski CA. "Hemogenic endothelium" of the embryonic aorta: Does it exist? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1982; 6:359-368. [PMID: 7095234 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(82)80019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aggregates of intravascular, presumably endothelial-derived, undifferentiated cell were found in the aorta of 14-15 day Mongolian gerbil embryos, in several 10 mm pig embryos, in one 10 day mouse embryo and in one 9.5 mm human embryo. As in other species in which they have been identified, these "aortic cell clusters" generally occurred in groups of 25-100 cells and were typically observed adherent to the ventral luminal wall of the abdominal aorta during a brief period in gestation. The present electron microscopic study shows that these cells possess many characteristics in common with undifferentiated primitive blood cells of the yolk sac blood island. Their in situ origin is supported by ultrastructural similarity to underlying endothelium as well as the presence of numerous intercellular junctions among themselves and with subjacent endothelium. It is suggested that they may be morphologically undifferentiated hemopoietic precursor cells. Hypotheses are proposed for the mechanism of their origin from aortic endothelium.
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Dieterlen-Lièvre F, Martin C. Diffuse intraembryonic hemopoiesis in normal and chimeric avian development. Dev Biol 1981; 88:180-91. [PMID: 7286444 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cudennec CA, Thiery JP, Le Douarin NM. In vitro induction of adult erythropoiesis in early mouse yolk sac. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2412-6. [PMID: 6941301 PMCID: PMC319356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of yolk sac hemopoietic cells to produce either primitive or definitive erythrocytes was analyzed in vitro under three different experimental conditions. (i) Before the 28-somite stage (prior to colonization of the liver rudiment by hemopoietic cells), yolk sac explanted alone produced solely primitive erythrocytes and only for a short time. (ii) When allowed to colonize a liver rudiment, hemopoietic cells from the yolk sac gave rise to definitive erythrocytes. (iii) These cells could express the same capacity when stimulated by various intraembryonic organs, even if no direct cell--cell contact was established between stimulating tissue and target hemopoietic cells. These results provide evidence that humoral factors present in embryos past the 28-somite stage act on hemopoietic cells, inducing the onset of definitive erythropoiesis.
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Lassila O, Eskola J, Toivanen P, Dieterlen-Lièvre F. Lymphoid stem cells in the intraembryonic mesenchyme of the chicken. Scand J Immunol 1980; 11:445-8. [PMID: 6966820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomally marked cells from the 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme were transplanted into 14-day-old irradiated chick embryos. At the age of 6 weeks donor-derived T and B lymphocytes were shown to be present in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, indicating that cells in the 7-day intraembryonic mesenchyme are capable of developing into functional T and B lymphocytes. In addition to the sex chromosome marker, IgG allotype was used as a marker; the results demonstrate that cells from intraembryonic haemopoietic sites develop into mature IgG-producing cells. In similar experiments, the 7-day yolk sac also proved to contain lymphoid stem cells. Since lymphoid cell progenitors are not present in the 2-day yolk sac, as has been shown previously in the yolk sac-embryo chimaeras and since circulation is established from day 2 of incubation onwards, lymphoid stem cells present in the 7-day yolk sac are most likely secondary immigrants originating in the intraembryonic mesenchyme.
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